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Barrett Faneus had no formal boatbuilding training but she learned from her father who built his own boat. She built the 21 ft. Yuko yawl from a John Welsford Navigator design. In this photo, it is rigged with a Gunther mainsail where the gaff is pulled tight to the mast. The boom is set high to give more headroom. The jib and yawl sail complete the rig. She is also powered by oars. The hull is lapstrake okoume plywood over bulkheads and stringers with epoxy joints. Her bottom and first plank are sheathed with Kevlar set in epoxy to handle rough landings. I was impressed by her fine craftsmanship. This Yuko photo was taken at Port Townsend's Wooden Boat Festival and imagined her in the San Juan’s where I know she has sailed and where I had a scenery photo. woodenboat.org/
Poudre de pigments caméléons dans le fond et inclusions dans résine transparente
Le rendu n'est pas super car dû aux paillettes des pigments ainsi qu'à la brillance de la résine
Tralasciando le vicende storiche della torre campanaria precedente si riporta la sola data di sua demolizione in quanto “grosse fessurazioni lasciavano presagire un crollo imminente”, avvenuta nel 1913.
Negli anni cinquanta tra diverse proposte viene scelto il progetto più ardito, quello del campanile più alto d’Italia.
Grande promotore è l’arciprete Valentino Buiatti, figura importante per la capacità che ha avuto di stimolare la popolazione ad aiutare in ogni modo per il compimento dell’opera.
Nel 1955 iniziarono i primi lavori di scavo delle fondazioni sull’antico cimitero
20 settembre 1959 Inaugurazione del campanile con benedizione dell’arcivescovo Giuseppe Zaffonato, con grande entusiasmo della popolazione.
Veniva così completato il campanile che, coi sui 113,2 m, superava il Torrazzo di Cremona (111 m) divenendo il campanile più alto d’Italia.
Il campanile a base ottagonale presenta una struttura portante costituita da un telaio in cemento armato, mentre i tamponamenti sono in laterizio intonacato. Il piano terra è invece rivestito in pietra ed è sede di una ampia cappella.
La cella campanaria è una loggia a colonne di c.a. recintata da una balaustra in pietra.
È stato data particolare attenzione allo studio delle proporzionalità apparente degli elementi decorativi e di massa che compongono il campanile, come ad esempio la graduale riduzione di altezza dei conci di pietra che rivestono il piano terra e la leggera rastremazione del campanile lungo tutta la sua altezza.
La morte di mons. Buiatti nel Natale successivo e l’aggravarsi dei debiti maturati, però, frenarono gli entusiasmi.
I continui interventi sulle campane, la vulnerabilità ai fulmini e l’esposizione eccessiva agli agenti atmosferici dovevano essere dei segnali d’allarme, che però non furono colti in tempo.
Il degrado continuò finché, a causa dei continui crolli di porzioni di cemento, il Comune decise di transennare il campanile nell’estate del 1989.
Nell’anno successivo iniziarono i lavori di ristrutturazione delle strutture in c.a. tramite la rimozione delle parti pericolanti, la pulitura delle superfici esposte e il ripristino delle geometrie con malte epossidiche, per poi rivestire tutte le superfici con pitture protettive. I lavori dureranno circa 10 mesi, per terminare il 21 ottobre 1990.
Leaving aside the historic events of the bell tower above, here is the only date of its demolition as a "big cracks left presage an imminent collapse", which took place in 1913.
In the fifties several proposals will be selected the most hardy, the highest tower of Italy.
Great promoter is the archpriest Valentino Buiatti, appears important for the capacity it had to encourage people to help in any way for the completion of the work.
In 1955 began the first excavation of foundations over the cemetery
20 September 1959 Opening of the tower with the blessing of Archbishop Joseph Zaffonato, with great enthusiasm of the population.
Was completed so that the bell tower, with about 113.2 m, more than Torrazzo of Cremona (111 m), becoming the highest tower of Italy.
The octagonal tower has a base structure consisting of a reinforced concrete frame, while the rear is plastered brick. The ground floor is clad in stone and is home to a large chapel.
The belfry is a loggia with columns of about enclosed by a stone balustrade.
It has been given particular attention to the study of the apparent proportionality of the decorative elements and mass that make up the tower, such as the gradual reduction in height of the concrete stone covering the ground floor and the slight taper of the tower along its height.
