Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Katrin Park Communications And Knowledge Management Division Director

The 2016 Global Food Policy Report reviews major trends, events, and changes affecting food security and nutrition in 2015 and beyond. The year 2015 was a watershed moment for the international development community. The endpoint of the Millennium Development Goals highlighted the striking advances made since 1990: extreme poverty, child mortality, and hunger all fell by around half. However, enormous challenges remain.

More Information on the 2016 GFPR

Beijing Launch Information

Photo Credit: Xinyuan Shang / International Food Policy Research Institute / 6 June, 2016

The John F. Kennedy Expressway is a 17.8-mile (28.65 km) long freeway that travels northwest from the Chicago Loop to O'Hare International Airport. The highway is named for the 35th U.S. President, John F. Kennedy, and conforms to the Chicago-area convention of using the somewhat misleading suffix Expressway. The Interstate 90 portion of the Kennedy is a part of the much longer I-90 (which runs 3,111.52 miles (5,007.51 km) from Boston, Massachusetts to Seattle, Washington). The Kennedy's official endpoints are the Circle Interchange with Interstate 290 (Eisenhower Expressway/Congress Parkway) and the Dan Ryan Expressway (also I-90/94) at the east end, and the O'Hare Airport terminals at the west end. The Interstate 190 portion of the Kennedy is 3.07 miles (4.94 km) long and is meant to serve airport traffic. Interstate 90 picks up the Kennedy destination and runs a further 6.29 miles (10.12 km), before joining with I-94 for the final 8.44 miles (13.58 km).

Traveling eastbound from O'Hare, the Kennedy interchanges with the eastern terminus of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway (Interstate 90) and with the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294) at a complex junction just west of Illinois Route 171 (Cumberland Avenue). The Kennedy later merges with the southern end of the Edens Expressway (Interstate 94) at Montrose Avenue; the Kennedy (at this point both I-90 and I-94) then turns south to its junction with the Dan Ryan and Eisenhower Expressways and Congress Parkway at the Circle Interchange in downtown Chicago.

With up to 327,000 vehicles traveling on some portions of the Kennedy daily, the Kennedy and its South Side extension, the Dan Ryan, are the busiest roads in Illinois.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

The John F. Kennedy Expressway is a 17.8-mile (28.65 km) long freeway that travels northwest from the Chicago Loop to O'Hare International Airport. The highway is named for the 35th U.S. President, John F. Kennedy, and conforms to the Chicago-area convention of using the somewhat misleading suffix Expressway. The Interstate 90 portion of the Kennedy is a part of the much longer I-90 (which runs 3,111.52 miles (5,007.51 km) from Boston, Massachusetts to Seattle, Washington). The Kennedy's official endpoints are the Circle Interchange with Interstate 290 (Eisenhower Expressway/Congress Parkway) and the Dan Ryan Expressway (also I-90/94) at the east end, and the O'Hare Airport terminals at the west end. The Interstate 190 portion of the Kennedy is 3.07 miles (4.94 km) long and is meant to serve airport traffic. Interstate 90 picks up the Kennedy destination and runs a further 6.29 miles (10.12 km), before joining with I-94 for the final 8.44 miles (13.58 km).[1]

Traveling eastbound from O'Hare, the Kennedy interchanges with the eastern terminus of the Jane Addams Memorial Tollway (Interstate 90) and with the Tri-State Tollway (Interstate 294) at a complex junction just west of Illinois Route 171 (Cumberland Avenue). The Kennedy later merges with the southern end of the Edens Expressway (Interstate 94) at Montrose Avenue; the Kennedy (at this point both I-90 and I-94) then turns south to its junction with the Dan Ryan and Eisenhower Expressways and Congress Parkway at the Circle Interchange in downtown Chicago.

With up to 327,000 vehicles traveling on some portions of the Kennedy daily, the Kennedy and its South Side extension, the Dan Ryan, are the busiest roads in Illinois.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

U.S. Route 285 is a north–south United States highway, running 846 miles (1,362 km) through the states of Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. The highway's southern terminus is in Sanderson, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. US 285 has always had an endpoint in Denver, Colorado, although the original US 285 went north from Denver (that segment is now a part of U.S. Route 287). Today the highway's northern terminus is in Denver, at exit 201 on Interstate 25.

US 285 is a secondary route of US 85, which it crosses in metro Denver, and historically crossed again in Santa Fe, New Mexico (today its parent route has been largely replaced by Interstate 25, and as a result US 85 is no longer signed in New Mexico). US 285 also intersects a sibling route, US 385, in Fort Stockton, Texas.

Trucking makes up a large portion of the route's traffic, but along much of its route the road is also used for local travel from one town to the next. The northern section of US 285, from Santa Fe to Denver, traverses mountainous and rocky terrain; with that in mind, anyone using the road should check weather conditions during the winter months.

Heading north from the Colorado border, US 285 passes through the main part of the San Luis Valley, eventually reaching Alamosa. As the highway heads north, it begins to ascend to the northern end of the valley and eventually climbs over Poncha Pass, elevation 9,012 feet (2,747 m), and drops sharply down the other side into the Arkansas River Valley.

The highway brushes Salida and follows the Arkansas River north up the valley, then takes a sharp eastward turn just before the small town of Buena Vista. 285 then climbs over Trout Creek Pass, elevation 9,346 feet (2,849 m), and enters the high-altitude South Park basin.

A few miles north, the highway passes through Fairplay and the historic South Park City site, then reaches its highest elevation: 10,051 feet (3,064 m), at the summit of Red Hill Pass. US 285 then leaves the South Park basin and climbs over Kenosha Pass, elevation 10,001 feet (3,048 m), and skirts the south side of the Mount Evans massif as it descends its way through the foothills range towards Denver.

As the highway leaves the Rocky Mountains and reaches Denver's southwest suburbs, it becomes Hampden Avenue, an important artery in the Denver metro area, then reaches its northern terminus at I-25.

On March 14, 2008 both houses of the Colorado legislature, in a unanimous vote, named the section between Kenosha Pass and C-470 the Ralph Carr Memorial Highway.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

OLD CRANE

The Old Crane is a historic harbour crane at the former Ilmenau-Harbour in Lüneburg. The 1797 built crane was at that time the most powerful crane in the northern part of Germany and is still one of the main-sights in Lüneburg.

A crane at this part of Lüneburg harbour is officially mentioned in the history of Lüneburg in the year 1330. At that time Lüneburg was already important, because of its saline. So the main use of this crane was to load the ships with salt from the salines. The ships had to ship the salt mainly to the Hanseatic Town of Lübeck, where the salt was stored in the historic - and still existing - Salt Warehouses (Lübecker Salzspeicher).

And also the huge amount of fire wood was landed from ships with this crane. This fire wood was necessary to boil out the salt from the brine.

TECHNIC

This crane is a typical medieval treadwheel crane. It is powered by a man-powered double-treadwheel with a diameter of the lower wheel of 5 meter.

Over the centuries that Lüneburg crane was reconstructed many times. In winter 1795 a flooding with ice caused many damage in Lüneburg. In summer 1797 the crane was repaired by carpenter G. P. Hintze. The present crane is untouched since 1797.

In August 1840 the crane raised his haviest load: a steam locomotive built by Englands George Forrester & Company and transported by sea to Germany. The estimated weight of that locomotive was 9,3 tons. To rotate the treadwheel of the crane they needed 38 men. To ensure the crane has enough power they tested it with the 10 tons of 80 railway rails.

In 1838 the crane already managed to raise a steam locomotive with 14.000 pounds.

With the building of the railroad track Hamburg-Hannover Lüneburg was attached to railroad in 1847. In short time the transport moved from the waterways to rail. So Lüneburg harbour and the crane lost its importance and in 1860 the crane had to stop the business - even it was still intact!

_______________________________________

HISTORY OF TREADWHEELS

A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running or walking in place.

Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle ages to lift the stones in the soaring Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early-Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to The Times in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's Table-Book in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.

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STECKNITZ CANAL

The Stecknitz Canal (German: Stecknitzfahrt) was an artificial waterway in northern Germany which connected Lauenburg and Lübeck on the Old Salt Route by linking the tiny rivers Stecknitz (a tributary of the Trave) and Delvenau (a tributary of the Elbe), thus establishing an inland water route across the drainage divide from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Built between 1391 and 1398, the Stecknitz Canal was the first European summit-level canal and one of the earliest artificial waterways in Europe. In the 1890s the canal was replaced by an enlarged and straightened waterway called the Elbe–Lübeck Canal, which includes some of the Stecknitz Canal's watercourse.

The original artificial canal was 0.85 metres deep and 7.5 metres wide; the man-made segment ran for 11.5 kilometres, with a total length of 97 kilometres including the rivers it linked. The canal included seventeen wooden locks (of which the Palmschleuse at Lauenburg still exists) that managed the 13-metre elevation difference between its endpoints and the highest central part, the Delvenaugraben.

HISTORY

In the Middle Ages the trade between the North Sea and Baltic Sea grew dramatically, but the sea journey through Øresund, increasingly important to commercial shipping since the thirteenth century, was time-consuming and dangerous. Therefore, the emerging Hanseatic city of Lübeck and Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg agreed in 1390 to cooperate in the construction of an artificial canal between the Elbe and the Baltic Sea. Construction on the canal began in 1391; thirty barges carrying the first load of salt from Lüneburg reached Lübeck on 22 July 1398.

The Stecknitz Canal soon replaced the existing overland cart road as the main transport mode for Lüneburg salt on the Old Salt Route. In Lübeck the salt was stored in vast salt warehouses and then transferred to ocean-going vessels for export throughout the Baltic region. In the reverse direction the Stecknitz barges transported cereals, furs, herring, ash, timber and other goods from Lübeck, which were reloaded in Lauenburg and transported down the Elbe to Hamburg. Later coal, peat, brick, limestone and gravel were added to the cargo. The importance of the canal was greatest in years in which Øresund was closed to merchant ships because of disputes over the Sound Dues and foreign shipping.

In the fifteenth century traffic peaked, with more than 3,000 shipments of more than 30,000 tons of salt moving on the canal each year. This number declined by the seventeenth century to 400 to 600 shipments (5,000 to 7,000 tons). In 1789 there were still sixty-four shipments carrying approximately 680 tons of salt. Plans for a new Baltic–North Sea canal were proposed as early as the seventeenth century, but none was implemented until the end of the nineteenth century, when the new Elbe–Lübeck Canal was built using parts of the old route of the Stecknitz Canal. For five hundred years the canal was used to transport the "white gold" and other goods; today the Palmschleuse lock in Lauenburg is one of the last remaining parts of the former canal, preserved as an historical monument.

TECHNOLOGY

The Stecknitz Canal consisted of an 11.5-kilometre artificial waterway (the Delvenaugraben) linking two minor rivers, the north-flowing Stecknitz and south-flowing Delvenau. The man-made trench itself was about 85 centimetres deep and 7.5 metres wide, though it was enlarged between 1821 and 1823 to a depth of 144 centimetres and a width of 12 metres. Outside the artificial segment the canal followed the tortuous natural watercourses of the two rivers; as a result, the full journey from Lauenburg to Lübeck stretched to a distance of 97 kilometres, even though the straight-line separation between the two cities is only 55 kilometres. The journey along the canal often lasted two weeks or longer due to the number and primitive design of the locks and the difficulty of towing.

The canal's course originally included thirteen locks, which later renovations increased to seventeen. Initially most were one-gate flash locks built into weirs (usually set below the mouth of a tributary creek), where water was dammed until a barge was ready to pass downriver. In Lauenburg the initial course included one chamber lock (the Palmschleuse) because of a watermill whose operation would have been made impossible by a flash lock. Over the course of the canal's lifetime further flash locks were progressively converted to chamber locks until the 17th century.

The canal overcame the drainage divide between the North and Baltic Seas, with a summit height of 17 metres above sea level. In order to supply the top portion of the canal with water, flow was diverted from Hornbeker Mühlenbach. To the north the canal descended to the Ziegelsee by the town of Mölln and then connected to the Stecknitz by a series of eight locks. The southern end of the artificial canal descended to the Delvenau through a staircase of nine locks.

BARGES AND DRIVERS

The original salt barges measured roughly 12 metres by 2.5 metres, with a 40-centimetre draft when loaded to capacity with around 7.5 tons of salt, and required at least ten days to make the journey one way. When traveling uphill or through chamber locks the barges had to be hauled by laborers or animals walking the towpath on the banks of the channel. By the nineteenth century newer vessel designs included rigging that eliminated the need for towing (with sufficient wind).

In Lauenburg and Lübeck the barges were unloaded and their contents transferred to ships for export down the Elbe and Trave. Stecknitz barge drivers were only permitted to own one barge each, so they could not acquire great wealth in the trade; in the long run this ensured their dependence upon the Lübeck salt merchants, who were not bound by any such limitations and amassed great fortunes. The guild of the Stecknitzfahrer (Stecknitz barge drivers) still exists today in Lübeck and meets annually at the Kringelhöge to celebrate the guild's history.

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Der Alte Kran (Schreibweise früher auch Krahn) ist ein historischer Hafenkran am ehemaligen Ilmenau-Hafen in Lüneburg. Der 1797 erbaute Kran, der damals zu den leistungsfähigsten in ganz Norddeutschland gehörte, prägt bis heute das Bild des Wasserviertels und gilt als eines der Wahrzeichen der Stadt.

TECHNIK

Der Kran ist aus tragendem Holzfachwerk gebaut, welches als Wetterschutz mit einer Bretterverkleidung versehen wurde; die Dachflächen sind mit Kupferplatten gedeckt. Der Unterteil mit kreisförmigem Grundriss (Durchmesser: acht Meter) ist feststehend. Der Oberteil mit dem Kranausleger ist drehbar gelagert (ähnlich einer Holländerwindmühle). Vier Sandsteinblöcke von je etwa 200 kg dienen als Gegengewicht zur Last. Die Kettenwinde im Oberteil wird angetrieben über eine 9 m hohe Königswelle, diese wiederum durch ein doppeltes Tretrad mit 5 m Durchmesser im Unterteil.

In Stade wurde 1977 ein Nachbau am Hansehafen errichtet, der heute als Informationszentrum für Stader Stadtgeschichte dient; ein zweiter, funktionstüchtiger Nachbau befindet sich im Hebezeug-Museum in Witten in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

GESCHICHTE

Ein Kran am Standort des heutigen Kranes am Lüneburger Hafen wird erstmals 1330 urkundlich erwähnt. Er diente neben dem Heben anderer Waren vor allem dem Betrieb der Lüneburger Saline, nämlich einerseits zum Verschiffen des dort produzierten Salzes (insbesondere über den Stecknitzkanal nach Lübeck, aber auch in andere Städte) und andererseits zum Anlanden des Brennholzes, welches für den Betrieb der Sudhäuser benötigt wurde. Der Kran teile sich die Arbeit mit den kleineren Winden des benachbarten Lagerhauses (damals Heringshaus, heute Altes Kaufhaus genannt). In einer Verordnung des Lüneburger Stadtrates war festgelegt, welche Waren von welchem Kran zu heben waren und welche Gebühren („Krangeld“) dafür zu entrichten waren.

Der ursprüngliche Kran wurde über die Jahrhunderte immer wieder um- und ausgebaut. In seiner heutigen Form besteht der Kran fast unverändert seit 1797. Im Winter 1795 wurden viele Bauwerke im Hafen durch ein Hochwasser mit Eisgang stark beschädigt, darunter auch der Kran und die benachbarte Brücke. Der Kran wurde im Sommer 1797 vom Zimmermann G. P. Hintze unter der Leitung des Landbauverwalters Kruse in neuer Form wieder aufgebaut.

Am 13. August 1840 hob der Kran seine schwerste Last an Land: eine Dampflokomotive für die Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn, die in England von George Forrester & Company gebaut und auf dem Wasserweg nach Deutschland transportiert worden war. Das Gewicht der Lok wurde auf bis zu 60 Schiffspfund (ca. 9,3 Tonnen) geschätzt. Zum Drehen des Tretrades wurde dabei die Kraft von 38 Menschen benötigt. Als Belastungstest wurde vorher ein Paket mit 80 Eisenbahnschienen mit etwa 20.000 Pfund Gewicht angehoben. Zwei Jahre zuvor hatte der Kran bereits eine leichtere Lok mit etwa 14.000 Pfund gehoben.

Mit dem Bau der Eisenbahnlinie Hamburg-Hannover, die 1847 Lüneburg erreichte, verlagerte sich der Warentransport von und nach Lüneburg binnen kurzer Zeit vom Binnenwasserweg auf die Schiene. In der Folge verlor der Hafen und somit auch der Kran rapide an Bedeutung. Im Jahre 1860 stellte der Kran aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen seinen Betrieb ein (obwohl er technisch weiterhin intakt war).

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GESCHICHTE DER TRETMÜHLE

Eine Tretmühle (auch Tretrad oder Laufrad) ist ein seit dem Römischen Reich bis in die Moderne benutzter Antrieb für Mühlen und insbesondere für Hebe-Vorrichtungen (Krane). Sie arbeitet nach dem Prinzip des Wellrads und nutzt die Körperkraft von Menschen oder Tieren.

Heute wird das Wort Tretmühle im übertragenen Sinne für eine monotone Tätigkeit oder Tagesablauf benutzt.

