View allAll Photos Tagged durability
By the time of this shot Nightingales ex-Plymouth MCW-bodied Atlantean FJY 920E was 20 years old, and appeared to be in a reasonable condition
This time I have the location noted as Devon General's Sidmouth yard, rather than Nightingales Budleigh Salterton premises. Was this a long standing arrangement?
From what I can find on t'internet and Flickr the Sidmouth depot was on Woolbrook Road (and has been replaced by a Lidl supermarket), so I have geotagged it accordingly
Here are the factors I considered when I needed a monopod:
Weight (heavy vs. light)
Material (aluminum vs. carbon fiber)
Rigidity (does not bend)
Durability
Intended use
·for light-weight compact cameras
·for heavy-weight cameras
Tubular leg design vs. Channel leg design
Leg locks
·twist locks
·clamping lever locks
·wing nuts
Number of leg sections (no more than three)
Height (at least 5 1/2 feet for my height)
Compactness (collapses to smaller size)
Head
·fixed
·removable
·none
Feet
·fixed non-slip rubber
·fixed spike feet
·retractable spike feet
·suction cups
·snow feet
Screw
·3/8 inch (European Standard)
·¼ inch (American Standard)
Quick Release Feature
Price
Reputation of Manufacturer (I avoided manufacturers with no history of producing high quality tripods)
Maximum load (I wanted 2x weight of my heaviest camera)
I ended up buying two monopods – one for my heavy cameras and one for my lightweight compact cameras.
My heaviest lens/camera combination weighs about 10 pounds (500mm f/4 telephoto lens mounted on a Nikon F2 with action finder, motor drive, and battery pack). The Manfrotto 681 monopod, with a maximum load rating of 26 pounds, and an attached Wimberley Arca-Swiss quick release clamp is what I bought to meet my needs.
For my compact cameras, I selected a lightweight inexpensive 7-pound maximum load monopod with an attached Monfrotto quick release tilt head.
I could have used my more expensive Manfrotto monopod with my compact cameras but I needed an inexpensive lightweight disposable monopod to use with my lightweight disposable compacts.
Also, when I need a longer monopod for pole aerial photography, I stuck a screw in an 8-foot pole and a 12-foot pole.
File name: 10_03_001520b
Binder label: Sewing Machines
Title: The Standard Rotary Shuttle - Noiseless. Rapid. Simple. Durable. 'Two in one' lock stitch, chain stitch. (back)
Created/Published: Buffalo, N. Y. : Niagara Lith. Co.
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 10 x 7 cm.
Subject: Girls; Sewing machines
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: J. Frank Rolfe, 1 Hale St., Beverly
Statement of responsibility: The Standard Sewing Machine Co.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
I have decided to for school bus companies to also make more efficient and more effective and durable and reliable limousines for the future and the new limousines will use electric swing arm stop signs like on school buses to keep the passengers (people) safely cross the front of the limousine and board the limousine this will be very great, safe, effective, durable, and reliable. I will even use this new style of Limousine I am creating for the future in the new Corduroy episodes I am writing and producing at Nelvana. Because in the future and in the new Corduroy episodes I am writing and producing at Nelvana, all public vehicles will be legally required to have electric swing arm stop signs like on school buses.
Title: [Testing paint for durability, Balm Paints Research Laboratories, MacNaughton Road, Clayton] [picture]
Author / Creator: Wolfgang Sievers 1913-2007 photographer.
Date: 1961
Contents / Summary: Shows technicians testing samples that have been left in the open
The Balm (an acronym for British Australian Lead Manufacturers) Paints lab and factory at 14 McNaughton Road, Clayton, was built in 1956-57 and is now PPG via Dulux. See locale on Google Maps..
This is one image from a group of three.
Subjects:
Balm Paints Limited -- Employees
Factories -- Victoria -- Clayton
Laboratory technicians
Paint industry and trade -- Victoria -- Clayton
Gelatin silver prints
Index terms:
Australia; Victoria; Clayton; Balm Paints; factories; laboratory technicians
Notes: Dated in pencil on reverse.
Job number inscribed in pencil on reverse of images: 3111
Vintage prints with the photographer's studio stamp on reverse.
Printed by Wolfgang Sievers at an unknown date from his negatives made in 1961.
Copyright status: This work is in copyright
Conditions of use: Copyright restrictions apply.
For Copyright queries, please contact the National Library of Australia..
Source: SLV
Identifier(s): Accession no: H2000.195/220
Source / Donor: Purchased 2000.
Series / Collection: Wolfgang Sievers collection.
Link to online item:
handle.slv.vic.gov.au/10381/308762
Link to this record:
search.slv.vic.gov.au/permalink/f/1cl35st/SLV_VOYAGER1757287
REST IN PEACE
MOTHER
Date: Circa 1965
Source Type: Postcard
Publisher, Printer, Photographer: Unknown (C682)
Postmark: None
Collection: Steven R. Shook
Remark: DURABLE MONUMENTAL SERVICE
BOX 244, NEW WESTMINSTER, B. C.
MANUFACTURER'S OF CANADA'S FINEST FIBREGLAS MONUMENTAL COVERS
Copyright 2014. Some rights reserved. The associated text may not be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior written permission of Steven R. Shook.
Plastic Lockers build from strong and durable UV stabilized ABS suitable for extreme hot weather, Cold weather, Hurricane and Blizzard proof. High-impact resistance, vandal proof, average service life in extreme weather conditions is 15 to 20 years.
A worry-free storage locker solution.
45 large storage lockers that fit a backpack, helmet, etc, include advanced features that can be customized to create the right storage locker solution for your facility. Lockers from Beach-Lockers.com are perfect for Hotel & Resorts Lockers for the Hospitality Industry, Amusement parks, theme parks, indoor and outdoor water parks, ski resorts, beach resorts, beaches, zoos and other attractions.
File name: 10_03_002622a
Binder label: Shoes
Title: Repairing clocks, Boss pat. cases, fine jewelry. I've shot and re-shot at that case, each bullet just spotted its face not a dent could I make, and my word you make take, that my pocket will soon find a place for the durable Boss patent case. [front]
Date issued: 1870 - 1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 7 x 11 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Men; Rifles; Clocks & watches; Jewelry
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: Broadbent Bros., 7 Broad Street, Utica, N. Y.
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.
Recommended price £64.99
Our price £58.49
Prices include 20% VAT
No.SSK131
The KSWISS Ascendor SLT Leather is designed for the tennis player who wants lightweight and durable tennis footwear. The Ascendor is the leightest weight K.Swiss tennis shoe. K.Swiss statement tennis footwear.
Upper
The upper is in leather with TecTuff high abrasion toe wrap.
Outsole
Non-marking, very durable Asta 7.0 rubber with abrasion resistant Dradguard in toe and heel section. Skeletalized 2 piece outsole to reduce weight.
Midsole
The midsole is built up with Shock Spring cushioning technology. The lightweight EVA and the skeletalized Cushion Board construction reduces the overall weight and provides extra support.
Insole
An ortholite insole and heel grip lining to minimize slippage.
Surface
Tennis specific multi surface wavebone tread pattern.
Technology
7.0 System: a combination of technologies built to deliver the highest level of performance in K.Swiss tennis products
Asta 7.0: a high density outsole provides unsurpassed durability from heel to toe
DragGuard: located in the high wear areas of the toe and heel offering increased abrasion resistance
Shock Spring: provides superior cushioning in the heel and forefoot
Heel grip lining: made of interlock fibers that grip the tennis sock to minimize heel slippage
Dura Wrap: provides an extra line of defense against excessive toe dragging
Stay-Tied laces: acts like a 'catch' to keep the laces tied
Details
K.Swiss statement tennis series
Lightweight leather upper
skeletalized outsole in 2 pieces
K.Swiss 7.0 System logo on tongue
K.Swiss logo on outside heel
Multi surface outsole
Perfective Maintanance
Always take your tennis shoes out of the tennis bags to air dry.
Capacious, lightweight, durable folding bag.
Made of 3mm thick industrial felt, this bag stands itself with style, as a large bag and a storing box. You can put toys of kids in it, or use it as a laundry basket, or carry stuff to picnic in a trunk of a car.
You can also save space by folding the bag when you don't use it. This function actually enables to save energy too, until you get this bag in your hands during shipping. Functional bag made of natural material is ecological and usable for a long time according to your lifestyle.
Color choises are apple green, gray and red.