The death of Msgr. Buiatti at Christmas next el'aggravarsi debts accrued, however, hamper their enthusiasm.
The continuous action on the bells, the vulnerability to excessive lightning and exposure to weather had to be some warning signs, but were not caught in time.
The deterioration continued until, because of the continual collapse of portions of cement, the municipality decided to transenna the bell tower in the summer of 1989.
In the following year they began work on the renovation of structures in ca through the removal of the parties at risk, cleaning the exposed surfaces and the restoration of geometries with epoxy mortar, and then coat all surfaces with protective paint. The work will last approximately 10 months to end October 21 1990.
This was made using four processes to make it come together. I have managed to finally mix paper, wood, epoxy and photography in my art. Next I will add rocks and metal.
Just finished yesterday!
I made this camera as a present for couple friends who are just married and they both have passion for film photography.
It just need some adjustement but basically is done and i've just loaded the first roll...let's hope for a develop without light leaks :)
Some details about the stuff i've used:
- Leica 35-135 Imarect/VIDOM rangefinder
- Smena external rangefinder
- Kiev 88 back holder film ( 6x6 )
- Tominon 4.5 105mm lens on COPAL 1 shutter
- An helical focus ring from an old Meyer Gorlitz Domiplan 50mm f 2.8 donor lens
- Oak wood for the body and olive wood for the grip
- 50cm shutter cable release
- an adjustable cold shoe
- Bits and pieces (aluminium plate, seals, nuts&bolts, lineen oil, glue, epoxy resin, ect )
If you are interested to look how it was built I've made an article here
So I finally finished it!
For those that haven't seen TheBrickLark's take on the suit, I'd highly recommend checking it out and following him, he is an exceptional customiser!
The torso is a modified Nexo Knights Axl.
The shoulder launchers were made out of epoxy.
The gauntlets out of spare stud launcher hinges.
The helmet is a normal helmet and Mr Freeze visor with cut up swords for the bunny ears ;)
And of course, it was painted by me (though there are still places that need touching up/finishing; like the batsymbol)
Will post alternate angles soon :)
this is a present I made for my husband. these 2 birds are us. the interesting thing about them is that each of these birds can not stant on its own- if you put them alone on their feet they fall. but if they stand together hugging, one shading and comforting the other they stand firmly. they are a lot like me&mehusband: I'm small and round and he's tall and leggy. these are miniaturs (the long one is 5 cm long). they are made of epoxy-plasticine and wire.
-Forward Grip
-Tactical Flashlight
-Holosight
(fits BrickArms AK)
-NP Flash Suppressors
(fits BrickArms M4)
You will need crazy glue (cyanoacrylate), epoxy or a flexible adhesive like goop, as the parts need to be glued on.
today i'm listening to records because it's raining out.
rainy days make for good record days.
and i haven't listened to the epoxies in too long.
Two Lockheed Martin F-35B "Lightning II" fighter jets have successfully landed on board HMS Queen Elizabeth for the first time, laying the foundations for the next 50 years of fixed wing aviation in support of the UK’s Carrier Strike Capability.
Royal Navy Commander, Nathan Gray, 41, made history by being the first to land on board HMS Queen Elizabeth, carefully maneuvering his stealth jet onto the thermal coated deck. He was followed by Squadron Leader Andy Edgell, RAF, both of whom are test pilots, operating with the Integrated Test Force (ITF) based at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.
Shortly afterwards, once a deck inspection has been conducted and the all-clear given, Cmdr Gray became the first pilot to take off using the ship’s ski-ramp.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather, stealth, fifth-generation, multirole combat aircraft, designed for ground-attack and air-superiority missions. It is built by Lockheed Martin and many subcontractors, including Northrop Grumman, Pratt & Whitney, and BAE Systems.
The F-35 has three main models: the conventional takeoff and landing F-35A (CTOL), the short take-off and vertical-landing F-35B (STOVL), and the catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery, carrier-based F-35C (CATOBAR). The F-35 descends from the Lockheed Martin X-35, the design that was awarded the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program over the competing Boeing X-32. The official Lightning II name has proven deeply unpopular and USAF pilots have nicknamed it Panther, instead.