KONSTRUKTION UND BETRIEB

Kernstück einer Tretmühle sind ein oder mehrere (meist zwei), übermannshohe hölzerne Treträder („Fabricae pedales“, Fußwerke, Laufräder, Durchmesser von 3 m bis 5 m) mit meist acht Holz-Speichen auf jeder Seite. Die Räder waren auf einer schweren, horizontalen Holzwelle angebracht, die bei mittelalterlichen Tretkränen mit Drehdach in einer quadratischen Holzkonstruktion als Rad-„Träger“ oder auf freistehenden Radlagern ruhte (bei römischen Kränen und als festmontierte Hebevorrichtung). Bei Mühlen (Kornmühlen, Pumpmühlen etc.) war die horizontale Antriebsachse mit dem Mahlwerk oder Pumpwerk verbunden, bei den Hebevorrichtungen saß eine Tretvorrichtung auf der Achse, entweder in deren Verlängerung oder auch zwischen den Treträdern. Im einfachsten Fall war die Tretvorrichtung ein Abschnitt auf der Achse mit Begrenzungsringen. Die Tretvorrichtung nahm Seil oder Kette auf. In den Treträdern, deren Innenfläche (Lauffläche) mit rutschmindernden Trittleisten versehen war, liefen die Radläufer, Tret- oder Windenknechte (auch Windenfahrer genannt, bei Kranen auch Kranenknechte) und setzten damit den Mechanismus in die gewünschte Richtung in Gang. Es gab auch Ausführungen ähnlich einem Wasserrad, bei dem die Menschen außen auf schaufelartigen Trittbrettern liefen. Auf mittelalterlichen Baustellen galten die Windenknechte (bis ins 18. Jahrhundert waren Tretradantriebe stark verbreitet) als hoch- bis höchstbezahlte Arbeitskräfte. Die Tätigkeit war mühsam, extrem anstrengend und in Hebevorrichtungen auch gefährlich. Das Halten der Lasten war schwierig, weil die Laufräder nicht gesichert werden konnten, um die Last während des Drehvorganges auf Höhe zu halten. Auch das Ablassen der Lasten barg Gefahr, weil sich die Last durch ihre Eigenmasse selbständig machen und die Männer in den Treträdern ins „Rotieren“ und „Schleudern“ (Redewendung) bringen konnte: es gab zum Teil schwere und tödliche Unfälle. Zum Heben einer Last auf eine Höhe von 4 m mussten die Windenknechte in den Laufrädern etwa 56 m an Laufstrecke zurücklegen (vom Achs- und Raddurchmesser abhängig: bei 4 m Raddurchmesser und 0,4 m Achsdurchmesser entspricht eine Radumdrehung 12,56 m Laufstrecke und 1,26 m Wickellänge (= Hubhöhe), das sind 50,24 m Laufstrecke und 5 m Hub). Das bedeutete für einen kompletten Hebe- und Senkvorgang eine Gesamtstrecke von etwa 132 bis 140 m. Bei solcher Tätigkeit musste jeder sich auf den anderen verlassen können. Viel Erfahrung und Kondition war vonnöten, um die harte Tätigkeit im Akkord (berechnet nach gelöschter Ladung gemäß einer Gebührenliste durch den Kranmeister) gewinnbringend zu schaffen. Zwischen 15 und mehr als 20 Mann arbeiteten in und an einem mittelalterlichen Ladekran. Sie waren zum Teil in der „Aufläder-Zunft“ organisiert, dem ursprünglichen Wort für die Ladetätigkeit am Kran.

EINSATZBEREICHE

In der Schifffahrt kamen beim Betrieb der seit dem Mittelalter verbreiteten Hafenkräne zwecks Zeitgewinn gewöhnlich Doppeltreträder zum Einsatz, die an beiden Seiten eines drehbaren Turms befestigt waren. Diese Turm-Tretkräne waren entweder aus Holz oder Stein gebaut und konnten beim Verladen eine Last von bis 2,5 Tonnen bewältigen. Es wird geschätzt, dass circa 80 Tretkräne an 32 Kranstandorten am Rhein mit Nebenflüssen im Einsatz waren, im gesamten deutschsprachigem Raum sogar ca. doppelt so viele.

Verbreitet war der Einsatz der Treträder auch beim Betrieb von Mühlen und beim Bau großer Gebäude, insbesondere der mittelalterlichen Kathedralen, wo Tretradkräne als Einzel- oder Doppelräder in die Dachkonstruktion integriert waren. Im Freiburger Münster, Gmünder Münster, Straßburger Münster, in St. Marien und St.Nikolai Stralsund sowie in der Abtei des Mont-Saint-Michel sind diese beispielsweise noch vorhanden. Bis 1868 befand sich auf dem bis dahin unvollendeten Südturm des Kölner Doms ein durch Treträder angetriebener Baukran aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.

Noch Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts mussten in den britischen Kolonien Sträflinge in den Tretmühlen arbeiten. Zwei solcher Mühlen, zynisch als „dancing academies“ bezeichnet, wurden ab 1823 in Sydney zum Antrieb von Getreidemühlen eingesetzt. Da diese Mühlen großen Profit abwarfen, wurden sechs weitere in Betrieb genommen. Die Arbeitszeit betrug bis zu zwölf Stunden täglich, die Leistung wurde mit der Dampfmaschine in Relation gesetzt und mit 70 Watt pro Arbeiter angegeben. Aus dem Jahr 1850 wird berichtet, dass 28 Sträflinge die Arbeit in der Tretmühle verweigerten und den Tod durch Erhängen vorzogen. Auch Frauen mussten in den Tretmühlen arbeiten, auf Schwangerschaft wurde keine Rücksicht genommen.

WIKIPEDIA

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

A lot of runners get this same expression, some look like the are going to die, a few smile - most look like this. Set on the course and looking for the endpoint.

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

(further pictures and informations you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Austrian State Archives (ÖStA)

Austrian authority

Oesterreichisches Staatsarchiv.svg

State level Federation

Position of the authority subordinated agency

Supervisor(s)/organs to the Federal Chancellery

Founded in 1749 as the Secret House Archive (Empress Maria Theresia)

Headquarters Vienna Highway (Landstraße, 3rd district of Vienna)

Board of Directors Univ. Doz Dr. Wolfgang Maderthaner

www.oesta.gv.at site

Central Archives building of the Austrian State Archives in Nottendorfergasse 2 in Vienna 3

The Austrian State Archives (ÖStA) in Vienna is the central archive of the Republic of Austria. It keeps on the basis of the Federal Records Act the archives of the Federation. The tasks of the Austrian State Archives are therein described as follows: capturing, taking over, keeping, obtaining, placing, organizing, making accessible, exploiting and utilisation of archived documents of the Federation for the exploration of the history and present, for other research and science, for the legislation, jurisdiction, administration as well as for legitimate concerns of people.

As far as in the public records monuments are concerned, the Austrian State Archives according to Monument Protection Act in place of the Federal Monuments Office is also responsible for the preservation.

History

The origin of the Austrian State Archives goes back to the year 1749 when Empress Maria Theresa in the course of an administrative reform installed a secret Hausarchiv. The establishment was related to the new, centralized administration, which required a separate archive. For other centers of administration such as Prague, Graz and Innsbruck documents were taken to Vienna.

In the historical analysis is important to note that there have been earlier archives and collections of documents, whose contents were incorporated into the new archive.

In the 19th Century the name House, Court and State Archives became then usual.

1951 there was a scandal because Heinz Grill, archivist in the House, Court and State Archives, had stolen gold and silver bulls over the years and sold to metal dealers ("affair Grill").

The archive departments

The modern Austrian State Archives is divided into several sections:

Archives of the Republic

The in 1983 founded archive of the Republic is the youngest archive department. It is the center of contemporary research in Austria and archival responsible for the evaluation, discarding, taking over and custody, safeguarding, maintenance and overhaul, accessing, compilation and exploitation of those written or typed material supply, which in the Austrian central authorities (all ministries, central federal departments and subordinated offices) have been produced since 1918.

Since the introduction of the electronic file (ELAKimBUND) in the Austrian federal administration (nationwide for all federal agencies since 2004), the Archives of the Republic is also responsible for the implementation of the digital archiving of this written material. Since 2007 it has been actively worked on an appropriate solution for long-term preservation of the "born digital" act. The startup of the digital archive Austria took place in 2012.

General Administration Archive

The General Administration Archives preserves the records of the central authorities responsible for internal administration of the Habsburg Monarchy from 16th Century, over 12,700 running meters, a significant collection of maps and plans, and about 5,000 documents. In its origins, the General Administration Archive goes back to the first-time centralisation of the old registries of the court chancelleries in founding the "Directorium in publicis et cameralibus" in 1749. The archive materials of the General Administrative archive were decimated by the Justice Palace fire in July 1927 considerably.

The public records which are kept in this division are divided into 10 thematic groups (= inventory groups), which for their part again contain files of various central services:

Inventory group Internal Affairs: Chancellery, Ministry of Interior, police authorities, Council of Ministers, rights of the Austrian State of Lower Austria, city expansion fund

Inventory group Justice: Supreme Justice office, Ministry of Justice, prosecutors, Linz Regional Court, Imperial Court, Administrative Court

Inventory group Instruction and Cultus: Studienhofkommission (Imperial Commission on Education), Ministry of Education, Old and New Cultus

Inventory group Commerce: Department of Commerce, Post Office, Ministry of Public Works, Navy Department, Patent Office

Inventory group Agriculture: Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Operations, Forestry and Dömänendirektion (Domain Directorate) Vienna, Forest Institute Mariabrunn, teacher Audit Commission, Agricultural Society

Inventory group Transport: United Court Chancellery, General Court Chamber, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Public buildings, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Trade and National Economy, Department of Commerce, the General Inspectorate of the Austrian Railways, Ministry of Railways, Railway Construction Department, State railway administrations, private railway companies

Inventory group Family archives and Estates

Inventory group Nobility: imperial nobility files, Hofadelsakten (Court nobility records), pedigrees

Inventory group Audiovisual Collection: Politics and Public life since 1945, Austrian landscapes and buildings, customs, history, science, technology, medicine, business, art, culture and sport

Inventory group Plan and Posters collection: collection of plans comprised of the following funds: Hofbauamt (Court building authorities), chancellery, General Construction Authority, Lower Austrian Civil Construction Authority, Bausektion (construction section) of the Ministry of the Interior, Bausektion of the Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Works, State Baudirektionen (construction directorates), Waterway Construction Authority, Dikasterialgebäudeverwaltung (dicasterila building administration), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Teaching, Studienhofkommission (Imperial Commission on Education), Stiftungshofbuchhaltung (Foundation Court Bookkeeping), Ministry of Justice, city expansion fund

War Archive

The beginning of a proper Military Archives in the Habsburg monarchy is to fix in the year 1711, when Emperor Joseph I. ordered the creation of an archivist office with the Hofkriegsrat, the highest central authority for the Habsburg warfare. Already in the first half of the 18th Century, this hofkriegsrätliche (Court's warfare council) archives of the chancelleries has gradually evolved into a kind of military central archives, especially since 1776 through the merger of the hofkriegsrätlichen plan collection with the combat engineer the archives of the chancelleries in reference to cartographic material became to a central contact point. In addition, however, the aim was put on experiences in the past, lessons from former campaigns for the present and future. In view of the above, Emperor Joseph II in 1779 ordered the documentary revision of the campaigns since 1740. This access to the history of war intended Archduke Karl to continue, too, by 1801 disposing the creation of the Imperial War archive. This had according to its founding mission to collect documents and maps, but also scientifically and journalistically to evaluate.

The Imperial and Royal (from 1889 kuk) Kriegsarchiv (war archive) initially consisted of a department of scriptures, a card archive, library and a department of military history works. By the end of the 19th Century the war archive had the bulk of the until then elsewhere stored military documentary material taken on. During the First World War, the war archive had with the assumption of mass documentary material from the front considerably more tasks to carry out, for which the number of staff of the archives substantially had to be increased. After the end of war in 1918 the war archive became a civilian institution, to which after the fall of the monarchy have been given masses of new documentary material from previously independent departments and liquidated offices. During the Second World War, the war archive as Army Archives Vienna was a part of the German Army archive organization under the supreme command of the Wehrmacht. After considerable losses as a result of the war, the War Archives in 1945 became a department of the newly created Austrian State Archives. In the years 1991-1993 moved the since 1905 in the Stiftskaserne (barracks) in the 7th District of Vienna housed war archive to the Central Archives building in Vienna III.

The war archive contains about 180,000 document cartons and 60,000 account books on 50 shelf kilometers and is by far the most important military archives in Central Europe. Its map collection with over 600,000 maps and plans is the largest in Austria. There is also a collection of about 400,000 images. The former library of the war archive is one of the most extensive collections of older military historical literature .

The in 22 inventory groups aggregated inventories of the Kriegsarchiv, in their structure these two fundamentally different archiving traditions are reflected to this day, can be broadly divided into five major blocks:

Personnel files of officers, petty officers, crews and officials of the armed forces of about 1740 to 1918; reward acts (1789-1958), so documents on military awards, which the archives of the Military Maria Theresa Order is attached.

Feldakten (combat files) with material on the operations of the imperial or kk Field armies from 16th Century to 1882 (Old Field records and Army files) as well as on 1914-1918 (Army High Command, New field files - Neue Feldakten).

Most High command, main, subordinate and territorial authorities. This group brings together the recordings of major institutions in the entourage of the emperor (especially of the Military Chancellery, the Generaladjutantur (general adjutancy) and the General Staff), the central military services (Hofkriegsrat (Court War Council) 1557-1848, War Office 1848-1918, Ministry of National Defence from 1868 to 1918) and a number of other authorities, institutions and territorial command posts such as the disability Office, the Apostolic field Vicariate, the supreme combat engineer and artillery authorities, the military educational institutions, the military invalids houses and single General and Military command posts in the countries.

Navy and Luftfahrtruppe (air force troup (19th - 20th century)

Collections, which include in particular the maps and plan collection, image collection, the manuscripts and a very important collection of military scripture estates.

The war archive is now a "historical archive". The here kept official written or printed material essentially ends with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War (1918). The collections of the Kriegsarchiv (war archive) on the other hand constantly increase.

Financial and Hofkammerarchiv [ Edit]

The financial and Hofkammerarchiv (Court Chamber archive) arose when in 1945 the previously separately kept inventories of the Hofkammerarchiv and financial archives were merged. The Court Chamber, founded in 1527 was the central financial authority of the Habsburg monarchy. 1848 took over the newly founded Treasury its duties. The archive contains financial records that are especially important for historians. In historical Archive building in the Johannesgasse the Directorate room of Franz Grillparzer is still preserved, working there from 1832 to 1856 as director. With 1st December 2006, the Department of Finance and Court Chamber archive was incorporated into the General Administration Archive. The bulk of the archival material was moved into the central archive building in the Nottendorfergasse.

House, Court and State Archives

The House, Court and State Archives in Minoritenplatz

Board on State Archives

The House, Court and State Archives, Minoritenplatz 1, 1749 by Maria Theresa (1740-1780) was established as a central archive of the Habsburg dynasty. By creating a well-ordered document repository unifiying the hitherto over several sites scattered important House and state documents in Vienna, it should be ensured that the legal titles and rulers' rights of the dynasty in the future were quickly available when required.

Of the today in 11 inventory groups organised inventories of the House, Court and State Archives the following topics have been given priority:

the history of the Habsburg dynasty

the activities of the supreme Court offices and the Imperial Cabinet

Diplomacy and foreign policy of the Danube monarchy

highest Administration and Jurisdiction in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation whose imperial dignity the Habsburgs held for centuries almost without interruption until the dissolution of the National Association in 1806.

Worthy of mention furthermore in the House, Court and State Archives deposited ruler and family archives, estates, a manuscript collection, a collection of seal and stamp imprints as well as a plan and map collection.

Showpiece under the "Collections" of the archive department is but unquestionably the document collection formed from different provenances.

Overall, stores the in a 1899-1902 built landmarked Archive functional building at Vienna's Minoritenplatz housed House, Court and State Archives on 16,000 running meters, 130,000 accounting records and document cartons, 75,000 documents, 15,000 maps and plans, and about 3000 manuscripts.

The oldest piece is a document that Emperor Louis the Pious issued in the year 816. The chronological endpoint sets the year 1918. The House, Court and State Archives is among the "historical" departments of the Austrian State Archives, who do no longer grow by receiving documentary material deliveries from the Austrian federal ministries.

The great importance of the House, Court and State Archives for international research is based on the wide geographical catchment area and the variety of its collection. Due to the territorial expansion of the Habsburg rule from the 15th Century and the literally global relations of the dynasty, the here stored archival material encompasses practically all continents.

In addition to the "classical" access of diplomatic and political history, the archive also offers a social and cultural history oriented research rich material.

Restoration workshop

The restoration workshop of the ÖStA belongs alongside those of the National Library and the Federal Monuments Office to the most important restoration facilities for paper, parchment, sealing and bookbindery in Austria.

Significant archivists

Ludwig Bittner (1877-1945), archivist 1904-45

Anna Coreth (1915-2008), Director of the House, Court and State Archives

Walter Goldinger (1910-1990), Director-General in 1973

Lothar Gross (1887-1944), director of the House, Court and State Archives

Joseph Knechtl (1771-1838), archivist 1806-1834, 1834-1838 Director

Hanns Leo Mikoletzky (1907-1978), Director-General 1968-72

Lorenz Mikoletzky (* 1945), Director-General from 1994 to 2011

Rudolf Neck

Kurt Peball (1928-2009), Director-General 1983-89

Gebhard Rath (1902-1979), Director-General 1956-68

Leo Santifaller (1890-1974), Director-General 1945-54

Erika Weinzierl (* 1925), archivist at the House, Court and State Archives 1948-64

Publications

The Austrian State Archives publishes the periodical Communications of the Austrian State Archives (Mösta) appearing in annual volumes since 1948. In addition, archive inventories, supplementary volumes to the communications and exhibition catalogs are published.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Staatsarchiv

Saint Joseph (informally St. Joe) is the county seat of Buchanan County and chief city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Buchanan, Andrew, and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County, Kansas. As of the 2010 census, Saint Joseph had a total population of 76,780, making it the eighth largest city in the state, third largest in Northwest Missouri. The metropolitan area had a population of 127,329 in 2010. St. Joseph is located on the Missouri River, but is perhaps best known as the starting point of the Pony Express and the death place of Jesse James. Saint Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University. Saint Joseph was founded on the Missouri River by Joseph Robidoux, a local fur trader, and officially incorporated in 1843. In its early days, it was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town, serving as a last supply point and jumping-off point on the Missouri River toward the "Wild West". It was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail until after the American Civil War.