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たためて、たっぷり入って、丈夫で軽い。収納としてもバッグとしても使える2ウェイバッグで、ほぼ28センチ角のサイコロ形になります。
3ミリの厚みのある*工業用ウールフェルトを使っているから、張りがあり、ちゃんと自立してくれて、お部屋にもすっきりなじみます。 取っ手はその3ミリ厚のフェルトを二重にし、本体とはＯカンと呼ばれる四角い銀色の金属パーツで繋いでいます。お客様のご要望にお応えして、肩にかけられるように取っ手を長くしました。
キッズの細々としたおもちゃを入れたり、衣類を入れるバスケットとして使ったり、車のトランクへポンと入れてピクニックやお買い物に出かけたり。使わない時は、ひっくり返して小さくたたんで省スペース。お客様の手元に届くまでの経路でも小さなパッケージは省エネを実現します。本体の斜めのラインは、折り畳みが簡単にできるようにと考えられたデザインです。ライフスタイルの変化に合わせて末永く使ってくださいね。
ご購入希望の方はこちらへどうぞ！
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Height 28 cm x Width 30 cm x Depth 30 cm
Weight 0.8 Kg
Product Name: Sail Inflatable Boat
Product No: GT047
Size: 300cmx150cm
Pack: 115cmx65cmx40cm
Material: 0.9mm PVC
Cert: CE,EN14960,EN71
Feature: High Durability, High Tear Strength, Fade Proof, Flame Retardant M2/B1, Anti-Mildew Treatment, Excellent UV-Resistance, Cold Weather Resistance, Waterproof, Anti-Static, Heat-Insulation, Blackout, Shrink- Resistant, Fluorescent, Other.
Not just fit and finish, Pango make a second blower tube and hide it if not use. We make the two tubes on different of the bouncer so that could fit the power location. Looking down the road you will find you need a second inflation tube. We want to make sure clients could use the bouncer convenient.
Stronger Baffles
Baffles that are secured by a 840 denier material that provides the MAXIMUM strength of the internal baffling of every inflatables. This material upgrade is unmatched by anyone else in the industry. This material is key to the overall durability of the products we sell.
D Ring Expose
Take a close look at the construction of the "d" rings in the products we sell. A tether system is only as strong as its weakest link. Tether points on the inflatable are extremely durable. The "d" ring tethering System have been laboratory-tested and certified by Professional Engineers for use on all giant slides and all other types of inflatables.
Vinyl（PVCTarpaulin） Expose
At Pango Inflatable, the only products we sell are constructed from the finest coated vinyl. Unlike other vinyl producers, the Coated Vinyl are Lead-Free in addition to meeting the EN71 test by SGS. Lead-Free vinyl are a standard that has been that way since day one. Exposure to lead is dangerous to children. The products Pango Inflatable sell are safe from the effects of lead. As for durability, the materials are a weft inserted substrate, which makes any possible rips virtually impossible.
No Wax Surfaces
We provide removable sliding surfaces for every slides we made, While other only provide the normal vinyl, Inflatable vinyl is not naturally slippery, therefore, waxing has become a normal preparation for getting a slide ready for use. The removable sliding surface found the on the products we sell is a high polished urethane coating, which in turn reduces the need to wax.
Zipper with Flaps
Unlike others, Pango Inflatable sells products that are easy to use. For example, the deflation zipper utilizes a Velcro flap that covers the zipper, thus, less air is lost and zippers are not exposed to abrasion or mischief.
Blower Tube Strap
While most manufacturers tie their blower inflation tubes to the blower system, however, the products Pango Inflatable sells, utilizes a universal sleeve with a cinching Velcro strap. One- handed operation keeps the tube securely attached to the blower system.
Liquid Laminator
DWe do the Digital Printing in our factory, unlike most factory here in China, they do the printing outside and could not control the delivery time and the quality. igitally printed graphics are one thing, keeping those beautiful images durable as well scratch and fade resistant is quite another. Every digital image used within an inflatable sold by Pango Inflatable is clear-coated with a special liquid laminate that is vulcanized to the vinyl surface.
Finger-Safe Netting
Most bouncer manufacturers use 1" or 2" netting. A child bouncing can easily catch their fingers in that size of netting, thus serious injuries can happen. Only the Pango Inflatable could provide netting that even a small child's finger cannot penetrate. Yet, the netting is still transparent enough to allow for easy viewing.
Removable Covers
Virtually every area that your customers step, slide or climb upon is on a replaceable & easily removable vinyl cover. From climbing stairs, to entrance tunnel sleeves to sliding surfaces, Pango Inflatable only sells products that are designed for high-volume traffic.
Safety Door on Bouncers
Worried about children possibly falling out of a bouncer? Don't be. We got 3 points of reinforcement on the entrance of the bouncer which make the entrance very strong. Also we add the step outside the entrance following the AU and USA standards of jumping castle.
On-Staff Engineering and Designing
We do reinforce stitching at the fixion of D-ring. Four stitching line will share the tension of the bouncer. This made the D-ring last much longer and stronger. Other factory use other design of the fixion, but will not good for the tension sharing. Could find the differnce in the attached photos.
Cushion Designs
We do cushion between the wall and the base. When the kids bounce on the bouncer this parts bear most of the pressure, so this new design will make this parts much more strong and safety, while other factory only stitch to the base.
Contact Site:http://www.pangoinflatable.com/
Nike Skeet, Men's Size 11, Granite, Terra Brown, 324957-021, UPC: 00886737930281, 2008 release, Low top sneaker, combination suede and leather upper, cupsole construction, versatile and durable sneaker, midsole support, signature tread design, rubber outsole, Vintage 2008 release, EVA midsole, Skateboarders, Nike Swoosh Detailing,
www.flprivacywall.com - (941) 234-8879 - Permacast precast concrete fence walls are available all over the United States to fence companies, builders, developers, HOA's or Home Owners Association, and contractors that are looking for the most affordable solution for this type of concrete fence or concrete wall on a larger scale project. Our precast concrete fence walls are designed for efficient shipping directly to your job site where ever you might be in the United States. We are almost always the most affordable, most durable, and best looking concrete fence available on the market because of our techniques through-out the entire process from manufacturing to installing.
APPROXIMATE RELEASE DATE: 2015
PERSONAL FUN FACT: Addy's pin cushion is amazing quality! I couldn't believe how heavy and soft it was when I first opened this set. Her outfit is constructed from a thinner, stiffer material, but it is still quite durable feeling. I think this fashion really shines when Addy is wearing it! It's also neat how the apron was made with real pockets. I usually pin Addy's measuring tape inside one of her pockets, so it drapes out. This way, I can use it on display, without risking losing it. The scissors look adorable sticking out of the apron's other pocket. These little sewing accessories are perfect photo props too! Sometimes Isabelle borrows them, since she is our resident seamstress. I'm surprised that this dress didn't have a coordinating hair ribbon. In fact, I would say that it the only thing I would change about this ensemble! Of course, I'd rather have the shoes than a hair accessory. This is one of Addy's few get ups that came with footwear. These boots resemble the separately sold ones from my childhood, since they are black and white.
Plastic Lockers build from strong and durable UV stabilized ABS suitable for extreme hot weather, Cold weather, Hurricane and Blizzard proof. High-impact resistance, vandal proof, average service life in extreme weather conditions is 15 to 20 years.
A worry-free storage locker solution.
45 large storage lockers that fit a backpack, helmet, etc, include advanced features that can be customized to create the right storage locker solution for your facility. Lockers from Beach-Lockers.com are perfect for Hotel & Resorts Lockers for the Hospitality Industry, Amusement parks, theme parks, indoor and outdoor water parks, ski resorts, beach resorts, beaches, zoos and other attractions.
The Toyota Traigo 80 is a modern, durable forklift solution that allows European customers to optimise their material handling. The robust design features exclusively metal parts to make sure it endures and delivers top performance even in the toughest conditions. Built with the Toyota Production System quality, the Traigo 80 reduces the need for maintenance.
Find out more about our durable forklift: www.toyota-forklifts.eu/En/Products/electric-counterbalan...
Here are the supplies you'll need to create the case.
1 Manila folder
1 sheet white copy paper
Packing Tape
Ipod Box (for use as a template)
A piece of clear, flexible, durable plastic. I am using the window to a freebie badge holder I got at a conference.
Scissors and a sharp pencil will come in handy.
DISCLAIMER: Use these instructions at your own risk. If you scratch your player, I am not responsible. Follow along, and there should be virtually no risk of stratching during construction.
Solar power is the most clean and durable energy. It combines the features of universal, harmless, huge and free. In tropical and subtropical regions, the sun is generally illuminated for more than 6-8 hours, which creates favorable conditions for solar energy to work as a driving device.
The solar energy will be transformed into electricity in advance and stored in the battery. When the cold room is running, the converted electricity will be used as the driving power. I t is a new cold room construction idea. We highly recommend solar power cold room supplemented by a generator as backup program.
Due to the low conversion efficiency of solar energy, this program is therefore suitable for the regions where can meet the following conditions: adequate lighting time, high annual average temperature, small construction area for the whole cold room project, inside temperature above -15℃.
Features:
Solar energy is the only inexhaustible, non-pollution, green and safe, low-carbon and environmental new energy. It acquires electricity by solar power and then realizes photoelectric conversion.
Solar power cold room has high quality energy which can help decrease users’ cost and increase more profits.
Acquiring energy with less time expenditure safer using process.
Automatic design makes simple operation and safety, reliability.
Integrated and modular equipment guarantees convenient installment and maintenance on site.
Focusun technical engineers have rich experience in the research of solar energy and refrigeration technology. They have provided plenty of feasible and cost-effective solutions for customers from different countries and regions in the world. For more detailed information on the construction of solar power cold room, please contact us at icemachine@focusun.com
The Rustic double bed is beautifully crafted double from solid oak, and will look great in any bedroom. The thick oak pieces, expertly hand-crafted and assembled lend a touch quality to the room. Designed to compliment a Rustic or French farmhouse style interior, the 4" thick timbers are immensely durable, and will last many years, with their thick joints. Please note the Rustic Solid Oak range is darker than all our other oak ranges. We also sell a range of mattresses to go with this bed. Please note that all the items in the Rustic range are distressed to emulate years of use, and so will not have a clean, straight from the factory look.
www.oakfurnitureland.co.uk/furniture/rustic-oak-double-be...