The United States principally funds F-35 development, with additional funding from other NATO members and close U.S. allies, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Canada, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and formerly Turkey. These funders generally receive subcontracts to manufacture components for the aircraft; for example, Turkey was the sole supplier of several F-35 parts until its removal from the program in July 2019. Several other countries have ordered, or are considering ordering, the aircraft.
As the largest and most expensive military program ever, the F-35 became the subject of much scrutiny and criticism in the U.S. and in other countries. In 2013 and 2014, critics argued that the plane was "plagued with design flaws", with many blaming the procurement process in which Lockheed was allowed "to design, test, and produce the F-35 all at the same time," instead of identifying and fixing "defects before firing up its production line". By 2014, the program was "$163 billion over budget [and] seven years behind schedule". Critics also contend that the program's high sunk costs and political momentum make it "too big to kill".
The F-35 first flew on 15 December 2006. In July 2015, the United States Marines declared its first squadron of F-35B fighters ready for deployment. However, the DOD-based durability testing indicated the service life of early-production F-35B aircraft is well under the expected 8,000 flight hours, and may be as low as 2,100 flight hours. Lot 9 and later aircraft include design changes but service life testing has yet to occur. The U.S. Air Force declared its first squadron of F-35As ready for deployment in August 2016. The U.S. Navy declared its first F-35Cs ready in February 2019. In 2018, the F-35 made its combat debut with the Israeli Air Force.
The U.S. stated plan is to buy 2,663 F-35s, which will provide the bulk of the crewed tactical airpower of the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps in coming decades. Deliveries of the F-35 for the U.S. military are scheduled until 2037 with a projected service life up to 2070.
Development
F-35 development started in 1992 with the origins of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program and was to culminate in full production by 2018. The X-35 first flew on 24 October 2000 and the F-35A on 15 December 2006.
The F-35 was developed to replace most US fighter jets with the variants of a single design that would be common to all branches of the military. It was developed in co-operation with a number of foreign partners, and, unlike the F-22 Raptor, intended to be available for export. Three variants were designed: the F-35A (CTOL), the F-35B (STOVL), and the F-35C (CATOBAR). Despite being intended to share most of their parts to reduce costs and improve maintenance logistics, by 2017, the effective commonality was only 20%. The program received considerable criticism for cost overruns during development and for the total projected cost of the program over the lifetime of the jets.
By 2017, the program was expected to cost $406.5 billion over its lifetime (i.e. until 2070) for acquisition of the jets, and an additional $1.1 trillion for operations and maintenance. A number of design deficiencies were alleged, such as: carrying a small internal payload; performance inferior to the aircraft being replaced, particularly the F-16; lack of safety in relying on a single engine; and flaws such as the vulnerability of the fuel tank to fire and the propensity for transonic roll-off (wing drop). The possible obsolescence of stealth technology was also criticized.
Design
Overview
Although several experimental designs have been developed since the 1960s, such as the unsuccessful Rockwell XFV-12, the F-35B is to be the first operational supersonic STOVL stealth fighter. The single-engine F-35 resembles the larger twin-engined Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, drawing design elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the General Dynamics Model 200, proposed for a 1972 supersonic VTOL fighter requirement for the Sea Control Ship.
Lockheed Martin has suggested that the F-35 could replace the USAF's F-15C/D fighters in the air-superiority role and the F-15E Strike Eagle in the ground-attack role. It has also stated the F-35 is intended to have close- and long-range air-to-air capability second only to that of the F-22 Raptor, and that the F-35 has an advantage over the F-22 in basing flexibility and possesses "advanced sensors and information fusion".
Testifying before the House Appropriations Committee on 25 March 2009, acquisition deputy to the assistant secretary of the Air Force, Lt. Gen. Mark D. "Shack" Shackelford, stated that the F-35 is designed to be America's "premier surface-to-air missile killer, and is uniquely equipped for this mission with cutting-edge processing power, synthetic aperture radar integration techniques, and advanced target recognition".
Improvements
Ostensible improvements over past-generation fighter aircraft include:
Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology, using structural fiber mat instead of the high-maintenance coatings of legacy stealth platforms
Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and on-board sensors to increase the pilot's situational awareness and improve target identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes
High-speed data networking including IEEE 1394b and Fibre Channel (Fibre Channel is also used on Boeing's Super Hornet.