St. Joseph, or "St. Joe", as it was called by many, was a "Jumping-Off Point" for those headed to the Oregon Territory in the mid-1800s. In these cities, including Independence, Missouri, and St. Joseph, were where pioneers would stay and purchas supplies before they would head out in wagon trains. The town was a very bustling place, and was the second city in the USA to have electric streetcars.

Between April 3, 1860, and late October 1861, Saint Joseph was one of the two endpoints of the Pony Express, which operated for a short period over the land then inaccessible by rail, to provide fast mail service. Today the Pony Express Museum host visitors in the old stables.

In 1882, on April 3, the outlaw Jesse James was killed at his home, originally located at 1318 Lafayette, now sited next to The Patee House. James was living under the alias of Mr. Howard. An excerpt from a popular poem of the time is: "...that dirty little coward that shot Mr. Howard has laid poor Jesse in his grave."

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%2C_Missouri

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

‘Resist tyranny, join a union’: Huge turnout as Hongkongers hit the streets for New Year’s Day protest

Thousands of Hongkongers took to the streets on Wednesday for the first police-approved mass protest of the new year.

The huge turnout built on a continuing a pro-democracy movement that has reached each corner of the city over the past seven months.

The march received a letter of no objection from the police, and began at around 2:40pm in Victoria Park in Causeway Bay.

The front of the march reached the endpoint at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct in Central just after 4pm.

In addition to the five core demands of the movement, protesters on Wednesday also called for increased union participation, supporting the victims of political reprisals, and halting a proposed pay rise for the police.

Protesters chanted slogans such as “Five demands, not one less,” as well as new additions such as “Resist tyranny, join a union.”

Those at the head of the march included some newly-elected pro-democracy district councillors – whose term in office began on January 1.

A group outside Victoria Park were rallying Hongkongers to register to vote: “We want to use our vote to tell the Hong Kong government what we want… We want the people to come out again and win at the Legislative Council election [in September],” Ms Oliver told HKFP, following the pro-democracy camp’s victory at last year District Council elections.

Though the extradition bill – which sparked the movement – was axed, demonstrators are still demanding an independent probe into police behaviour, amnesty for those arrested, universal suffrage and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.”

In a statement, march organisers the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) called on the public to be “more united, persistent, and caring of one another” in the coming year.

“In 2020, the police have already fired the first round of tear gas,” the group wrote shortly after midnight. “Carrie Lam and police brutality turned a festive season into anguish, and perhaps we should say ‘Five demands, not one less’ instead of happy new year.”

In a statement later on Wednesday, the Front said the police had taken no responsibility for any misconduct: “They dehumanise protestors as cockroaches, demean journalists as “black reporters” and arrest medical doctors and nurses as rioters. Now, the government even attempts to increase the salaries of these rioting police.”

“We must persist this fight, for the arrested, injured and departed brothers and sisters in this movement. When victory comes, we shall gather at the dawn,” they added.

During the march, Ms Ho of the Construction Site Workers General Union said they had over 10,000 signed-up members and around 100 active members: “It is a union that already exists, but now we are recruiting more workers with the same political stance,” she said.

“We aim for three targets. The first one, we want to defend our own worker’s rights… We want to get the right to vote in the coming legislative election [as a functional constituency]… The third aim – we are trying to use construction workers’ role in this movement – for example, volunteer teams for people in need – trying to prepare for the general strike.”.....

www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/01/resist-tyranny-join-union-h...

民陣今日（1日）舉行「毋忘承諾，並肩同行」 元旦大遊行。在預定起步時間2時，銅鑼灣東角道已聚集大量等待插隊的民眾，亦有不少市民支持黃色經濟圈，黃店「渣哥」有逾百人排隊光顧。

news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200101/s00001/15778...

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

(further pictures and information you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Austrian State Archives (ÖStA)

Austrian authority

Oesterreichisches Staatsarchiv.svg

State level Federation

Position of the authority subordinated agency

Supervisor(s)/organs to the Federal Chancellery

Founded in 1749 as the Secret House Archive (Empress Maria Theresia)

Headquarters Vienna Highway (Landstraße, 3rd district of Vienna)

Board of Directors Univ. Doz Dr. Wolfgang Maderthaner

www.oesta.gv.at site

Central Archives building of the Austrian State Archives in Nottendorfergasse 2 in Vienna 3

The Austrian State Archives (ÖStA) in Vienna is the central archive of the Republic of Austria. It keeps on the basis of the Federal Records Act the archives of the Federation. The tasks of the Austrian State Archives are therein described as follows: capturing, taking over, keeping, obtaining, placing, organizing, making accessible, exploiting and utilisation of archived documents of the Federation for the exploration of the history and present, for other research and science, for the legislation, jurisdiction, administration as well as for legitimate concerns of people.

As far as in the public records monuments are concerned, the Austrian State Archives according to Monument Protection Act in place of the Federal Monuments Office is also responsible for the preservation.

History

The origin of the Austrian State Archives goes back to the year 1749 when Empress Maria Theresa in the course of an administrative reform installed a secret Hausarchiv. The establishment was related to the new, centralized administration, which required a separate archive. For other centers of administration such as Prague, Graz and Innsbruck documents were taken to Vienna.

In the historical analysis is important to note that there have been earlier archives and collections of documents, whose contents were incorporated into the new archive.

In the 19th Century the name House, Court and State Archives became then usual.

1951 there was a scandal because Heinz Grill, archivist in the House, Court and State Archives, had stolen gold and silver bulls over the years and sold to metal dealers ("affair Grill").

The archive departments

The modern Austrian State Archives is divided into several sections:

Archives of the Republic

The in 1983 founded archive of the Republic is the youngest archive department. It is the center of contemporary research in Austria and archival responsible for the evaluation, discarding, taking over and custody, safeguarding, maintenance and overhaul, accessing, compilation and exploitation of those written or typed material supply, which in the Austrian central authorities (all ministries, central federal departments and subordinated offices) have been produced since 1918.

Since the introduction of the electronic file (ELAKimBUND) in the Austrian federal administration (nationwide for all federal agencies since 2004), the Archives of the Republic is also responsible for the implementation of the digital archiving of this written material. Since 2007 it has been actively worked on an appropriate solution for long-term preservation of the "born digital" act. The startup of the digital archive Austria took place in 2012.

General Administration Archive

The General Administration Archives preserves the records of the central authorities responsible for internal administration of the Habsburg Monarchy from 16th Century, over 12,700 running meters, a significant collection of maps and plans, and about 5,000 documents. In its origins, the General Administration Archive goes back to the first-time centralisation of the old registries of the court chancelleries in founding the "Directorium in publicis et cameralibus" in 1749. The archive materials of the General Administrative archive were decimated by the Justice Palace fire in July 1927 considerably.

The public records which are kept in this division are divided into 10 thematic groups (= inventory groups), which for their part again contain files of various central services:

Inventory group Internal Affairs: Chancellery, Ministry of Interior, police authorities, Council of Ministers, rights of the Austrian State of Lower Austria, city expansion fund

Inventory group Justice: Supreme Justice office, Ministry of Justice, prosecutors, Linz Regional Court, Imperial Court, Administrative Court

Inventory group Instruction and Cultus: Studienhofkommission (Imperial Commission on Education), Ministry of Education, Old and New Cultus

Inventory group Commerce: Department of Commerce, Post Office, Ministry of Public Works, Navy Department, Patent Office

Inventory group Agriculture: Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Operations, Forestry and Dömänendirektion (Domain Directorate) Vienna, Forest Institute Mariabrunn, teacher Audit Commission, Agricultural Society

Inventory group Transport: United Court Chancellery, General Court Chamber, Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of Trade, Commerce and Public buildings, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Trade and National Economy, Department of Commerce, the General Inspectorate of the Austrian Railways, Ministry of Railways, Railway Construction Department, State railway administrations, private railway companies

Inventory group Family archives and Estates

Inventory group Nobility: imperial nobility files, Hofadelsakten (Court nobility records), pedigrees

Inventory group Audiovisual Collection: Politics and Public life since 1945, Austrian landscapes and buildings, customs, history, science, technology, medicine, business, art, culture and sport

Inventory group Plan and Posters collection: collection of plans comprised of the following funds: Hofbauamt (Court building authorities), chancellery, General Construction Authority, Lower Austrian Civil Construction Authority, Bausektion (construction section) of the Ministry of the Interior, Bausektion of the Ministry of Commerce, Ministry of Public Works, State Baudirektionen (construction directorates), Waterway Construction Authority, Dikasterialgebäudeverwaltung (dicasterila building administration), Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Culture and Teaching, Studienhofkommission (Imperial Commission on Education), Stiftungshofbuchhaltung (Foundation Court Bookkeeping), Ministry of Justice, city expansion fund

War Archive

The beginning of a proper Military Archives in the Habsburg monarchy is to fix in the year 1711, when Emperor Joseph I. ordered the creation of an archivist office with the Hofkriegsrat, the highest central authority for the Habsburg warfare. Already in the first half of the 18th Century, this hofkriegsrätliche (Court's warfare council) archives of the chancelleries has gradually evolved into a kind of military central archives, especially since 1776 through the merger of the hofkriegsrätlichen plan collection with the combat engineer the archives of the chancelleries in reference to cartographic material became to a central contact point. In addition, however, the aim was put on experiences in the past, lessons from former campaigns for the present and future. In view of the above, Emperor Joseph II in 1779 ordered the documentary revision of the campaigns since 1740. This access to the history of war intended Archduke Karl to continue, too, by 1801 disposing the creation of the Imperial War archive. This had according to its founding mission to collect documents and maps, but also scientifically and journalistically to evaluate.

The Imperial and Royal (from 1889 kuk) Kriegsarchiv (war archive) initially consisted of a department of scriptures, a card archive, library and a department of military history works. By the end of the 19th Century the war archive had the bulk of the until then elsewhere stored military documentary material taken on. During the First World War, the war archive had with the assumption of mass documentary material from the front considerably more tasks to carry out, for which the number of staff of the archives substantially had to be increased. After the end of war in 1918 the war archive became a civilian institution, to which after the fall of the monarchy have been given masses of new documentary material from previously independent departments and liquidated offices. During the Second World War, the war archive as Army Archives Vienna was a part of the German Army archive organization under the supreme command of the Wehrmacht. After considerable losses as a result of the war, the War Archives in 1945 became a department of the newly created Austrian State Archives. In the years 1991-1993 moved the since 1905 in the Stiftskaserne (barracks) in the 7th District of Vienna housed war archive to the Central Archives building in Vienna III.

The war archive contains about 180,000 document cartons and 60,000 account books on 50 shelf kilometers and is by far the most important military archives in Central Europe. Its map collection with over 600,000 maps and plans is the largest in Austria. There is also a collection of about 400,000 images. The former library of the war archive is one of the most extensive collections of older military historical literature .

The in 22 inventory groups aggregated inventories of the Kriegsarchiv, in their structure these two fundamentally different archiving traditions are reflected to this day, can be broadly divided into five major blocks:

Personnel files of officers, petty officers, crews and officials of the armed forces of about 1740 to 1918; reward acts (1789-1958), so documents on military awards, which the archives of the Military Maria Theresa Order is attached.

Feldakten (combat files) with material on the operations of the imperial or kk Field armies from 16th Century to 1882 (Old Field records and Army files) as well as on 1914-1918 (Army High Command, New field files - Neue Feldakten).

Most High command, main, subordinate and territorial authorities. This group brings together the recordings of major institutions in the entourage of the emperor (especially of the Military Chancellery, the Generaladjutantur (general adjutancy) and the General Staff), the central military services (Hofkriegsrat (Court War Council) 1557-1848, War Office 1848-1918, Ministry of National Defence from 1868 to 1918) and a number of other authorities, institutions and territorial command posts such as the disability Office, the Apostolic field Vicariate, the supreme combat engineer and artillery authorities, the military educational institutions, the military invalids houses and single General and Military command posts in the countries.

Navy and Luftfahrtruppe (air force troup (19th - 20th century)

Collections, which include in particular the maps and plan collection, image collection, the manuscripts and a very important collection of military scripture estates.

The war archive is now a "historical archive". The here kept official written or printed material essentially ends with the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of the First World War (1918). The collections of the Kriegsarchiv (war archive) on the other hand constantly increase.

Financial and Hofkammerarchiv [ Edit]

The financial and Hofkammerarchiv (Court Chamber archive) arose when in 1945 the previously separately kept inventories of the Hofkammerarchiv and financial archives were merged. The Court Chamber, founded in 1527 was the central financial authority of the Habsburg monarchy. 1848 took over the newly founded Treasury its duties. The archive contains financial records that are especially important for historians. In historical Archive building in the Johannesgasse the Directorate room of Franz Grillparzer is still preserved, working there from 1832 to 1856 as director. With 1st December 2006, the Department of Finance and Court Chamber archive was incorporated into the General Administration Archive. The bulk of the archival material was moved into the central archive building in the Nottendorfergasse.

House, Court and State Archives

The House, Court and State Archives in Minoritenplatz

Board on State Archives

The House, Court and State Archives, Minoritenplatz 1, 1749 by Maria Theresa (1740-1780) was established as a central archive of the Habsburg dynasty. By creating a well-ordered document repository unifiying the hitherto over several sites scattered important House and state documents in Vienna, it should be ensured that the legal titles and rulers' rights of the dynasty in the future were quickly available when required.

Of the today in 11 inventory groups organised inventories of the House, Court and State Archives the following topics have been given priority:

the history of the Habsburg dynasty

the activities of the supreme Court offices and the Imperial Cabinet

Diplomacy and foreign policy of the Danube monarchy

highest Administration and Jurisdiction in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation whose imperial dignity the Habsburgs held for centuries almost without interruption until the dissolution of the National Association in 1806.

Worthy of mention furthermore in the House, Court and State Archives deposited ruler and family archives, estates, a manuscript collection, a collection of seal and stamp imprints as well as a plan and map collection.

Showpiece under the "Collections" of the archive department is but unquestionably the document collection formed from different provenances.

Overall, stores the in a 1899-1902 built landmarked Archive functional building at Vienna's Minoritenplatz housed House, Court and State Archives on 16,000 running meters, 130,000 accounting records and document cartons, 75,000 documents, 15,000 maps and plans, and about 3000 manuscripts.

The oldest piece is a document that Emperor Louis the Pious issued in the year 816. The chronological endpoint sets the year 1918. The House, Court and State Archives is among the "historical" departments of the Austrian State Archives, who do no longer grow by receiving documentary material deliveries from the Austrian federal ministries.

The great importance of the House, Court and State Archives for international research is based on the wide geographical catchment area and the variety of its collection. Due to the territorial expansion of the Habsburg rule from the 15th Century and the literally global relations of the dynasty, the here stored archival material encompasses practically all continents.

In addition to the "classical" access of diplomatic and political history, the archive also offers a social and cultural history oriented research rich material.

Restoration workshop

The restoration workshop of the ÖStA belongs alongside those of the National Library and the Federal Monuments Office to the most important restoration facilities for paper, parchment, sealing and bookbindery in Austria.

Significant archivists

Ludwig Bittner (1877-1945), archivist 1904-45

Anna Coreth (1915-2008), Director of the House, Court and State Archives

Walter Goldinger (1910-1990), Director-General in 1973

Lothar Gross (1887-1944), director of the House, Court and State Archives

Joseph Knechtl (1771-1838), archivist 1806-1834, 1834-1838 Director

Hanns Leo Mikoletzky (1907-1978), Director-General 1968-72

Lorenz Mikoletzky (* 1945), Director-General from 1994 to 2011

Rudolf Neck

Kurt Peball (1928-2009), Director-General 1983-89

Gebhard Rath (1902-1979), Director-General 1956-68

Leo Santifaller (1890-1974), Director-General 1945-54

Erika Weinzierl (* 1925), archivist at the House, Court and State Archives 1948-64

Publications

The Austrian State Archives publishes the periodical Communications of the Austrian State Archives (Mösta) appearing in annual volumes since 1948. In addition, archive inventories, supplementary volumes to the communications and exhibition catalogs are published.

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Staatsarchiv

CAL FIRE has acquired seven former U.S. Coast Guard HC-130H Hercules aircraft for conversion to air tankers.

I have not been able to determine the US FAA registration of Tanker 120, if it had one as of July 2024. I believe that the aircraft was originally procured under USAF serial 83-0508, with MSN 382-5005. It served as HC-130H 1709 with the U.S. Coast Guard.

Sacramento McClellan Airport (MCC / KMCC), California

CAL FIRE C-130H Air Tanker information sheet (CAL FIRE):

34c031f8-c9fd-4018-8c5a-4159cdff6b0d-cdn-endpoint.azureed...