Perfect for spaces needing affordable relief from visual clutter, our Envision command consoles bring a sleek, modular and minimalist design to your control room. Consoles are available in single-, double-, or triple-tier configuration. Each tier is capable of supporting a 7 1/2″ or 15″ high slat wall section.
Multiple mounting positions for optimal sight lines and ergonomically correct viewing angles.
A variety of slat wall accessories are available for the Envision line of technical furniture to help reduce clutter and organize workspaces.
Consoles come standard with a durable and environmentally friendly Marmoleum work surface.
This is a durable, Dachshund leash holder made from high fire ceramics, various glazes and handmade tiles of the same material for the mosaics. The Doxie has a pewter tag that reads "Follow your Heart". All of this is attached to a wooden backing with metal hooks for hanging coats, hats or leashes. For $.75 cents per letter I can include ceramic buttons with Epoxy letters personalizing the leash holder over the mosaic bone. (Example picture is included)
As with all my creations, this is a handmade, signed, one-of-a-kind leash holder that can be copied, but not duplicated. Each piece is lovingly hand formed, mosaics pieces are individually hand-cut, meticulously arranged, and the glazes are applied with three to six coats to achieve the best color enhancement.
Have a different Breed? Email me with a picture and I can make a custom piece with 50% down.
Animal Instincts Art
Plastic Lockers build from strong and durable UV stabilized ABS suitable for extreme hot weather, Cold weather, Hurricane and Blizzard proof. High-impact resistance, vandal proof, average service life in extreme weather conditions is 15 to 20 years.
A worry-free storage locker solution.
45 large storage lockers that fit a backpack, helmet, etc, include advanced features that can be customized to create the right storage locker solution for your facility. Lockers from Beach-Lockers.com are perfect for Hotel & Resorts Lockers for the Hospitality Industry, Amusement parks, theme parks, indoor and outdoor water parks, ski resorts, beach resorts, beaches, zoos and other attractions.
Plastic Lockers build from strong and durable UV stabilized ABS suitable for extreme hot weather, Cold weather, Hurricane and Blizzard proof. High-impact resistance, vandal proof, average service life in extreme weather conditions is 15 to 20 years.
A worry-free storage locker solution.
45 large storage lockers that fit a backpack, helmet, etc, include advanced features that can be customized to create the right storage locker solution for your facility. Lockers from Beach-Lockers.com are perfect for Hotel & Resorts Lockers for the Hospitality Industry, Amusement parks, theme parks, indoor and outdoor water parks, ski resorts, beach resorts, beaches, zoos and other attractions.
www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(22)00101-1/fulltext
Durability of BNT162b2 vaccine against hospital and emergency department admissions due to the omicron and delta variants in a large health system in the USA: a test-negative case–control study - The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Summary
Background
The duration of protection against the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant for current COVID-19 vaccines is not well characterised. Vaccine-specific estimates are especially needed. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and durability of two and three doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine against hospital and emergency department admissions due to the delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron variants.
Methods
In this case–control study with a test-negative design, we analysed electronic health records of members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), a large integrated health system in California, USA, from Dec 1, 2021, to Feb 6, 2022. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated in KPSC patients aged 18 years and older admitted to hospital or an emergency department (without a subsequent hospital admission) with a diagnosis of acute respiratory infection and tested for SARS-CoV-2 via PCR. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness was estimated with odds ratios from adjusted logistic regression models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04848584).
Findings
Analyses were done for 11 123 hospital or emergency department admissions. In adjusted analyses, effectiveness of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the omicron variant was 41% (95% CI 21–55) against hospital admission and 31% (16–43) against emergency department admission at 9 months or longer after the second dose. After three doses, effectiveness of BNT162b2 against hospital admission due to the omicron variant was 85% (95% CI 80–89) at less than 3 months but fell to 55% (28–71) at 3 months or longer, although confidence intervals were wide for the latter estimate. Against emergency department admission, the effectiveness of three doses of BNT162b2 against the omicron variant was 77% (72–81) at less than 3 months but fell to 53% (36–66) at 3 months or longer. Trends in waning against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the delta variant were generally similar, but with higher effectiveness estimates at each timepoint than those seen for the omicron variant.
Interpretation
Three doses of BNT162b2 conferred high protection against hospital and emergency department admission due to both the delta and omicron variants in the first 3 months after vaccination. However, 3 months after receipt of a third dose, waning was apparent against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the omicron variant, including hospital admission. Additional doses of current, adapted, or novel COVD-19 vaccines might be needed to maintain high levels of protection against subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the omicron variant or future variants with similar escape potential.
Funding
Pfizer.
fortune.com/2022/04/23/when-will-covid-end-meet-the-russi...
Will COVID ever end? A forgotten pandemic from the late 1800s might offer some clues – Fortune
With long-haul sufferers and symptoms like lost of taste and smell, the "Russian Flu" may have been a coronavirus like COVID, some experts say
Patients suffering from respiratory and neurological symptoms, including loss of taste and smell.
Long-haul sufferers who struggle to muster the energy to return to work.
A pandemic with a penchant for attacking the elderly and obese with particular force.
Sounds a lot like COVID, right?
It’s not.
Rather, it’s the “Russian Flu,” the world’s first well-documented pandemic, occurring as modern germ theory rose to prominence and miasma theory dispelled, ushering in the era of modern medical science and public health.
A quick check of the textbooks—the few that actually mention the thing—will inform you that the pandemic, which killed an estimated 1 million worldwide, lasted from 1889 to 1890.
Experts will tell you it likely hung around much longer—and might still lurk, in some form, today.
Predating the now oft-discussed “Spanish Flu” pandemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 50 million worldwide, the Russian Flu likely wasn’t a flu at all, some contend.
Instead, its symptoms more closely resemble a coronavirus—a category of viruses named for their crown-like appearance under a microscope, of which COVID-19 is a member.
Coronaviruses typically cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory infections in humans and are responsible for a handful of common colds. But some have turned deadly, including COVID-19; SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), an epidemic that emerged in 2002 and killed hundreds; and MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), another epidemic that emerged in 2012 and killed hundreds.
“The epidemiology and clinical symptoms of the Russian Flu are much more in line with COVID than what we know about influenza pandemics,” said Dr. Harald Bruessow, editor of Microbial Biotechnology and a guest professor at KU Leuven in Belgium who has studied and published extensively on the esoteric ailment.
“You have respiratory infection, but at the same time there are strong neurologic symptoms,” he said of both the Russian Flu and COVID. “There’s also something like Long COVID that was observed following the Russian Flu pandemic. These people were incapacitated for a really long time, with an increase in suicide rate and an inability to return to full work capacity.
“All this stuff makes one think that one is dealing with a coronavirus infection in the 1880s.”
Let’s say the so-called “Russian Flu” was a coronavirus. Does it serve as a better lens through which to view the current pandemic than the Spanish Flu? What lessons can we learn? Does it offer any clues to how the COVID-19 pandemic might end—or linger, rather, as viruses tend to?
“If we say maybe the Russian Flu went extinct by a deus ex machina event, the odds are much lower for COVID,” Dr. Arijit Chakravarty, Fractal Therapeutics CEO and COVID researcher, told Fortune.
“We’re past that point.”
The forgotten ‘flu’
When “nobody really dared to predict the trajectory of the COVID pandemic, how it will develop or end”—frustrated by short-term computer simulations with a tendency toward inaccuracy—and looking to glimpse into a COVID-19 crystal ball, Bruessow turned to the past.
What pandemic might serve as the best paradigm for COVID? He first examined the Spanish Flu—but that was a different virus, he reasoned. Traveling backward in history from there, his options were limited, with the Russian Flu being the next chronological option—and, ironically, the first pandemic for which data was collected en masse.
As it turns out, it was a great fit.
“The Russian Flu was actually the best case I could figure out of a respiratory pandemic of a comparable size to COVID that was sufficiently medically documented,” Bruessow said of the disease, thought to have originated in cattle in Turkestan before enveloping the Russian empire and sweeping the world.
While considered a flu at the time, scientists did not yet have a solid grasp on what caused disease, with germ theory arising nearly simultaneously and duking it out with the miasma theory, the pre-scientific notion that disease was caused by “bad air” rising from the ground.
In one of his articles on the ailment, Bruessow refers to a 344-page doctors’ report from 1891 London, which describes Russian Flu patients as suffering from a “hard, dry cough,” fevers of 100-105 degrees, “frontal headache of special severity,” “pains in the eyeballs,” “general feeling of misery and weakness, and great depression of spirits,” and “weeping, nervous restlessness, inability to sleep, and occasional delirium.”
As with COVID, children seemed relatively spared, often only mildly affected, if they fell ill at all. Those who were elderly—in addition to those with pre-existing conditions like heart disease, tuberculosis, or diabetes—were more apt to take a fatal course, Bruessow wrote.