The Autonomic Logistics Global Sustainment, Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS), and Computerized maintenance management system to help ensure the aircraft can remain operational with minimal maintenance manpower The Pentagon has moved to open up the competitive bidding by other companies. This was after Lockheed Martin stated that instead of costing 20% less than the F-16 per flight hour, the F-35 would actually cost 12% more. Though the ALGS is intended to reduce maintenance costs, the company disagrees with including the cost of this system in the aircraft ownership calculations. The USMC has implemented a workaround for a cyber vulnerability in the system. The ALIS system currently requires a shipping-container load of servers to run, but Lockheed is working on a more portable version to support the Marines' expeditionary operations.
Electro-hydrostatic actuators run by a power-by-wire flight-control system
A modern and updated flight simulator, which may be used for a greater fraction of pilot training to reduce the costly flight hours of the actual aircraft
Lightweight, powerful lithium-ion batteries to provide power to run the control surfaces in an emergency
Structural composites in the F-35 are 35% of the airframe weight (up from 25% in the F-22). The majority of these are bismaleimide and composite epoxy materials. The F-35 will be the first mass-produced aircraft to include structural nanocomposites, namely carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy. Experience of the F-22's problems with corrosion led to the F-35 using a gap filler that causes less galvanic corrosion to the airframe's skin, designed with fewer gaps requiring filler and implementing better drainage. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the A and B variants is set by the F-35B's requirement to fit inside the Navy's current amphibious assault ship parking area and elevators; the F-35C's longer wing is considered to be more fuel efficient.
Costs
A U.S. Navy study found that the F-35 will cost 30 to 40% more to maintain than current jet fighters, not accounting for inflation over the F-35's operational lifetime. A Pentagon study concluded a $1 trillion maintenance cost for the entire fleet over its lifespan, not accounting for inflation. The F-35 program office found that as of January 2014, costs for the F-35 fleet over a 53-year lifecycle was $857 billion. Costs for the fighter have been dropping and accounted for the 22 percent life cycle drop since 2010. Lockheed stated that by 2019, pricing for the fifth-generation aircraft will be less than fourth-generation fighters. An F-35A in 2019 is expected to cost $85 million per unit complete with engines and full mission systems, inflation adjusted from $75 million in December 2013.
This workbench was made from 4 Sears workbenches. They are mounted on top of three 2x4's stacked to raise the working level. I guess Sears figures that their typical customer is a runt. I waited for a sale and got them for $100 each. The top is 15 feet long x 32 inches deep. It is made from 2 layers of 3/4 inch particle board and covered with gray Formica. It matches the countertop for the utility sink. The cabinets above the bench are from Home Depot.
Having had no problems for the last 6 weeks I suddenly develop a severe allergy to epoxy resin. Still got two boats that are only half finished! Gotta come up with a plan. Keep you posted.
A Lockheed Martin F-35A Lightning II "Joint Strike Fighter" is inspected before for take-off at Luke Air Force Base, Ariz., Feb. 1, 2018. This year was the first time the F-35 participated in the Haboob Havoc, a fighter pilot competition, hosted by Thunderbolts.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Lockheed Martin F-35 "Lightning II" is a family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather, stealth, fifth-generation, multirole combat aircraft, designed for ground-attack and air-superiority missions. It is built by Lockheed Martin and many subcontractors, including Northrop Grumman, Pratt & Whitney, and BAE Systems.
The F-35 has three main models: the conventional takeoff and landing F-35A (CTOL), the short take-off and vertical-landing F-35B (STOVL), and the catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery, carrier-based F-35C (CATOBAR). The F-35 descends from the Lockheed Martin X-35, the design that was awarded the "Joint Strike Fighter" (JSF) program over the competing Boeing X-32. The official "Lightning II" name has proven deeply unpopular and USAF pilots have nicknamed it Panther, instead.
The United States principally funds F-35 development, with additional funding from other NATO members and close U.S. allies, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Canada, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and formerly Turkey. These funders generally receive subcontracts to manufacture components for the aircraft; for example, Turkey was the sole supplier of several F-35 parts until its removal from the program in July 2019. Several other countries have ordered, or are considering ordering, the aircraft.