Lockheed C-130 Hercules (Wikipedia):

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules

U.S. Route 285 is a north–south United States highway, running 846 miles (1,362 km) through the states of Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. The highway's southern terminus is in Sanderson, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. US 285 has always had an endpoint in Denver, Colorado, although the original US 285 went north from Denver (that segment is now a part of U.S. Route 287). Today the highway's northern terminus is in Denver, at exit 201 on Interstate 25.

US 285 is a secondary route of US 85, which it crosses in metro Denver, and historically crossed again in Santa Fe, New Mexico (today its parent route has been largely replaced by Interstate 25, and as a result US 85 is no longer signed in New Mexico). US 285 also intersects a sibling route, US 385, in Fort Stockton, Texas.

Trucking makes up a large portion of the route's traffic, but along much of its route the road is also used for local travel from one town to the next. The northern section of US 285, from Santa Fe to Denver, traverses mountainous and rocky terrain; with that in mind, anyone using the road should check weather conditions during the winter months.

Heading north from the Colorado border, US 285 passes through the main part of the San Luis Valley, eventually reaching Alamosa. As the highway heads north, it begins to ascend to the northern end of the valley and eventually climbs over Poncha Pass, elevation 9,012 feet (2,747 m), and drops sharply down the other side into the Arkansas River Valley.

The highway brushes Salida and follows the Arkansas River north up the valley, then takes a sharp eastward turn just before the small town of Buena Vista. 285 then climbs over Trout Creek Pass, elevation 9,346 feet (2,849 m), and enters the high-altitude South Park basin.

A few miles north, the highway passes through Fairplay and the historic South Park City site, then reaches its highest elevation: 10,051 feet (3,064 m), at the summit of Red Hill Pass. US 285 then leaves the South Park basin and climbs over Kenosha Pass, elevation 10,001 feet (3,048 m), and skirts the south side of the Mount Evans massif as it descends its way through the foothills range towards Denver.

As the highway leaves the Rocky Mountains and reaches Denver's southwest suburbs, it becomes Hampden Avenue, an important artery in the Denver metro area, then reaches its northern terminus at I-25.

On March 14, 2008 both houses of the Colorado legislature, in a unanimous vote, named the section between Kenosha Pass and C-470 the Ralph Carr Memorial Highway.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

about 50 Hong Kong Protestors gathered in the Victoria Park before the rally , each wearing a different head mask representing a different message of the Hong Kong Protest movement.

raising of the hands with 5 fingers representing "5 demands not one less"

The Blue Lihkg Pig reminds that the police had shot blue tear-inducing chemical from the water cannon truck in dispersing the crowds. The police declined to disclose the chemcial composition.

www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/greenpeace-questions-hong-k...

******

‘Resist tyranny, join a union’: Huge turnout as Hongkongers hit the streets for New Year’s Day protest

Thousands of Hongkongers took to the streets on Wednesday for the first police-approved mass protest of the new year.

The huge turnout built on a continuing a pro-democracy movement that has reached each corner of the city over the past seven months.

The march received a letter of no objection from the police, and began at around 2:40pm in Victoria Park in Causeway Bay.

The front of the march reached the endpoint at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct in Central just after 4pm.

In addition to the five core demands of the movement, protesters on Wednesday also called for increased union participation, supporting the victims of political reprisals, and halting a proposed pay rise for the police.

Protesters chanted slogans such as “Five demands, not one less,” as well as new additions such as “Resist tyranny, join a union.”

Those at the head of the march included some newly-elected pro-democracy district councillors – whose term in office began on January 1.

A group outside Victoria Park were rallying Hongkongers to register to vote: “We want to use our vote to tell the Hong Kong government what we want… We want the people to come out again and win at the Legislative Council election [in September],” Ms Oliver told HKFP, following the pro-democracy camp’s victory at last year District Council elections.

Though the extradition bill – which sparked the movement – was axed, demonstrators are still demanding an independent probe into police behaviour, amnesty for those arrested, universal suffrage and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.”

In a statement, march organisers the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) called on the public to be “more united, persistent, and caring of one another” in the coming year.

“In 2020, the police have already fired the first round of tear gas,” the group wrote shortly after midnight. “Carrie Lam and police brutality turned a festive season into anguish, and perhaps we should say ‘Five demands, not one less’ instead of happy new year.”

In a statement later on Wednesday, the Front said the police had taken no responsibility for any misconduct: “They dehumanise protestors as cockroaches, demean journalists as “black reporters” and arrest medical doctors and nurses as rioters. Now, the government even attempts to increase the salaries of these rioting police.”

“We must persist this fight, for the arrested, injured and departed brothers and sisters in this movement. When victory comes, we shall gather at the dawn,” they added.

During the march, Ms Ho of the Construction Site Workers General Union said they had over 10,000 signed-up members and around 100 active members: “It is a union that already exists, but now we are recruiting more workers with the same political stance,” she said.

“We aim for three targets. The first one, we want to defend our own worker’s rights… We want to get the right to vote in the coming legislative election [as a functional constituency]… The third aim – we are trying to use construction workers’ role in this movement – for example, volunteer teams for people in need – trying to prepare for the general strike.”.....

www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/01/resist-tyranny-join-union-h...

民陣今日（1日）舉行「毋忘承諾，並肩同行」 元旦大遊行。在預定起步時間2時，銅鑼灣東角道已聚集大量等待插隊的民眾，亦有不少市民支持黃色經濟圈，黃店「渣哥」有逾百人排隊光顧。

news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200101/s00001/15778...

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Como anécdota, indicar que es tradición el lanzar una moneda a dicha fuente y el que lo hace volverá a Roma, si lanzas dos encontrarás un amor italiano y si lanzas 3 te casarás con ese amor. Evidentemente la fuente está plagada de turistas y se dice que el ayuntamiento de Roma (que limpia el fondo de la fuente a diario) recauda más de 3000€ al día con las monedas que los turistas lanzamos.

There’s a long-standing tradition of throwing coins into the fountain to ensure a return visit to Rome. According to legend, If You throw 1 You´ll visit the city in the future, if You throw 2 will find an italian love and if You throw 3 you´ll get married with that love.

Throwing coins in the Trevi Fountain is so popular in fact, that on average an estimated 3,000 Euros are thrown into the fountain each day. So the fountain is "cleaned" by the council every night.

SPANISH

La fuente está situada en el cruce de tres calles (en italiano tre víe), marcando el punto final del Aqua Virgo (en italiano Acqua Vérgine), uno de los antiguos acueductos que suministraban agua a Roma. En el 19 a. C., supuestamente con la ayuda de una virgen, los técnicos romanos localizaron una fuente de agua pura a sólo 22 km de la ciudad (escena representada en la actual fachada de la fuente). Esta Aqua Virgo corría por el acueducto más corto de Roma directamente hasta los Baños de Agripa y fue usada durante más de cuatrocientos años. El golpe de gracia a la vida urbana de la Roma clásica tardía fue la rotura de los acueductos por parte de los asediadores godos. Los romanos medievales quedaron reducidos a sacar agua de pozos contaminados y del río Tíber, que también se usaba como cloaca.

La costumbre romana de construir una bella fuente al final de los acueductos que traían agua a la ciudad fue resucitada en el siglo XV, con el Renacimiento. En 1453, el papa Nicolás V terminó de reparar el acueducto Aqua Virgo y construyó una simple pila, diseñada por el arquitecto humanista Leon Battista Alberti, para anunciar la llegada del agua.

En 1625 el papa Urbano VIII, encontrando la fuente anterior insuficientemente dramática, pidió a Bernini que esbozase posibles renovaciones, pero el proyecto fue abandonado cuando el papa murió. La contribución duradera de Bernini fue cambiar la situación de la fuente al otro lado de la plaza para que quedase frente al Palacio del Quirinal (de forma que el papa también pudiese verla y disfrutarla). Aunque el proyecto de Bernini fue desechado en favor del de Salvi, hay muchos toques del primero en la fuente tal como fue construida. También existe una maqueta anterior llamativa e influyente hecha por Pietro da Cortona.

Los concursos se habían puesto de moda durante el Barroco para rediseñar edificios, fuentes e incluso la Plaza de España. En 1730, el papa Clemente XII organizó un concurso sobre la fuente en el que Nicola Salvi perdió, a pesar de lo cual recibió el encargo.1 Los trabajos empezaron en 1732 y terminaron en 1762, mucho después de la muerte de Clemente, cuando el Neptuno de Pietro Bracci fue situado en el nicho central. Las estatuas de Abundancia y Salubridad, en los dos nichos laterales fueron esculpidas por Filippo Della Valle.2

Salvi murió en 1751, con su obra a medio terminar, pero antes se aseguró de que la fea firma de un barbero testarudo no estropease el conjunto, escondiéndola tras una vasija esculpida. La Fontana de Trevi fue terminada en 1762 por Giuseppe Pannini, quien sustituyó las suaves alegorías presentes por esculturas planas de Agripa y Trivia, la diosa romana.

Wikipedia

ENGLISH

The fountain at the junction of three roads (tre vie)marks the terminal point of the "modern" Acqua Vergine, the revived Aqua Virgo, one of the ancient aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome. In 19 BC, supposedly with the help of a virgin, Roman technicians located a source of pure water some 13 km (8 miles) from the city. (This scene is presented on the present fountain's façade.) However, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km (14 miles). This Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa. It served Rome for more than four hundred years. The coup de grâce for the urban life of late classical Rome came when the Goth besiegers in 537/38 broke the aqueducts. Medieval Romans were reduced to drawing water from polluted wells and the Tiber River, which was also used as a sewer.

The Roman custom of building a handsome fountain at the endpoint of an aqueduct that brought water to Rome was revived in the 15th century, with the Renaissance. In 1453, Pope Nicholas V finished mending the Acqua Vergine aqueduct and built a simple basin, designed by the humanist architect Leon Battista Alberti, to herald the water's arrival.

In 1629 Pope Urban VIII, finding the earlier fountain insufficiently dramatic, asked Gian Lorenzo Bernini to sketch possible renovations, but when the Pope died, the project was abandoned. Bernini's lasting contribution was to resite the fountain from the other side of the square to face the Quirinal Palace (so the Pope could look down and enjoy it). Though Bernini's project was torn down for Salvi's fountain, there are many Bernini touches in the fountain as it was built. An early, striking and influential model by Pietro da Cortona, preserved in the Albertina, Vienna, also exists, as do various early 18th century sketches, most unsigned, as well as a project attributed to Nicola Michetti one attributed to Ferdinando Fuga and a French design by Edme Bouchardon.

Competitions had become the rage during the Baroque era to design buildings, fountains, and even the Spanish Steps. In 1730 Pope Clement XII organized a contest in which Nicola Salvi initially lost to Alessandro Galilei — but due to the outcry in Rome over the fact that a Florentine won, Salvi was awarded the commission anyway. Work began in 1732, and the fountain was completed in 1762, long after Clement's death, when Pietro Bracci's Oceanus (god of all water) was set in the central niche.

Salvi died in 1751, with his work half-finished, but before he went he made sure a stubborn barber's unsightly sign would not spoil the ensemble, hiding it behind a sculpted vase, called by Romans the asso di coppe, "the "Ace of Cups".

The Trevi Fountain was finished in 1762 by Giuseppe Pannini, who substituted the present allegories for planned sculptures of Agrippa and "Trivia", the Roman virgin.

Wikipedia

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

COLOMBIA, Bogotá: Martin Schulz, president of the European Parlament, addresses to local and international media during his visit to Colombia on August 23, 2016.

Ahead of the visit to Argentina, President Schulz stated: “Argentina is taking a new, bold and reformist approach both at home and on the international stage. President Macri and the new administration are reaching out to Argentina’s regional and international partners to revive regionalism and multilateralism. Argentina-EU relations are witnessing a rebirth which must lead to strengthened relations on a host of policies. The European Parliament fully supports this new dynamic and my visit is a testament to it.”

Concerning the visit to Bogotá, President Schulz commented: “Colombia is nearing a momentous peace agreement. Colombia today is sending a message of hope which resonates across Latin America and the world. A conflict which seemed endless and which scarred the country deeply is reaching its endpoint. It will take time to heal the wounds and strong international support to restart development in the areas most affected by the conflict. The international community and certainly the European Union will be at Colombia’s side.”Ahead of the visit to Argentina, President Schulz stated: “Argentina is taking a new, bold and reformist approach both at home and on the international stage. President Macri and the new administration are reaching out to Argentina’s regional and international partners to revive regionalism and multilateralism. Argentina-EU relations are witnessing a rebirth which must lead to strengthened relations on a host of policies. The European Parliament fully supports this new dynamic and my visit is a testament to it.”

Concerning the visit to Bogotá, President Schulz commented: “Colombia is nearing a momentous peace agreement. Colombia today is sending a message of hope which resonates across Latin America and the world. A conflict which seemed endless and which scarred the country deeply is reaching its endpoint. It will take time to heal the wounds and strong international support to restart development in the areas most affected by the conflict. The international community and certainly the European Union will be at Colombia’s side.”

Read more about his mission: www.europarl.europa.eu/the-president/en/press-room/schulz...

This photo is copyright free, but must be credited: © European Union 2016 - European Parliament. (Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs Creative Commons license). If you need high resolution files do not hesitate to contact us. Please do not forget to send the link or a copy of the publication to us: photobookings(AT)europarl.europa.eu

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

OLD CRANE

The Old Crane is a historic harbour crane at the former Ilmenau-Harbour in Lüneburg. The 1797 built crane was at that time the most powerful crane in the northern part of Germany and is still one of the main-sights in Lüneburg.

A crane at this part of Lüneburg harbour is officially mentioned in the history of Lüneburg in the year 1330. At that time Lüneburg was already important, because of its saline. So the main use of this crane was to load the ships with salt from the salines. The ships had to ship the salt mainly to the Hanseatic Town of Lübeck, where the salt was stored in the historic - and still existing - Salt Warehouses (Lübecker Salzspeicher).

And also the huge amount of fire wood was landed from ships with this crane. This fire wood was necessary to boil out the salt from the brine.

TECHNIC

This crane is a typical medieval treadwheel crane. It is powered by a man-powered double-treadwheel with a diameter of the lower wheel of 5 meter.

Over the centuries that Lüneburg crane was reconstructed many times. In winter 1795 a flooding with ice caused many damage in Lüneburg. In summer 1797 the crane was repaired by carpenter G. P. Hintze. The present crane is untouched since 1797.

In August 1840 the crane raised his haviest load: a steam locomotive built by Englands George Forrester & Company and transported by sea to Germany. The estimated weight of that locomotive was 9,3 tons. To rotate the treadwheel of the crane they needed 38 men. To ensure the crane has enough power they tested it with the 10 tons of 80 railway rails.

In 1838 the crane already managed to raise a steam locomotive with 14.000 pounds.

With the building of the railroad track Hamburg-Hannover Lüneburg was attached to railroad in 1847. In short time the transport moved from the waterways to rail. So Lüneburg harbour and the crane lost its importance and in 1860 the crane had to stop the business - even it was still intact!

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HISTORY OF TREADWHEELS

A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running or walking in place.

Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle ages to lift the stones in the soaring Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early-Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to The Times in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's Table-Book in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.

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STECKNITZ CANAL

The Stecknitz Canal (German: Stecknitzfahrt) was an artificial waterway in northern Germany which connected Lauenburg and Lübeck on the Old Salt Route by linking the tiny rivers Stecknitz (a tributary of the Trave) and Delvenau (a tributary of the Elbe), thus establishing an inland water route across the drainage divide from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Built between 1391 and 1398, the Stecknitz Canal was the first European summit-level canal and one of the earliest artificial waterways in Europe. In the 1890s the canal was replaced by an enlarged and straightened waterway called the Elbe–Lübeck Canal, which includes some of the Stecknitz Canal's watercourse.

The original artificial canal was 0.85 metres deep and 7.5 metres wide; the man-made segment ran for 11.5 kilometres, with a total length of 97 kilometres including the rivers it linked. The canal included seventeen wooden locks (of which the Palmschleuse at Lauenburg still exists) that managed the 13-metre elevation difference between its endpoints and the highest central part, the Delvenaugraben.

HISTORY

In the Middle Ages the trade between the North Sea and Baltic Sea grew dramatically, but the sea journey through Øresund, increasingly important to commercial shipping since the thirteenth century, was time-consuming and dangerous. Therefore, the emerging Hanseatic city of Lübeck and Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg agreed in 1390 to cooperate in the construction of an artificial canal between the Elbe and the Baltic Sea. Construction on the canal began in 1391; thirty barges carrying the first load of salt from Lüneburg reached Lübeck on 22 July 1398.

The Stecknitz Canal soon replaced the existing overland cart road as the main transport mode for Lüneburg salt on the Old Salt Route. In Lübeck the salt was stored in vast salt warehouses and then transferred to ocean-going vessels for export throughout the Baltic region. In the reverse direction the Stecknitz barges transported cereals, furs, herring, ash, timber and other goods from Lübeck, which were reloaded in Lauenburg and transported down the Elbe to Hamburg. Later coal, peat, brick, limestone and gravel were added to the cargo. The importance of the canal was greatest in years in which Øresund was closed to merchant ships because of disputes over the Sound Dues and foreign shipping.

In the fifteenth century traffic peaked, with more than 3,000 shipments of more than 30,000 tons of salt moving on the canal each year. This number declined by the seventeenth century to 400 to 600 shipments (5,000 to 7,000 tons). In 1789 there were still sixty-four shipments carrying approximately 680 tons of salt. Plans for a new Baltic–North Sea canal were proposed as early as the seventeenth century, but none was implemented until the end of the nineteenth century, when the new Elbe–Lübeck Canal was built using parts of the old route of the Stecknitz Canal. For five hundred years the canal was used to transport the "white gold" and other goods; today the Palmschleuse lock in Lauenburg is one of the last remaining parts of the former canal, preserved as an historical monument.