And there’s more: Nearly 10% of cases saw continued symptoms, referred to by European doctors of the time as “long enduring evil effects.”
As with COVID, it was noted that patients were likely infectious before developing symptoms, and were occasionally reinfected, as was the case with a patient who fell ill with the “flu” in December 1889 in France, and then again a month later in January 1890 in England.
Dr. Tom Ewing, a history professor and associate dean at Virginia Tech who has published extensively on the topic, considered the Russian Flu an apt comparison during the first three months of the COVID pandemic due to its quick spread and global efforts to track symptoms.
He now considers the Spanish Flu to be a better comparison due to the body count: It’s thought to have killed about 650,000 people in the U.S. in eight months, and COVID has killed nearly a million in the U.S. in a little over two years. In contrast, the Russian Flu is thought to have killed a million worldwide, in sum.
“I think where the useful comparisons are is, how do people react?” Ewing said. “How do they respond to first reports? How do physicians deal with a new threatening scale of disease? What we’re all living with right now—at what point do you say it’s all over?
Is the ‘Russian Flu’ still a killer?
The Russian Flu is typically considered to have lasted from 1889 through 1890, but in reality, it lasted much longer—through 1894, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine—and nearly a decade, depending on whom you talk to. Major mortality peaks, as seen in public health data from the United Kingdom, continued through 1899 or 1900, Bruessow said, adding that the mortality peaks in England during that period are nearly as high as they were during what was likely the first phase of the Russian Flu.
It is unknown if later deaths were from additional waves of the Russian Flu or something else. But reports of symptoms from potential later waves, found in The Lancet and other British medical journals, are “strikingly similar,” and contemporary researchers were “formulating the suspicion” of an up-flair, he said.
All this “makes me think that we should consider the possibility that the Russian Flu agent was evolving and hanging around and even causing a major mortality peak in the United Kingdom and elsewhere,” he concluded.
While it’s unknown if the Russian Flu was indeed a coronavirus, some believe it lives on today as OC43, a common human coronavirus that often causes upper-respiratory track illness, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. While its presentation is often mild, the pathogen is known to cause bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in children and the elderly, as well as immunosuppressed patients, and its presentation may be easily confused with that of COVID-19, according to a 2021 article in The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles.
The thought that the Russian Flu endures as OC43 is a “fascinating hypothesis,” developed when scientists realized how genetically similar OC43 is to bovine coronavirus and projected a common ancestor arising around 1890—the Russian Flu era, and a time of major cattle pandemics that may have spread to humans.
www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(22)00101-1/fulltext
Durability of BNT162b2 vaccine against hospital and emergency department admissions due to the omicron and delta variants in a large health system in the USA: a test-negative case–control study - The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
Summary
Background
The duration of protection against the omicron (B.1.1.529) variant for current COVID-19 vaccines is not well characterised. Vaccine-specific estimates are especially needed. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and durability of two and three doses of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine against hospital and emergency department admissions due to the delta (B.1.617.2) and omicron variants.
Methods
In this case–control study with a test-negative design, we analysed electronic health records of members of Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), a large integrated health system in California, USA, from Dec 1, 2021, to Feb 6, 2022. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated in KPSC patients aged 18 years and older admitted to hospital or an emergency department (without a subsequent hospital admission) with a diagnosis of acute respiratory infection and tested for SARS-CoV-2 via PCR. Adjusted vaccine effectiveness was estimated with odds ratios from adjusted logistic regression models. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04848584).
Findings
Analyses were done for 11 123 hospital or emergency department admissions. In adjusted analyses, effectiveness of two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine against the omicron variant was 41% (95% CI 21–55) against hospital admission and 31% (16–43) against emergency department admission at 9 months or longer after the second dose. After three doses, effectiveness of BNT162b2 against hospital admission due to the omicron variant was 85% (95% CI 80–89) at less than 3 months but fell to 55% (28–71) at 3 months or longer, although confidence intervals were wide for the latter estimate. Against emergency department admission, the effectiveness of three doses of BNT162b2 against the omicron variant was 77% (72–81) at less than 3 months but fell to 53% (36–66) at 3 months or longer. Trends in waning against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the delta variant were generally similar, but with higher effectiveness estimates at each timepoint than those seen for the omicron variant.
Interpretation
Three doses of BNT162b2 conferred high protection against hospital and emergency department admission due to both the delta and omicron variants in the first 3 months after vaccination. However, 3 months after receipt of a third dose, waning was apparent against SARS-CoV-2 outcomes due to the omicron variant, including hospital admission. Additional doses of current, adapted, or novel COVD-19 vaccines might be needed to maintain high levels of protection against subsequent waves of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the omicron variant or future variants with similar escape potential.
Funding
Pfizer.
fortune.com/2022/04/23/when-will-covid-end-meet-the-russi...
Will COVID ever end? A forgotten pandemic from the late 1800s might offer some clues – Fortune
With long-haul sufferers and symptoms like lost of taste and smell, the "Russian Flu" may have been a coronavirus like COVID, some experts say
Patients suffering from respiratory and neurological symptoms, including loss of taste and smell.
Long-haul sufferers who struggle to muster the energy to return to work.
A pandemic with a penchant for attacking the elderly and obese with particular force.
Sounds a lot like COVID, right?
It’s not.
Rather, it’s the “Russian Flu,” the world’s first well-documented pandemic, occurring as modern germ theory rose to prominence and miasma theory dispelled, ushering in the era of modern medical science and public health.
A quick check of the textbooks—the few that actually mention the thing—will inform you that the pandemic, which killed an estimated 1 million worldwide, lasted from 1889 to 1890.
Experts will tell you it likely hung around much longer—and might still lurk, in some form, today.
Predating the now oft-discussed “Spanish Flu” pandemic of 1918, which killed an estimated 50 million worldwide, the Russian Flu likely wasn’t a flu at all, some contend.
Instead, its symptoms more closely resemble a coronavirus—a category of viruses named for their crown-like appearance under a microscope, of which COVID-19 is a member.
Coronaviruses typically cause mild to moderate upper-respiratory infections in humans and are responsible for a handful of common colds. But some have turned deadly, including COVID-19; SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), an epidemic that emerged in 2002 and killed hundreds; and MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), another epidemic that emerged in 2012 and killed hundreds.
“The epidemiology and clinical symptoms of the Russian Flu are much more in line with COVID than what we know about influenza pandemics,” said Dr. Harald Bruessow, editor of Microbial Biotechnology and a guest professor at KU Leuven in Belgium who has studied and published extensively on the esoteric ailment.
“You have respiratory infection, but at the same time there are strong neurologic symptoms,” he said of both the Russian Flu and COVID. “There’s also something like Long COVID that was observed following the Russian Flu pandemic. These people were incapacitated for a really long time, with an increase in suicide rate and an inability to return to full work capacity.
“All this stuff makes one think that one is dealing with a coronavirus infection in the 1880s.”
Let’s say the so-called “Russian Flu” was a coronavirus. Does it serve as a better lens through which to view the current pandemic than the Spanish Flu? What lessons can we learn? Does it offer any clues to how the COVID-19 pandemic might end—or linger, rather, as viruses tend to?
“If we say maybe the Russian Flu went extinct by a deus ex machina event, the odds are much lower for COVID,” Dr. Arijit Chakravarty, Fractal Therapeutics CEO and COVID researcher, told Fortune.
“We’re past that point.”
The forgotten ‘flu’
When “nobody really dared to predict the trajectory of the COVID pandemic, how it will develop or end”—frustrated by short-term computer simulations with a tendency toward inaccuracy—and looking to glimpse into a COVID-19 crystal ball, Bruessow turned to the past.
What pandemic might serve as the best paradigm for COVID? He first examined the Spanish Flu—but that was a different virus, he reasoned. Traveling backward in history from there, his options were limited, with the Russian Flu being the next chronological option—and, ironically, the first pandemic for which data was collected en masse.
As it turns out, it was a great fit.
“The Russian Flu was actually the best case I could figure out of a respiratory pandemic of a comparable size to COVID that was sufficiently medically documented,” Bruessow said of the disease, thought to have originated in cattle in Turkestan before enveloping the Russian empire and sweeping the world.
While considered a flu at the time, scientists did not yet have a solid grasp on what caused disease, with germ theory arising nearly simultaneously and duking it out with the miasma theory, the pre-scientific notion that disease was caused by “bad air” rising from the ground.
In one of his articles on the ailment, Bruessow refers to a 344-page doctors’ report from 1891 London, which describes Russian Flu patients as suffering from a “hard, dry cough,” fevers of 100-105 degrees, “frontal headache of special severity,” “pains in the eyeballs,” “general feeling of misery and weakness, and great depression of spirits,” and “weeping, nervous restlessness, inability to sleep, and occasional delirium.”
As with COVID, children seemed relatively spared, often only mildly affected, if they fell ill at all. Those who were elderly—in addition to those with pre-existing conditions like heart disease, tuberculosis, or diabetes—were more apt to take a fatal course, Bruessow wrote.
And there’s more: Nearly 10% of cases saw continued symptoms, referred to by European doctors of the time as “long enduring evil effects.”