As the largest and most expensive military program ever, the F-35 became the subject of much scrutiny and criticism in the U.S. and in other countries. In 2013 and 2014, critics argued that the plane was "plagued with design flaws", with many blaming the procurement process in which Lockheed was allowed "to design, test, and produce the F-35 all at the same time," instead of identifying and fixing "defects before firing up its production line". By 2014, the program was "$163 billion over budget [and] seven years behind schedule". Critics also contend that the program's high sunk costs and political momentum make it "too big to kill".
The F-35 first flew on 15 December 2006. In July 2015, the United States Marines declared its first squadron of F-35B fighters ready for deployment. However, the DOD-based durability testing indicated the service life of early-production F-35B aircraft is well under the expected 8,000 flight hours, and may be as low as 2,100 flight hours. Lot 9 and later aircraft include design changes but service life testing has yet to occur. The U.S. Air Force declared its first squadron of F-35As ready for deployment in August 2016. The U.S. Navy declared its first F-35Cs ready in February 2019. In 2018, the F-35 made its combat debut with the Israeli Air Force.
The U.S. stated plan is to buy 2,663 F-35s, which will provide the bulk of the crewed tactical airpower of the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps in coming decades. Deliveries of the F-35 for the U.S. military are scheduled until 2037 with a projected service life up to 2070.
Development
F-35 development started in 1992 with the origins of the "Joint Strike Fighter" (JSF) program and was to culminate in full production by 2018. The X-35 first flew on 24 October 2000 and the F-35A on 15 December 2006.
The F-35 was developed to replace most US fighter jets with the variants of a single design that would be common to all branches of the military. It was developed in co-operation with a number of foreign partners, and, unlike the F-22 Raptor, intended to be available for export. Three variants were designed: the F-35A (CTOL), the F-35B (STOVL), and the F-35C (CATOBAR). Despite being intended to share most of their parts to reduce costs and improve maintenance logistics, by 2017, the effective commonality was only 20%. The program received considerable criticism for cost overruns during development and for the total projected cost of the program over the lifetime of the jets.
By 2017, the program was expected to cost $406.5 billion over its lifetime (i.e. until 2070) for acquisition of the jets, and an additional $1.1 trillion for operations and maintenance. A number of design deficiencies were alleged, such as: carrying a small internal payload; performance inferior to the aircraft being replaced, particularly the F-16; lack of safety in relying on a single engine; and flaws such as the vulnerability of the fuel tank to fire and the propensity for transonic roll-off (wing drop). The possible obsolescence of stealth technology was also criticized.
Design
Overview
Although several experimental designs have been developed since the 1960s, such as the unsuccessful Rockwell XFV-12, the F-35B is to be the first operational supersonic STOVL stealth fighter. The single-engine F-35 resembles the larger twin-engined Lockheed Martin F-22 "Raptor", drawing design elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the General Dynamics Model 200, proposed for a 1972 supersonic VTOL fighter requirement for the Sea Control Ship.
Lockheed Martin has suggested that the F-35 could replace the USAF's F-15C/D fighters in the air-superiority role and the F-15E "Strike Eagle" in the ground-attack role. It has also stated the F-35 is intended to have close- and long-range air-to-air capability second only to that of the F-22 "Raptor", and that the F-35 has an advantage over the F-22 in basing flexibility and possesses "advanced sensors and information fusion".
Testifying before the House Appropriations Committee on 25 March 2009, acquisition deputy to the assistant secretary of the Air Force, Lt. Gen. Mark D. "Shack" Shackelford, stated that the F-35 is designed to be America's "premier surface-to-air missile killer, and is uniquely equipped for this mission with cutting-edge processing power, synthetic aperture radar integration techniques, and advanced target recognition".
Improvements
Ostensible improvements over past-generation fighter aircraft include:
Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology, using structural fiber mat instead of the high-maintenance coatings of legacy stealth platforms.
Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and on-board sensors to increase the pilot's situational awareness and improve target identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes.
High-speed data networking including IEEE 1394b and Fibre Channel (Fibre Channel is also used on Boeing's Super Hornet.
The Autonomic Logistics Global Sustainment, Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS), and Computerized maintenance management system to help ensure the aircraft can remain operational with minimal maintenance manpower The Pentagon has moved to open up the competitive bidding by other companies. This was after Lockheed Martin stated that instead of costing 20% less than the F-16 per flight hour, the F-35 would actually cost 12% more. Though the ALGS is intended to reduce maintenance costs, the company disagrees with including the cost of this system in the aircraft ownership calculations. The USMC has implemented a workaround for a cyber vulnerability in the system. The ALIS system currently requires a shipping-container load of servers to run, but Lockheed is working on a more portable version to support the Marines' expeditionary operations.