TECHNOLOGY

The Stecknitz Canal consisted of an 11.5-kilometre artificial waterway (the Delvenaugraben) linking two minor rivers, the north-flowing Stecknitz and south-flowing Delvenau. The man-made trench itself was about 85 centimetres deep and 7.5 metres wide, though it was enlarged between 1821 and 1823 to a depth of 144 centimetres and a width of 12 metres. Outside the artificial segment the canal followed the tortuous natural watercourses of the two rivers; as a result, the full journey from Lauenburg to Lübeck stretched to a distance of 97 kilometres, even though the straight-line separation between the two cities is only 55 kilometres. The journey along the canal often lasted two weeks or longer due to the number and primitive design of the locks and the difficulty of towing.

The canal's course originally included thirteen locks, which later renovations increased to seventeen. Initially most were one-gate flash locks built into weirs (usually set below the mouth of a tributary creek), where water was dammed until a barge was ready to pass downriver. In Lauenburg the initial course included one chamber lock (the Palmschleuse) because of a watermill whose operation would have been made impossible by a flash lock. Over the course of the canal's lifetime further flash locks were progressively converted to chamber locks until the 17th century.

The canal overcame the drainage divide between the North and Baltic Seas, with a summit height of 17 metres above sea level. In order to supply the top portion of the canal with water, flow was diverted from Hornbeker Mühlenbach. To the north the canal descended to the Ziegelsee by the town of Mölln and then connected to the Stecknitz by a series of eight locks. The southern end of the artificial canal descended to the Delvenau through a staircase of nine locks.

BARGES AND DRIVERS

The original salt barges measured roughly 12 metres by 2.5 metres, with a 40-centimetre draft when loaded to capacity with around 7.5 tons of salt, and required at least ten days to make the journey one way. When traveling uphill or through chamber locks the barges had to be hauled by laborers or animals walking the towpath on the banks of the channel. By the nineteenth century newer vessel designs included rigging that eliminated the need for towing (with sufficient wind).

In Lauenburg and Lübeck the barges were unloaded and their contents transferred to ships for export down the Elbe and Trave. Stecknitz barge drivers were only permitted to own one barge each, so they could not acquire great wealth in the trade; in the long run this ensured their dependence upon the Lübeck salt merchants, who were not bound by any such limitations and amassed great fortunes. The guild of the Stecknitzfahrer (Stecknitz barge drivers) still exists today in Lübeck and meets annually at the Kringelhöge to celebrate the guild's history.

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Der Alte Kran (Schreibweise früher auch Krahn) ist ein historischer Hafenkran am ehemaligen Ilmenau-Hafen in Lüneburg. Der 1797 erbaute Kran, der damals zu den leistungsfähigsten in ganz Norddeutschland gehörte, prägt bis heute das Bild des Wasserviertels und gilt als eines der Wahrzeichen der Stadt.

TECHNIK

Der Kran ist aus tragendem Holzfachwerk gebaut, welches als Wetterschutz mit einer Bretterverkleidung versehen wurde; die Dachflächen sind mit Kupferplatten gedeckt. Der Unterteil mit kreisförmigem Grundriss (Durchmesser: acht Meter) ist feststehend. Der Oberteil mit dem Kranausleger ist drehbar gelagert (ähnlich einer Holländerwindmühle). Vier Sandsteinblöcke von je etwa 200 kg dienen als Gegengewicht zur Last. Die Kettenwinde im Oberteil wird angetrieben über eine 9 m hohe Königswelle, diese wiederum durch ein doppeltes Tretrad mit 5 m Durchmesser im Unterteil.

In Stade wurde 1977 ein Nachbau am Hansehafen errichtet, der heute als Informationszentrum für Stader Stadtgeschichte dient; ein zweiter, funktionstüchtiger Nachbau befindet sich im Hebezeug-Museum in Witten in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

GESCHICHTE

Ein Kran am Standort des heutigen Kranes am Lüneburger Hafen wird erstmals 1330 urkundlich erwähnt. Er diente neben dem Heben anderer Waren vor allem dem Betrieb der Lüneburger Saline, nämlich einerseits zum Verschiffen des dort produzierten Salzes (insbesondere über den Stecknitzkanal nach Lübeck, aber auch in andere Städte) und andererseits zum Anlanden des Brennholzes, welches für den Betrieb der Sudhäuser benötigt wurde. Der Kran teile sich die Arbeit mit den kleineren Winden des benachbarten Lagerhauses (damals Heringshaus, heute Altes Kaufhaus genannt). In einer Verordnung des Lüneburger Stadtrates war festgelegt, welche Waren von welchem Kran zu heben waren und welche Gebühren („Krangeld“) dafür zu entrichten waren.

Der ursprüngliche Kran wurde über die Jahrhunderte immer wieder um- und ausgebaut. In seiner heutigen Form besteht der Kran fast unverändert seit 1797. Im Winter 1795 wurden viele Bauwerke im Hafen durch ein Hochwasser mit Eisgang stark beschädigt, darunter auch der Kran und die benachbarte Brücke. Der Kran wurde im Sommer 1797 vom Zimmermann G. P. Hintze unter der Leitung des Landbauverwalters Kruse in neuer Form wieder aufgebaut.

Am 13. August 1840 hob der Kran seine schwerste Last an Land: eine Dampflokomotive für die Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn, die in England von George Forrester & Company gebaut und auf dem Wasserweg nach Deutschland transportiert worden war. Das Gewicht der Lok wurde auf bis zu 60 Schiffspfund (ca. 9,3 Tonnen) geschätzt. Zum Drehen des Tretrades wurde dabei die Kraft von 38 Menschen benötigt. Als Belastungstest wurde vorher ein Paket mit 80 Eisenbahnschienen mit etwa 20.000 Pfund Gewicht angehoben. Zwei Jahre zuvor hatte der Kran bereits eine leichtere Lok mit etwa 14.000 Pfund gehoben.

Mit dem Bau der Eisenbahnlinie Hamburg-Hannover, die 1847 Lüneburg erreichte, verlagerte sich der Warentransport von und nach Lüneburg binnen kurzer Zeit vom Binnenwasserweg auf die Schiene. In der Folge verlor der Hafen und somit auch der Kran rapide an Bedeutung. Im Jahre 1860 stellte der Kran aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen seinen Betrieb ein (obwohl er technisch weiterhin intakt war).

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GESCHICHTE DER TRETMÜHLE

Eine Tretmühle (auch Tretrad oder Laufrad) ist ein seit dem Römischen Reich bis in die Moderne benutzter Antrieb für Mühlen und insbesondere für Hebe-Vorrichtungen (Krane). Sie arbeitet nach dem Prinzip des Wellrads und nutzt die Körperkraft von Menschen oder Tieren.

Heute wird das Wort Tretmühle im übertragenen Sinne für eine monotone Tätigkeit oder Tagesablauf benutzt.

KONSTRUKTION UND BETRIEB

Kernstück einer Tretmühle sind ein oder mehrere (meist zwei), übermannshohe hölzerne Treträder („Fabricae pedales“, Fußwerke, Laufräder, Durchmesser von 3 m bis 5 m) mit meist acht Holz-Speichen auf jeder Seite. Die Räder waren auf einer schweren, horizontalen Holzwelle angebracht, die bei mittelalterlichen Tretkränen mit Drehdach in einer quadratischen Holzkonstruktion als Rad-„Träger“ oder auf freistehenden Radlagern ruhte (bei römischen Kränen und als festmontierte Hebevorrichtung). Bei Mühlen (Kornmühlen, Pumpmühlen etc.) war die horizontale Antriebsachse mit dem Mahlwerk oder Pumpwerk verbunden, bei den Hebevorrichtungen saß eine Tretvorrichtung auf der Achse, entweder in deren Verlängerung oder auch zwischen den Treträdern. Im einfachsten Fall war die Tretvorrichtung ein Abschnitt auf der Achse mit Begrenzungsringen. Die Tretvorrichtung nahm Seil oder Kette auf. In den Treträdern, deren Innenfläche (Lauffläche) mit rutschmindernden Trittleisten versehen war, liefen die Radläufer, Tret- oder Windenknechte (auch Windenfahrer genannt, bei Kranen auch Kranenknechte) und setzten damit den Mechanismus in die gewünschte Richtung in Gang. Es gab auch Ausführungen ähnlich einem Wasserrad, bei dem die Menschen außen auf schaufelartigen Trittbrettern liefen. Auf mittelalterlichen Baustellen galten die Windenknechte (bis ins 18. Jahrhundert waren Tretradantriebe stark verbreitet) als hoch- bis höchstbezahlte Arbeitskräfte. Die Tätigkeit war mühsam, extrem anstrengend und in Hebevorrichtungen auch gefährlich. Das Halten der Lasten war schwierig, weil die Laufräder nicht gesichert werden konnten, um die Last während des Drehvorganges auf Höhe zu halten. Auch das Ablassen der Lasten barg Gefahr, weil sich die Last durch ihre Eigenmasse selbständig machen und die Männer in den Treträdern ins „Rotieren“ und „Schleudern“ (Redewendung) bringen konnte: es gab zum Teil schwere und tödliche Unfälle. Zum Heben einer Last auf eine Höhe von 4 m mussten die Windenknechte in den Laufrädern etwa 56 m an Laufstrecke zurücklegen (vom Achs- und Raddurchmesser abhängig: bei 4 m Raddurchmesser und 0,4 m Achsdurchmesser entspricht eine Radumdrehung 12,56 m Laufstrecke und 1,26 m Wickellänge (= Hubhöhe), das sind 50,24 m Laufstrecke und 5 m Hub). Das bedeutete für einen kompletten Hebe- und Senkvorgang eine Gesamtstrecke von etwa 132 bis 140 m. Bei solcher Tätigkeit musste jeder sich auf den anderen verlassen können. Viel Erfahrung und Kondition war vonnöten, um die harte Tätigkeit im Akkord (berechnet nach gelöschter Ladung gemäß einer Gebührenliste durch den Kranmeister) gewinnbringend zu schaffen. Zwischen 15 und mehr als 20 Mann arbeiteten in und an einem mittelalterlichen Ladekran. Sie waren zum Teil in der „Aufläder-Zunft“ organisiert, dem ursprünglichen Wort für die Ladetätigkeit am Kran.

EINSATZBEREICHE

In der Schifffahrt kamen beim Betrieb der seit dem Mittelalter verbreiteten Hafenkräne zwecks Zeitgewinn gewöhnlich Doppeltreträder zum Einsatz, die an beiden Seiten eines drehbaren Turms befestigt waren. Diese Turm-Tretkräne waren entweder aus Holz oder Stein gebaut und konnten beim Verladen eine Last von bis 2,5 Tonnen bewältigen. Es wird geschätzt, dass circa 80 Tretkräne an 32 Kranstandorten am Rhein mit Nebenflüssen im Einsatz waren, im gesamten deutschsprachigem Raum sogar ca. doppelt so viele.

Verbreitet war der Einsatz der Treträder auch beim Betrieb von Mühlen und beim Bau großer Gebäude, insbesondere der mittelalterlichen Kathedralen, wo Tretradkräne als Einzel- oder Doppelräder in die Dachkonstruktion integriert waren. Im Freiburger Münster, Gmünder Münster, Straßburger Münster, in St. Marien und St.Nikolai Stralsund sowie in der Abtei des Mont-Saint-Michel sind diese beispielsweise noch vorhanden. Bis 1868 befand sich auf dem bis dahin unvollendeten Südturm des Kölner Doms ein durch Treträder angetriebener Baukran aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.

Noch Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts mussten in den britischen Kolonien Sträflinge in den Tretmühlen arbeiten. Zwei solcher Mühlen, zynisch als „dancing academies“ bezeichnet, wurden ab 1823 in Sydney zum Antrieb von Getreidemühlen eingesetzt. Da diese Mühlen großen Profit abwarfen, wurden sechs weitere in Betrieb genommen. Die Arbeitszeit betrug bis zu zwölf Stunden täglich, die Leistung wurde mit der Dampfmaschine in Relation gesetzt und mit 70 Watt pro Arbeiter angegeben. Aus dem Jahr 1850 wird berichtet, dass 28 Sträflinge die Arbeit in der Tretmühle verweigerten und den Tod durch Erhängen vorzogen. Auch Frauen mussten in den Tretmühlen arbeiten, auf Schwangerschaft wurde keine Rücksicht genommen.

WIKIPEDIA

Shenggen Fan Director General, IFPRI

The 2016 Global Food Policy Report reviews major trends, events, and changes affecting food security and nutrition in 2015 and beyond. The year 2015 was a watershed moment for the international development community. The endpoint of the Millennium Development Goals highlighted the striking advances made since 1990: extreme poverty, child mortality, and hunger all fell by around half. However, enormous challenges remain.

More Information on the 2016 GFPR

Beijing Launch Information

Photo Credit: Xinyuan Shang / International Food Policy Research Institute / 6 June, 2016

BB 22395 is awaiting departure for Lyon Part-Dieu via the classic railway line, calling at Beaune, Chagny, Chalon-sur-Sâone, Tournus, Mâcon, Belleville, Villefranche, and St. Germain au Mont d'Or. These days, push-pull consists are used for these trains in order to diminish reversal times at the endpoints, since time is especially of the essence in the crowded station of Lyon Part-Dieu. Note that both pantographs are raised since we are under 1500 V DC, and note the peculiar arrangement of pantographs on BB 22200 class locomotives. Also note the «en voyage...» livery, which must have disappeared from the French tracks next year for legal reasons (the copyright licence of the images used will expire). Dijon Ville, 28-06-2012

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Saint Joseph (informally St. Joe) is the county seat of Buchanan County and chief city of the St. Joseph Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Buchanan, Andrew, and DeKalb counties in Missouri and Doniphan County, Kansas. As of the 2010 census, Saint Joseph had a total population of 76,780, making it the eighth largest city in the state, third largest in Northwest Missouri. The metropolitan area had a population of 127,329 in 2010. St. Joseph is located on the Missouri River, but is perhaps best known as the starting point of the Pony Express and the death place of Jesse James. Saint Joseph is also home to Missouri Western State University. Saint Joseph was founded on the Missouri River by Joseph Robidoux, a local fur trader, and officially incorporated in 1843. In its early days, it was a bustling outpost and rough frontier town, serving as a last supply point and jumping-off point on the Missouri River toward the "Wild West". It was the westernmost point in the United States accessible by rail until after the American Civil War.

St. Joseph, or "St. Joe", as it was called by many, was a "Jumping-Off Point" for those headed to the Oregon Territory in the mid-1800s. In these cities, including Independence, Missouri, and St. Joseph, were where pioneers would stay and purchas supplies before they would head out in wagon trains. The town was a very bustling place, and was the second city in the USA to have electric streetcars.

Between April 3, 1860, and late October 1861, Saint Joseph was one of the two endpoints of the Pony Express, which operated for a short period over the land then inaccessible by rail, to provide fast mail service. Today the Pony Express Museum host visitors in the old stables.

In 1882, on April 3, the outlaw Jesse James was killed at his home, originally located at 1318 Lafayette, now sited next to The Patee House. James was living under the alias of Mr. Howard. An excerpt from a popular poem of the time is: "...that dirty little coward that shot Mr. Howard has laid poor Jesse in his grave."

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Joseph%2C_Missouri

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

U.S. Route 285 is a north–south United States highway, running 846 miles (1,362 km) through the states of Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. The highway's southern terminus is in Sanderson, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. US 285 has always had an endpoint in Denver, Colorado, although the original US 285 went north from Denver (that segment is now a part of U.S. Route 287). Today the highway's northern terminus is in Denver, at exit 201 on Interstate 25.

US 285 is a secondary route of US 85, which it crosses in metro Denver, and historically crossed again in Santa Fe, New Mexico (today its parent route has been largely replaced by Interstate 25, and as a result US 85 is no longer signed in New Mexico). US 285 also intersects a sibling route, US 385, in Fort Stockton, Texas.

Trucking makes up a large portion of the route's traffic, but along much of its route the road is also used for local travel from one town to the next. The northern section of US 285, from Santa Fe to Denver, traverses mountainous and rocky terrain; with that in mind, anyone using the road should check weather conditions during the winter months.

Heading north from the Colorado border, US 285 passes through the main part of the San Luis Valley, eventually reaching Alamosa. As the highway heads north, it begins to ascend to the northern end of the valley and eventually climbs over Poncha Pass, elevation 9,012 feet (2,747 m), and drops sharply down the other side into the Arkansas River Valley.

The highway brushes Salida and follows the Arkansas River north up the valley, then takes a sharp eastward turn just before the small town of Buena Vista. 285 then climbs over Trout Creek Pass, elevation 9,346 feet (2,849 m), and enters the high-altitude South Park basin.

A few miles north, the highway passes through Fairplay and the historic South Park City site, then reaches its highest elevation: 10,051 feet (3,064 m), at the summit of Red Hill Pass. US 285 then leaves the South Park basin and climbs over Kenosha Pass, elevation 10,001 feet (3,048 m), and skirts the south side of the Mount Evans massif as it descends its way through the foothills range towards Denver.

As the highway leaves the Rocky Mountains and reaches Denver's southwest suburbs, it becomes Hampden Avenue, an important artery in the Denver metro area, then reaches its northern terminus at I-25.

On March 14, 2008 both houses of the Colorado legislature, in a unanimous vote, named the section between Kenosha Pass and C-470 the Ralph Carr Memorial Highway.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

U.S. Route 285 is a north–south United States highway, running 846 miles (1,362 km) through the states of Texas, New Mexico and Colorado. The highway's southern terminus is in Sanderson, Texas at an intersection with U.S. Route 90. US 285 has always had an endpoint in Denver, Colorado, although the original US 285 went north from Denver (that segment is now a part of U.S. Route 287). Today the highway's northern terminus is in Denver, at exit 201 on Interstate 25.

US 285 is a secondary route of US 85, which it crosses in metro Denver, and historically crossed again in Santa Fe, New Mexico (today its parent route has been largely replaced by Interstate 25, and as a result US 85 is no longer signed in New Mexico). US 285 also intersects a sibling route, US 385, in Fort Stockton, Texas.

Trucking makes up a large portion of the route's traffic, but along much of its route the road is also used for local travel from one town to the next. The northern section of US 285, from Santa Fe to Denver, traverses mountainous and rocky terrain; with that in mind, anyone using the road should check weather conditions during the winter months.

Heading north from the Colorado border, US 285 passes through the main part of the San Luis Valley, eventually reaching Alamosa. As the highway heads north, it begins to ascend to the northern end of the valley and eventually climbs over Poncha Pass, elevation 9,012 feet (2,747 m), and drops sharply down the other side into the Arkansas River Valley.

The highway brushes Salida and follows the Arkansas River north up the valley, then takes a sharp eastward turn just before the small town of Buena Vista. 285 then climbs over Trout Creek Pass, elevation 9,346 feet (2,849 m), and enters the high-altitude South Park basin.

A few miles north, the highway passes through Fairplay and the historic South Park City site, then reaches its highest elevation: 10,051 feet (3,064 m), at the summit of Red Hill Pass. US 285 then leaves the South Park basin and climbs over Kenosha Pass, elevation 10,001 feet (3,048 m), and skirts the south side of the Mount Evans massif as it descends its way through the foothills range towards Denver.

As the highway leaves the Rocky Mountains and reaches Denver's southwest suburbs, it becomes Hampden Avenue, an important artery in the Denver metro area, then reaches its northern terminus at I-25.

On March 14, 2008 both houses of the Colorado legislature, in a unanimous vote, named the section between Kenosha Pass and C-470 the Ralph Carr Memorial Highway.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_285

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...

Edmonton, AB 1 September 2011

Mountain Man competition: end point of canoe portion

An ambulance is set up at the end point for the canoe portion of the Mountain Man competition to ensure safety of all the competitors.

Mountain Man is a yearly competition where competitors come from unit all over Canada. The race is made up of a 37km ruck march, 3.2km Portage and a 10km Paddle. 2011 race was held in the Edmonton river valley. Top 5 winners were 1st MCpl Felix Charette - Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) 5:23:19, 2nd Captain Kurt Grimsrud - 1 Combat Engineer Regiment 5:25:18, 3rd Pte Alfred Barr - 1 Royal Canadian Horse Artillery 5:27:38, 4th Captain Dan Clarke - 1 Combat Engineer Regiment 5:36:22, 5th Corporal Ryan Dowie - 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry 5:43:07.

Canadian Forces Image Number LE2011-0067-007

By Master Corporal Holly Cowan with Army News

_____________________________Traduction

Edmonton (Alb.), 1er septembre 2011

Une ambulance est placée près du fil d’arrivée de la partie canoë de la compétition Mountain Man afin d’assurer la sécurité de tous les concurrents.

Mountain Man est une compétition annuelle accueillant des participants représentant des unités de tous les coins du Canada. La course comporte une marche de 37 km avec sac à dos, un portage de 3,2 km et un parcours en canoë de 10 km. La course de 2011 a eu lieu dans la vallée de la rivière Edmonton. Parmi les cinq premiers, on compte : le Cplc Felix Charrette, du Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) – première place (5:23:19), le Capitaine Kurt Grimsrud, du 1er Régiment du génie de combat – deuxième place (5:25:18), le Sdt Alfred Barr, du 1 Royal Canadian Horse Artillery est arrivé troisième (5:27:38), le Capitaine Dan Clarke, du 1er Régiment du génie de combat a été le quatrième (5:36:22) et le Caporal Ryan Dowie, du 3e Bataillon du Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, suit en cinquième place (5:43:07).

Image des Forces canadiennes numéro LE2011-0067-007

Par le Caporal-chef Holly Cowan avec des Nouvelles de l’Armée

Fonte Avatar official FB Page:

A dark, twisted circus sideshow that’s built around bombastically grooving melodic death n’ roll is swinging forward with captivating glee, mesmerizing merriment and the plundering power of lethal pirates toward those brave souls who hand over a ticket to be torn by Avatar and their Black Waltz, the fourth album and first proper American release from the Swedish masters of mayhem.

Within Avatar’s diverse songs, a steady focus on the fluid and organic power of the riff (recalling the thunderous foresight of heavy metal’s original wizards, Black Sabbath) takes flight combined with an adventurous sprit veering off into the astral planes of the psychedelic atmosphere conjured by pioneers like Pink Floyd back in the day.

Avatar has found a footing that combines the best of rock n’ roll, hard rock and heavy metal’s past, present and future into an overall artistic presentation that is thought-provoking, challenging and altogether enchantingly electric. With the grandiose showmanship of American professional wrestling, the snake oil salesmanship of early 20th century vaudevillian troubadours and the kinetically superheroic power of early Kiss, Avatar lays waste to lesser mortals with ease. Whether somebody gets their rocks off listening to Satyricon or System of a Down, they’ll find something suitably deranged here.

“We’re in this weird field, caught in a triangle between extreme metal, rock n’ roll and what can be described as Avant-garde,” confesses Avatar vocalist Johannes Eckerström. The all-enveloping theme park vibe of the band’s music and visual counterpart means that, naturally, “it’s turning into something bigger.”

“I have been in this band for ten years. I grew up in this band,” Eckerström explains. “We’re somewhat veterans on the one hand. But we’re the new kids in the neighborhood in America at the same time.”

Avatar came of age as “little brothers” of sorts of the famed Gothenburg scene that spawned the celebrated New Wave Of Swedish Death Metal. The band’s debut album, 2006’s Thoughts of No Tomorrow, was filled with brutal, technical melodic death metal to be sure but already, “We tried to put our own stamp on it,” the singer assures. While the following year’s Schlacht still contained flourishes of melody, the unrelenting metallic fury reached an extreme peak. “Intensity was very important,” he says, with some degree of understatement.

Where to go for album number three? “We basically rebelled against ourselves,” Eckerström says of 2009’s self-titled collection. “We figured, ‘We can play faster and make even weirder, more technical riffs,’ because Schlacht was cool. But to take that another step would have turned us into something we didn’t want to be.”

Instead Avatar rediscovered their inherent passion for traditional heavy metal and classic rock n’ roll. “We decided to remove some unnecessary ‘look at me, I can play!’ parts and added more groove. We added a whole new kind of melody. It was awesome to be this ‘rock n’ roll band’ for a while. It was refreshing and liberating.”

Black Waltz sees Avatar coming completely full circle, returning to a more aggressive form of heavy metal but incorporating the lessons they learned while jamming on big riffs with album number three. “We finally came to understand what a good groove is all about and what a great fit it was for our sound,” notes Eckerström.

Tracks like the appropriately titled “Ready for the Ride,” the rollicking “Let it Burn” (which dips into some delicious stonerifficness), the anthemic “Smells Like a Freakshow” (a modern day twist of Marilyn Manson and Rob Zombie) and “Torn Apart” are supercharged with a dynamic range of artistic showmanship on a near cinematic scale and it’s all stitched together by a driving bottom end.

While most European metal acts who dare attempt this level of musicianship, showmanship and attention to detail seem content to toil away in the studio and lock themselves away from the crowds, Avatar have excelled beyond their peers thanks in large part to their continued focus on road work. Careening to and fro on tour busses and airplanes around the world like a marauding troupe of circus performers, Eckerström and his mates (guitarists Jonas Jarlsby and Tim Öhrström, bassist Henrik Sandelin and drummer John Alfredsson) have forged the type of musical bond that can only be brought forth from massive amounts of time spent together on the stage, in hotel rooms, in airports and partying at the venue’s bar.

Whether on tour with bands like In Flames, Dark Tranquility or Helloween, playing gigantic festivals like Storsjöyra and Sweden Rock Festival or demolishing South by Southwest, playing live is what it all comes down to for this band. “That is the final manifestation of our art,” Eckerström insists. “Of course an album is a piece of art in itself, but mainly it's a means to reach the higher goal, which is doing these awesome shows. Touring is of the greatest importance.”

“We all just love the pirate’s life,” he admits freely. “Sailing into the city on this tour bus thingy, going to kick some ass, have that party and all the while meeting all of these people, entertaining them, encountering a culture that's not your own. We love that.”

The want for this type of lifestyle goes back to early childhood fascinations for the good-humored singer. Reading about superheroes, watching Hulk Hogan on TV, getting exposed to Kiss – these were the first ingredients for what Eckerström would go on to create with the guys in Avatar and what has culminated now in Black Waltz.

The frontman promises that Avatar will continue to create, to captivate and to experiment. There’s no definitive endpoint in sight. It’s always about the horizon, the journey itself. “As long as you're hungry as an artist, there are higher and higher artistic achievements. I love AC/DC and Motorhead and what they’ve established is amazing, but we don’t want to write albums that are kind of like the album before. We want to travel to a new galaxy, so to speak, every time.”

The goal is always to conquer what came before. “That is what stays with you as a mentally healthy musician. Or maybe a mentally deranged one, I’m not sure,” the singer laughs. And part and parcel to that continued evolution will be the ever broadening expansion of the scope of Avatar’s worldwide presentation: Black Waltz and beyond.

“We have great visions of what we want to do and the things we want to give to people on a stage,” Eckerström promises. “These ideas, these visions, they require a huge audience. They require a lot of legroom to be done, so I want to get into those arenas, basically. I know we would do something really magical if we got the chance. This idea is one of those things that really, really keeps us going.”

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

La Fontana di Trevi è la più grande ed una fra le più note Fontane di Roma, ed è considerata all'unanimità una delle più celebri fontane del mondo.

La settecentesca fontana, progettata da Nicolò Salvi, è un connubio di classicismo e barocco adagiato su un lato di Palazzo Poli.

La storia della fontana inizia, in un certo senso, ai tempi dell'imperatore Augusto, quando il genero Agrippa fece arrivare l'acqua corrente fino al Pantheon ed alle sue terme grazie alla costruzione dell'acquedotto Vergine (che si può ammirare anche a Piazza del Popolo). Leggendaria è l'origine del nome Vergine che, secondo Frontino, sarebbe stato dato dallo stesso Agrippa in ricordo di una fanciulla (in latino virgo) che indicò il luogo delle sorgenti ai soldati che ne andavano in cerca.

L'Acquedotto dell'acqua Vergine, benché compromesso e assai ridotto nella portata dall'assedio dei Goti di Vitige nel 537, rimase in uso per tutto il medioevo: fu restaurato già dall'VIII secolo, poi ancora dal Comune nel XII e da Niccolò V e Paolo IV a metà del XV secolo, quando l'acqua tornò a fluire abbondante in una grande vasca con tre bocche di notevole portata. Ma le sorgenti originarie furono riallacciate solo nel 1570 da Pio V, che collocò la vasca dal lato opposto di quello della fontana attuale.

Papa Urbano VIII (Barberini) (1623 - 1644) per primo ordina una "trasformazione" della piazza e della fontana a Giovan Lorenzo Bernini, in modo da creare un nuovo nucleo scenografico vicino al proprio palazzo famigliare, Palazzo Barberini, e ben visibile dal Palazzo del Quirinale, sua residenza. Bernini progetta una grande mostra d'acqua, ribaltando ortogonalmente la mostra dell'acquedotto, sino ad arrivare all'allineamento odierno. La mostra da lui progettata, nota da varia documentazione illustrata, era costituita da un'architettura traforata,incentrata sulla statua della vergine Trivia posta su un basamento sotto il livello dell'acqua, a sembrare sbucare dall'acqua stessa. La morte del Papa e il conseguente processo aperto contro la famiglia Barberini dal nuovo pontefice Innocenzo X Pamphilj con la decisione di affidare al Borromini il trasporto dell'acqua Vergine sino a Piazza Navona per realizzare una nuova mostra monumentale dinanzi al proprio palazzo (realizzata per altro sempre dal Bernini), porterà a interrompere lavori a livello della vasca e basamento.

Papa Innocenzo XIII (Conti) (1721- 1724) fa allargare le proprietà della propria famiglia fino alla piazza di Trevi, e il palazzo Poli (i componenti della famiglia erano i duchi di Poli) "ingloba" diversi edifici più piccoli, ed arriva ad affacciarsi dietro alla fontana rimasta incompiuta.

All'inizio del XVIII secolo quello della fontana di Trevi diventa un tema obbligato per i numerosi architetti di passaggio a Roma, e l'Accademia di san Luca ne fa il tema di diversi concorsi. Si conoscono disegni e pensieri di Nicola Michetti, Luigi Vanvitelli, Ferdinando Fuga ed altri architetti italiani e stranieri.

Tocca a Papa Clemente XII Corsini (1730 - 1740), nel 1731, il compito di riprendere in mano le sorti della piazza e della fontana: nell'ambito delle grandi commissioni del suo Pontificato che porteranno al completamento di grandi fabbriche rimaste incompiute, bandisce un importante concorso per la costruzione di una grande mostra d'acqua che occupi l'intera facciata del palazzo Poli, con grande disappunto dei duchi di Poli, ancora proprietari dell'edificio, che avrebbero visto la facciata del proprio palazzo diminuita di due interassi di finestre e ancor più coronata dallo stemma Corsini. Il bando viene vinto da Nicolò Salvi, e alcuni diranno a "riparazione" del concorso per la facciata di San Giovanni in Laterano. Salvi inizia la costruzione della fontana nel 1732, impostando l'opera secondo un progetto che raccorda influenze barocche e ancor più berniniane al nuovo monumentalismo classicista che caratterizzerà tutto il pontificato di Clemente XII. Egli riprende l'idea di fondo di Urbano VIII e di Bernini, l'idea di narrare, tramite architettura e scultura insieme, la storia dell'Acqua Vergine.

Papa Clemente XII inaugura la fontana nel 1735, con i lavori ancora in corso. Nel 1740, però, la costruzione viene ancora una volta interrotta, per riprendere solo due anni più tardi.

Papa Benedetto XIV (Lambertini) (1740 - 1758) pretende una seconda inaugurazione nel 1744. La prima fase dei lavori termina nel 1747, quando vengono completate le statue e le rocce posticce. Nonostante la morte di Niccolò Salvi (1751), la costruzione prosegue sotto la guida di Giuseppe Panini, che porta finalmente l'opera a compimento nel 1762, sotto Papa Clemente XIII (Rezzonico) (1758 - 1769). Al cantiere, andato avanti per circa un trentennio, hanno lavorato almeno dieci scultori, da Maini a Bracci, oltre al Salvi e al Panini stessi. Alla fine, però, la fontana di Trevi diventa una scenografia e simbolo fondamentale della Roma papale.

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A Fontana di Trevi (Fonte dos trevos, em português) é a maior (cerca de 26 metros de altura e 20 metros de largura) e mais ambiciosa construção de fontes barrocas da Itália e está localizada na rione Trevi, em Roma.

A fonte situava-se no cruzamento de três estradas (tre vie), marcando o ponto final do Acqua Vergine, um dos mais antigos aquedutos que abasteciam a cidade de Roma. No ano 19 a.C., supostamente ajudados por uma virgem, técnicos romanos localizaram uma fonte de água pura a pouco mais de 22 quilômetros da cidade (cena representada em escultura na própria fonte, atualmente). A água desta fonte foi levada pelo menor aqueduto de Roma, diretamente para os banheiros de Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa e serviu a cidade por mais de 400 anos.

O "golpe de misericórdia" desferido pelos invasores godos em Roma foi dado com a destruição dos aquedutos, durante as Guerras Góticas. Os romanos durante a Idade Média tinham de abastecer-se da água de poços poluídos, e da pouco límpida água do rio Tibre, que também recebia os esgotos da cidade.

O antigo costume romano de erguer uma bela fonte ao final de um aqueduto que conduzia a água para a cidade foi reavivado no século XV, com a Renascença. Em 1453, o Papa Nicolau V, determinou que fosse consertado o aqueduto de Acqua Vergine, construindo ao seu final um simples receptáculo para receber a água, num projeto feito pelo arquiteto humanista Leon Battista Alberti.

Em 1629, o Papa Urbano VIII achou que a velha fonte era insuficientemente dramática e encomendou a Bernini alguns desenhos, mas quando o Papa faleceu o projeto foi abandonado. A última contribuição de Bernini foi reposicionar a fonte para o outro lado da praça a fim de que esta ficasse defronte ao Palácio do Quirinal (assim o Papa poderia vê-la e admirá-la de sua janela). Ainda que o projeto de Bernini tenha sido abandonado, existem na fonte muitos detalhes de sua idéia original.

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The Trevi Fountain (Italian: Fontana di Trevi) is a fountain in the Trevi rione in Rome, Italy. Standing 25.9 meters (85 feet) high and 19.8 meters (65 feet) wide,[citation needed] it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city, and it is one of the most famous fountains in the whole world.

