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www.naintrading.com/orientteppiche/sadraa-heritage-234x16....
Hand-knotted Sadraa Heritage designer rug made from soft wool and glossy bamboo silk. Scandinavian-inspired modern design meets traditional Oriental knotting, creating a durable, luxurious, and timeless statement piece for any interior.
👉 If you like this rug, explore more in our handmade collection.
Alien art
Science fiction ideas
How could an alien look like, a bird like? It’s difficult to anticipate that. Aliens could play with their DNA to create additional functions and / or they might replace some body-parts, made by steels, plastics, ceramics, etc., to increase functionality, durability, and replaceability.
To make sure that they exist all the time, they might copy their data daily and save. So long there is no change in current data processors, which are feelings and emotions, and guidelines created by the historical-data collection, they can process any new data the same way, so that no change would occur in their personalities. They might play with their processors and shift their selves, by adding up some new hormones, to a better and stable psychological level to control their feelings and emotions.
Feelings and emotions make us alive. Without them, we would be biological robots and could exist on earth without knowing our existence, with breathing oxygen (like electrical motors needed electricity) and doing the other functions that we normally do, but like robots. We couldn’t achieve the stage of controlling our feelings and emotions yet. We are at the hand of the nature, forming us according to its capabilities. Some aliens might be already in that stage. The life would be easier for them, and they could develop exponentially after reaching this stage. They could easily create a human being like us on any suitable planet.
We have to find the ways to control our feelings and emotions without waiting a biological change.
We kill each other. We are not always mentally stable and get mentally ill (some people are in hospitals). It is tough to change how our bodies function, but we have the teaching power of our society. We have to better educate ourselves about how we function.
If you want, you can look at the beautiful pictures in the group Very Arty. www.flickr.com/groups/14847479@N25/
Machine gun of the German military designed to have a very high fire rate, effective range and accuracy resulting in a ruinous effect on the battlefield.
The weapon was also designed to be versatile as the drum magazine meant it could be used by one man but this required great strength and was nowhere near as effective as it is when used by a properly trained crew. the gun is also mounted into the turrets and hulls of tanks and even war planes.
The weapon is made using polymer components like the grip and stock which reduces weight significantly without effecting durability.
The chrome lined barrel can be changed quickly when worn out or has experienced a failure.
fires a newly developed 9 x 65 mm round which has a very high velocity and adequate stopping power.
Called "Drehbank" or lathe by soldiers due to its extremely high fire rate.
Remnants of these durable tracks that were laid in many of our woodland areas in in this part of Kent.
Local folk have recorded Brit and Canadian army blokes that were billeted with local families and vacant houses.
The Canadian engineering regiments were responsible for the defence of Britain while the Brits were away at war. I don't think it is appreciated just how much they did for us during those dark years.
Many, many miles of this sort of track were made, probably to allow vehicular access to hidden installations that were the front lines for air defence. including, ... barrage balloons, Anti-aircraft guns and searchlights, .... and perhaps the odd NAAFI van, for sustenance while on duty.
The paths have been exposed like never before, due to recent weathering. All the rubble used to make the tracks, came from the thousands of bombed houses, ... large or small.
It is interesting to examine closely to see the type of debris that was used. Some bricks and tiles were obviously from up-market houses or mansions, and fragments of china and glass can be seen or found, that were once someone's cherished possessions until a bomb or V weapon brought all to a sudden and fragmented end.
th.bing.com/th/id/R.3029bbf6324f7881dc760ee592f9e76c?rik=...
Without makeup, with oxygen canula, minimal editing. Photo © 2017 Charles Spencer.
Friends, this is the face that goes with the name Katharine Hanna. My partner and caregiver Charles has posted an appeal on the crowd-sourcing website GoFundMe for assistance with expenses related to my incurable respiratory failure. Details are explained there. Here is the link:
www.gofundme.com/care-for-katharine
This is a paragraph from that page: “I need help to live so I'm reaching out to you. I want to live as fully as I can for as long as I can, God willing—and, if my energy allows, to continue making and sharing images of beauty. Recently my focus shifted radically from preparing to die soon to being open to improved energy, comfort, and productivity. At 5 feet 8 inches, I weigh 92 pounds and have extreme shortness of breath and weakness. I am oxygen-dependent (compressor and portable tanks) 24/7. Charles, my loving and loyal partner and care giver, has been carrying the weight of most of the household tasks and my care for over 4 years. My brother is very generous in helping us meet our monthly household expenses. Although my Medicare and supplemental insurance cover most medically-prescribed comfort measures (vs. curative measures which I discontinued entirely prior to starting hospice), other important parts of my care must be paid for out-of-pocket. And Charles and I can no longer pay for them without help. These include: a natural supplement (for improved energy and reduced occurrence and severity of lung infections); home care service 4 hours a week (to take some of the burden off Charles and maintain a clean and safe living space); durable medical equipment not covered by insurance (for mobility, safety, and pain management), and massage (to reduce the back pain and alleviate extreme dryness caused by medications). All of these make life in this body more tolerable and can free up my attention and energy for creative work ..." which I hope to continue as long as I live.
Recently I've been posting photos mostly from my computer archives. I hope to resume making new photos soon, especially flower macros. With love and thanks to all my Flickr friends. ♥
Manufacturer: Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft, Cannstatter Seelberg (Germany)
Type: 60PS Touring Limousine
Engine: 9235cc straight-4
Power: 60 bhp
Speed: 80 km/h
Production time: 1903 - 1905
Production outlet: unknown
Curb weight: 2230 kg
Special:
- Also called "Reiselimousine", the first luxurious Daimler.
- It's the first Daimler car named Mercedes, inspired by Mercedes Jellinek, the daughter of the Austro-Hungarian Consul Emil Jellinek, one of the first big customers of DMG. He ordered 36 cars in 1900, with the combined value of 550,000 German Marks and claimed that name by contract.
- Mercedes Simplex, designed by Wilhelm Maybach, (several) models were produced between 1901 and 1909.
- The name "Simplex" indicated as being "easy to drive", but that was not true.They were complex carriages to drive.
- This "Reiselimousien" was driven by a "chauffeur", seated on durable leather, while the passengers were seated on the most expensive brocade.
- The engine of this big car ( 4.73m (l)x1.87m(b)x2.54m(h) ) is in fact a double Twin engine and has a 4 speed manual gearbox with rear wheel drive.
Added to the gallery www.flickr.com/photos/pjotr_i/galleries/72157633192325667
Added to the gallery www.flickr.com/photos/evitw/galleries/72157632855779893
N421SV, a Bombardier Learjet 35A, on approach to runway 24L at Toronto Pearson International Airport in Mississauga, Ontario.
Serial number 35A-660 began its career as C-GLJQ with Bombardier Inc. at Dorval, Quebec on January 8, 1991.
The Nikon F3, Nikon's first pro-level camera with an electronic shutter, was in production from 1980 through 2001. The pictured camera is fitted with the HP High-Eyepoint prism.
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The Nikon F3 was the first professional level Nikon SLR to incorporate an electronic shutter and automatic exposure capability. Of course, the F3 provides the same high-quality materials, refined fit and finish, and durability for professional use as all F-Series cameras. Like its predecessors, the F3 was part of a remarkably broad and advanced professional camera system.
When used in the new aperture priority mode, shutter speed range is a stepless 8 sec. to 1/2000 sec. An F3HP is an F3 body with a so-called "High-Eyepoint" DE-3 prism. Compared with the original F3 standard DE-2 eyelevel finder, the F3HP has a larger viewfinder eyepiece. Actually, most of the F3s that I have seen incorporate the HP viewfinder. Of course, the F3HP viewfinder provides a 100% frame coverage, like all F-series cameras, and a large, bright image with 0.8x magnification. Nikon offered 21 interchangeable focusing screens for the F3, but for general photography, the standard K screen (with split image, microprism collar, and matte field) is satisfactory.
Back in the day, I waited years to upgrade to the F3HP because I liked my F2AS so much. However, since I, like many, had been using a Nikon FE as my second body together with the F2AS, I eventually succumbed to the desire to have aperture priority auto exposure metering on my main camera body, as well.
The F3HP, particularly without the optional MD-4 motor drive attachment, has a perfect shape, body size, and weight for comfortable and stable holding as well as all-day carrying. The F3's built-in handgrip allows a firm grasp.
One advantage of the F3 over the F and F2 is that the exposure meter is incorporated into the camera body instead of the prism. As a result, you can now change viewfinders and still keep the exposure meter. The F3HP's easy-to-view High Eyepoint DE-3 prism is perfect for most purposes, but for various specialized professional applications, Nikon offered other types, such as the DW-3 Waist-Level Finder, the DA-2 Action Finder, and the DW-4 6x Magnification Finder. Nikon even produced the DX-1 AF Finder, with an electronic focus-aid indication!
The exposure meter on/off switch is a plastic lever that is incorporated around the shutter release button. This is something of a precursor to a similar switch on the future F4 and other newer Nikon camera bodies. However, I find the switch on the F3 quite tight and hard to turn. In fact, my original switch got damaged from long use and became stuck in the off position. I had get the switch replaced at my local repair shop. Fortunately, there is no reason why the switch could not just be left in the on position during periods when the camera is in frequent use. Even with the switch in the on position, the meter circuit does not actually activate unless the film wind crank is pulled slightly away from the body and the shutter release button pushed part way down. The shutter and meter are locked off when the film advance lever is pressed into the lock position. The F3 is the first F-level camera to utilize a standard ISO shutter release thread in the center of the shutter release button, instead of the older AR-2 style connector. The shutter release button is positioned just right, in the middle of the body, and has a silky-smooth feel.