Electro-hydrostatic actuators run by a power-by-wire flight-control system.
A modern and updated flight simulator, which may be used for a greater fraction of pilot training to reduce the costly flight hours of the actual aircraft.
Lightweight, powerful lithium-ion batteries to provide power to run the control surfaces in an emergency.
Structural composites in the F-35 are 35% of the airframe weight (up from 25% in the F-22). The majority of these are bismaleimide and composite epoxy materials. The F-35 will be the first mass-produced aircraft to include structural nanocomposites, namely carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy. Experience of the F-22's problems with corrosion led to the F-35 using a gap filler that causes less galvanic corrosion to the airframe's skin, designed with fewer gaps requiring filler and implementing better drainage. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the A and B variants is set by the F-35B's requirement to fit inside the Navy's current amphibious assault ship parking area and elevators; the F-35C's longer wing is considered to be more fuel efficient.
Costs
A U.S. Navy study found that the F-35 will cost 30 to 40% more to maintain than current jet fighters, not accounting for inflation over the F-35's operational lifetime. A Pentagon study concluded a $1 trillion maintenance cost for the entire fleet over its lifespan, not accounting for inflation. The F-35 program office found that as of January 2014, costs for the F-35 fleet over a 53-year lifecycle was $857 billion. Costs for the fighter have been dropping and accounted for the 22 percent life cycle drop since 2010. Lockheed stated that by 2019, pricing for the fifth-generation aircraft will be less than fourth-generation fighters. An F-35A in 2019 is expected to cost $85 million per unit complete with engines and full mission systems, inflation adjusted from $75 million in December 2013.
"Hôtel de Michelin"
500mm x 500mm x 870mm
19.6" x 19.6" x 34.2"
styrene foam / wood clay /stone clay /copper line /epoxy putty/plastic /aluminium foil /dry flower/ Japanese ash/ glass
Available
All images copyright TOKYO GOOD IDEA Development Institute Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
See more photos of this, and the Wikipedia article.
Details, quoting from Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
Manufacturer:
Rockwell International Corporation
Country of Origin:
United States of America
Dimensions:
Overall: 57 ft. tall x 122 ft. long x 78 ft. wing span, 150,000 lb.
(1737.36 x 3718.57 x 2377.44cm, 68039.6kg)
Materials:
Aluminum airframe and body with some fiberglass features; payload bay doors are graphite epoxy composite; thermal tiles are simulated (polyurethane foam) except for test samples of actual tiles and thermal blankets.
The first Space Shuttle orbiter, "Enterprise," is a full-scale test vehicle used for flights in the atmosphere and tests on the ground; it is not equipped for spaceflight. Although the airframe and flight control elements are like those of the Shuttles flown in space, this vehicle has no propulsion system and only simulated thermal tiles because these features were not needed for atmospheric and ground tests. "Enterprise" was rolled out at Rockwell International's assembly facility in Palmdale, California, in 1976. In 1977, it entered service for a nine-month-long approach-and-landing test flight program. Thereafter it was used for vibration tests and fit checks at NASA centers, and it also appeared in the 1983 Paris Air Show and the 1984 World's Fair in New Orleans. In 1985, NASA transferred "Enterprise" to the Smithsonian Institution's National Air and Space Museum.
Transferred from National Aeronautics and Space Administration
• • •
Quoting from Wikipedia | Space Shuttle Enterprise:
The Space Shuttle Enterprise (NASA Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first Space Shuttle orbiter. It was built for NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program to perform test flights in the atmosphere. It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight.
Originally, Enterprise had been intended to be refitted for orbital flight, which would have made it the second space shuttle to fly after Columbia. However, during the construction of Columbia, details of the final design changed, particularly with regard to the weight of the fuselage and wings. Refitting Enterprise for spaceflight would have involved dismantling the orbiter and returning the sections to subcontractors across the country. As this was an expensive proposition, it was determined to be less costly to build Challenger around a body frame (STA-099) that had been created as a test article. Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.