The fountain at the junction of three roads (tre vie) marks the terminal point of the "modern" Acqua Vergine, the revived Aqua Virgo, one of the ancient aqueducts that supplied water to ancient Rome. In 19 BC, supposedly with the help of a virgin, Roman technicians located a source of pure water some 13 km (8 miles) from the city. (This scene is presented on the present fountain's façade.) However, the eventual indirect route of the aqueduct made its length some 22 km (14 miles). This Aqua Virgo led the water into the Baths of Agrippa. It served Rome for more than four hundred years.The coup de grâce for the urban life of late classical Rome came when the Goth besiegers in 537/38 broke the aqueducts. Medieval Romans were reduced to drawing water from polluted wells and the Tiber River, which was also used as a sewer.

The Roman custom of building a handsome fountain at the endpoint of an aqueduct that brought water to Rome was revived in the 15th century, with the Renaissance. In 1453, Pope Nicholas V finished mending the Acqua Vergine aqueduct and built a simple basin, designed by the humanist architect Leon Battista Alberti, to herald the water's arrival

Left: Stecknitz-Prahm

Right: Ilmenau Ewer

Those barges were used to ship salt to Lübeck via Stecknitz Canal

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OLD CRANE

The Old Crane is a historic harbour crane at the former Ilmenau-Harbour in Lüneburg. The 1797 built crane was at that time the most powerful crane in the northern part of Germany and is still one of the main-sights in Lüneburg.

A crane at this part of Lüneburg harbour is officially mentioned in the history of Lüneburg in the year 1330. At that time Lüneburg was already important, because of its saline. So the main use of this crane was to load the ships with salt from the salines. The ships had to ship the salt mainly to the Hanseatic Town of Lübeck, where the salt was stored in the historic - and still existing - Salt Warehouses (Lübecker Salzspeicher).

And also the huge amount of fire wood was landed from ships with this crane. This fire wood was necessary to boil out the salt from the brine.

TECHNIC

This crane is a typical medieval treadwheel crane. It is powered by a man-powered double-treadwheel with a diameter of the lower wheel of 5 meter.

Over the centuries that Lüneburg crane was reconstructed many times. In winter 1795 a flooding with ice caused many damage in Lüneburg. In summer 1797 the crane was repaired by carpenter G. P. Hintze. The present crane is untouched since 1797.

In August 1840 the crane raised his haviest load: a steam locomotive built by Englands George Forrester & Company and transported by sea to Germany. The estimated weight of that locomotive was 9,3 tons. To rotate the treadwheel of the crane they needed 38 men. To ensure the crane has enough power they tested it with the 10 tons of 80 railway rails.

In 1838 the crane already managed to raise a steam locomotive with 14.000 pounds.

With the building of the railroad track Hamburg-Hannover Lüneburg was attached to railroad in 1847. In short time the transport moved from the waterways to rail. So Lüneburg harbour and the crane lost its importance and in 1860 the crane had to stop the business - even it was still intact!

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HISTORY OF TREADWHEELS

A treadwheel, or treadmill, is a form of engine typically powered by humans. It may resemble a water wheel in appearance, and can be worked either by a human treading paddles set into its circumference (treadmill), or by a human or animal standing inside it (treadwheel). These devices are no longer used for power or punishment, and the term "treadmill" has come to mean an exercise machine for running or walking in place.

Uses of treadwheels included raising water, to power cranes, or grind grain. They were used extensively in the Greek and Roman world, such as in the reverse overshot water-wheel used for dewatering purposes. They were widely used in the Middle ages to lift the stones in the soaring Gothic cathedrals. There is a literary reference to one in 1225, and one treadwheel crane survives at Chesterfield, Derbyshire and is housed in the Museum. It has been dated to the early 14th century and was housed in the top of the church tower until its removal in 1947. They were used extensively in the Renaissance famously by Brunelleschi during the construction of Florence cathedral.Penal treadmills were used in prisons during the early-Victorian period in the UK as a form of punishment. According to The Times in 1827, and reprinted in William Hone's Table-Book in 1838, the amount prisoners walked per day on average varied, from the equivalent of 6,600 vertical feet at Lewes to as much as 17,000 vertical feet in ten hours during the summertime at Warwick gaol. In 1902, the British government banned the use of the treadwheel as a form of punishment.

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STECKNITZ CANAL

The Stecknitz Canal (German: Stecknitzfahrt) was an artificial waterway in northern Germany which connected Lauenburg and Lübeck on the Old Salt Route by linking the tiny rivers Stecknitz (a tributary of the Trave) and Delvenau (a tributary of the Elbe), thus establishing an inland water route across the drainage divide from the North Sea to the Baltic Sea. Built between 1391 and 1398, the Stecknitz Canal was the first European summit-level canal and one of the earliest artificial waterways in Europe. In the 1890s the canal was replaced by an enlarged and straightened waterway called the Elbe–Lübeck Canal, which includes some of the Stecknitz Canal's watercourse.

The original artificial canal was 0.85 metres deep and 7.5 metres wide; the man-made segment ran for 11.5 kilometres, with a total length of 97 kilometres including the rivers it linked. The canal included seventeen wooden locks (of which the Palmschleuse at Lauenburg still exists) that managed the 13-metre elevation difference between its endpoints and the highest central part, the Delvenaugraben.

HISTORY

In the Middle Ages the trade between the North Sea and Baltic Sea grew dramatically, but the sea journey through Øresund, increasingly important to commercial shipping since the thirteenth century, was time-consuming and dangerous. Therefore, the emerging Hanseatic city of Lübeck and Eric IV of Saxe-Lauenburg agreed in 1390 to cooperate in the construction of an artificial canal between the Elbe and the Baltic Sea. Construction on the canal began in 1391; thirty barges carrying the first load of salt from Lüneburg reached Lübeck on 22 July 1398.

The Stecknitz Canal soon replaced the existing overland cart road as the main transport mode for Lüneburg salt on the Old Salt Route. In Lübeck the salt was stored in vast salt warehouses and then transferred to ocean-going vessels for export throughout the Baltic region. In the reverse direction the Stecknitz barges transported cereals, furs, herring, ash, timber and other goods from Lübeck, which were reloaded in Lauenburg and transported down the Elbe to Hamburg. Later coal, peat, brick, limestone and gravel were added to the cargo. The importance of the canal was greatest in years in which Øresund was closed to merchant ships because of disputes over the Sound Dues and foreign shipping.

In the fifteenth century traffic peaked, with more than 3,000 shipments of more than 30,000 tons of salt moving on the canal each year. This number declined by the seventeenth century to 400 to 600 shipments (5,000 to 7,000 tons). In 1789 there were still sixty-four shipments carrying approximately 680 tons of salt. Plans for a new Baltic–North Sea canal were proposed as early as the seventeenth century, but none was implemented until the end of the nineteenth century, when the new Elbe–Lübeck Canal was built using parts of the old route of the Stecknitz Canal. For five hundred years the canal was used to transport the "white gold" and other goods; today the Palmschleuse lock in Lauenburg is one of the last remaining parts of the former canal, preserved as an historical monument.

TECHNOLOGY

The Stecknitz Canal consisted of an 11.5-kilometre artificial waterway (the Delvenaugraben) linking two minor rivers, the north-flowing Stecknitz and south-flowing Delvenau. The man-made trench itself was about 85 centimetres deep and 7.5 metres wide, though it was enlarged between 1821 and 1823 to a depth of 144 centimetres and a width of 12 metres. Outside the artificial segment the canal followed the tortuous natural watercourses of the two rivers; as a result, the full journey from Lauenburg to Lübeck stretched to a distance of 97 kilometres, even though the straight-line separation between the two cities is only 55 kilometres. The journey along the canal often lasted two weeks or longer due to the number and primitive design of the locks and the difficulty of towing.

The canal's course originally included thirteen locks, which later renovations increased to seventeen. Initially most were one-gate flash locks built into weirs (usually set below the mouth of a tributary creek), where water was dammed until a barge was ready to pass downriver. In Lauenburg the initial course included one chamber lock (the Palmschleuse) because of a watermill whose operation would have been made impossible by a flash lock. Over the course of the canal's lifetime further flash locks were progressively converted to chamber locks until the 17th century.

The canal overcame the drainage divide between the North and Baltic Seas, with a summit height of 17 metres above sea level. In order to supply the top portion of the canal with water, flow was diverted from Hornbeker Mühlenbach. To the north the canal descended to the Ziegelsee by the town of Mölln and then connected to the Stecknitz by a series of eight locks. The southern end of the artificial canal descended to the Delvenau through a staircase of nine locks.

BARGES AND DRIVERS

The original salt barges measured roughly 12 metres by 2.5 metres, with a 40-centimetre draft when loaded to capacity with around 7.5 tons of salt, and required at least ten days to make the journey one way. When traveling uphill or through chamber locks the barges had to be hauled by laborers or animals walking the towpath on the banks of the channel. By the nineteenth century newer vessel designs included rigging that eliminated the need for towing (with sufficient wind).

In Lauenburg and Lübeck the barges were unloaded and their contents transferred to ships for export down the Elbe and Trave. Stecknitz barge drivers were only permitted to own one barge each, so they could not acquire great wealth in the trade; in the long run this ensured their dependence upon the Lübeck salt merchants, who were not bound by any such limitations and amassed great fortunes. The guild of the Stecknitzfahrer (Stecknitz barge drivers) still exists today in Lübeck and meets annually at the Kringelhöge to celebrate the guild's history.

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Der Alte Kran (Schreibweise früher auch Krahn) ist ein historischer Hafenkran am ehemaligen Ilmenau-Hafen in Lüneburg. Der 1797 erbaute Kran, der damals zu den leistungsfähigsten in ganz Norddeutschland gehörte, prägt bis heute das Bild des Wasserviertels und gilt als eines der Wahrzeichen der Stadt.

TECHNIK

Der Kran ist aus tragendem Holzfachwerk gebaut, welches als Wetterschutz mit einer Bretterverkleidung versehen wurde; die Dachflächen sind mit Kupferplatten gedeckt. Der Unterteil mit kreisförmigem Grundriss (Durchmesser: acht Meter) ist feststehend. Der Oberteil mit dem Kranausleger ist drehbar gelagert (ähnlich einer Holländerwindmühle). Vier Sandsteinblöcke von je etwa 200 kg dienen als Gegengewicht zur Last. Die Kettenwinde im Oberteil wird angetrieben über eine 9 m hohe Königswelle, diese wiederum durch ein doppeltes Tretrad mit 5 m Durchmesser im Unterteil.

In Stade wurde 1977 ein Nachbau am Hansehafen errichtet, der heute als Informationszentrum für Stader Stadtgeschichte dient; ein zweiter, funktionstüchtiger Nachbau befindet sich im Hebezeug-Museum in Witten in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

GESCHICHTE

Ein Kran am Standort des heutigen Kranes am Lüneburger Hafen wird erstmals 1330 urkundlich erwähnt. Er diente neben dem Heben anderer Waren vor allem dem Betrieb der Lüneburger Saline, nämlich einerseits zum Verschiffen des dort produzierten Salzes (insbesondere über den Stecknitzkanal nach Lübeck, aber auch in andere Städte) und andererseits zum Anlanden des Brennholzes, welches für den Betrieb der Sudhäuser benötigt wurde. Der Kran teile sich die Arbeit mit den kleineren Winden des benachbarten Lagerhauses (damals Heringshaus, heute Altes Kaufhaus genannt). In einer Verordnung des Lüneburger Stadtrates war festgelegt, welche Waren von welchem Kran zu heben waren und welche Gebühren („Krangeld“) dafür zu entrichten waren.

Der ursprüngliche Kran wurde über die Jahrhunderte immer wieder um- und ausgebaut. In seiner heutigen Form besteht der Kran fast unverändert seit 1797. Im Winter 1795 wurden viele Bauwerke im Hafen durch ein Hochwasser mit Eisgang stark beschädigt, darunter auch der Kran und die benachbarte Brücke. Der Kran wurde im Sommer 1797 vom Zimmermann G. P. Hintze unter der Leitung des Landbauverwalters Kruse in neuer Form wieder aufgebaut.

Am 13. August 1840 hob der Kran seine schwerste Last an Land: eine Dampflokomotive für die Herzoglich Braunschweigische Staatseisenbahn, die in England von George Forrester & Company gebaut und auf dem Wasserweg nach Deutschland transportiert worden war. Das Gewicht der Lok wurde auf bis zu 60 Schiffspfund (ca. 9,3 Tonnen) geschätzt. Zum Drehen des Tretrades wurde dabei die Kraft von 38 Menschen benötigt. Als Belastungstest wurde vorher ein Paket mit 80 Eisenbahnschienen mit etwa 20.000 Pfund Gewicht angehoben. Zwei Jahre zuvor hatte der Kran bereits eine leichtere Lok mit etwa 14.000 Pfund gehoben.

Mit dem Bau der Eisenbahnlinie Hamburg-Hannover, die 1847 Lüneburg erreichte, verlagerte sich der Warentransport von und nach Lüneburg binnen kurzer Zeit vom Binnenwasserweg auf die Schiene. In der Folge verlor der Hafen und somit auch der Kran rapide an Bedeutung. Im Jahre 1860 stellte der Kran aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen seinen Betrieb ein (obwohl er technisch weiterhin intakt war).

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GESCHICHTE DER TRETMÜHLE

Eine Tretmühle (auch Tretrad oder Laufrad) ist ein seit dem Römischen Reich bis in die Moderne benutzter Antrieb für Mühlen und insbesondere für Hebe-Vorrichtungen (Krane). Sie arbeitet nach dem Prinzip des Wellrads und nutzt die Körperkraft von Menschen oder Tieren.

Heute wird das Wort Tretmühle im übertragenen Sinne für eine monotone Tätigkeit oder Tagesablauf benutzt.

KONSTRUKTION UND BETRIEB

Kernstück einer Tretmühle sind ein oder mehrere (meist zwei), übermannshohe hölzerne Treträder („Fabricae pedales“, Fußwerke, Laufräder, Durchmesser von 3 m bis 5 m) mit meist acht Holz-Speichen auf jeder Seite. Die Räder waren auf einer schweren, horizontalen Holzwelle angebracht, die bei mittelalterlichen Tretkränen mit Drehdach in einer quadratischen Holzkonstruktion als Rad-„Träger“ oder auf freistehenden Radlagern ruhte (bei römischen Kränen und als festmontierte Hebevorrichtung). Bei Mühlen (Kornmühlen, Pumpmühlen etc.) war die horizontale Antriebsachse mit dem Mahlwerk oder Pumpwerk verbunden, bei den Hebevorrichtungen saß eine Tretvorrichtung auf der Achse, entweder in deren Verlängerung oder auch zwischen den Treträdern. Im einfachsten Fall war die Tretvorrichtung ein Abschnitt auf der Achse mit Begrenzungsringen. Die Tretvorrichtung nahm Seil oder Kette auf. In den Treträdern, deren Innenfläche (Lauffläche) mit rutschmindernden Trittleisten versehen war, liefen die Radläufer, Tret- oder Windenknechte (auch Windenfahrer genannt, bei Kranen auch Kranenknechte) und setzten damit den Mechanismus in die gewünschte Richtung in Gang. Es gab auch Ausführungen ähnlich einem Wasserrad, bei dem die Menschen außen auf schaufelartigen Trittbrettern liefen. Auf mittelalterlichen Baustellen galten die Windenknechte (bis ins 18. Jahrhundert waren Tretradantriebe stark verbreitet) als hoch- bis höchstbezahlte Arbeitskräfte. Die Tätigkeit war mühsam, extrem anstrengend und in Hebevorrichtungen auch gefährlich. Das Halten der Lasten war schwierig, weil die Laufräder nicht gesichert werden konnten, um die Last während des Drehvorganges auf Höhe zu halten. Auch das Ablassen der Lasten barg Gefahr, weil sich die Last durch ihre Eigenmasse selbständig machen und die Männer in den Treträdern ins „Rotieren“ und „Schleudern“ (Redewendung) bringen konnte: es gab zum Teil schwere und tödliche Unfälle. Zum Heben einer Last auf eine Höhe von 4 m mussten die Windenknechte in den Laufrädern etwa 56 m an Laufstrecke zurücklegen (vom Achs- und Raddurchmesser abhängig: bei 4 m Raddurchmesser und 0,4 m Achsdurchmesser entspricht eine Radumdrehung 12,56 m Laufstrecke und 1,26 m Wickellänge (= Hubhöhe), das sind 50,24 m Laufstrecke und 5 m Hub). Das bedeutete für einen kompletten Hebe- und Senkvorgang eine Gesamtstrecke von etwa 132 bis 140 m. Bei solcher Tätigkeit musste jeder sich auf den anderen verlassen können. Viel Erfahrung und Kondition war vonnöten, um die harte Tätigkeit im Akkord (berechnet nach gelöschter Ladung gemäß einer Gebührenliste durch den Kranmeister) gewinnbringend zu schaffen. Zwischen 15 und mehr als 20 Mann arbeiteten in und an einem mittelalterlichen Ladekran. Sie waren zum Teil in der „Aufläder-Zunft“ organisiert, dem ursprünglichen Wort für die Ladetätigkeit am Kran.

EINSATZBEREICHE

In der Schifffahrt kamen beim Betrieb der seit dem Mittelalter verbreiteten Hafenkräne zwecks Zeitgewinn gewöhnlich Doppeltreträder zum Einsatz, die an beiden Seiten eines drehbaren Turms befestigt waren. Diese Turm-Tretkräne waren entweder aus Holz oder Stein gebaut und konnten beim Verladen eine Last von bis 2,5 Tonnen bewältigen. Es wird geschätzt, dass circa 80 Tretkräne an 32 Kranstandorten am Rhein mit Nebenflüssen im Einsatz waren, im gesamten deutschsprachigem Raum sogar ca. doppelt so viele.

Verbreitet war der Einsatz der Treträder auch beim Betrieb von Mühlen und beim Bau großer Gebäude, insbesondere der mittelalterlichen Kathedralen, wo Tretradkräne als Einzel- oder Doppelräder in die Dachkonstruktion integriert waren. Im Freiburger Münster, Gmünder Münster, Straßburger Münster, in St. Marien und St.Nikolai Stralsund sowie in der Abtei des Mont-Saint-Michel sind diese beispielsweise noch vorhanden. Bis 1868 befand sich auf dem bis dahin unvollendeten Südturm des Kölner Doms ein durch Treträder angetriebener Baukran aus dem 15. Jahrhundert.

Noch Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts mussten in den britischen Kolonien Sträflinge in den Tretmühlen arbeiten. Zwei solcher Mühlen, zynisch als „dancing academies“ bezeichnet, wurden ab 1823 in Sydney zum Antrieb von Getreidemühlen eingesetzt. Da diese Mühlen großen Profit abwarfen, wurden sechs weitere in Betrieb genommen. Die Arbeitszeit betrug bis zu zwölf Stunden täglich, die Leistung wurde mit der Dampfmaschine in Relation gesetzt und mit 70 Watt pro Arbeiter angegeben. Aus dem Jahr 1850 wird berichtet, dass 28 Sträflinge die Arbeit in der Tretmühle verweigerten und den Tod durch Erhängen vorzogen. Auch Frauen mussten in den Tretmühlen arbeiten, auf Schwangerschaft wurde keine Rücksicht genommen.

WIKIPEDIA

‘Resist tyranny, join a union’: Huge turnout as Hongkongers hit the streets for New Year’s Day protest

Thousands of Hongkongers took to the streets on Wednesday for the first police-approved mass protest of the new year.

The huge turnout built on a continuing a pro-democracy movement that has reached each corner of the city over the past seven months.

The march received a letter of no objection from the police, and began at around 2:40pm in Victoria Park in Causeway Bay.

The front of the march reached the endpoint at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct in Central just after 4pm.

In addition to the five core demands of the movement, protesters on Wednesday also called for increased union participation, supporting the victims of political reprisals, and halting a proposed pay rise for the police.

Protesters chanted slogans such as “Five demands, not one less,” as well as new additions such as “Resist tyranny, join a union.”

Those at the head of the march included some newly-elected pro-democracy district councillors – whose term in office began on January 1.

A group outside Victoria Park were rallying Hongkongers to register to vote: “We want to use our vote to tell the Hong Kong government what we want… We want the people to come out again and win at the Legislative Council election [in September],” Ms Oliver told HKFP, following the pro-democracy camp’s victory at last year District Council elections.

Though the extradition bill – which sparked the movement – was axed, demonstrators are still demanding an independent probe into police behaviour, amnesty for those arrested, universal suffrage and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.”

In a statement, march organisers the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) called on the public to be “more united, persistent, and caring of one another” in the coming year.

“In 2020, the police have already fired the first round of tear gas,” the group wrote shortly after midnight. “Carrie Lam and police brutality turned a festive season into anguish, and perhaps we should say ‘Five demands, not one less’ instead of happy new year.”

In a statement later on Wednesday, the Front said the police had taken no responsibility for any misconduct: “They dehumanise protestors as cockroaches, demean journalists as “black reporters” and arrest medical doctors and nurses as rioters. Now, the government even attempts to increase the salaries of these rioting police.”

“We must persist this fight, for the arrested, injured and departed brothers and sisters in this movement. When victory comes, we shall gather at the dawn,” they added.

During the march, Ms Ho of the Construction Site Workers General Union said they had over 10,000 signed-up members and around 100 active members: “It is a union that already exists, but now we are recruiting more workers with the same political stance,” she said.

“We aim for three targets. The first one, we want to defend our own worker’s rights… We want to get the right to vote in the coming legislative election [as a functional constituency]… The third aim – we are trying to use construction workers’ role in this movement – for example, volunteer teams for people in need – trying to prepare for the general strike.”.....

www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/01/resist-tyranny-join-union-h...

民陣今日（1日）舉行「毋忘承諾，並肩同行」 元旦大遊行。在預定起步時間2時，銅鑼灣東角道已聚集大量等待插隊的民眾，亦有不少市民支持黃色經濟圈，黃店「渣哥」有逾百人排隊光顧。

news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200101/s00001/15778...

about 50 Hong Kong Protestors gathered in the Victoria Park before the rally , each wearing a different head mask representing a different message of the Hong Kong Protest movement.

raising of the hands with 5 fingers representing "5 demands not one less"

The Blue Lihkg Pig reminds that the police had shot blue tear-inducing chemical from the water cannon truck in dispersing the crowds. The police declined to disclose the chemcial composition.

www.hongkongfp.com/2019/10/25/greenpeace-questions-hong-k...

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‘Resist tyranny, join a union’: Huge turnout as Hongkongers hit the streets for New Year’s Day protest

Thousands of Hongkongers took to the streets on Wednesday for the first police-approved mass protest of the new year.

The huge turnout built on a continuing a pro-democracy movement that has reached each corner of the city over the past seven months.

The march received a letter of no objection from the police, and began at around 2:40pm in Victoria Park in Causeway Bay.

The front of the march reached the endpoint at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct in Central just after 4pm.

In addition to the five core demands of the movement, protesters on Wednesday also called for increased union participation, supporting the victims of political reprisals, and halting a proposed pay rise for the police.

Protesters chanted slogans such as “Five demands, not one less,” as well as new additions such as “Resist tyranny, join a union.”

Those at the head of the march included some newly-elected pro-democracy district councillors – whose term in office began on January 1.

A group outside Victoria Park were rallying Hongkongers to register to vote: “We want to use our vote to tell the Hong Kong government what we want… We want the people to come out again and win at the Legislative Council election [in September],” Ms Oliver told HKFP, following the pro-democracy camp’s victory at last year District Council elections.

Though the extradition bill – which sparked the movement – was axed, demonstrators are still demanding an independent probe into police behaviour, amnesty for those arrested, universal suffrage and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.”

In a statement, march organisers the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) called on the public to be “more united, persistent, and caring of one another” in the coming year.

“In 2020, the police have already fired the first round of tear gas,” the group wrote shortly after midnight. “Carrie Lam and police brutality turned a festive season into anguish, and perhaps we should say ‘Five demands, not one less’ instead of happy new year.”

In a statement later on Wednesday, the Front said the police had taken no responsibility for any misconduct: “They dehumanise protestors as cockroaches, demean journalists as “black reporters” and arrest medical doctors and nurses as rioters. Now, the government even attempts to increase the salaries of these rioting police.”

“We must persist this fight, for the arrested, injured and departed brothers and sisters in this movement. When victory comes, we shall gather at the dawn,” they added.

During the march, Ms Ho of the Construction Site Workers General Union said they had over 10,000 signed-up members and around 100 active members: “It is a union that already exists, but now we are recruiting more workers with the same political stance,” she said.

“We aim for three targets. The first one, we want to defend our own worker’s rights… We want to get the right to vote in the coming legislative election [as a functional constituency]… The third aim – we are trying to use construction workers’ role in this movement – for example, volunteer teams for people in need – trying to prepare for the general strike.”.....

www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/01/resist-tyranny-join-union-h...

民陣今日（1日）舉行「毋忘承諾，並肩同行」 元旦大遊行。在預定起步時間2時，銅鑼灣東角道已聚集大量等待插隊的民眾，亦有不少市民支持黃色經濟圈，黃店「渣哥」有逾百人排隊光顧。

news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200101/s00001/15778...

Archaeologist and painter Edward Dodwell (1767-1832), who came from a noble and rich Irish family, was born in Dublin (recitation: Eduard Doduel) and studied literature and archeology at Trinity College in Cambridge. Thanks to the economic comfort provided by his great fortune, he is completely away from the need to acquire a profession and gives himself to the researches about the Mediterranean civilizations.

In 1801, he traveled with Ionian islands (Corfu, Zante etc.) and the region of Troy together with Atkins and well-known traveler W. Gell. In 1805-06, he traveled to Central Greece with his traveling companion, Simone Pomardi. He then settled in Naples and Rome and marries a woman thirty years younger from him. He was an honorary member of many European cultural foundations. He died of sickness while exploring in the mountains of Italy. The large archaeological collection (coins, 115 copper items, 143 amphoras) he created was sold to the Munich Sculpture Museum after being housed in his home in Rome for a while.

Being a prolific writer and visual artist at the same time, Dodwell reveals his multi-faceted talent, consisting of a sense of curiosity, critical gaze and artistic sensitivity as an archaeologist in his works that are unique for his age. For the first time in his work, we witness the real discovery of a "place": While the phenomenon of walking becomes a form of discovering and recognizing (reading) the view, on the other hand, information based on monuments, history, contemporary people and documents all join together in this phenomenon.

The journey, which is described in these two volumes of publications and offers rich data in archeology and topography, constitutes a valuable treasure of information about the public and private lives of the Greeks before the rebellion (before 1821). Dodwell sets off from Venice by taking an intelligent and well-read Greek from Santorini, whom he had met in Italy in late April 1801, as an interpreter. He crosses the Adriatic sea and arrives in Corfu under Russian-Ottoman occupation with his travel companions within a month. Their journey continues towards Paksos islands, Parga, Lefkada (Santa Mavra). Dodwell writes about the nose of Lefkata, where ancient Greek poet Saffo, according to ancient ruins, products, villages and legend, fell into the sea because of his desperate love for Faon. From here go to Preveza and go to Nikopolis. He travels to the archeological site at the village, continues to Ithaka island and writes about the geography and economic situation there and about the search for ancient ruins. Finally, he came to Kefalonia and completed his first trip to Greece with William Gell.

In 1805, Dodwell, along with the artist Simone Pomardi, arrived in Zakinthos (Zante) from the city of Messina in Sicily, where he writes about the villages, population, products; he then goes to Mesolongi. Tepedelenli Ali Pasha writes about the persecution of local people, local products, the Akheloos river and the Echinades archipelago.

After the journey, he reached Patra and became the guest of the consul Nikolaos Stranis. Stranis's mansion had been the meeting place of many European guests for years. Dodwell's trip to Patra confirms his theoretical knowledge about them. Speaking of Contemporary Patra, he writes in an easy-to-understand manner both about the architectural order of the city ("The houses of the Greeks are lime and the houses of the Turks are painted in red") and its economic condition (including products exported from the region). In Patra, he visits the castle, the famous big-bodied cypress tree, the church of Saint Andrea and the holy spring (blessed water source / fountain). He adds the pattern that his travel companion Pomardi has drawn and displays the sacred source. Patra ' Noting that many black slaves were found in Dodwell, Dodwell also made efforts to obtain some archaeological artifacts. As he writes about Patra, he especially portrays the city's historical memory. On the Dodwell route, it documents scientifically its own knowledge as well as the old sources it used to showcase the contemporary reality of Greece and previous travel testimonies.

Due to an epidemic in Dodwell Peloponnese, he chose to go to Athens in another way, passing through Nafpaktos (Inebahtı), Galaksidi (watching the carnival shows here) and passing through Amfisa (here he is a guest at the house of a Kefalonian doctor and visits the voivodeship), climbs to Parnasos mountain, Hriso and stops in Kastri and tour the Kastalya fountain and few ancient ruins that can be seen in Delfi. The road passes through the villages of Arahova and Distomo and takes him to the ancient site of the Trophonius priests in Livadia, from there he continues to other Viotia (Boeotia) villages (Orchomenos, Aliartos, Thespiae). Passing through the Eleutherae road and the Eleusis plain, on March 26, lord Elgin's work teams arrive in Athens when the relief of the Acropolis relief (relief) marbles.

Dodwell will stay here until September and visit almost all of Attica (Pendeli mountain, Fili, Acharnai, Kifisia, Vrauron, Porto Rafti, Thorikos, Lavrion, Sunion, Piraeus) and the Egina and Salamis islands. In addition to archaeological issues, he writes about the folk dances, music and games of the Greeks, even about baths, even insects and birds.

After Athens, it passes through Thiva (Thebai), Kopais lake, Thermopylae and Lamia, Stylis and Almyros to Volos and Pelion; in his article he mentions all the ancient city ruins he met along the way. After that, Larissa and Ambelakia come and are highly affected by the high level of living, cultured people and the cotton yarn dyeing industry. Thessaly plain returns to Athens after passing through Lilaia, Amfikleia, Fokida, Viotia (Boeotia) and stops by Chalkida and Marathon.

He stays in Athens all summer. In December of 1805, we find him touring the Argos-Corinth region: Dafni monastery, Eleusis and its religious mysteries, Megara, Corinthian isthmus, Corinthian fortress, Kechries, Nemea and its vineyards, Acropolis and ancient theater in Argos, the treasure of Mikene and Atreus, The ruins of Tiryns and Nauplion, Epidaurus and Asclepius temple, Troizina, Methana, Poros are the places he traveled and wrote. Then, on the road of Aegion, Sikyon passes through Xylokastron and stops in the local inns, and after Patra, he reaches Olympia on January 24, 1806 by describing all villages of Achaia and Ileia.

In the continuation of the trip, Messini visits Sparta in late February after visiting the ruins in Megalopolis and Vassai. After crossing Arkadiya and Achaia (by stopping at Tegea, Tripoliçe, Mantineia, Orchomenos, Stymphalia, Feneos, Kalavrita, Mega Spilaion), it reaches Patra in the spring and finally reaches Rome on September 18, 1806.

Dodwell (who has drafted about 400 places and monuments) has been aiming to combine the scientific look with art by adding the engravings to them after using the camera obscura technique and documenting the archaeological ruins he has visited recently. The four volumes of his work, published after Dodwell, are a basic handbook for all travelers traveling around Greece and are still considered a very useful resource for archaeological research today.

The work was published 2 years after Dodwell's death in 1834. Publishers received the material to create the book and detailed instructions about the publication from Dodwell himself. Paintings with stone prints and based on Dodwell's own drawings show magnificent relic images from Greece and Italy. These include, in particular, wall forms, acropolis (city hills or endpoints), fortifications, and domed tombs. Engravings showing monuments in Greece are accompanied by descriptive and explanatory texts; the same is not true for monuments in Italy, however, because Dodwell was unable to write his explanations about them. Publishers have not been able to fill this gap. The embroidery of the paintings on stone was made by the well-known engraver C. Hullmandel.

Despite the misrepresentation of naming and identification in some of the architectural remains, Dodwell's work remains a pioneer in terms of both its subject and less-known archaeological sites. The aim of the author was to add this book to his two volume volume "Classical and Topographical Tour in Greece", published in 1819.

Written By: İoli Vingopoulou

‘Resist tyranny, join a union’: Huge turnout as Hongkongers hit the streets for New Year’s Day protest

Thousands of Hongkongers took to the streets on Wednesday for the first police-approved mass protest of the new year.

The huge turnout built on a continuing a pro-democracy movement that has reached each corner of the city over the past seven months.

The march received a letter of no objection from the police, and began at around 2:40pm in Victoria Park in Causeway Bay.

The front of the march reached the endpoint at the Chater Road Pedestrian Precinct in Central just after 4pm.

In addition to the five core demands of the movement, protesters on Wednesday also called for increased union participation, supporting the victims of political reprisals, and halting a proposed pay rise for the police.

Protesters chanted slogans such as “Five demands, not one less,” as well as new additions such as “Resist tyranny, join a union.”

Those at the head of the march included some newly-elected pro-democracy district councillors – whose term in office began on January 1.

A group outside Victoria Park were rallying Hongkongers to register to vote: “We want to use our vote to tell the Hong Kong government what we want… We want the people to come out again and win at the Legislative Council election [in September],” Ms Oliver told HKFP, following the pro-democracy camp’s victory at last year District Council elections.

Though the extradition bill – which sparked the movement – was axed, demonstrators are still demanding an independent probe into police behaviour, amnesty for those arrested, universal suffrage and a halt to the characterisation of protests as “riots.”

In a statement, march organisers the Civil Human Rights Front (CHRF) called on the public to be “more united, persistent, and caring of one another” in the coming year.

“In 2020, the police have already fired the first round of tear gas,” the group wrote shortly after midnight. “Carrie Lam and police brutality turned a festive season into anguish, and perhaps we should say ‘Five demands, not one less’ instead of happy new year.”

In a statement later on Wednesday, the Front said the police had taken no responsibility for any misconduct: “They dehumanise protestors as cockroaches, demean journalists as “black reporters” and arrest medical doctors and nurses as rioters. Now, the government even attempts to increase the salaries of these rioting police.”

“We must persist this fight, for the arrested, injured and departed brothers and sisters in this movement. When victory comes, we shall gather at the dawn,” they added.

During the march, Ms Ho of the Construction Site Workers General Union said they had over 10,000 signed-up members and around 100 active members: “It is a union that already exists, but now we are recruiting more workers with the same political stance,” she said.

“We aim for three targets. The first one, we want to defend our own worker’s rights… We want to get the right to vote in the coming legislative election [as a functional constituency]… The third aim – we are trying to use construction workers’ role in this movement – for example, volunteer teams for people in need – trying to prepare for the general strike.”.....

www.hongkongfp.com/2020/01/01/resist-tyranny-join-union-h...

民陣今日（1日）舉行「毋忘承諾，並肩同行」 元旦大遊行。在預定起步時間2時，銅鑼灣東角道已聚集大量等待插隊的民眾，亦有不少市民支持黃色經濟圈，黃店「渣哥」有逾百人排隊光顧。

news.mingpao.com/ins/港聞/article/20200101/s00001/15778...