As indicated above, the F3 is the first F-series camera body to support aperture priority automatic exposure instead of just manual exposure adjustment. Simply turn the shutter speed dial to "A" to enter this mode, then adjust the aperture ring appropriately. A really cool feature of the F3 is the 80% center-weighted exposure meter, concentrated within the viewfinder's 12 mm outer reference circle area. The 80% central weighting is a great compromise between Nikon's standard 60/40 weighting and a spot meter. The 80% weight allows you to easily meter on the most important section of the image, while still incorporating some exposure information from the remainder of the frame. You can center the 80% central spot on the metering target, then hold down the exposure memory lock button on the front of the body and re-frame. However, since I personally find it uncomfortable to use the exposure lock button in this position, I usually use manual exposure mode in these cases unless I am in a rush to shoot.
The F3 viewfinder includes at the top of the frame an ADR readout of the aperture setting on all Nikon F-mount lenses that have an aperture ring (basically any pre-G lens will work on the F3). To the left is an LCD display of the automatically or manually selected shutter speed, in full stop increments. One thing that I don't like about the F3's manual exposure mode is the compact-style manual exposure indicator display in the viewfinder. When in manual exposure mode, correct exposure is shown by small +- indicators to the left of the shutter speed display. You adjust the exposure until both the + and - indicators are visible at the same time. This system, while extremely accurate, is not as clear or quick as the match needle setup in the Nikkormat EL/FE/FE2/FM3A or the three diode (-o+) setup in the F2AS/FM/FM2n system. The F3's viewfinder display is illuminated by ambient light. However, you can push a small button on the prism to electronically illuminate the display in the dark.
The F3 is the last F-series body to have manual film wind, unless you attach the optional MD-4 Motor Drive (with up to 6 frames per second performance). Starting from the F4, the F-Series evolved to built-in automatic film advance. This is great if you need to often shoot rapidly. However, if you just want a high-end film camera for slower, more deliberative shooting, manual film advance provides quieter film operation, much better battery life, and a smaller and lighter package compared with the auto-advance F4, F5 and F6. Unlike the semi-pro bodies like the FE and FM, the film advance lever on the F3 may be operated in one complete stroke or a series of shorter strokes. The F3 can be used without a battery in an emergency. Just push the mechanical shutter release lever on the front of the camera, although the mechanical shutter speed is limited to only 1/60 second. That is certainly a far cry from a full range of shutter speeds, but at least flexible enough for many situations, if needed. Nevertheless, lack of power is almost never going to become an issue. My F3HP battery and shutter have never died throughout decades of use, and a single battery seems to last forever with the camera's low power usage.
The meter coupling lever on the F3 can be locked up to allow mounting of prehistoric non-AI lenses, although most users probably converted their non-AI lenses to AI decades ago. As a pro-level camera, the F3 has a proper mirror lock-up feature for certain specialized lenses and for slow exposure times. Of course, multiple exposures on a single frame are also supported.
Since the camera has an electronic shutter, it also has an electronic self-timer, complete with a flashing red light, just like modern SLRs.
The eyepiece has the usual shutter lever, but still no adjustable diopter. This is no problem, however, since Nikon still makes screw-in diopter lenses for the F3. Actually, the F3HP works fine with diopter lenses for the F90X, F100, etc. These diopter lenses have screw-in rings that are slightly thinner than harder to find ones that are actually designed for the F3. The large F3HP viewfinder eyepiece is relatively easy to use with glasses. On the F3 without the HP prism, use diopters that are designed for the FM/FE series of cameras.
In order to use an electronic flash unit, just like the earlier generation F and F2 bodies, the F3 still requires that an accessory shoe be mounted over the rewind knob, or that a special Nikon F3 flash unit be mounted directly onto the camera in the same position. (Of course, you could also use a side-bracket flash with a synch terminal cable.) Interestingly, the maximum flash synchronization speed is 1/80 sec., slightly slower than the 1/90 sec. maximum synch speed on the Nikon F2. The new advance is that the F3 offers TTL automatic flash exposure, although the F3 can't simultaneously meter ambient light. The powerful F3-era Nikon SB-16a Speedlight is a perfect match for the camera. Newer Nikon flash units can also provide TTL flash functionality with the F3, when used with the special adapter AS-17, which also allows convenient flash exposure compensation.
If you don't have the AS-17, you can do balanced fill flash the old way, as follows. First, set the background exposure manually, with a shutter speed at or below the maximum electronic flash synchronization speed. Then set the appropriate camera distance based on the film ISO, selected aperture and guide number. Finally, fill flash is achieved by further shutting down the aperture by 1-2 stops, and correspondingly adjusting the shutter speed. You can also set the SB-16a to TTL and adjust the flash exposure down by 1-2 stops using the exposure compensation dial. The compensation dial does not adjust the background exposure in this case because both shutter speed and aperture are set manually. All that being said, for fill flash, it would frankly be easier and faster to use a more modern body such as the F90X, F100, F5 or F6, which all provide various forms of 3D matrix automatic balanced fill-flash, Nikon's most advanced flash system. The F4 also has a pretty good flash capability, but it is still one generation older pre-3D technology (i.e., no communication of subject distance from D-type lenses.)
The basic Nikon F3 and F3HP were available in black. The Nikon F3 was also available in a few special variants, all of which had the High-Eyepoint viewfinder, such as the Nikon F3/T with a titanium exterior, the Nikon F3 Press, and various limited edition models. The F3/T was produced in both champagne and black colors.
As a pro-level camera, the F3 offers the benefits of aperture priority auto exposure, basic TTL flash, and a more compact and elegant design than the prior-generation F and F2 bodies. Compared with its later descendants, the F3 does not provide such benefits as matrix (multi-segment) metering, automatic balanced fill flash, multiple exposure modes, and built-in automatic film advance. On the other hand, the core F3 is significantly smaller and lighter than those later pro-level bodies. And, when used properly, the F3's exposure metering system can be just as effective, or even more so, compared with the early-generation matrix metering systems in some later Nikon cameras. For deliberative photographers who still like to shoot film, the F3 and F3HP provide a highly-refined and relatively compact manual focus platform for the extensive universe of "Pre-G"-type Nikon F-Mount lenses.
Copyright © 2015 Timothy A. Rogers. All rights reserved.
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37401 skirts along the sea wall near Parton. The harbour wall of Whitehaven can be seen in the background.
37401 is hauling the 0918 Barrow to Carlisle on a grey and windy October morning.
This is the second time i have attempted this shot, on both occasions the weather was less than perfect. On this occasion i stitched two telephoto shots together which i hope has given the shot more impact.
Thanks to their durable design, the Royce International Military made good use of the most recent model of Hover Jeep in the aftermath of the Lazarus Flu outbreak. With the most recent hoverpods, an armor reinforced frame, smoke launchers, a com package, and seating for four they proved to be very effective as both transport between RIM controlled territories across the Middle East and as for fast strikes on Scimitar and other militias. Thanks to their many utilities and simple design they are commonplace among nearly every RIM convoy.
So another vehicle! I'm really happy with the design to this and the scale is perfect next to the Hover Technical. The cool part is it sits figures with BA vests. Plus it's a Jeep, Christian won't like this at all. ;P Let me know what you all think, thanks!
"No durable things are built on violent passion. Nature grows her plants in silence and in darkness, and only when they have become strong do they put their heads above the ground."
- Annie Besant
"You can't have a light without a dark to stick it in."
- Arlo Guthrie
Thanks a lot for visits and comments, my friends... Have a nice week...!
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without
my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
Last dance of this tulip, do have a look at the amazing colours coming through in the last phase of its bloom. For my series on transience and durability.
I thought this quote was rather apt for it: “Life should not be a journey to the grave with the intention of arriving safely in a pretty and well preserved body, but rather to skid in broadside in a cloud of smoke, thoroughly used up, totally worn out, and loudly proclaiming "Wow! What a Ride!”
(Updated on July 7, 2026)
Looking northwestward toward the southern-end facade and eastern elevation of the Temple of Juno Caelestis. A good portion of its temenos wall is also visible.
What must have been Dougga's stateliest structure, the Temple of Juno Caelestis still benefits from being removed a bit from the realm of worldly cares by its lofty podium. Like the nearby Capitol, it's a Corinthian-order design. It was built during the reign of Severus Alexander (AD 222-235).
In this case, the column shafts are not fluted, but they too appear to be monolithic—each carved from one solid block of stone rather than being composed of smaller stacked drums.
If that's so, and if they like so much else on the archaeological site are made of locally quarried El Garia Limestone, it's just more evidence that this site was blessed with a first-class building material.
The semicircular temenos wall in the background marks the limit of the temple's sacred precinct. It's worth scrutinizing under magnification, because it's composed of nicely set, coursed ashlar of what I take to be more Eocene-epoch, nummulitic El Garia. There it has weathered to a pleasing assortment of earth tones—buttery yellow, orange, and ocher.
In contrast, the temple's podium and steps have considerable dark staining. Because this is hardly an industrial area with a lot of automotive traffic, my first guess is that the black crusting with dark-green margins isn't carbonaceous soot, but rather thriving colonies of cyanobacteria. No doubt lichen and green algae are also hanging out somewhere, as well. These tenacious communities of stone-dwellers are collectively called biofilms.
Sources Consulted for This Essay
- Fournier, François, Philippe Bromblet, Alexandre Da Cruz, Yvan Maligorne, Chloé Damay, Nathalie Gandolfo, and Haythem Abidi. "Petrographic and Geochemical Characterization of Eocene Limestones from Thugga / Dougga (Tunisia): Implications for the Provenance of Stones Used in Construction and Sculpture in the Ancient Town." Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 72 (2026): 105735. doi.org.