Service
Construction began on the first orbiter on June 4, 1974. Designated OV-101, it was originally planned to be named Constitution and unveiled on Constitution Day, September 17, 1976. A write-in campaign by Trekkies to President Gerald Ford asked that the orbiter be named after the Starship Enterprise, featured on the television show Star Trek. Although Ford did not mention the campaign, the president—who during World War II had served on the aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26) that served with USS Enterprise (CV-6)—said that he was "partial to the name" and overrode NASA officials.
The design of OV-101 was not the same as that planned for OV-102, the first flight model; the tail was constructed differently, and it did not have the interfaces to mount OMS pods. A large number of subsystems—ranging from main engines to radar equipment—were not installed on this vehicle, but the capacity to add them in the future was retained. Instead of a thermal protection system, its surface was primarily fiberglass.
In mid-1976, the orbiter was used for ground vibration tests, allowing engineers to compare data from an actual flight vehicle with theoretical models.
On September 17, 1976, Enterprise was rolled out of Rockwell's plant at Palmdale, California. In recognition of its fictional namesake, Star Trek creator Gene Roddenberry and most of the principal cast of the original series of Star Trek were on hand at the dedication ceremony.
Approach and landing tests (ALT)
Main article: Approach and Landing Tests
On January 31, 1977, it was taken by road to Dryden Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, to begin operational testing.
While at NASA Dryden, Enterprise was used by NASA for a variety of ground and flight tests intended to validate aspects of the shuttle program. The initial nine-month testing period was referred to by the acronym ALT, for "Approach and Landing Test". These tests included a maiden "flight" on February 18, 1977 atop a Boeing 747 Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) to measure structural loads and ground handling and braking characteristics of the mated system. Ground tests of all orbiter subsystems were carried out to verify functionality prior to atmospheric flight.
The mated Enterprise/SCA combination was then subjected to five test flights with Enterprise unmanned and unactivated. The purpose of these test flights was to measure the flight characteristics of the mated combination. These tests were followed with three test flights with Enterprise manned to test the shuttle flight control systems.
Enterprise underwent five free flights where the craft separated from the SCA and was landed under astronaut control. These tests verified the flight characteristics of the orbiter design and were carried out under several aerodynamic and weight configurations. On the fifth and final glider flight, pilot-induced oscillation problems were revealed, which had to be addressed before the first orbital launch occurred.
On August 12, 1977, the space shuttle Enterprise flew on its own for the first time.
Preparation for STS-1
Following the ALT program, Enterprise was ferried among several NASA facilities to configure the craft for vibration testing. In June 1979, it was mated with an external tank and solid rocket boosters (known as a boilerplate configuration) and tested in a launch configuration at Kennedy Space Center Launch Pad 39A.
Retirement
With the completion of critical testing, Enterprise was partially disassembled to allow certain components to be reused in other shuttles, then underwent an international tour visiting France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the U.S. states of California, Alabama, and Louisiana (during the 1984 Louisiana World Exposition). It was also used to fit-check the never-used shuttle launch pad at Vandenberg AFB, California. Finally, on November 18, 1985, Enterprise was ferried to Washington, D.C., where it became property of the Smithsonian Institution.
Post-Challenger
After the Challenger disaster, NASA considered using Enterprise as a replacement. However refitting the shuttle with all of the necessary equipment needed for it to be used in space was considered, but instead it was decided to use spares constructed at the same time as Discovery and Atlantis to build Endeavour.
Post-Columbia
In 2003, after the breakup of Columbia during re-entry, the Columbia Accident Investigation Board conducted tests at Southwest Research Institute, which used an air gun to shoot foam blocks of similar size, mass and speed to that which struck Columbia at a test structure which mechanically replicated the orbiter wing leading edge. They removed a fiberglass panel from Enterprise's wing to perform analysis of the material and attached it to the test structure, then shot a foam block at it. While the panel was not broken as a result of the test, the impact was enough to permanently deform a seal. As the reinforced carbon-carbon (RCC) panel on Columbia was 2.5 times weaker, this suggested that the RCC leading edge would have been shattered. Additional tests on the fiberglass were canceled in order not to risk damaging the test apparatus, and a panel from Discovery was tested to determine the effects of the foam on a similarly-aged RCC leading edge. On July 7, 2003, a foam impact test created a hole 41 cm by 42.5 cm (16.1 inches by 16.7 inches) in the protective RCC panel. The tests clearly demonstrated that a foam impact of the type Columbia sustained could seriously breach the protective RCC panels on the wing leading edge.