As with COVID, it was noted that patients were likely infectious before developing symptoms, and were occasionally reinfected, as was the case with a patient who fell ill with the “flu” in December 1889 in France, and then again a month later in January 1890 in England.
Dr. Tom Ewing, a history professor and associate dean at Virginia Tech who has published extensively on the topic, considered the Russian Flu an apt comparison during the first three months of the COVID pandemic due to its quick spread and global efforts to track symptoms.
He now considers the Spanish Flu to be a better comparison due to the body count: It’s thought to have killed about 650,000 people in the U.S. in eight months, and COVID has killed nearly a million in the U.S. in a little over two years. In contrast, the Russian Flu is thought to have killed a million worldwide, in sum.
“I think where the useful comparisons are is, how do people react?” Ewing said. “How do they respond to first reports? How do physicians deal with a new threatening scale of disease? What we’re all living with right now—at what point do you say it’s all over?
Is the ‘Russian Flu’ still a killer?
The Russian Flu is typically considered to have lasted from 1889 through 1890, but in reality, it lasted much longer—through 1894, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health National Library of Medicine—and nearly a decade, depending on whom you talk to. Major mortality peaks, as seen in public health data from the United Kingdom, continued through 1899 or 1900, Bruessow said, adding that the mortality peaks in England during that period are nearly as high as they were during what was likely the first phase of the Russian Flu.
It is unknown if later deaths were from additional waves of the Russian Flu or something else. But reports of symptoms from potential later waves, found in The Lancet and other British medical journals, are “strikingly similar,” and contemporary researchers were “formulating the suspicion” of an up-flair, he said.
All this “makes me think that we should consider the possibility that the Russian Flu agent was evolving and hanging around and even causing a major mortality peak in the United Kingdom and elsewhere,” he concluded.
While it’s unknown if the Russian Flu was indeed a coronavirus, some believe it lives on today as OC43, a common human coronavirus that often causes upper-respiratory track illness, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. While its presentation is often mild, the pathogen is known to cause bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia in children and the elderly, as well as immunosuppressed patients, and its presentation may be easily confused with that of COVID-19, according to a 2021 article in The Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles.
The thought that the Russian Flu endures as OC43 is a “fascinating hypothesis,” developed when scientists realized how genetically similar OC43 is to bovine coronavirus and projected a common ancestor arising around 1890—the Russian Flu era, and a time of major cattle pandemics that may have spread to humans.
If they’re correct, the Russian Flu is still circulating, and it’s still occasionally deadly—a 2021 study published in Nature found a 9.1% mortality rate for those hospitalized with confirmed cases of OC43, though it only tracked 77 patients between 2012 and 2017 at one Korean hospital.
The Russian Flu may indeed be “still killing people off, and we’re just not paying attention to it, which is totally plausible,” Chakravarty said. “We used to think the Epstein-Barr Virus was harmless,” and now we know it raises the risk of developing multiple sclerosis by more than 30 times.
“There’s a lot of sort of ‘dark matter’ in the infectious disease world that we haven’t fully mapped out.”
Such a future may await COVID, Bruessow contends.
“This is what virologists working in the viral evolution field are thinking we should expect from SARS-CoV2,” he said regarding the potential of COVID to persist well into the future. “Some people think the Omicron variant that dominates now is already going a bit in this direction, because this variant is much less affecting the lung and much more targeting the upper respiratory tract.”
Bruessow hopes Omicron is “the last hoorah” of COVID-19’s acute phase—the Russian Flu’s lasted about three years—but he’s well aware this may not be the case.
“Personally, I would be a bit skeptical” that Omicron would be the end of this, he said. “The virus will still occupy our societies for a while.”
Even if the Russian Flu eventually became less severe, there’s no reason to necessarily think COVID-19 will go the same route, Bruessow cautions, nor is the Russian Flu’s presumed attenuation necessarily permanent.
“Viral evolution is really neutral with respect to virulence,” he said. “The indication is that [COVID-19] will try to escape from the immune response, simply to infect the maximum number of people, and the virus with the highest efficiency will replace less efficient viral types.
“This is the dynamic we are seeing, of increasing transmission. There’s no guarantee that the next wave won’t be a virus that has, once again, increased virulence, like Delta.”
‘Pandemic-era’ life for more than a century
Among Chakravarty’s take-aways from the Russian Flu: “The body count can still pile up” over several years, even if a disease isn’t incredibly transmissible and has a relatively low fatality rate, as was the case with the Russian Flu.
Even so, “mortality bounced around,” he said. “There wasn’t a steady decrease toward endemicity.”
Regardless, COVID is “much more contagious” than the Russian Flu was, Chakravarty cautions—and the world is much better connected than it was in the industrial era, allowing for greater ease of disease spread.
COVID has a “screamingly high” transmission rate—one person with Omicron infects, on average, eight to nine others, making it nearly as infectious as mumps—and the duration of immunity is low, he cautioned.
“You can sneeze in Wuhan in the morning and someone can be really ill the next day in Frankfurt.”
The potential Russian Flu wave of 1900 is the last mention of the illness Bruessow sees in medical literature. There seem to have been seasonal, legitimate influenza outbreaks up until the onset of the Spanish Flu in 1918, after which major respiratory pandemics “were all influenza related.”
“After that, there’s no indication of a coronavirus causing a major epidemic in the 20th century,” he said.
It’s possible that a “very mild” coronavirus continued to circulate throughout the 20th century but was less impactful due to improvements in public health and quality of life, Ewing said.
During the early 20th century “health was getting better, mortality rates were decreasing, life expectancy was going up.” This, in addition to tuberculous public health campaigns encouraging people to beware of coughing, sneezing, and spitting in public, may have blunted any circulating coronaviruses, he said.
While the Spanish Flu may not be the best lens through which to view COVID-19, it does contain pertinent lessons, Bruessow contends.
While the Spanish Flu is generally thought to have subsided in 1919 after three waves, later waves occurred periodically in the late 1920s into the 1940s—some as virulent as the initial Spanish Flu, with even higher mortality, he contends.
As U.S. COVID czar Dr. Anthony Fauci and colleagues pointed out in a 2009 New England Journal of Medicine article, “It is not generally appreciated that descendants of the H1N1 influenza A virus that caused the catastrophic and historic pandemic of 1918-1919 have persisted in humans for more than 90 [now 100] years and have continued to contribute their genes to new viruses, causing new pandemics,” including the 2009 H1N1 “swine flu.”
“We are living in a pandemic era that began around 1918,” they wrote 13 years ago—long before the advent of COVID-19.
Bruessow agrees with Fauci and his colleagues that “viruses do not simply disappear.”
“They change and hopefully they adapt and behave,” Bruessow said. “But there are still some escapes, and we might see a return with higher virulence. Vigilance is indicated.”
Chakravarty is of a similar mindset but cautions that one can’t draw too many inferences from any particular pandemic, regardless of similarities.
“Each new pandemic, new plague is a new chapter in the history books,” he said. “Your mileage may vary.”
But one thing remains constant.
“There’s no two-year timeline for pandemics,” he warned.
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Ipê Amarelo, Tabebuia [chrysotricha or ochracea].
Ipê-amarelo na CLS 302 (Rua das farmácias), em Brasília, Brasil.
This tree is at CLS 302, in Brasília, Capital of Brazil.
Text, in english, from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Trumpet tree" redirects here. This term is occasionally used for the Shield-leaved Pumpwood (Cecropia peltata).
Tabebuia
Flowering Araguaney or ipê-amarelo (Tabebuia chrysantha) in central Brazil
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Bignoniaceae
Tribe: Tecomeae
Genus: Tabebuia
Gomez
Species
Nearly 100.
Tabebuia is a neotropical genus of about 100 species in the tribe Tecomeae of the family Bignoniaceae. The species range from northern Mexico and the Antilles south to northern Argentina and central Venezuela, including the Caribbean islands of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) and Cuba. Well-known common names include Ipê, Poui, trumpet trees and pau d'arco.
They are large shrubs and trees growing to 5 to 50 m (16 to 160 ft.) tall depending on the species; many species are dry-season deciduous but some are evergreen. The leaves are opposite pairs, complex or palmately compound with 3–7 leaflets.
Tabebuia is a notable flowering tree. The flowers are 3 to 11 cm (1 to 4 in.) wide and are produced in dense clusters. They present a cupular calyx campanulate to tubular, truncate, bilabiate or 5-lobed. Corolla colors vary between species ranging from white, light pink, yellow, lavender, magenta, or red. The outside texture of the flower tube is either glabrous or pubescentThe fruit is a dehiscent pod, 10 to 50 cm (4 to 20 in.) long, containing numerous—in some species winged—seeds. These pods often remain on the tree through dry season until the beginning of the rainy.
Species in this genus are important as timber trees. The wood is used for furniture, decking, and other outdoor uses. It is increasingly popular as a decking material due to its insect resistance and durability. By 2007, FSC-certified ipê wood had become readily available on the market, although certificates are occasionally forged.