- Poinssot, Claude. Plan du Centre Civil de Thugga. Archaeological site plan, 1958. Digitized by Wikimedia Commons. Last modified May 14, 2021. wikimedia.org.
- Younès, Ameur. "Geoarchaeological Study of the Ancient Quarries of Thugga (Dougga, North-West of Tunisia)." Marmora: An International Journal for Archaeology, History and Archaeometry of Marbles and Stones 13 (2017): 95–124.
- Zoghlami, Karima, Juan Diego Martín-Martín, David Gómez-Gras, Antonia Navarro, David Parcerisa, and Joan Ramon Rosell. "The Building Stone of the Roman City of Dougga (Tunisia): Provenance, Petrophysical Characterisation and Durability." Comptes Rendus Geoscience 349, no. 8 (2017): 402–11. doi.org.
To see the other photos and descriptions in this series, visit my Architectural Geology of Tunisia album.
For my vide; youtu.be/kpPPmYTzfXs,
KMS, Show and Shine, Coquitlam British Columbia, Canada,
Non stock, wheels,
truck, modified,
Fargo was a brand of truck manufactured and sold in Canada by the Chrysler Corporation. Fargo trucks were almost identical to Dodge trucks, save for trim and name, and were sold by Chrysler-Plymouth dealers. Production began in the late 1920s.
The name Fargo was discontinued after 1972 for Canada, but lived longer for other countries around the world under the Chrysler Corporation's badge engineering marketing approach. Most of the Fargo trucks and bus chassis sold in Argentina, Finland, Australia, India, and other countries in Europe and Asia were made in Chrysler's Kew (UK) plant. Most were also sold under the Dodge and Commer names.
Theories on why Chrysler used the name Fargo include the imagery of open range of the American west, symbolized by the city of Fargo and the Wells-Fargo stage lines, while another theory assumes there was a play on the words "Far" and "Go" denoting durability.
About the Breed
The merry and frolicsome Cocker Spaniel, with his big, dreamy eyes and impish personality, is one of the world's best-loved breeds. They were developed as hunting dogs, but Cockers gained their wide popularity as all-around companions. Those big, dark eyes; that sweet expression; those long, lush ears that practically demand to be touched'no wonder the Cocker spent years as America's most popular breed. The Cocker is the AKC's smallest sporting spaniel, standing about 14 to 15 inches. The coat comes in enough colors and patterns to please any taste. The well-balanced body is sturdy and solid, and these quick, durable gundogs move with a smooth, easy gait. Cockers are eager playmates for kids and are easily trained as companions and athletes. They are big enough to be sporty, but compact enough to be portable. A Cocker in full coat rewards extra grooming time by being the prettiest dog on the block. These energetic sporting dogs love playtime and brisk walks.
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What you are looking at, is the largest mud-brick building, in the world. Protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1988, it is one of the most famous landmarks in Mali. Although, to be fair, there's not a lot of famous landmarks in Mali.
The Great Mosque dominates the city of Djenné, and a lot of care and effort goes into maintaining it. Considering it's made out of mud, it's not the most durable situation for when it rains. Like the other mud-brick buildings in Mali, every year the building needs to be repaired to maintain its condition.
The first mosque at this location was built around the 13th century. Its current incarnation dates back to 1907. The mosque is only open to Muslims though, so I didn't get a chance to go inside it.
Blogged: www.aisleseatplease.com/blog/2016/4/20/great-mosque-...
Names: Huff and Puff
Real Names: Holly Hough and Michael Noon
Status: Villains
Abilities:
Huff: Increased Lung capacity and is able to blow really hard.
Puff: His suit is made out of lightweight and durable metal, and puffs up and deflates on voice command. Helmet counters dizziness and nausea.
Main Weaknesses:
Huff: Her love for Michael, her allergy to nicotine, and getting objects caught in her throat while inhaling.
Puff: His love for Holly, as well as the fact that if the helmet is 20 feet away from the suit, the suit won't work.
Backstories:
Huff: When Holly was twelve years old there was an experimental gas leak, and she accidentally inhaled some of it. As soon as she did, she felt clenching pains in her chest, so she was immediately rushed to the hospital. There the doctors couldn't find anything wrong, and within hours the pain went away. She never found out what truly happened to her until a decade later. Holly was walking home, when suddenly she was be mugged. Unfortunately her mugger was smoking, and that made her nicotine allergy act up. She start coughing, and one of her coughs literally blew the mugger right into a dumpster. When he tried to get up, she blew at him, launching him back again. Putting out the cigarette, she took this chance to instead mug him, and thus began her career as a thief.
Puff: When he was in college, Michael Noon and his best friend started developing a suit based off and idea for human bowling they had back in high school. A few years after they graduated, they completed the suit. A representative of a company they've never heard of came and offered to buy the suit, but Michael and his friend declined, for they had other plans. The next day Michael found his friend murdered in his apartment, the place ransacked. All of the information and work on the suit had been stolen, and that gave Michael a theory, and an idea. He was assaulted later that evening, but he had laid a trap, so the attacker was captured. In his grief and anger, Michael tortured the attacker, cutting off one of their hands. They eventually escaped, but by then it was too late. Michael knew there could be no going back from what he'd done. It was then he realized he could use the suit for crime. Michael originally became "The Human Bowling Ball," but that all changed when he met Holly. They were both robbing the same bank, and became instantly infatuated with each other. Michael changed his alias to "Puff," and they went on committing crimes together, their love for each other growing with each one.
Ideally I would've used the CMF Series 12 Princess's face for Huff to indicate blowing, but as I don't have it, I used this head which indicates inhaling. I also apologize for the length, I just wanted to include them both in the same post. Anyway, thanks for reading, and have a swell day!
The Rottie-poo is a mix breed of the Rottweiler and the Poodle. Not much is known about the Rottie Poos history. It was likely first intentionally bred sometime in the late 1980s or early 1990s but no one breeder is recognized as being the first to bring the Rottie Poo into existence. The Rottweiler Poodle mix was first bred to combine the intelligence of these two breeds in a durable, large-figured body with less tendency for shedding or provoking allergies.
OK, the last shot of our day visit to Argostoli and another Ted favourite, a utility cover.
We are going back to the Oosterdam.
Vereinigte Armaturen-Gesellschaft Mannheim (VAG)
What began in 1872 as a special factory for pumps and heavy-duty valves in the aspiring German industrial city of Mannheim, is now a globally operative company with over 1100 employees worldwide.
Bopp & Reuther became the VAG-Group – the former pioneers became The Valve Experts. VAG can be found wherever water is pumped, treated, stored and distributed.
The world demands modern water management – and that’s precisely what VAG supplies. With innovative standards in water and wastewater engineering,
VAG has positioned itself not only as a supplier of solutions, but also and above all as a quality manufacturer when it comes to durable valves, high functionality and load-bearing mechanisms.
VAG has been offering high quality products and their maintenance in the water and wastewater sector.
Alter Ego: Terror Dactyl
Name: Kairax
Allegiance: Villain
Powers:
* Thick durable scales and skin
* Regeneration
* Super senses and strength
* Enhanced speed and stamina
* Flight
* Due to his alteration to gravity he can in fact fly despite being only able to glide on his planet due to his weight
* Can live without oxygen for long periods of time and can live in water for a certain period of time, depending on the depth and pressure.
* Longlivity
* Fire Breath
* Predator Vision - Can temporarily paralyse foes with fear if they hold his gaze too long. Although this only works on humans.
Weapons:
* Teeth and Claws
Key Weakness: Forgets about his enclosed space in the city when fighting, so he is reckless and fails to pay attention to his environment. Due to him being used to his planets large temples and shear environment size.
Origin:
Kairax comes from an ancient planet of hybridised dinosaurs that are savage yet civilised at the same time. He was a low race on his planet, a grunt for slavery. He was bossed around by smaller and more intelligent races and lived a long life as their warrior and slave. It was one of few rules on his planet, serve those of a race smarter than you. Until one day he witnessed a spaceship fly off, made from technology on his planet... despite space travel being illegal on his planet. It was then Kairax broke free from his restraints, by using a skull to break his chains. Wether it was a skull of the deceased or not is up for debate. It might've just been an unfortunate guard. He then used his brute strength to overwhelm a superior of his and forced him to engineer a spacecraft to the similar design he'd seen. After several years of capturing his intellectual superiors and forcing them to complete his spacecraft he left the planet in his dust. However, he was double crossed, the captives installed a self destruct device that would be triggered when he left orbit. The explosion caused him to lose fuel and he was forced to crash land on the closest hospitable planet, Earth.
Kairax immediately was approached by A.N.G.E.L. forces but managed to escape by using his abilities and flew for the first time. This was also his first appearance to the public which appropriately called him "Terror Dactyl". Now the former enslaved dino attempts to dominate the planet of "food" by destroying those who pose a threat to him. He also discovered even though he was of low intellect on his planet he actually has superior intellect to humans, making him a very fearful adversary.
This stuff is seriously awesome. I'm so impressed by the durability and overall results. I did a little research before hand so I tested to see if my results matched what I had heard. Here is what I found...
➕Pros:
✔️Very chip & scratch resistant
✔️No whitening issues / doesn't discolor
No moisture issues / white spots, flacking, etc
✔️Smooth finish looks and feels wonderful / not as matte as Pebeo / not as shiny as liququitex
✔️
Small amount goes a long way
✔️Water-soluble allows easy clean up and dilution ✔️Hand oils will not erode layers the way msc and others do
✔️SAFE Noncarcinogenic
➖Cons:
✔️Requires an airbrush
✔️I find msc or Pebeo to have more tooth for workable layers but it's still pretty easy to work with / I find if you keep you layers thin you're able to create more tooth so it can be as workable as the above if treated correctly
✔️Can be difficult to tell how much you're applying ✔️Requires thin coats
✔️Can become nearly satin (slightly shiny) if coats are too thick or too many
We were tempted to use the title "These boots were made for walking" but given all the war and disturbance these days "Boots on the ground" is more relevant. Winstanley boots and shoes were synonymous with quality and durability back in the day. No gentleman, soldier, or policeman could ask for better footwear when going out and about.