The board determined that the probable cause of the accident was that the foam impact caused a breach of a reinforced carbon-carbon panel along the leading edge of Columbia's left wing, allowing hot gases generated during re-entry to enter the wing and cause structural collapse. This caused Columbia to spin out of control, breaking up with the loss of the entire crew.
Museum exhibit
Enterprise was stored at the Smithsonian's hangar at Washington Dulles International Airport before it was restored and moved to the newly built Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum's Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center at Dulles International Airport, where it has been the centerpiece of the space collection. On April 12, 2011, NASA announced that Space Shuttle Discovery, the most traveled orbiter in the fleet, will be added to the collection once the Shuttle fleet is retired. When that happens, Enterprise will be moved to the Intrepid Sea-Air-Space Museum in New York City, to a newly constructed hangar adjacent to the museum. In preparation for the anticipated relocation, engineers evaluated the vehicle in early 2010 and determined that it was safe to fly on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft once again.
Miliput is a lovely two part epoxy putty that cures rock hard without heat. I buy my colored ones at Ancestral Dawn on Ebay and my green grey at the local hobby shop. Miliput is very heavy so there's no point shipping what you can get locally but it's cheaper to order the colored stuff from the UK than have the shop order for me. Weird how that works out.
Though Miliput comes in multiple colors, there are only 3 hardener colors and they seem to be interchangable with the different bases.
A. Yellow Grey ( yellow + grey hardener)
Old faithful. This is the cheapest one and the easiest to find. Fine for anything being fully painted.
B. Terracotta ( terracotta + grey hardener)
C. Black (black + grey hardener)
D. White Superfine (white + white hardener)
F. Silver (silver + white hardener)
Very pale grey.
G. Black + white hardener
H. Terracotta + white hardener.
I. I...did not mark this one. Oops. If I remember, I will edit this.
J. Yellow + white hardener
K. (Unmarked) A test to see if two fully mixed colors could also combine. Looks fine to me. (Terracotta + grey hardener) + (white + white hardener) in equal parts.
There is no real point testing blends with grey instead if white because there isn't a huge difference.
Problems with resin on placemat two. Try to peal it off (works on smaller pieces of polymer) but fail.
Jean-Bernard Métais, Chambres Sensorielles
Jean-Bernard Métais, Né en 1954 au Mans, France. Vit et travaille à Paris et dans la Sarthe, France.
« Jean-Bernard Métais développe des projets dans l’espace public depuis le début des années 80. […] Ses créations à la fois visuelles et conceptuelles, sont à chaque fois une réponse spécifique au lieu et à une situation donnée. La démarche artistique sculpturale de cet artiste est d’abord une construction formelle qui part d’une interprétation du contexte et répond à la physicalité de l’espace public formée par son cadre architectural et son fonctionnement urbain. » Herve-Armand Bechy
L’œuvre pour La Seine Musicale
Disposées en quinconce sur la place Rodin de La Seine Musicale à Boulogne-Billancourt, les chambres sensorielles de Jean-Bernard Métais forment un parcours sculptural où chaque pièce agit comme un filtre dans le paysage. Ces œuvres, monolithiques dans leurs contours extérieurs sombres, se transforment et s’allègent visuellement dès que l’on s’en approche. Construite en résille semi transparente, la peau moirée de ces constructions produit un phénomène optique qui déstabilise le regard mais aussi l’attitude corporelle et sensitive des visiteurs. Suivant l’angle d’observation, le phénomène de transparence vibratoire s’amplifie. La déambulation au fil du parcours emmène le visiteur dans une expérience sensorielle portée par la musicalité des différentes œuvres qui entrent en résonance. Est-ce l’objet qui bouge ou nous ? Cette aspiration quasi-hypnotique, ces déplacements visuels incessants du cadre fixe, procurent un retournement poétique et sensoriel du lieu et de l’être : les passants, en circulant à travers ces chambres, sont comme aspirés dans un prisme, un attrape temps ou la réalité des choses et la lecture que l’on en fait, change et vacille à chaque pas.
« Chambres sensorielles »
Ensemble de 7 pièces constituant un parcours 2021, métal perforé et peinture époxy, dimensions variables, pièces uniques
Courtesy de l’artiste et Galerie La Forest Divonne