Tabebuia is widely used as ornamental tree in the tropics in landscaping gardens, public squares, and boulevards due to its impressive and colorful flowering. Many flowers appear on still leafless stems at the end of the dry season, making the floral display more conspicuous. They are useful as honey plants for bees, and are popular with certain hummingbirds. Naturalist Madhaviah Krishnan on the other hand once famously took offense at ipé grown in India, where it is not native.
Lapacho teaThe bark of several species has medical properties. The bark is dried, shredded, and then boiled making a bitter or sour-tasting brownish-colored tea. Tea from the inner bark of Pink Ipê (T. impetiginosa) is known as Lapacho or Taheebo. Its main active principles are lapachol, quercetin, and other flavonoids. It is also available in pill form. The herbal remedy is typically used during flu and cold season and for easing smoker's cough. It apparently works as expectorant, by promoting the lungs to cough up and free deeply embedded mucus and contaminants. However, lapachol is rather toxic and therefore a more topical use e.g. as antibiotic or pesticide may be advisable. Other species with significant folk medical use are T. alba and Yellow Lapacho (T. serratifolia)
Tabebuia heteropoda, T. incana, and other species are occasionally used as an additive to the entheogenic drink Ayahuasca.
Mycosphaerella tabebuiae, a plant pathogenic sac fungus, was first discovered on an ipê tree.
Tabebuia alba
Tabebuia anafensis
Tabebuia arimaoensis
Tabebuia aurea – Caribbean Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia bilbergii
Tabebuia bibracteolata
Tabebuia cassinoides
Tabebuia chrysantha – Araguaney, Yellow Ipê, tajibo (Bolivia), ipê-amarelo (Brazil), cañaguate (N Colombia)
Tabebuia chrysotricha – Golden Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia donnell-smithii Rose – Gold Tree, "Prima Vera", Cortez blanco (El Salvador), San Juan (Honduras), palo blanco (Guatemala),duranga (Mexico)
A native of Mexico and Central Americas, considered one of the most colorful of all Central American trees. The leaves are deciduous. Masses of golden-yellow flowers cover the crown after the leaves are shed.
Tabebuia dubia
Tabebuia ecuadorensis
Tabebuia elongata
Tabebuia furfuracea
Tabebuia geminiflora Rizz. & Mattos
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) Hemsl.
Tabebuia haemantha
Tabebuia heptaphylla (Vell.) Toledo – tajy
Tabebuia heterophylla – roble prieto
Tabebuia heteropoda
Tabebuia hypoleuca
Tabebuia impetiginosa – Pink Ipê, Pink Lapacho, ipê-cavatã, ipê-comum, ipê-reto, ipê-rosa, ipê-roxo-damata, pau d'arco-roxo, peúva, piúva (Brazil), lapacho negro (Spanish); not "brazilwood"
Tabebuia incana
Tabebuia jackiana
Tabebuia lapacho – lapacho amarillo
Tabebuia orinocensis A.H. Gentry[verification needed]
Tabebuia ochracea
Tabebuia oligolepis
Tabebuia pallida – Cuban Pink Trumpet Tree
Tabebuia platyantha
Tabebuia polymorpha
Tabebuia rosea (Bertol.) DC.[verification needed] (= T. pentaphylla (L.) Hemsley) – Pink Poui, Pink Tecoma, apama, apamate, matilisguate
A popular street tree in tropical cities because of its multi-annular masses of light pink to purple flowers and modest size. The roots are not especially destructive for roads and sidewalks. It is the national tree of El Salvador and the state tree of Cojedes, Venezuela
Tabebuia roseo-alba – White Ipê, ipê-branco (Brazil), lapacho blanco
Tabebuia serratifolia – Yellow Lapacho, Yellow Poui, ipê-roxo (Brazil)
Tabebuia shaferi
Tabebuia striata
Tabebuia subtilis Sprague & Sandwith
Tabebuia umbellata
Tabebuia vellosoi Toledo
Ipê-do-cerrado
Texto, em português, da Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.
Ipê-do-cerrado
Classificação científica
Reino: Plantae
Divisão: Magnoliophyta
Classe: Magnoliopsida
Subclasse: Asteridae
Ordem: Lamiales
Família: Bignoniaceae
Género: Tabebuia
Espécie: T. ochracea
Nome binomial
Tabebuia ochracea
(Cham.) Standl. 1832
Sinónimos
Bignonia tomentosa Pav. ex DC.
Handroanthus ochraceus (Cham.) Mattos
Tabebuia chrysantha (Jacq.) G. Nicholson
Tabebuia hypodictyon A. DC.) Standl.
Tabebuia neochrysantha A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. heteropoda (A. DC.) A.H. Gentry
Tabebuia ochracea subsp. neochrysantha (A.H. Gentry) A.H. Gentry
Tecoma campinae Kraenzl.
ecoma grandiceps Kraenzl.
Tecoma hassleri Sprague
Tecoma hemmendorffiana Kraenzl.
Tecoma heteropoda A. DC.
Tecoma hypodictyon A. DC.
Tecoma ochracea Cham.
Ipê-do-cerrado é um dos nomes populares da Tabebuia ochracea (Cham.) Standl. 1832, nativa do cerrado brasileiro, no estados de Amazonas, Pará, Maranhão, Piauí, Ceará, Pernambuco, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Paraná.
Está na lista de espécies ameaçadas do estado de São Paulo, onde é encontrda também no domínio da Mata Atlântica[1].
Ocorre também na Argentina, Paraguai, Bolívia, Equador, Peru, Venezuela, Guiana, El Salvador, Guatemala e Panamá[2].
Há uma espécie homônima descrita por A.H. Gentry em 1992.
Outros nomes populares: ipê-amarelo, ipê-cascudo, ipê-do-campo, ipê-pardo, pau-d'arco-do-campo, piúva, tarumã.
Características
Altura de 6 a 14 m. Tronco tortuso com até 50 cm de diâmetro. Folhas pilosas em ambas as faces, mais na inferior, que é mais clara.
Planta decídua, heliófita, xerófita, nativa do cerrado em solos bem drenados.
Floresce de julho a setembro. Os frutos amadurecem de setembro a outubro.
FloresProduz grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em menos de 90 dias após coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978). As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%. As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 72 000 sementes em cada quilo.
O desenvolvimento da planta é rápido.
Como outros ipês, a madeira é usada em tacos, assoalhos, e em dormentes e postes. Presta-se também para peças torneadas e instrumento musicais.
Tabebuia alba (Ipê-Amarelo)
Texto, em português, produzido pela Acadêmica Giovana Beatriz Theodoro Marto
Supervisão e orientação do Prof. Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo e do Eng. Paulo Henrique Müller
Atualizado em 10/07/2006
O ipê amarelo é a árvore brasileira mais conhecida, a mais cultivada e, sem dúvida nenhuma, a mais bela. É na verdade um complexo de nove ou dez espécies com características mais ou menos semelhantes, com flores brancas, amarelas ou roxas. Não há região do país onde não exista pelo menos uma espécie dele, porém a existência do ipê em habitat natural nos dias atuais é rara entre a maioria das espécies (LORENZI,2000).
A espécie Tabebuia alba, nativa do Brasil, é uma das espécies do gênero Tabebuia que possui “Ipê Amarelo” como nome popular. O nome alba provém de albus (branco em latim) e é devido ao tomento branco dos ramos e folhas novas.
As árvores desta espécie proporcionam um belo espetáculo com sua bela floração na arborização de ruas em algumas cidades brasileiras. São lindas árvores que embelezam e promovem um colorido no final do inverno. Existe uma crença popular de que quando o ipê-amarelo floresce não vão ocorrer mais geadas. Infelizmente, a espécie é considerada vulnerável quanto à ameaça de extinção.
A Tabebuia alba, natural do semi-árido alagoano está adaptada a todas as regiões fisiográficas, levando o governo, por meio do Decreto nº 6239, a transformar a espécie como a árvore símbolo do estado, estando, pois sob a sua tutela, não mais podendo ser suprimida de seus habitats naturais.
Taxonomia
Família: Bignoniaceae
Espécie: Tabebuia Alba (Chamiso) Sandwith
Sinonímia botânica: Handroanthus albus (Chamiso) Mattos; Tecoma alba Chamisso
Outros nomes vulgares: ipê-amarelo, ipê, aipê, ipê-branco, ipê-mamono, ipê-mandioca, ipê-ouro, ipê-pardo, ipê-vacariano, ipê-tabaco, ipê-do-cerrado, ipê-dourado, ipê-da-serra, ipezeiro, pau-d’arco-amarelo, taipoca.
Aspectos Ecológicos
O ipê-amarelo é uma espécie heliófita (Planta adaptada ao crescimento em ambiente aberto ou exposto à luz direta) e decídua (que perde as folhas em determinada época do ano). Pertence ao grupo das espécies secundárias iniciais (DURIGAN & NOGUEIRA, 1990).
Abrange a Floresta Pluvial da Mata Atlântica e da Floresta Latifoliada Semidecídua, ocorrendo principalmente no interior da Floresta Primária Densa. É característica de sub-bosques dos pinhais, onde há regeneração regular.
Informações Botânicas
Morfologia
As árvores de Tabebuia alba possuem cerca de 30 metros de altura. O tronco é reto ou levemente tortuoso, com fuste de 5 a 8 m de altura. A casca externa é grisáceo-grossa, possuindo fissuras longitudinais esparas e profundas. A coloração desta é cinza-rosa intenso, com camadas fibrosas, muito resistentes e finas, porém bem distintas.