Photographer: Thomas H. Mason
Collection: Mason Photographic Collection
Date: 1890-1910
NLI Ref: M11/15
You can also view this image, and many thousands of others, on the NLI’s catalogue at catalogue.nli.ie
These are OCs. I have either updated the design/story or made entirely new characters. Most of these are brand new characters.
From Left-Right:
Liberator:
Real Name: Marcus Sawyer
Equipment: Uniform
Powers/Abilities: Flight, Super-Strength, Superhuman Durability, and Speed (Speed only when he flies).
Weaknesses: More powerful beings.
Backstory: (this is improved, kinda)
The Origin Story: (skip this stuff if you want to see something new)
As a child, Marcus always wanted to be a soldier. When Marcus was 16, he dropped out of school with his friend Oscar (Overkill) and joined the U.S. Army. Marcus was one of the best soldiers through this strengths and his abilities. Sadly, Oscar was dishonorably discharged. Marcus was tempted to leave the army, but he didn't. In order to get over the fact that Oscar was discharged, he joined the U.S. Experimentation Program. Marcus and a few other colleagues gained superhuman powers, most of which were the standard increased strength, speed, endurance, and agility. However, Marcus got lucky with his dose of the experimental serum, Marcus got the highest score out of his group along with the ability to fly. Soon after Marcus gained his powers, the U.S. Government asked Marcus and his colleagues to be superheroes. Most declined, the only 3 that accepted were Marcus, Dutch Garret and Richard Moss. Those three men would go off as Superheroes to the public with Marcus becoming the American Hero, Dutch becoming the Super-Soldier, and Richard becoming the Mossberg. Unfortunately, Marcus had a problem with other people so the team never worked out with all of them leaving Marcus alone. Marcus would soon realize his problems and try to fix them. He donned a new suit and called himself the Liberator.
The New Stuff: (Read this new stuff)
As the Liberator, he gained tons of attention. He was everyone's favorite superhero. The Liberator soon tracked down Oscar Kilroy, one of Marcus's friends during his Army service. They regained their friendship until Marcus realized what Oscar was doing. Marcus was then shot at by Kilroy, forcing Marcus to knock him out. Marcus flew away to stop more bigger crimes. Due to Marcus's popularity he gained interest by other superhero, Nightshift. Nightshift stalked Marcus, until Marcus grabbed the hero by the neck. Nightshift told him what he was doing (See Nightshift's page for more info), and Marcus let go, apologizing for his actions. After realizing that the US Government was keeping secrets from him, was caught and attacked by the Superhero team, the Saints. The Liberator was brutally beat up and nearly killed by the Saints. It was only when the team, Saviors chimed in to the fight and saved Liberator. Liberator finally accepted the offer to join the Saviors and the Liberator's problem with people soon disappeared.
______________________________________________
Freezer:
Real Name: Unknown, goes by the name Fridge or by his Superhero name.
Aliases: Fridge, Freezer
Equipment: Uniform with Built in Heater.
Powers/Abilities: Can change the temperature of water vapor, commonly freezes vapor, but sometimes heats it up to make steam.
Weaknesses: Fridge isn't actually resistant to his powers, meaning he can die from frostbite or burn up.
Backstory:
Fridge was born in an unstable household. He always moved schools and he was used to change. However, when he met a new friend right before moving day. Fridge ended up deciding to stay, so he deserted his family and moved in with his new friend, Choi. Fridge then found a questionable lab in a room underneath Choi's bed. He took a pill he found thinking it was a piece of candy and gained super powers. Then, Choi walked in. They got into an argument and soon a fight, Choi quickly realized the pills he gave Chandler (Titan) gave people super powers. Choi quickly gobbled one down and he too now has super powers. Fridge and Choi soon joined the Saints, until leaving realizing their true goal.
_____________________________________________
Red Volcano:
Real Name: Daniel Choi
Aliases: Red, and Red Volcano
Powers/Abilities: Can turn into solid Magma, Increased Endurance and Increased Strength when in his rock form.
Weaknesses: More stronger beings, hates Titan
Backstory:
Daniel was just your average student, a punching bag, decent grades, but he and several kids had enough. They made pills for the school bully, Chandler. The pills accidentally gave Chandler powers and he became Titan. Daniel also became great friends with Fridge. Together, they discovered that the pills gave super powers. He and Fridge took the supplements and joined the Saints. After realizing the Saints’ true plan, they left and joined the Saviors.
______________________________________________
Radiohead:
Real Name: William “Willy” Woods
Alias: Radiohead
Powers/Abilities: Technopathy (Control over electronic devices), can understand any language, and can learn any martial art/hand to hand combat technique.
Weaknesses: Willy isn’t flexible and doing certain kicks can exhaust him.
Backstory: Willy was the type of kid who didn’t plan ahead, he would quit school sometimes and play video games during his free time. His family was quite poor, so he had to take the left overs of old consoles. He reconstructed an NES and found a mysterious game. He inserted the game into the slot and started playing. The game was secretly coded by a suicidal man and it was meant to kill whoever played the game. Instead, Willy found this out and quickly destroyed the NES. Unfortunately, Willy took some of the game’s powers and he became a super villain wreaking havoc across the city. The Saviors apprehended him, and have since lifted the curse within the game. Willy is now in the Saviors as a reserve member as well as being their eyes in the sky.
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Our durable Dorable Dora is still doing well. Even being a bit of a devilish Dora. :)
Thank you all for your love and support for her.
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Squirrels are the feeder comedians. It is especially humorous when the little red squirrels (they call them "boomers" here in the mountains) and the bigger grey squirrels get together. I hope you enjoy some laughs watching this.
I wanted to get better acquainted with my video editing software. This short piece took several days of filming, a couple of weeks of cutting usable video, and several weeks of off and on editing. And it still needs more work! It was a lot of fun and a great learning experience, but my hat is off to those who do this regularly.
Music is Comedian's Gallop by Dimitri Kabalevsky
Hope y'all have a fun weekend!
Hugs, love, and laughter from me and the menagerie
Le sentier des Douaniers, également connu sous le nom de GR 34 était autrefois utilisé par les douaniers pour lutter contre la contrebande. Ce chemin relie le port de Ploumanac'h à la plage de Trestraou et est l'une des balades les plus prisées des Côtes d'Armor.
Only really cared for flowers. A little too much. Some might say it was an unhealthy obsession...
Such a waste of superhuman strength, speed, stamina, agility, durability and dexterity.
Yup.
Anyway...er maybe you'd love to:
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Not happy with this one. Was out tonight and didn't leave enough time to do this one justice... :-(
Strobist:
Two Bowens Gemini Pro 500's through big softboxes camera left and right, at 45 degrees, both set on 3.0. Third Bowens with small softbox above camera pointing down at 45 degrees, set on 4.0. Triggered by PC cord cable.
Durable and long-lasting compared to glass slippers due to the inherent characteristic of plastic which takes hundreds of years to decompose.
A significant cost-effective option and would make a great family heirloom.
in durable resin by www.3dhubs.com/service/166092
Starting to think to accept larger requests (>20 pieces ~ 2.5 EUR / piece incl. shipping) and handle that directly with the producer.
Looking for durable, lightweight Sunglasses in Brampton? IVM Optical offers a great selection of sunglasses that allow you to see the world in a truly vibrant, glare-free color.
We Serve at 2 locations. Visit your nearest.
Bramrose Square,
295 Queen St E #4B,
Brampton, ON L6W 3R1, Canada
Ph: 905-453-7434
Reach us via Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/D5GiHMsVFbGXEB3s5
IVM Optical
3938 Cottrelle Blvd.,
Brampton, ON L6P 2R1, Canada
Ph: 905-915-3445
Reach us via Google Maps: https://goo.gl/maps/63swHiybeyARNPrt6
Lynden, Washington
Studebaker was an American wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana, with a building at 1600 Broadway, Times Square, Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868[5] as the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the firm was originally a coachbuilder, manufacturing wagons, buggies, carriages and harnesses.
Studebaker entered the automotive business in 1902 with electric vehicles and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles, all sold under the name "Studebaker Automobile Company". Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the Garford Company of Elyria, Ohio, and after 1909 with the E-M-F Company and with the Flanders Automobile Company.
The first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the company established a reputation for quality, durability and reliability.
After an unsuccessful 1954 merger with Packard (the Studebaker-Packard Corporation) failed to solve chronic postwar cashflow problems, the 'Studebaker Corporation' name was restored in 1962, but the South Bend plant ceased automobile production on December 20, 1963, and the last Studebaker automobile rolled off the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, assembly line on Saint Patrick's Day, March 17, 1966.
Studebaker continued as an independent manufacturer before merging with Wagner Electric in May 1967 and then Worthington Corporation in November 1967 to form Studebaker-Worthington (Wikipedia)
This image is best viewed in Large screen.
Thank-you for your visit, and any faves or comments are always greatly appreciated.
Sonja
We didn't cook at the fire circle, which concentrates food smells in a safe location. Instead, we chose a different safe location, where smells would quickly disperse. Any food residue would be washed away in the next rainfall.
By the way, dinner was a coconut salmon curry with jasmine rice. I had cooled the margarita in the Snake River, but it did not get as cold as I had hoped.
Tough and durable: protected by a tough, weather-sealed body, the D750 is ready to take on any environment. The Kevlar/carbon fiber–composite shutter unit is tested to 150,000 releases, and the robust monocoque structure allows the camera’s lightweight and durable build.
Find out more about the D750 here: bit.ly/1wi5Yv1
Leather is a durable and flexible material created by tanning animal rawhide and skin, often cattle hide. It can be produced at manufacturing scales ranging from cottage industry to heavy industry.
People use leather to make various goods—including clothing (e.g., shoes, hats, jackets, skirts, trousers, and belts), bookbinding, leather wallpaper, and as a furniture covering. It is produced in a wide variety of types and styles, decorated by a wide range of techniques.
The legendary durability of the 928 M.C.V.P created a storage and personnel problem for OrionBlu as replacement parts already in production vastly outpaced the need. The stockpile of parts meant there was no room for replacement or production parts for other new vehicles or spacecraft. OrionBlu decided to use the overrun of replacement parts to build additional M.C.V.Ps, but with a standard crew of 4, the new M.C.V.P would need to wait months to recruit and train new crew. In order to counteract these issues, OrionBlu redesigned the crew compartment of the Maverick to house only a single pilot with the additional space converted to house an enhanced shield generator and two Omega class super computers used to automate the functions of the other crew members of the M.C.V.P. This single crew version of the M.C.V.P was officially called the Mono Mega Core Vehicle Platform, of M.M.C.V.P, but the official name was not favored by field personnel who dubbed the vehicle the "Maverick".
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Okay, so the story is fun, but the real reason for the redesign is because I needed the internal space of the M.C.V.P to house... other stuff :)
Video of the Maverick is in production now!
First visit of 2019 for me to this stunning castle today Thursday 28th March 2019.
Dunnottar Castle.
The rock the Castle sits upon was forced to the surface 440 million years ago during the Silurian period. A red rock conglomerate with boulders up to 1m across known as Pudding Stone is incredibly durable.
The ancient Highland rock pebbles and cementing matter is so tough that faults or cracks pass through the pebbles themselves.
I first visited Dunnottar Castle summer 2017, this magnificent castle sits high on a hill, last time I visited I captured my shots from the cliffs overlooking the site, though today I made the journey up the hill and entered the castle walls , wow what a magnificent experience, just perfect with loads of great photo opportunities to capture real Scottish history,after two hours wandering around and capturing as many shots that caught my eye , I made my way home, a magnificent experience indeed.
Dunnottar Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Fhoithear, "fort on the shelving slope" is a ruined medieval fortress located upon a rocky headland on the north-east coast of Scotland, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Stonehaven.
The surviving buildings are largely of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been fortified in the Early Middle Ages. Dunnottar has played a prominent role in the history of Scotland through to the 18th-century Jacobite risings because of its strategic location and defensive strength. Dunnottar is best known as the place where the Honours of Scotland, the Scottish crown jewels, were hidden from Oliver Cromwell's invading army in the 17th century. The property of the Keiths from the 14th century, and the seat of the Earl Marischal, Dunnottar declined after the last Earl forfeited his titles by taking part in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
The castle was restored in the 20th century and is now open to the public.
The ruins of the castle are spread over 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres), surrounded by steep cliffs that drop to the North Sea, 50 metres (160 ft) below. A narrow strip of land joins the headland to the mainland, along which a steep path leads up to the gatehouse.
The various buildings within the castle include the 14th-century tower house as well as the 16th-century palace. Dunnottar Castle is a scheduled monument, and twelve structures on the site are listed buildings.
History
Early Middle Ages
A chapel at Dunnottar is said to have been founded by St Ninian in the 5th century, although it is not clear when the site was first fortified, but in any case the legend is late and highly implausible. Possibly the earliest written reference to the site is found in the Annals of Ulster which record two sieges of "Dún Foither" in 681 and 694.
The earlier event has been interpreted as an attack by Brude, the Pictish king of Fortriu, to extend his power over the north-east coast of Scotland. The Scottish Chronicle records that King Domnall II, the first ruler to be called rí Alban (King of Alba), was killed at Dunnottar during an attack by Vikings in 900. King Aethelstan of Wessex led a force into Scotland in 934, and raided as far north as Dunnottar according to the account of Symeon of Durham. W. D. Simpson speculated that a motte might lie under the present caste, but excavations in the 1980s failed to uncover substantive evidence of early medieval fortification.
The discovery of a group of Pictish stones at Dunnicaer, a nearby sea stack, has prompted speculation that "Dún Foither" was actually located on the adjacent headland of Bowduns, 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the north.
Later Middle Ages
During the reign of King William the Lion (ruled 1165–1214) Dunnottar was a center of local administration for The Mearns. The castle is named in the Roman de Fergus, an early 13th-century Arthurian romance, in which the hero Fergus must travel to Dunnottar to retrieve a magic shield.
In May 1276 a church on the site was consecrated by William Wishart, Bishop of St Andrews. The poet Blind Harry relates that William Wallace captured Dunnottar from the English in 1297, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is said to have imprisoned 4,000 defeated English soldiers in the church and burned them alive.
In 1336 Edward III of England ordered William Sinclair, 8th Baron of Roslin, to sail eight ships to the partially ruined Dunnottar for the purpose of rebuilding and fortifying the site as a forward resupply base for his northern campaign. Sinclair took with him 160 soldiers, horses, and a corps of masons and carpenters.
Edward himself visited in July, but the English efforts were undone before the end of the year when the Scottish Regent Sir Andrew Murray led a force that captured and again destroyed the defences of Dunnottar.
In the 14th century Dunnottar was granted to William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (d.1370), and in 1346 a licence to crenellate was issued by David II. Around 1359 William Keith, Marischal of Scotland, married Margaret Fraser, niece of Robert the Bruce, and was granted the barony of Dunnottar at this time. Keith then gave the lands of Dunnottar to his daughter Christian and son-in-law William Lindsay of Byres, but in 1392 an excambion (exchange) was agreed whereby Keith regained Dunnottar and Lindsay took lands in Fife.
William Keith completed construction of the tower house at Dunnottar, but was excommunicated for building on the consecrated ground associated with the parish church. Keith had provided a new parish church closer to Stonehaven, but was forced to write to the Pope, Benedict XIII, who issued a bull in 1395 lifting the excommunication.William Keith's descendents were created Earls Marischal in the mid 15th century, and they held Dunottar until the 18th century.
16th century rebuilding
Through the 16th century the Keiths improved and expanded their principal seats: at Dunnottar and also at Keith Marischal in East Lothian. James IV visited Dunnottar in 1504, and in 1531 James V exempted the Earl's men from military service on the grounds that Dunnottar was one of the "principall strenthis of our realme".
Mary, Queen of Scots, visited in 1562 after the Battle of Corrichie, and returned in 1564.
James VI stayed for 10 days in 1580, as part of a progress through Fife and Angus, during which a meeting of the Privy Council was convened at Dunnottar.
During a rebellion of Catholic nobles in 1592, Dunnottar was captured by a Captain Carr on behalf of the Earl of Huntly, but was restored to Lord Marischal just a few weeks later.
In 1581 George Keith succeeded as 5th Earl Marischal, and began a large scale reconstruction that saw the medieval fortress converted into a more comfortable home. The founder of Marischal College in Aberdeen, the 5th Earl valued Dunnottar as much for its dramatic situation as for its security.
A "palace" comprising a series of ranges around a quadrangle was built on the north-eastern cliffs, creating luxurious living quarters with sea views. The 13th-century chapel was restored and incorporated into the quadrangle.
An impressive stone gatehouse was constructed, now known as Benholm's Lodging, featuring numerous gun ports facing the approach. Although impressive, these are likely to have been fashionable embellishments rather than genuine defensive features.
Civil wars
Further information: Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
In 1639 William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal, came out in support of the Covenanters, a Presbyterian movement who opposed the established Episcopal Church and the changes which Charles I was attempting to impose. With James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, he marched against the Catholic James Gordon, 2nd Viscount Aboyne, Earl of Huntly, and defeated an attempt by the Royalists to seize Stonehaven. However, when Montrose changed sides to the Royalists and marched north, Marischal remained in Dunnottar, even when given command of the area by Parliament, and even when Montrose burned Stonehaven.
Marischal then joined with the Engager faction, who had made a deal with the king, and led a troop of horse to the Battle of Preston (1648) in support of the royalists.
Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Engagers gave their allegiance to his son and heir: Charles II was proclaimed king, arriving in Scotland in June 1650. He visited Dunnottar in July 1650, but his presence in Scotland prompted Oliver Cromwell to lead a force into Scotland, defeating the Scots at Dunbar in September 1650.
The Honours of Scotland
Charles II was crowned at Scone Palace on 1 January 1651, at which the Honours of Scotland (the regalia of crown, sword and sceptre) were used. However, with Cromwell's troops in Lothian, the honours could not be returned to Edinburgh. The Earl Marischal, as Marischal of Scotland, had formal responsibility for the honours, and in June the Privy Council duly decided to place them at Dunnottar.
They were brought to the castle by Katherine Drummond, hidden in sacks of wool. Sir George Ogilvie (or Ogilvy) of Barras was appointed lieutenant-governor of the castle, and given responsibility for its defence.
In November 1651 Cromwell's troops called on Ogilvie to surrender, but he refused. During the subsequent blockade of the castle, the removal of the Honours of Scotland was planned by Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Sir George Ogilvie, and Christian Fletcher, wife of James Granger, minister of Kinneff Parish Church. The king's papers were first removed from the castle by Anne Lindsay, a kinswoman of Elizabeth Douglas, who walked through the besieging force with the papers sewn into her clothes.
Two stories exist regarding the removal of the honours themselves. Fletcher stated in 1664 that over the course of three visits to the castle in February and March 1652, she carried away the crown, sceptre, sword and sword-case hidden amongst sacks of goods. Another account, given in the 18th century by a tutor to the Earl Marischal, records that the honours were lowered from the castle onto the beach, where they were collected by Fletcher's servant and carried off in a creel (basket) of seaweed. Having smuggled the honours from the castle, Fletcher and her husband buried them under the floor of the Old Kirk at Kinneff.
Meanwhile, by May 1652 the commander of the blockade, Colonel Thomas Morgan, had taken delivery of the artillery necessary for the reduction of Dunnottar. Ogilvie surrendered on 24 May, on condition that the garrison could go free. Finding the honours gone, the Cromwellians imprisoned Ogilvie and his wife in the castle until the following year, when a false story was put about suggesting that the honours had been taken overseas.
Much of the castle property was removed, including twenty-one brass cannons,[28] and Marischal was required to sell further lands and possessions to pay fines imposed by Cromwell's government.
At the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the honours were removed from Kinneff Church and returned to the king. Ogilvie quarrelled with Marischal's mother over who would take credit for saving the honours, though he was eventually rewarded with a baronetcy. Fletcher was awarded 2,000 merks by Parliament but the sum was never paid.
Whigs and Jacobites
Religious and political conflicts continued to be played out at Dunnottar through the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1685, during the rebellion of the Earl of Argyll against the new king James VII, 167 Covenanters were seized and held in a cellar at Dunnottar. The prisoners included 122 men and 45 women associated with the Whigs, an anti-Royalist group within the Covenanter movement, and had refused to take an oath of allegiance to the new king.
The Whigs were imprisoned from 24 May until late July. A group of 25 escaped, although two of these were killed in a fall from the cliffs, and another 15 were recaptured. Five prisoners died in the vault, and 37 of the Whigs were released after taking the oath of allegiance.
The remaining prisoners were transported to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, as part of a colonisation scheme devised by George Scot of Pitlochie. Many, like Scot himself, died on the voyage.
The cellar, located beneath the "King's Bedroom" in the 16th-century castle buildings, has since become known as the "Whigs' Vault".
Both the Jacobites (supporters of the exiled Stuarts) and the Hanoverians (supporters of George I and his descendents) used Dunnottar Castle. In 1689 during Viscount Dundee's campaign in support of the deposed James VII, the castle was garrisoned for William and Mary with Lord Marischal appointed captain.
Seventeen suspected Jacobites from Aberdeen were seized and held in the fortress for around three weeks, including George Liddell, professor of mathematics at Marischal College.
In the Jacobite Rising of 1715 George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal, took an active role with the rebels, leading cavalry at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. After the subsequent abandonment of the rising Lord Marischal fled to the Continent, eventually becoming French ambassador for Frederick the Great of Prussia. Meanwhile, in 1716, his titles and estates including Dunnottar were declared forfeit to the crown.
Later history
The seized estates of the Earl Marischal were purchased in 1720 for £41,172, by the York Buildings Company who dismantled much of the castle.
In 1761 the Earl briefly returned to Scotland and bought back Dunnottar only to sell it five years later to Alexander Keith, an Edinburgh lawyer who served as Knight Marischal of Scotland.
Dunnottar was inherited in 1852 by Sir Patrick Keith-Murray of Ochtertyre, who in turn sold it in July 1873 to Major Alexander Innes of Cowie and Raemoir for about £80,000.
It was purchased by Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray, in 1925 after which his wife embarked on a programme of repairs.
Since that time the castle has remained in the family, and has been open to the public, attracting 52,500 visitors in 2009.
Dunnottar Castle, and the headland on which is stands, was designated as a scheduled monument in 1970.In 1972 twelve of the structures at Dunnottar were listed.
Three buildings are listed at category A as being of "national importance": the keep; the entrance gateway; and Benholm's Lodging.
The remaining listings are at category B as being of "regional importance".[39] The Hon. Charles Anthony Pearson, the younger son of the 3rd Viscount Cowdray, currently owns and runs Dunnottar Castle which is part of the 210-square-kilometre (52,000-acre) Dunecht Estates.
Portions of the 1990 film Hamlet, starring Mel Gibson and Glenn Close, were shot there.
Description
Dunnottar's strategic location allowed its owners to control the coastal terrace between the North Sea cliffs and the hills of the Mounth, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) inland, which enabled access to and from the north-east of Scotland.
The site is accessed via a steep, 800-metre (2,600 ft) footpath (with modern staircases) from a car park on the coastal road, or via a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) cliff-top path from Stonehaven. Dunnottar's several buildings, put up between the 13th and 17th centuries, are arranged across a headland covering around 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres).
The dominant building, viewed from the land approach, is the 14th-century keep or tower house. The other principal buildings are the gatehouse; the chapel; and the 16th-century "palace" which incorporates the "Whigs' Vault".
Defences
The approach to the castle is overlooked by outworks on the "Fiddle Head", a promontory on the western side of the headland. The entrance is through the well-defended main gate, set in a curtain wall which entirely blocks a cleft in the rocky cliffs.
The gate has a portcullis and has been partly blocked up. Alongside the main gate is the 16th-century Benholm's Lodging, a five-storey building cut into the rock, which incorporated a prison with apartments above.
Three tiers of gun ports face outwards from the lower floors of Benholm's Lodging, while inside the main gate, a group of four gun ports face the entrance. The entrance passage then turns sharply to the left, running underground through two tunnels to emerge near the tower house.
Simpson contends that these defences are "without exception the strongest in Scotland", although later writers have doubted the effectiveness of the gun ports. Cruden notes that the alignment of the gun ports in Benholm's Lodging, facing across the approach rather than along, means that they are of limited efficiency.
The practicality of the gun ports facing the entrance has also been questioned, though an inventory of 1612 records that four brass cannons were placed here.
A second access to the castle leads up from a rocky cove, the aperture to a marine cave on the northern side of the Dunnottar cliffs into which a small boat could be brought. From here a steep path leads to the well-fortified postern gate on the cliff top, which in turn offers access to the castle via the Water Gate in the palace.
Artillery defences, taking the form of earthworks, surround the north-west corner of the castle, facing inland, and the south-east, facing seaward. A small sentry box or guard house stands by the eastern battery, overlooking the coast.
Tower house and surrounding buildings
The tower house of Dunnottar, viewed from the west
The late 14th-century tower house has a stone-vaulted basement, and originally had three further storeys and a garret above.
Measuring 12 by 11 metres (39 by 36 ft), the tower house stood 15 metres (49 ft) high to its gable. The principal rooms included a great hall and a private chamber for the lord, with bedrooms upstairs.
Beside the tower house is a storehouse, and a blacksmith's forge with a large chimney. A stable block is ranged along the southern edge of the headland. Nearby is Waterton's Lodging, also known as the Priest's House, built around 1574, possibly for the use of William Keith (died 1580), son of the 4th Earl Marischal.
This small self-contained house includes a hall and kitchen at ground level, with private chambers above, and has a projecting spiral stair on the north side. It is named for Thomas Forbes of Waterton, an attendant of the 7th Earl.
The palace
The palace, to the north-east of the headland, was built in the late 16th century and early to mid-17th century. It comprises three main wings set out around a quadrangle, and for the most part is probably the work of the 5th Earl Marischal who succeeded in 1581.
It provided extensive and comfortable accommodation to replace the rooms in the tower house. In its long, low design it has been compared to contemporary English buildings, in contrast to the Scottish tradition of taller towers still prevalent in the 16th century.
Seven identical lodgings are arranged along the west range, each opening onto the quadrangle and including windows and fireplace. Above the lodgings the west range comprised a 35-metre (115 ft) gallery. Now roofless, the gallery originally had an elaborate oak ceiling, and on display was a Roman tablet taken from the Antonine Wall.
At the north end of the gallery was a drawing room linked to the north range. The gallery could also be accessed from the Silver House to the south, which incorporated a broad stairway with a treasury above.
The basement of the north range incorporates kitchens and stores, with a dining room and great chamber above. At ground floor level is the Water Gate, between the north and west ranges, which gives access to the postern on the northern cliffs.
The east and north ranges are linked via a rectangular stair. The east range has a larder, brewhouse and bakery at ground level, with a suite of apartments for the Countess above. A north-east wing contains the Earl's apartments, and includes the "King's Bedroom" in which Charles II stayed. In this room is a carved stone inscribed with the arms of the 7th Earl and his wife, and the date 1654. Below these rooms is the Whigs' Vault, a cellar measuring 16 by 4.5 metres (52 by 15 ft). This cellar, in which the Covenanters were held in 1685, has a large eastern window, as well as a lower vault accessed via a trap-door in the floor.
Of the chambers in the palace, only the dining room and the Silver House remain roofed, having been restored in the 1920s. The central area contains a circular cistern or fish pond, 16 metres (52 ft) across and 7.6 metres (25 ft) deep, and a bowling green is located to the west.
At the south-east corner of the quadrangle is the chapel, consecrated in 1276 and largely rebuilt in the 16th century. Medieval walling and two 13th-century windows remain, and there is a graveyard to the south.
Lynden, Washington
Studebaker was an American wagon and automobile manufacturer based in South Bend, Indiana, with a building at 1600 Broadway, Times Square, Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Founded in 1852 and incorporated in 1868[5] as the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company, the firm was originally a coachbuilder, manufacturing wagons, buggies, carriages and harnesses.
Studebaker entered the automotive business in 1902 with electric vehicles and in 1904 with gasoline vehicles, all sold under the name "Studebaker Automobile Company". Until 1911, its automotive division operated in partnership with the Garford Company of Elyria, Ohio, and after 1909 with the E-M-F Company and with the Flanders Automobile Company.
The first gasoline automobiles to be fully manufactured by Studebaker were marketed in August 1912. Over the next 50 years, the company established a reputation for quality, durability and reliability.
After an unsuccessful 1954 merger with Packard (the Studebaker-Packard Corporation) failed to solve chronic postwar cashflow problems, the 'Studebaker Corporation' name was restored in 1962, but the South Bend plant ceased automobile production on December 20, 1963, and the last Studebaker automobile rolled off the Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, assembly line on Saint Patrick's Day, March 17, 1966.
Studebaker continued as an independent manufacturer before merging with Wagner Electric in May 1967 and then Worthington Corporation in November 1967 to form Studebaker-Worthington (Wikipedia)
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Thank-you for your visit, and any faves or comments are always greatly appreciated.
Sonja
Thanks to the superior durability of the Aardwolf II system, the URE is now capable of experimenting with long-distance, highly mobile space-faring units. The initial results produced the 021A and 021B units, which were both highly mobile, but lacked any sort of long-distance capabilities. To remedy this, two large shield boosters were attached to the back. The boosters can be moved around in various ways, and even attached to the arms of the unit. As for modifications to the base Aardwolf II, the EHST features 16 vernier thrusters scattered around the body, along with various additional thrusters on the feet and backpack. Two high-end sensor packages are located in the chest and on the head, to track data from field tests. The last big change is the two manipulator arms that make up the front skirts, which were added primarily so that the unit can serve maintenance purposes, but they can also be used to carry weapons.
I've been wanting to build a model based on the Hazel for a while now, and I'm really happy with the result. The top is pretty heavy, so the legs do have some difficulty doing wide stances, but in a neutral pose it's fine. I do have pictures of the versions I built leading up to this, so I may post those at some point.
If your visiting Dunnottar Castle be aware there are hundreds of steps going down the steep cliff to access the site , I have captured them as best I could in this panorama I took on Friday 17th May 2019.
Dunnottar Castle.
The rock the Castle sits upon was forced to the surface 440 million years ago during the Silurian period. A red rock conglomerate with boulders up to 1m across known as Pudding Stone is incredibly durable.
The ancient Highland rock pebbles and cementing matter is so tough that faults or cracks pass through the pebbles themselves.
I first visited Dunnottar Castle summer 2017, this magnificent castle sits high on a hill, last time I visited I captured my shots from the cliffs overlooking the site, though today I made the journey up the hill and entered the castle walls , wow what a magnificent experience, just perfect with loads of great photo opportunities to capture real Scottish history,after two hours wandering around and capturing as many shots that caught my eye , I made my way home, a magnificent experience indeed.
Dunnottar Castle (Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Fhoithear, "fort on the shelving slope" is a ruined medieval fortress located upon a rocky headland on the north-east coast of Scotland, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) south of Stonehaven.
The surviving buildings are largely of the 15th and 16th centuries, but the site is believed to have been fortified in the Early Middle Ages. Dunnottar has played a prominent role in the history of Scotland through to the 18th-century Jacobite risings because of its strategic location and defensive strength. Dunnottar is best known as the place where the Honours of Scotland, the Scottish crown jewels, were hidden from Oliver Cromwell's invading army in the 17th century. The property of the Keiths from the 14th century, and the seat of the Earl Marischal, Dunnottar declined after the last Earl forfeited his titles by taking part in the Jacobite rebellion of 1715.
The castle was restored in the 20th century and is now open to the public.
The ruins of the castle are spread over 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres), surrounded by steep cliffs that drop to the North Sea, 50 metres (160 ft) below. A narrow strip of land joins the headland to the mainland, along which a steep path leads up to the gatehouse.
The various buildings within the castle include the 14th-century tower house as well as the 16th-century palace. Dunnottar Castle is a scheduled monument, and twelve structures on the site are listed buildings.
History
Early Middle Ages
A chapel at Dunnottar is said to have been founded by St Ninian in the 5th century, although it is not clear when the site was first fortified, but in any case the legend is late and highly implausible. Possibly the earliest written reference to the site is found in the Annals of Ulster which record two sieges of "Dún Foither" in 681 and 694.
The earlier event has been interpreted as an attack by Brude, the Pictish king of Fortriu, to extend his power over the north-east coast of Scotland. The Scottish Chronicle records that King Domnall II, the first ruler to be called rí Alban (King of Alba), was killed at Dunnottar during an attack by Vikings in 900. King Aethelstan of Wessex led a force into Scotland in 934, and raided as far north as Dunnottar according to the account of Symeon of Durham. W. D. Simpson speculated that a motte might lie under the present caste, but excavations in the 1980s failed to uncover substantive evidence of early medieval fortification.
The discovery of a group of Pictish stones at Dunnicaer, a nearby sea stack, has prompted speculation that "Dún Foither" was actually located on the adjacent headland of Bowduns, 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) to the north.
Later Middle Ages
During the reign of King William the Lion (ruled 1165–1214) Dunnottar was a center of local administration for The Mearns. The castle is named in the Roman de Fergus, an early 13th-century Arthurian romance, in which the hero Fergus must travel to Dunnottar to retrieve a magic shield.
In May 1276 a church on the site was consecrated by William Wishart, Bishop of St Andrews. The poet Blind Harry relates that William Wallace captured Dunnottar from the English in 1297, during the Wars of Scottish Independence. He is said to have imprisoned 4,000 defeated English soldiers in the church and burned them alive.
In 1336 Edward III of England ordered William Sinclair, 8th Baron of Roslin, to sail eight ships to the partially ruined Dunnottar for the purpose of rebuilding and fortifying the site as a forward resupply base for his northern campaign. Sinclair took with him 160 soldiers, horses, and a corps of masons and carpenters.
Edward himself visited in July, but the English efforts were undone before the end of the year when the Scottish Regent Sir Andrew Murray led a force that captured and again destroyed the defences of Dunnottar.
In the 14th century Dunnottar was granted to William de Moravia, 5th Earl of Sutherland (d.1370), and in 1346 a licence to crenellate was issued by David II. Around 1359 William Keith, Marischal of Scotland, married Margaret Fraser, niece of Robert the Bruce, and was granted the barony of Dunnottar at this time. Keith then gave the lands of Dunnottar to his daughter Christian and son-in-law William Lindsay of Byres, but in 1392 an excambion (exchange) was agreed whereby Keith regained Dunnottar and Lindsay took lands in Fife.
William Keith completed construction of the tower house at Dunnottar, but was excommunicated for building on the consecrated ground associated with the parish church. Keith had provided a new parish church closer to Stonehaven, but was forced to write to the Pope, Benedict XIII, who issued a bull in 1395 lifting the excommunication.William Keith's descendents were created Earls Marischal in the mid 15th century, and they held Dunottar until the 18th century.
16th century rebuilding
Through the 16th century the Keiths improved and expanded their principal seats: at Dunnottar and also at Keith Marischal in East Lothian. James IV visited Dunnottar in 1504, and in 1531 James V exempted the Earl's men from military service on the grounds that Dunnottar was one of the "principall strenthis of our realme".
Mary, Queen of Scots, visited in 1562 after the Battle of Corrichie, and returned in 1564.
James VI stayed for 10 days in 1580, as part of a progress through Fife and Angus, during which a meeting of the Privy Council was convened at Dunnottar.
During a rebellion of Catholic nobles in 1592, Dunnottar was captured by a Captain Carr on behalf of the Earl of Huntly, but was restored to Lord Marischal just a few weeks later.
In 1581 George Keith succeeded as 5th Earl Marischal, and began a large scale reconstruction that saw the medieval fortress converted into a more comfortable home. The founder of Marischal College in Aberdeen, the 5th Earl valued Dunnottar as much for its dramatic situation as for its security.
A "palace" comprising a series of ranges around a quadrangle was built on the north-eastern cliffs, creating luxurious living quarters with sea views. The 13th-century chapel was restored and incorporated into the quadrangle.
An impressive stone gatehouse was constructed, now known as Benholm's Lodging, featuring numerous gun ports facing the approach. Although impressive, these are likely to have been fashionable embellishments rather than genuine defensive features.
Civil wars
Further information: Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms
In 1639 William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal, came out in support of the Covenanters, a Presbyterian movement who opposed the established Episcopal Church and the changes which Charles I was attempting to impose. With James Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose, he marched against the Catholic James Gordon, 2nd Viscount Aboyne, Earl of Huntly, and defeated an attempt by the Royalists to seize Stonehaven. However, when Montrose changed sides to the Royalists and marched north, Marischal remained in Dunnottar, even when given command of the area by Parliament, and even when Montrose burned Stonehaven.
Marischal then joined with the Engager faction, who had made a deal with the king, and led a troop of horse to the Battle of Preston (1648) in support of the royalists.
Following the execution of Charles I in 1649, the Engagers gave their allegiance to his son and heir: Charles II was proclaimed king, arriving in Scotland in June 1650. He visited Dunnottar in July 1650, but his presence in Scotland prompted Oliver Cromwell to lead a force into Scotland, defeating the Scots at Dunbar in September 1650.
The Honours of Scotland
Charles II was crowned at Scone Palace on 1 January 1651, at which the Honours of Scotland (the regalia of crown, sword and sceptre) were used. However, with Cromwell's troops in Lothian, the honours could not be returned to Edinburgh. The Earl Marischal, as Marischal of Scotland, had formal responsibility for the honours, and in June the Privy Council duly decided to place them at Dunnottar.
They were brought to the castle by Katherine Drummond, hidden in sacks of wool. Sir George Ogilvie (or Ogilvy) of Barras was appointed lieutenant-governor of the castle, and given responsibility for its defence.
In November 1651 Cromwell's troops called on Ogilvie to surrender, but he refused. During the subsequent blockade of the castle, the removal of the Honours of Scotland was planned by Elizabeth Douglas, wife of Sir George Ogilvie, and Christian Fletcher, wife of James Granger, minister of Kinneff Parish Church. The king's papers were first removed from the castle by Anne Lindsay, a kinswoman of Elizabeth Douglas, who walked through the besieging force with the papers sewn into her clothes.
Two stories exist regarding the removal of the honours themselves. Fletcher stated in 1664 that over the course of three visits to the castle in February and March 1652, she carried away the crown, sceptre, sword and sword-case hidden amongst sacks of goods. Another account, given in the 18th century by a tutor to the Earl Marischal, records that the honours were lowered from the castle onto the beach, where they were collected by Fletcher's servant and carried off in a creel (basket) of seaweed. Having smuggled the honours from the castle, Fletcher and her husband buried them under the floor of the Old Kirk at Kinneff.
Meanwhile, by May 1652 the commander of the blockade, Colonel Thomas Morgan, had taken delivery of the artillery necessary for the reduction of Dunnottar. Ogilvie surrendered on 24 May, on condition that the garrison could go free. Finding the honours gone, the Cromwellians imprisoned Ogilvie and his wife in the castle until the following year, when a false story was put about suggesting that the honours had been taken overseas.
Much of the castle property was removed, including twenty-one brass cannons,[28] and Marischal was required to sell further lands and possessions to pay fines imposed by Cromwell's government.
At the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the honours were removed from Kinneff Church and returned to the king. Ogilvie quarrelled with Marischal's mother over who would take credit for saving the honours, though he was eventually rewarded with a baronetcy. Fletcher was awarded 2,000 merks by Parliament but the sum was never paid.
Whigs and Jacobites
Religious and political conflicts continued to be played out at Dunnottar through the 17th and early 18th centuries. In 1685, during the rebellion of the Earl of Argyll against the new king James VII, 167 Covenanters were seized and held in a cellar at Dunnottar. The prisoners included 122 men and 45 women associated with the Whigs, an anti-Royalist group within the Covenanter movement, and had refused to take an oath of allegiance to the new king.
The Whigs were imprisoned from 24 May until late July. A group of 25 escaped, although two of these were killed in a fall from the cliffs, and another 15 were recaptured. Five prisoners died in the vault, and 37 of the Whigs were released after taking the oath of allegiance.
The remaining prisoners were transported to Perth Amboy, New Jersey, as part of a colonisation scheme devised by George Scot of Pitlochie. Many, like Scot himself, died on the voyage.
The cellar, located beneath the "King's Bedroom" in the 16th-century castle buildings, has since become known as the "Whigs' Vault".
Both the Jacobites (supporters of the exiled Stuarts) and the Hanoverians (supporters of George I and his descendents) used Dunnottar Castle. In 1689 during Viscount Dundee's campaign in support of the deposed James VII, the castle was garrisoned for William and Mary with Lord Marischal appointed captain.
Seventeen suspected Jacobites from Aberdeen were seized and held in the fortress for around three weeks, including George Liddell, professor of mathematics at Marischal College.
In the Jacobite Rising of 1715 George Keith, 10th Earl Marischal, took an active role with the rebels, leading cavalry at the Battle of Sheriffmuir. After the subsequent abandonment of the rising Lord Marischal fled to the Continent, eventually becoming French ambassador for Frederick the Great of Prussia. Meanwhile, in 1716, his titles and estates including Dunnottar were declared forfeit to the crown.
Later history
The seized estates of the Earl Marischal were purchased in 1720 for £41,172, by the York Buildings Company who dismantled much of the castle.
In 1761 the Earl briefly returned to Scotland and bought back Dunnottar only to sell it five years later to Alexander Keith, an Edinburgh lawyer who served as Knight Marischal of Scotland.
Dunnottar was inherited in 1852 by Sir Patrick Keith-Murray of Ochtertyre, who in turn sold it in July 1873 to Major Alexander Innes of Cowie and Raemoir for about £80,000.
It was purchased by Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray, in 1925 after which his wife embarked on a programme of repairs.
Since that time the castle has remained in the family, and has been open to the public, attracting 52,500 visitors in 2009.
Dunnottar Castle, and the headland on which is stands, was designated as a scheduled monument in 1970.In 1972 twelve of the structures at Dunnottar were listed.
Three buildings are listed at category A as being of "national importance": the keep; the entrance gateway; and Benholm's Lodging.
The remaining listings are at category B as being of "regional importance".[39] The Hon. Charles Anthony Pearson, the younger son of the 3rd Viscount Cowdray, currently owns and runs Dunnottar Castle which is part of the 210-square-kilometre (52,000-acre) Dunecht Estates.
Portions of the 1990 film Hamlet, starring Mel Gibson and Glenn Close, were shot there.
Description
Dunnottar's strategic location allowed its owners to control the coastal terrace between the North Sea cliffs and the hills of the Mounth, 3.5 kilometres (2.2 mi) inland, which enabled access to and from the north-east of Scotland.
The site is accessed via a steep, 800-metre (2,600 ft) footpath (with modern staircases) from a car park on the coastal road, or via a 3-kilometre (1.9 mi) cliff-top path from Stonehaven. Dunnottar's several buildings, put up between the 13th and 17th centuries, are arranged across a headland covering around 1.4 hectares (3.5 acres).
The dominant building, viewed from the land approach, is the 14th-century keep or tower house. The other principal buildings are the gatehouse; the chapel; and the 16th-century "palace" which incorporates the "Whigs' Vault".
Defences
The approach to the castle is overlooked by outworks on the "Fiddle Head", a promontory on the western side of the headland. The entrance is through the well-defended main gate, set in a curtain wall which entirely blocks a cleft in the rocky cliffs.
The gate has a portcullis and has been partly blocked up. Alongside the main gate is the 16th-century Benholm's Lodging, a five-storey building cut into the rock, which incorporated a prison with apartments above.
Three tiers of gun ports face outwards from the lower floors of Benholm's Lodging, while inside the main gate, a group of four gun ports face the entrance. The entrance passage then turns sharply to the left, running underground through two tunnels to emerge near the tower house.
Simpson contends that these defences are "without exception the strongest in Scotland", although later writers have doubted the effectiveness of the gun ports. Cruden notes that the alignment of the gun ports in Benholm's Lodging, facing across the approach rather than along, means that they are of limited efficiency.
The practicality of the gun ports facing the entrance has also been questioned, though an inventory of 1612 records that four brass cannons were placed here.
A second access to the castle leads up from a rocky cove, the aperture to a marine cave on the northern side of the Dunnottar cliffs into which a small boat could be brought. From here a steep path leads to the well-fortified postern gate on the cliff top, which in turn offers access to the castle via the Water Gate in the palace.
Artillery defences, taking the form of earthworks, surround the north-west corner of the castle, facing inland, and the south-east, facing seaward. A small sentry box or guard house stands by the eastern battery, overlooking the coast.
Tower house and surrounding buildings
The tower house of Dunnottar, viewed from the west
The late 14th-century tower house has a stone-vaulted basement, and originally had three further storeys and a garret above.
Measuring 12 by 11 metres (39 by 36 ft), the tower house stood 15 metres (49 ft) high to its gable. The principal rooms included a great hall and a private chamber for the lord, with bedrooms upstairs.
Beside the tower house is a storehouse, and a blacksmith's forge with a large chimney. A stable block is ranged along the southern edge of the headland. Nearby is Waterton's Lodging, also known as the Priest's House, built around 1574, possibly for the use of William Keith (died 1580), son of the 4th Earl Marischal.
This small self-contained house includes a hall and kitchen at ground level, with private chambers above, and has a projecting spiral stair on the north side. It is named for Thomas Forbes of Waterton, an attendant of the 7th Earl.
The palace
The palace, to the north-east of the headland, was built in the late 16th century and early to mid-17th century. It comprises three main wings set out around a quadrangle, and for the most part is probably the work of the 5th Earl Marischal who succeeded in 1581.
It provided extensive and comfortable accommodation to replace the rooms in the tower house. In its long, low design it has been compared to contemporary English buildings, in contrast to the Scottish tradition of taller towers still prevalent in the 16th century.
Seven identical lodgings are arranged along the west range, each opening onto the quadrangle and including windows and fireplace. Above the lodgings the west range comprised a 35-metre (115 ft) gallery. Now roofless, the gallery originally had an elaborate oak ceiling, and on display was a Roman tablet taken from the Antonine Wall.
At the north end of the gallery was a drawing room linked to the north range. The gallery could also be accessed from the Silver House to the south, which incorporated a broad stairway with a treasury above.
The basement of the north range incorporates kitchens and stores, with a dining room and great chamber above. At ground floor level is the Water Gate, between the north and west ranges, which gives access to the postern on the northern cliffs.
The east and north ranges are linked via a rectangular stair. The east range has a larder, brewhouse and bakery at ground level, with a suite of apartments for the Countess above. A north-east wing contains the Earl's apartments, and includes the "King's Bedroom" in which Charles II stayed. In this room is a carved stone inscribed with the arms of the 7th Earl and his wife, and the date 1654. Below these rooms is the Whigs' Vault, a cellar measuring 16 by 4.5 metres (52 by 15 ft). This cellar, in which the Covenanters were held in 1685, has a large eastern window, as well as a lower vault accessed via a trap-door in the floor.
Of the chambers in the palace, only the dining room and the Silver House remain roofed, having been restored in the 1920s. The central area contains a circular cistern or fish pond, 16 metres (52 ft) across and 7.6 metres (25 ft) deep, and a bowling green is located to the west.
At the south-east corner of the quadrangle is the chapel, consecrated in 1276 and largely rebuilt in the 16th century. Medieval walling and two 13th-century windows remain, and there is a graveyard to the south.