Com ramos grossos, tortuosos e compridos, o ipê-amarelo possui copa alongada e alargada na base. As raízes de sustentação e absorção são vigorosas e profundas.
As folhas, deciduais, são opostas, digitadas e compostas. A face superior destas folhas é verde-escura, e, a face inferior, acinzentada, sendo ambas as faces tomentosas. Os pecíolos das folhas medem de 2,5 a 10 cm de comprimento. Os folíolos, geralmente, apresentam-se em número de 5 a 7, possuindo de 7 a 18 cm de comprimento por 2 a 6 cm de largura. Quando jovem estes folíolos são densamente pilosos em ambas as faces. O ápice destes é pontiagudo, com base arredondada e margem serreada.
As flores, grandes e lanceoladas, são de coloração amarelo-ouro. Possuem em média 8X15 cm.
Quanto aos frutos, estes possuem forma de cápsula bivalvar e são secos e deiscentes. Do tipo síliqua, lembram uma vagem. Medem de 15 a 30 cm de comprimento por 1,5 a 2,5 cm de largura. As valvas são finamente tomentosas com pêlos ramificados. Possuem grande quantidade de sementes.
As sementes são membranáceas brilhantes e esbranquiçadas, de coloração marrom. Possuem de 2 a 3 cm de comprimento por 7 a 9 mm de largura e são aladas.
Reprodução
A espécie é caducifólia e a queda das folhas coincide com o período de floração. A floração inicia-se no final de agosto, podendo ocorrer alguma variação devido a fenômenos climáticos. Como a espécie floresce no final do inverno é influenciada pela intensidade do mesmo. Quanto mais frio e seco for o inverno, maior será a intensidade da florada do ipê amarelo.
As flores por sua exuberância, atraem abelhas e pássaros, principalmente beija-flores que são importantes agentes polinizadores. Segundo CARVALHO (2003), a espécie possui como vetor de polinização a abelha mamangava (Bombus morio).
As sementes são dispersas pelo vento.
A planta é hermafrodita, e frutifica nos meses de setembro, outubro, novembro, dezembro, janeiro e fevereiro, dependendo da sua localização. Em cultivo, a espécie inicia o processo reprodutivo após o terceiro ano.
Ocorrência Natural
Ocorre naturalmente na Floresta Estaciobal Semidecicual, Floresta de Araucária e no Cerrado.
Segundo o IBGE, a Tabebuia alba (Cham.) Sandw. é uma árvore do Cerrado, Cerradão e Mata Seca. Apresentando-se nos campos secos (savana gramíneo-lenhosa), próximo às escarpas.
Clima
Segundo a classificação de Köppen, o ipê-amarelo abrange locais de clima tropical (Aw), subtropical úmido (Cfa), sutropical de altitude (Cwa e Cwb) e temperado.
A T.alba pode tolerar até 81 geadas em um ano. Ocorre em locais onde a temperatura média anual varia de 14,4ºC como mínimo e 22,4ºC como máximo.
Solo
A espécie prefere solos úmidos, com drenagem lenta e geralmente não muito ondulados (LONGHI, 1995).
Aparece em terras de boa à média fertilidade, em solos profundos ou rasos, nas matas e raramente cerradões (NOGUEIRA, 1977).
Pragas e Doenças
De acordo com CARVALHO (2003), possui como praga a espécie de coleópteros Cydianerus bohemani da família Curculionoideae e um outro coleóptero da família Chrysomellidae. Apesar da constatação de elevados índices populacionais do primeiro, os danos ocasionados até o momento são leves. Nas praças e ruas de Curitiba - PR, 31% das árvores foram atacadas pela Cochonilha Ceroplastes grandis.
ZIDKO (2002), ao estudar no município de Piracicaba a associação de coleópteros em espécies arbóreas, verificou a presença de insetos adultos da espécie Sitophilus linearis da família de coleópteros, Curculionidae, em estruturas reprodutivas. Os insetos adultos da espécie emergiram das vagens do ipê, danificando as sementes desta espécie nativa.
ANDRADE (1928) assinalou diversas espécies de Cerambycidae atacando essências florestais vivas, como ingazeiro, cinamomo, cangerana, cedro, caixeta, jacarandá, araribá, jatobá, entre outras como o ipê amarelo.
A Madeira
A Tabebuia alba produz madeira de grande durabilidade e resistência ao apodrecimento (LONGHI,1995).
MANIERI (1970) caracteriza o cerne desta espécie como de cor pardo-havana-claro, pardo-havan-escuro, ou pardo-acastanhado, com reflexos esverdeados. A superfície da madeira é irregularmente lustrosa, lisa ao tato, possuindo textura media e grã-direita.
Com densidade entre 0,90 e 1,15 grama por centímetro cúbico, a madeira é muito dura (LORENZI, 1992), apresentando grande dificuldade ao serrar.
A madeira possui cheiro e gosto distintos. Segundo LORENZI (1992), o cheiro característico é devido à presença da substância lapachol, ou ipeína.
Usos da Madeira
Sendo pesada, com cerne escuro, adquire grande valor comercial na marcenaria e carpintaria. Também é utilizada para fabricação de dormentes, moirões, pontes, postes, eixos de roda, varais de carroça, moendas de cana, etc.
Produtos Não-Madeireiros
A entrecasca do ipê-amarelo possui propriedades terapêuticas como adstringente, usada no tratamento de garganta e estomatites. É também usada como diurético.
O ipê-amarelo possui flores melíferas e que maduras podem ser utilizadas na alimentação humana.
Outros Usos
É comumente utilizada em paisagismo de parques e jardins pela beleza e porte. Além disso, é muito utilizada na arborização urbana.
Segundo MOREIRA & SOUZA (1987), o ipê-amarelo costuma povoar as beiras dos rios sendo, portanto, indicado para recomposição de matas ciliares. MARTINS (1986), também cita a espécie para recomposição de matas ciliares da Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, abrangendo alguns municípios das regiões Norte, Noroeste e parte do Oeste do Estado do Paraná.
Aspectos Silviculturais
Possui a tendência a crescer reto e sem bifurcações quando plantado em reflorestamento misto, pois é espécie monopodial. A desrrama se faz muito bem e a cicatrização é boa. Sendo assim, dificilmente encopa quando nova, a não ser que seja plantado em parques e jardins.
Ao ser utilizada em arborização urbana, o ipê amarelo requer podas de condução com freqüência mediana.
Espécie heliófila apresenta a pleno sol ramificação cimosa, registrando-se assim dicotomia para gema apical. Deve ser preconizada, para seu melhor aproveitamento madeireiro, podas de formação usuais (INQUE et al., 1983).
Produção de Mudas
A propagação deve realizada através de enxertia.
Os frutos devem ser coletados antes da dispersão, para evitar a perda de sementes. Após a coleta as sementes são postas em ambiente ventilado e a extração é feita manualmente. As sementes do ipê amarelo são ortodoxas, mantendo a viabilidade natural por até 3 meses em sala e por até 9 meses em vidro fechado, em câmara fria.
A condução das mudas deve ser feita a pleno sol. A muda atinge cerca de 30 cm em 9 meses, apresentando tolerância ao sol 3 semanas após a germinação.
Sementes
Os ipês, espécies do gênero Tabebuia, produzem uma grande quantidade de sementes leves, aladas com pequenas reservas, e que perdem a viabilidade em poucos dias após a sua coleta. A sua conservação vem sendo estudada em termos de determinação da condição ideal de armazenamento, e tem demonstrado a importância de se conhecer o comportamento da espécie quando armazenada com diferentes teores de umidade inicial, e a umidade de equilíbrio crítica para a espécie (KANO; MÁRQUEZ & KAGEYAMA, 1978).
As levíssimas sementes aladas da espécie não necessitam de quebra de dormência. Podem apenas ser expostas ao sol por cerca de 6 horas e semeadas diretamente nos saquinhos. A quebra natural leva cerca de 3 meses e a quebra na câmara leva 9 meses. A germinação ocorre após 30 dias e de 80%.
As sementes são ortodoxas e há aproximadamente 87000 sementes em cada quilo.
Preço da Madeira no Mercado
O preço médio do metro cúbico de pranchas de ipê no Estado do Pará cotado em Julho e Agosto de 2005 foi de R$1.200,00 o preço mínimo, R$ 1509,35 o médio e R$ 2.000,00 o preço máximo (CEPEA,2005).
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L'histoire d'Hokonui
Alors que le moonshining était également populaire et poursuivait assidûment de Bluff à l’extrême Nord, c’était le Southland, et en particulier le district de Hokonui, devenu si célèbre et faisant partie du folklore néo-zélandais.
La renommée de Hokonui repose vraiment sur une famille, les McRaes. Bien que d’autres aient peut-être distillé plus de whisky qu’aucune famille n’était aussi durable que les McRaes, de la fin des années 1870 au milieu des années 1950, le whisky McRaes était toujours disponible pour les initiés.
Au fil des ans, les modifications apportées à la législation gouvernementale ont contribué à soutenir cette industrie artisanale. La loi sur la prohibition de la distillation (Distillation Prohibition Act) de 1865 a permis aux artisans de l’esprit d’être maintenus à l’activité alors qu’en 1905, toute la région de Southland Invercargill s’était asséchée. Hokonui était au centre de cette zone «aride» et la loi donnait un énorme coup de pouce à la demande, si bien que la production locale devait être complétée par des importations en provenance d’Otago.
Les autorités (policiers et agents des douanes) ont également subi des pressions et des poursuites ont été engagées pour des activités de distillation illicite, qui sont passées de 9 en 1880 à 72 en 1883.
En 1872, la veuve Mary McRae, arrivée en Nouvelle-Zélande en provenance d'Écosse, avait suivi une formation de distillateur domestique à Sallachy, Kintail et sur l'île d'Eillean Aigas sur le Loch Kishon. Sept enfants l'accompagnaient, l'aîné dont Murdoch allait devenir le principal distillateur du clan.
Tout le whisky était alors importé, principalement d’Ecosse et d’Australie, et était tellement arrosé qu’on offrait souvent à un dram une chaise, car il n’avait pas la force de se lever!
Murdoch McRae considérait la distillation comme un prolongement naturel de l’agriculture et, tout au long des années 1880 et 90, elle était le théâtre préféré des professionnels de Dunedin à Invercargill. Les ingrédients de la levure et du sucre étaient facilement disponibles dans les magasins locaux, tandis que le malt "semblait" dans les brasseries locales et devait être échangé contre une bouteille du produit fini. Les livraisons ont été effectuées dans des bouteilles, des canettes et des billettes de lait. Un malteur de Dunedin (M. Wilson) a rappelé qu’il était presque incolore, mais qu’il n’y avait rien de désagréable ni de toxique à son sujet et qu’il le comparait bien.
avec le meilleur Scotlands. Certains Moonshiners utilisaient des purées de pommes de terre et d'orge et la plupart utilisaient un pot de distillation initial qui conduisait à un doubleur pour le raffinage et le renforcement. C'est ici que le précieux cuivre
le ver (bobine) a condensé le whisky final. Dans l’idéal, les moines auraient laissé passer leur esprit au charbon de bois et l’auraient mis en fûts pendant quatre ans, mais la demande était telle qu’un vieillissement de quatre jours était beaucoup plus probable.
Au plus fort de la production, au début des années 1900, l’hôtellerie et le commerce des boissons alcoolisées étaient approvisionnés à raison de 6 / - à 7 / - (60-70 c) par gallon.
Le miel était utilisé pour colorer ce produit, il ressemblait donc davantage à du whisky commercial et rendait la détection moins probable.
Dans une lettre de M McRae (actuellement exposée au musée Hokonui Moonshine) à un cousin, la vraie recette Hokonui était donnée comme 8 boisseaux de grain dans 20 gallons fermentés à une gravité de 36 lorsque le lavage serait très laiteux. Cela a donné 3 gallons d'alcool OP (plus de 50%). Des instructions ont également été données pour utiliser du sucre ou du malt liquide chaque fois que celui-ci était disponible.
En raison de l’intérêt «officiel», les bassins de lavage devaient encore être bien dissimulés, les criques et les ravines du district de Hokonui étaient des endroits idéaux. Le cœur de chaque alambic était la bobine de condensation en cuivre (ver) et cette partie ne serait jamais amenée sur le site que lorsqu’une course spirituelle serait faite. Le ver était très précieux et était souvent partagé avec les familles distillantes du district.
En 1928, un nouvel inspecteur des douanes de Southland fut employé et HS Cordery allait devenir le fléau de Hokonui Moonshiners pour les sept prochaines années. Il a découvert que la région de Ferndale était particulièrement appréciée des distillateurs, mais tous les sites n’étaient pas cachés. Les principales découvertes ont été effectuées dans les rues Mary et Dee, au cœur de la ville d’Invercargill.
Les McRaes étaient largement considérés comme la famille fondatrice de la tradition du whisky Hokonui. Cependant, leur vaste réseau de relations a entraîné l’implication d’un McRae dans presque toutes les poursuites engagées contre Cordery au cours d’une période de sept ans. En 1934, à la consternation de Cordery, un jury ne parvint pas à condamner Billy et Toby McRae pour avoir exploité encore une réserve de 150 litres (32 gallons) dans une réserve naturelle à Dunsdale, mais il réussit l'année précédente à poursuivre le procureur de James 'Bottling' Quirk. le distillateur Ferndale une amende énorme de 500 livres. Les distillateurs Ferndale des Kirk Brothers ont été reconnus coupables en 1942 et ont choisi de purger une peine d’un an de prison au lieu d’une amende. Ils ont été accueillis chez eux par des banderoles dans la rue principale de Mataura.
The Hokonui Story
While moonshining was equally popular and diligently pursued from Bluff to the far North it’s Southland and particularly the Hokonui district that has become so famous and a unique part of New Zealand’s folklore.
The fame of Hokonui rests really with one family, the McRaes. While others may have distilled more whiskey no family was as enduring as the McRaes, from the late 1870’s until the mid 1950’s McRaes Whiskey was always available to those in the know.
Over the years changes in government law helped sustain this cottage industry. The Distillation Prohibition Act of 1865 ensured spirit craftsmen were going to be kept busy while in 1905 the whole Southland Invercargill area went ‘dry’. Hokonui was at the centre of this ‘dry’ area and the law gave an enormous boost to demand, so much that local production had to be supplemented by imports from Otago.
The authorities (Police and Customs Officers) also came under pressure with prosecutions for illicit distilling going from 9 in 1880 to 72 in 1883.
In 1872 widow Mary McRae had arrived in New Zealand from Scotland having trained as a domestic distiller in Sallachy, Kintail and the island of Eillean Aigas on Loch Kishon. Seven children accompanied her, the eldest of which Murdoch, was to become the senior distiller of the clan.
All whiskey was imported then, mainly from Scotland and Australia and was watered to such an extent that a dram was often offered a chair as it didn’t have the strength to stand up!
Murdoch McRae considered distilling to be a natural extension of farming and throughout the 1880’s and 90’s his was the preferred dram of professionals from Dunedin to Invercargill. The ingredients of yeast and sugar were readily available from local stores while the malt ‘appeared’ from local breweries to be swapped for a bottle of the finished product. Deliveries were made in bottles, cans and milk billies. A Dunedin Maltster (Mr Wilson) recalled it was almost colourless but nothing unpleasant or poisonous about it and thought it compared well
with Scotlands best. Some Moonshiners used mashes of potatoes and barley and most used an initial distillation pot which lead to a doubler for refining and strengthening. It was here that the prized copper
worm (coil) condensed the final whiskey. Ideally the moonshiners would have passed their spirit through charcoal and casked it for four years but demand was such that a four day ageing was much more likely.
At the peak period of production in the early 1900’s the hotel and liquor trade were supplied at 6/- to 7/- (60-70c) per gallon.
Honey was used to colour this so it looked more like commercial whiskey and to make detection less likely.
In a letter from M McRae (now on display in the Hokonui Moonshine Museum) to a cousin, the real Hokonui recipe was given as 8 bushels of grain in 20 gallons fermented to a gravity of 36 when the wash would be quite milky. This yielded 3 gallons of OP (over 50%) spirit. Instructions were also given to use sugar or liquid malt whenever it was available.
Because of ‘official’ interest, the wash barrels and still had to be well hidden, the creeks and gullies of the Hokonui district were ideal spots. The heart of every still was the copper condensing coil (worm) and this part would only ever be brought to the site when a spirit run was to be made. The worm was very precious and was often shared around the distilling families in the district.
In 1928 a new Southland Customs inspector was employed and HS Cordery was to become the scourge of Hokonui Moonshiners for the next 7 years. He found the Ferndale area was particularly favoured by distillers but not all sites were hidden away. Major finds were made in Mary and Dee streets in the heart of Invercargill city.
The McRaes were widely regarded as the founding family of the Hokonui Whiskey tradition. However their wide network of relations resulted in the implication of a McRae in almost all of the Cordery’s prosecutions during a seven year period. In 1934, to Cordery’s dismay, a jury failed to convict Billy and Toby McRae for operating a 32 gallon (150L) still out of a bush reserve in Dunsdale, but he was successful in the previous year with James ‘Bottling’ Quirk’s prosecution, netting the Ferndale distiller an enormous 500 pound fine. Ferndale distillers the Kirk Brothers were convicted in 1942 and elected to serve a year prison term in lieu of a fine. They were welcomed home by banners in the main street of Mataura.
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File name: 10_03_003327b
Binder label: Stock Cards
Title: "Cruel deceiver, you or I must die." The "Diamond Package Dyes" never deceive. Brilliant, durable, economical. They are the best in use. [back]
Created/Published: Philada [i. e. Philadelphia] : Ketterlinus
Date issued: 1870-1900 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print : chromolithograph ; 8 x 12 cm.
Genre: Advertising cards
Subject: Adults; Clowns; Firearms; Dyeing
Notes: Title from item. Retailer: A. R. Glidden, 259 Essex St., Lawrence
Collection: 19th Century American Trade Cards
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions.