View allAll Photos Tagged drachenberg
Eine schöne Sicht von Berlin gibt's nicht nur vom Fernsehturm aus: Der Weg zum und auf den Drachenberg in Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf lohnt sich so gut wie immer! Die komplette Skyline ist von hier aus recht gut zu erkennen, sowie die ehemalige Abhörstation auf dem Teufelsberg, genau nebenan! Ich hoffe es gefällt euch :)
©Patrick Lemoine
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Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Hike around Plowman's Kop via the Crack and Mudslide.
Wanderung über den Plowman's Kop über Crack und Mudslide.
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
Thukela Gorge Hike
Wanderung in die Thukela Schlucht
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
View down to Bad Honnef on the RheinSteig on the way from Königswinter to Bad Honnef.
Blick hinunter nach Bad Honnef auf dem Rheinsteig von Königswinter nach Bad Honnef.
The RheinSteig is a 320 km trail on the right side of the Rhine that links Bonn, Koblenz and Wiesbaden on mainly narrow paths with steep climbs and descents, leading walkers and hikers to forests, vineyards and spectacular views.
Meticulously signposted and closely networked, the route is suitable for ambitious long-distance hikes and shorter walks rich in diversity, and is easily accessible by rail, boat and car and within reach of several airports. Yellow-marked access routes guide walkers safely to the main trail which is marked in blue, making it easy to plan out the route in stages.
(rheinsteig.de)
Der Rheinsteig ist ein Fernwanderweg, der auf einer Länge von rund 320 Kilometern dem Mittelrhein und dem nördlichsten Teil des Oberrheins auf der rechten Rheinseite folgt. Er wurde am 8. September 2005 feierlich eröffnet, nachdem im August 2004 der Rheinburgenweg fertiggestellt war. Auf der Strecke Koblenz–Rüdesheim durchquert der Rheinsteig das UNESCO-Welterbe Oberes Mittelrheintal sowie die Weinanbaulandschaft Rheingau.
Der parallel laufende Rheinhöhenweg verlässt immer wieder die Hänge des Rheintals und führt über die angrenzenden Bergkuppen. Stellenweise verläuft er jedoch auch näher am Rhein als der Rheinsteig, so dass häufig die Wahl bleibt zwischen den Wegen im Flusstal und dem Bergland.
Die Einrichtung des Wanderwegs war ein Gemeinschaftsprojekt der Bundesländer Nordrhein-Westfalen, Rheinland-Pfalz und Hessen, um den Tourismus in den Regionen entlang des Rheines zu fördern. Das Deutsche Wanderinstitut in Marburg hat den Rheinsteig mit dem „Deutschen Wandersiegel Premiumweg“ ausgezeichnet.
Der Rheinsteig war im Jahr 2009 Gründungsmitglied des Vereins Top Trails of Germany.
(Wikipedia)
The Drachenfels ("Dragon's Rock", German pronunciation: [ˈdʁaxənˌfɛls]) is a hill (321 metres (1,053 ft)) in the Siebengebirge uplands between Königswinter and Bad Honnef in Germany. The hill was formed by rising magma that could not break through to the surface, and then cooled and became solid underneath. It is the subject of much tourism and romanticism in the North Rhine-Westphalia area.
The ruined castle Burg Drachenfels, on the summit of the hill, was built between 1138 and 1167 by Archbishop Arnold I of Cologne and bears the same name. It was originally intended for the protection of the Cologne region from any assault from the south. Originally it consisted of a bergfried with court, chapel and living quarters for servants. The castle was slighted in 1634, during the Thirty Years' War, by the Protestant Swedes and never rebuilt. As a strategic asset it had outlived its usefulness. Erosion due to the continued quarrying undermined much of the remains and only a small part is left today.
The rock, like the rest of the Siebengebirge, is formed by the remnants of a volcano and has been the site of a trachyte quarry since Roman times, which, amongst others, delivered the building material for the Cologne Cathedral. Of all the hills in the Siebengebirge, it is closest to the river Rhine, which facilitates easy transport by barges, thus making it an excellent place for a quarry. Quarrying ended in 1836, when the Prussian government bought the quarry. In 1922 the first protection measures were put in place and in 1956 the site was declared a national park.
The rock and the ruins gained popularity in the romantic era, after the Napoleonic Wars had ended. The visit of Lord Byron to Mehlem [de] and its appearance in Childe Harold's Pilgrimage provided the rock with international attention. It soon became a highlight of the so-called Rhine romanticism. Poems were composed by people like Edward Bulwer-Lytton[1] and locally by Heinrich Heine. Thus popularized, and, since 1883, accessible by rail it evolved into a tourist attraction, which it still is.
A neogothic castle, lower on the hill, is named Schloss Drachenburg and was built in 1882 by Baron Stephan von Sarter [de]. Both the top and Schloss Drachenburg can be reached by the Drachenfelsbahn, a rack railway built in the 19th century to satisfy demand from growing tourism. The Drachenfels is sometimes irreverently called Schwiegermutterfelsen (mother-in-law rock) or jokingly referred to as "the highest hill in Holland" because of its popularity among Dutch tourists. It is the first substantial elevation one encounters when traveling upstream on the Rhine from the Netherlands.
In the 1970s a new restaurant (with view) was built on top of the hill in the then popular brutalistic style. In January 2011 work began to demolish it, renovate the buildings from the 1930s and replace the restaurant with a glass cube. The project is expected to be finished in the summer of 2012.
Several legends surround the Drachenfels, most famously that Siegfried – the hero of the Nibelungenlied – killed the dragon Fafnir, who lived in a cave in the hill, then bathed in its blood to become invulnerable. Hence, the hill is named the "Dragon's Rock", Drachenfels.
About a third of the way up is the Nibelungenhalle, built in 1913, a gallery of paintings by the symbolist painter Hermann Hendrich depicting scenes from Richard Wagner's operas.
Another legend tells of prisoners being sacrificed to a dragon. One of these was a Christian virgin, who, in her fear, held up a little cross. In fear of this holy symbol, the dragon jumped into the Rhine and was never heard from again.
A third, less pious, story has it the dragon one day attacked a boat laden with gunpowder, causing an explosion which destroyed the ship and killed the dragon.
(Wikipedia)
Der Drachenfels ist ein Berg im Siebengebirge am Rhein zwischen Königswinter und Bad Honnef. Aufgrund seiner markanten Lage über dem Rheintal, der Ruine der Burg Drachenfels, seiner Verwendung als Sujet der Rheinromantik und einer frühen touristischen Erschließung erlangte er im 19. Jahrhundert weite Bekanntheit. Mit einer Höhe von 321 m ü. NHN liegt der Gipfel rund 270 Meter über dem Rhein.
Der Drachenfels entstand durch aufsteigendes Magma, das nicht zur Erdoberfläche durchbrechen konnte, sondern darunter domartig erstarrte; Vulkanologen nennen das Quellkuppe. Schon aus römischer Zeit sind Steinbrüche (Quarztrachyt) am Drachenfels belegt. Besonders im Mittelalter war der Drachenfels-Trachyt rheinabwärts ein viel verwendeter Baustein, z. B. beim Bau des Kölner Doms.
Am nördlichen Hang über der Stadt Königswinter befindet sich das 1882–84 im historistischen Stil erbaute Schloss Drachenburg. Eine Besonderheit ist die von Königswinter auf das Drachenfels-Plateau führende Zahnradbahn (Drachenfelsbahn).
Unter den Bergen des Siebengebirges reicht der Drachenfels am weitesten an den Rhein heran, begrenzt dort die Honnefer Talweitung des Mittelrheins und markiert somit dessen Übergang zur Niederrheinischen (Kölner) Bucht. Nach Westen und Süden, also Richtung Rheinufer und Rhöndorf fällt er steil ab, während er nach Norden und Nordwesten deutlich langsamer an Höhe verliert. Im Osten ist er nur durch eine geringfügige Einsattelung von der mit 324 m ü. NHN heutzutage annähernd gleich hohen Wolkenburg getrennt. Das Nachtigallental, durch das der Hitelbach fließt, trennt ihn vom nordöstlich gelegenen Hirschberg (256 m ü. NHN). Der nordwestliche Hang des Drachenfelses direkt oberhalb der Altstadt von Königswinter wurde früher als eigene Erhebung mit der Bezeichnung Hardberg ausgewiesen. Der zum Rhein hin gewandte, westnordwestliche Bergrücken wird nach dem historischen Standort eines Steinbruchs Rüdenet genannt, der nach Norden hin abfallende Bergrücken westlich entlang des Nachtigallentals hat die schon 1715 erwähnte und auf einen Flurnamen zurückgehende Bezeichnung Saurenberg bzw. Saurer Berg. Dort befindet sich auch das Königswinterer Freibad. Die Fortsetzung des Drachenfelses im Rhein als sogenannter Drachenfelsgrund zwischen Rhöndorf im Süden und Königswinter im Norden stellt für die Rheinschifffahrt eine Untiefe dar, die den historischen Namen Reih trägt
Das Drachenfels-Plateau mit Hotel und Restaurantgebäude sowie Endstation der Drachenfelsbahn liegt 30 Meter unterhalb der Burgruine auf etwa 290 m ü. NHN.
Der Name „Drachenfels“ soll sich nach der geläufigsten Etymologie vom Quarz-Trachyt ableiten, der an dem Berg gewonnen wurde. Da der Name Trachyt für diese Art Gestein jedoch erst 1813 in die Geologie eingeführt wurde, der Name des Drachenfelsens jedoch sehr viel älter ist, erscheint dies unwahrscheinlich. Eine volkstümliche Herleitung stammt von der Sage über einen Drachen, der auf dem Berg gehaust haben soll. Hieraus wurde auch ein Bezug zur Nibelungensage hergestellt, der aber nicht nachgewiesen ist.
Tatsächlich taucht der Name bereits in einer Urkunde des Kölner Erzbischofs Arnold I. von 1149 über die Loslösung der Burg Drachenfels von Vogt Adalbert auf, in der der Ort der Burg mit in monte dracu – also auf dem Drachenberg angegeben wird.
1176 ist Gottfried (I.), der Vater Heinrichs (I.) und Großvater Gottfrieds (II.), Herr von Drachenfels und führt den silbernen Drachen auf rotem Feld als sein Wappen.
Mit dem Ende der napoleonischen Herrschaft und dem Beginn der Romantik setzte starker Reiseverkehr am Rhein ein. Der Besuch von George Gordon Byron im Mai 1816 macht die Ruine Drachenfels international bekannt. Sein Gedicht begeistert seine Landsleute und die Briten waren die ersten ausländischen Touristen im Siebengebirge.
Die bekannten Esel vom Drachenfels wurden damals für den Transport der Steine aus dem Bruch verwendet und waren auch wichtige Arbeitstiere beim Weinanbau. Als immer mehr Touristen die Ruine besuchten, erkannte man die Möglichkeiten und 1816 wurden die Besucher mit Hilfe der Grautiere auf den Gipfel transportiert, aber auch Pferde wurden eingesetzt. Als es 1967 zum Felssturz kam, endete der Eseltransport am Eingang von Schloss Drachenburg, die Sicherungsmaßnahmen haben daran nichts geändert. Die Drachenfelsbahn hatte nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die Anzahl der verwendeten Tiere. 1900 wurden 36 und 1937 noch 29 Esel verwendet. Heute gibt es nur noch einen Reittierhalter mit zehn Eseln.
Am 1. Mai 1827 wurde Königswinter von der heutigen Köln-Düsseldorfer (KD) Gesellschaft angefahren. Der Transport an Land erfolgte durch Nachen, eine Landebrücke legte die Kölnische Gesellschaft im Mai 1841 an. Heute gibt es vier Anlegestellen am Königswinterer Ufer, eine für den Linienverkehr der Köln-Düsseldorfer und eine für ihre Hotelschiffe. Zwei weitere Brücken gehören der Stadt und werden von anderen Gesellschaften genutzt. Alle weiteren Anlegestellen sind für Schiffe, die hier ihren festen Liegeplatz haben.
Ein weiterer Aufschwung für den Tourismus war 1844 die Eröffnung der Bonn-Cölner Eisenbahn und die Verbesserung der allgemeinen Verkehrsverhältnisse. Am 11. Juli 1870 wurde der Königswinterer Bahnhof eröffnet. Seit 1872 können die Reisenden auf einer Fahrstraße mit Kutschen auf den Drachenfels fahren.
Die am 17. Juli 1883 eröffnete Drachenfelsbahn ist die älteste Zahnradbahn Deutschlands. Hiermit begann das Zeitalter des Massentourismus, in dessen Folge am Rheinufer Nobelhotels für die wohlhabenden Gäste entstanden, während in der Innenstadt Unterkünfte für die weniger Betuchten entstanden. 1892 wurde das erste Motorboot in Betrieb genommen. 1897 gab es in Königswinter sieben Motorboote, die 20 bis 35 Passiere befördern konnten. 1914 gab es bereits 16 Schiffe, die bis in die 1930er-Jahre erneuert wurden. In den 1950ern wurden diese durch die heute bekannten Großraummotorboote ersetzt.
1964/65 wurde die Zufahrt zur B 42 errichtet, die über die Landesstraße 331 auch mit der A 3 in Ittenbach verbunden ist.
Bis in die späten 1990er-Jahre hinein war der Drachenfels die wichtigste touristische Attraktion Königswinters. Besonders beliebt war er bei Besuchern aus den Niederlanden, was ihm in der Umgebung den Spitznamen „höchster Berg Hollands“ eingebracht hat. Der Tourismus wurde von einem in den 1930er-Jahren fertiggestellten Hotel und einem weithin sichtbaren, 1976 eingeweihten Restaurantgebäude bewältigt. In den 1990er- und 2000er-Jahren waren die Besucherzahlen rückläufig, einige Lokale mussten schließen, und die Attraktionen werben um Sponsoren. Er gilt dennoch als der „meistbestiegene Berg Europas“ – auch wenn das nicht durch Zahlen belegt ist und die meisten Besucher ihn nicht zu Fuß besteigen.
Um die Attraktivität des Tourismusstandorts Drachenfels zu verbessern, werden seit einigen Jahren große Anstrengungen unternommen: 2005 wurde der neue Bahnhof der Zahnradbahn mit Tourist-Information eröffnet, das am Aufstieg zum Drachenfels gelegene Schloss Drachenburg wurde bis 2010 umfassend renoviert. 2007 fand eine weitreichende Modernisierung des inzwischen jedoch abgerissenen Drachenfelsrestaurants auf dem Gipfel statt. Weiterhin erreichte man, dass der Drachenfels mittlerweile für kommerzielle Silvesterfeiern genutzt wird.
Aus Mitteln der Regionale 2010 wird zurzeit der Weg vom Rheinufer bis zum Plateau auf der Bergspitze ansprechender gestaltet und die Beschilderung (insbesondere der Zugang zur Burgruine) verbessert. Nach Vorarbeiten ab November 2010 begann am 11. Januar 2011 der Abriss des in den 1970er-Jahren im Stil des Brutalismus errichteten Restaurants, der im März des Jahres abgeschlossen wurde. Ab September 2011 erfolgte die Sanierung des Altbaus aus den 1930er-Jahren und der Neubau des Glaskubus. Am 30. November 2012 wurde das neue Restaurant im fertiggestellten Kubus eröffnet, die endgültige Fertigstellung des Plateaus zog sich bis zum folgenden Frühjahr hin – die offizielle Einweihung fand am 2. Juni 2013 statt. Die Kosten fallen mit voraussichtlich 9,2 Millionen Euro deutlich höher als veranschlagt aus.
Vom sogenannten Siegfriedfelsen, einem zum Drachenfels gehörigen Felsvorsprung, bahnte sich am 4. Januar 2011 im Zuge eines Steinschlags ein Steinbrocken den Weg durch die zu Füßen liegenden Weinberge in Rhöndorf. Seitdem sind beliebte Weinbergswege durch die zuständige Stadtverwaltung Bad Honnefs gesperrt, was in der Bevölkerung zu engagierten Diskussionen und anhaltenden Protesten durch den Bürger- und Ortsverein Rhöndorf und der betroffenen Ertragswinzer über die Verhältnismäßigkeit der Maßnahme führt und in der Einreichung einer Petition zur Öffnung der Wege beim nordrhein-westfälischen Landtag (24. Mai 2013) mündete. Von August bis November 2014 wurde ein Sicherheitszaun errichtet, der die weitere Bewirtschaftung der Weinberge ermöglicht.
(Wikipedia)
Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Total lunar eclipse July 27, 2018.
Observed from Drachenberg, Berlin. Moonrise was mostly invisible due to foggy horizon, totality was already ongoing when the moon finally became visible.
Mars as bright red dot on the lower right.
Südafrika - Driekloof Dam (links) und Sterkfontein Dam
The Sterkfontein Dam, located just outside the town of Harrismith, in the Free State, province of South Africa, is part of the Tugela-Vaal Water Project and the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme, and located on the Nuwejaarspruit, a tributary of the Wilge River in the upper catchment area of the Vaal River. It is the second highest dam wall in South Africa and its highest earth fill dam.
The rapid economic expansion of the greater Johannesburg area in the 1960s and 70s put its water supply under long term threat and it was decided to redirect water from the large Tugela River which was going largely un-used into the sea and store it in large strategic water storage reservoir with very low evaporation. The initial site chosen for this project was in the adjacent valley to the west on the Elands River. This was the preferred option from an engineering aspect because it would involve a smaller dam wall. However shortly before construction was about to start the site on the Nuwejaarspruit was selected for political reasons because it avoided the partial flooding the newly planned Apartheid era Bantustan of Qwaqwa in Phuthadichaba. Under the peculiar politics of the time it potentially could have meant this strategic national resource could have been located in a "foreign country" which would have been unacceptable as seen from the perspective of Apartheid Government.
Construction began in 1969 and the first phase was commissioned in 1977 and comprised a 69-metre (226 ft) high earthfill embankment 2,290 metres (7,510 ft) long with no spillway. After completion of the first phase the decision was made to immediately continue with the final phase and it was subsequently raised in 1980 to its current height of 93 metres (305 ft) with a crest length of 3,060 metres (10,040 ft) and a full supply capacity of 2,656 million cubic metres (2,153,000 acre⋅ft). At full supply, it has a surface area of no more than 70 km2. The extended dam was commissioned in 1980, and has a capacity of 2,616,950 cubic metres (2,121.60 acre⋅ft), with a surface area of only 67.26 square kilometres (25.97 sq mi), the dam wall is 93 metres (305 ft) high. The total construction period was 11 years. The Sterkfontein Dam was designed and constructed by the Department of Water Affairs. The dam mainly serves for domestic and industrial use and its hazard potential has been ranked high.
The dam was named after one of the many farms expropriated in its construction. The temporary township for the construction workers was built on the Sterkfontein farm. The word sterkfontein means strong fountain when translated from Afrikaans.
The wall is an earth gravity type. The dam wall contains 19.8 million cubic metres (700×106 cu ft) of material making it the largest dam wall in South Africa with regard to volume. The reservoir is impounded by two walls. The second wall is 600 metres (2,000 ft) long and contains 1.04 million cubic metres (37×106 cu ft) of material.
This dam is rather unique in that very little of its water is sourced is from rainfall and instead, it is filled by diverting water from the upper reaches of the Tugela river, which is underutilized and the water would otherwise flow unused into the ocean. The dam was not built on a river but instead, it is sited on what can at best be classed as a large stream in the upper reaches of a valley on the Nuwejaarspruit. The catchment area of the dam is less than three times the water surface area of the dam and therefore not risk to a flood. For this reason the main dam wall does not have the need for a spillway. Any excess rainwater can be safely ejected from its outlet valves. The advantage of this location is the Dam is a highly effective reservoir, since it has the depth to store a large amount of water, with very little loss to evaporation. The Vaal Dam lake (reservoir) by comparison has a large surface area and is relatively shallow, which results in a higher rate of evaporation. It would take 17 years of rainfall to fill the dam. But capturing rainfall was not an important intent behind this project. It was built to capture water from the Tugela river and deliver it into the Vaal system.
The dam receives its water via the Tugela-Vaal Water Project later renamed the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme which is a 1,000 MW pumped hydro storage scheme involving the net transfer of up to 630 million cubic metres (510,000 acre⋅ft) of water from KwaZulu-Natal. This is stored in the Sterkfontein Dam and released to the Vaal Dam via the Wilge River when needed.
The Driekloof Dam which is inside the Sterkfontein Dam, is regarded as a separated dam and reservoir, and is not included in the above figures. It is essentially a dam within a dam. Driekloof Dam is the upper storage reservoir of the Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme. If the Sterkfontein Dam were to be empty the Driekloof reservoir would retain the water for the pumped storage scheme to operate unimpeded. When Sterkfontein Dam is at full capacity the Driekloof Dam is submerged up to the top of its spillway.
This is the 3rd largest dam in South Africa in terms of water capacity and it is slightly larger than Vaal Dam.
Gariep Dam 5,340,600 MegaL
Vanderkloof Dam 3,171,300 MegaL
Sterkfontein Dam 2,616,900 MegaL
Vaal Dam 2,603,400 MegaL
The Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve is a protected area located by the dam.
(Wikpedia)
Driekloof Dam is a small section of the Sterkfontein Dam, Free State, South Africa. A section of the Sterkfontein Dam reservoir is isolated after the construction of Driekloof Dam, this small reservoir has a capacity of 35.6 million cubic metres (28,900 acre⋅ft)., together with the Kilburn Dam almost 500 metres (1,600 ft) lower, Driekloof forms part of Eskom's Drakensberg Pumped Storage Scheme and Tugela-Vaal Water Project, and provides for up to 27.6 gigawatt-hours (99 TJ) of electricity storage in the form of 275 million cubic metres (9.7×109 cu ft) of water. The water is pumped to Driekloof during times of low national power consumption (generally over weekends) and released back into Kilburn through four 250 megawatts (340,000 hp) turbine generators in times of high electricity demand.
The scheme is operated in such a way that there is a net pumping of up to 631 million cubic metres (512,000 acre⋅ft)/annum depending upon the water availability in the Tugela catchment (Woodstock Dam) as well as the need for augmentation in the Vaal Dam catchment.
The Driekloof Dam was commissioned in 1979, has a capacity of 32,071 cubic metres (26.000 acre⋅ft), and a surface area of 1.906 square kilometres (0.736 sq mi), the Dam wall is 47 metres (154 ft) high.
(Wikipedia)
Wer den nahegelegenen Royal Natal National Park besuchen möchte, passiert auf seiner Fahrt von oder in Richtung Nordosten das Sterkfontein Dam Nature Reserve, 23 Kilometer südlich von Harrismith gelegen. Grund genug, hier eine Pause oder einen Urlaubstag einzulegen, zumal die grosszügige, moderne Ferienanlage selten ausgebucht ist.
Das ausgedehnte Naturschutzgebiet, um einen Staudamm herum angelegt, bietet von allem etwas: zerklüftete Berge, endlose Weiten und viel Wasser. Neben ausgedehnten Spaziergängen und Wanderungen begeistern vor allem die Wassersport- und Angelmöglichkeiten, die durch den grossen Stausee gegeben sind. Besondere Attraktion ist das "Vulture Restaurant", ein Platz, an dem regelmässig Geier gefüttert werden.
(suedafrika.net)
Blesbok Loop
Burchell's Zebras
Steppenzebras
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Burchell's zebra (Equus quagga burchellii) is a southern subspecies of the plains zebra. It is named after the British explorer and naturalist William John Burchell. Common names include the bontequagga, Damaraland zebra, and Zululand zebra (Gray, 1824). Burchell's zebra is the only subspecies of zebra which may be legally farmed for human consumption.
Like most plains zebras, females and males are relatively the same size, standing 1.1 to 1.4 meters (3.75 to 4.6 feet) at the shoulder. They weigh between 485 to 550 pounds. Year-round reproduction observed in this subspecies in Etosha National Park, Namibia, concludes synchronization of a time budget between males and females, possibly explaining the lack of sexual dimorphism.
Damara zebras are described as being striped on the head, the neck, and the flanks, and sparsely down the upper segments of the limbs then fading to white. One or two shadow stripes rest between the bold, broad stripes on the haunch. This main, distinguishing characteristic sets the Zuzuland Zebra apart from the other subspecies. Gray (1824), observed a distinct dorsal line, the tail only bristly at the end, and the body distinctly white. The dorsal line is narrow and becomes gradually broader in the hinder part, distinctly margined with white on each side.
Like most plains zebras, Burchells live in small family groups. These can be either harem or bachelor groups, with harem groups consisting of one stallion and one to six mares and their most recent foals, and bachelor groups containing two to eight unattached stallions. The males in bachelor herds are often the younger or older stallions of the population, as they are most likely not experienced enough or strong enough to defend breeding rights to a group of females from challengers. These small groups often congregate together in larger herds around water and food sources, but still maintain their identity as family units while in the population gatherings.
Formerly, the Burchell's zebra range was centered north of the Vaal/Orange river system, extending northwest via southern Botswana to Etosha and the Kaokoveld, and southeast to Swaziland and KwaZulu-Natal. Now extinct in the middle portion, it survives at the northwestern and southeastern ends of the distribution.
Burchell's zebra migrates the longest distance of any terrestrial animal in Africa, traveling 160 miles one way. They migrate from the Chobe River in Namibia to Nxai Pan National Park in Botswana. Their migration follows a straight north–south route almost entirely within the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA).
Like other plains zebras, Burchell's zebras must have populated the African plains in impressive numbers. Associations of thousands have been reported. The wild herds were thought to have disappeared by 1910, and the last known captive individual died in the Berlin Zoo in 1918. As European settlement spread northward from the Cape to colonial southern Rhodesia, this subspecies was thought to have been hunted to extinction.
However, Groves and Bell concluded in their 2004 publication that "the extinct true Burchell's zebra" is a phantom. Careful study of the original zebra populations in Zululand and Swaziland, and of skins harvested on game farms in Zululand and Natal, has revealed that a certain small proportion shows similarity to what now is regarded as typical burchellii. The type localities of the two subspecies Equus quagga burchellii (Burchell's zebra) and Equus quagga antiquorum (Damaraland zebra) are so close to each other that they suggest that the two are in fact one, and therefore the older of the two names should take precedence over the younger. They therefore say that the correct name for the southernmost subspecies must be burchellii, not antiquorum.[9] The subspecies Equus quagga burchellii still exists in KwaZulu-Natal and in Etosha. Equus quagga burchellii can be found in a number of zoos in the United States including the following: the Cincinnati Zoo, Columbus Zoo, Naples Zoo, Nashville Zoo, Woodland Park Zoo, etc.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Das Steppenzebra (Equus quagga) oder Pferdezebra ist ein Zebra aus der Familie der Pferde (Equidae) und gehört zur Ordnung der Unpaarhufer (Perissodactyla). Es stellt heute die häufigste Zebra-Art in Afrika dar und ist vom Nordosten bis in den Süden des Kontinents verbreitet. Es lebt gesellig in kleinen Herdenverbänden und ernährt sich hauptsächlich von Gräsern. Im Gegensatz zu den anderen heutigen Pferdearten kommt es auch in teilweise geschlossenen Landschaften vor. Der Bestand, dessen größte Population heute in der Serengeti lebt, gilt als nicht gefährdet. Es werden sechs rezente Unterarten unterschieden, die sich meistens deutlich in der Streifenzeichnung voneinander abheben.
(Wikipedia)
Total lunar eclipse July 27, 2018.
From Drachenberg, Berlin
Moonrise not visible due to cloudy sky.
Mars close to Moon during eclipse.
Moon at 800 mm focal with
Cathedral Peak - Hike around One Tree Hill
Cathedral Peak - Wanderung um den One Tree Hill
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
This picture I took with my Mamiya C220 on Ilford XP film.
I double exposure the negative giving m this result. No filters added, just a scan and a bit of contrast correction.
I took this Picture in Berlin, Germany at the so called Drachenberg looking at the Teufelsberg. The Facility I photographed is an old spying building used by the americans during the cold war.
Picture took at the beginning of October 2017
Leopard Trail
The Blyde River Canyon, officially the Motlatse Canyon is a significant natural feature of South Africa, located in Mpumalanga, and forming the northern part of the Drakensberg escarpment. Located in the Blyde River Canyon Nature Reserve, it is 25 kilometres (16 mi) in length and is, on average, around 750 metres (2,461 ft) deep. The Blyderivierpoort Dam, when full, is at an altitude of 665 metres (2,182 ft). The canyon consists mostly of red sandstone. The highest point of the canyon, Mariepskop, is 1,944 metres (6,378 ft) above sea level, whilst its lowest point where the river leaves the canyon is slightly less than 561 metres (1,841 ft) above sea level. This means that by some measure the canyon is 1,383 metres (4,537 ft) deep.
While it is difficult to compare canyons world-wide, Blyde River Canyon is one of the largest canyons on Earth, and it may be the largest 'green canyon' due to its lush subtropical foliage. It has some of the deepest precipitous cliffs of any canyon on the planet. It is the second largest canyon in Africa, after the Fish River Canyon, and is known as one of the great wonders of nature on the continent.
Possibly the best view in the whole of the Blyde River Canyon is of the "Three Rondavels", huge, round rocks, thought to be reminiscent of the houses or huts of the indigenous people, known as rondavels. This canyon is part of the Panorama Route. This route starts at the town Graskop and includes God's Window, the Pinnacle and Bourke's Luck Potholes.
Blyde means "glad" or "happy" in old Dutch, a name derived from a voortrekkers' expedition. The 'happy river' was thus named in 1844, when Hendrik Potgieter and others returned safely from Delagoa Bay to the rest of their party of trekkers who had considered them dead. While still under this misapprehension they had named the nearby river where they had been encamped, Treurrivier, or 'mourning river'.
In 2005, the Blyde River was renamed to the Motlatse River, and the Mpumalanga Provincial Government announced that the canyon would be renamed as well.
The Blyde River Canyon supports large diversity of life, including numerous fish and antelope species as well as hippos and crocodiles, and every primate species that may be seen in South Africa (including both greater and lesser bushbabies, vervet monkeys and Samango monkeys). The diversity of birdlife is similarly high, including the beautiful and much sought Narina trogon as well as species such as the Cape vulture, black eagle, crowned eagle, African fish eagle, gymnogene, jackal buzzard, white-rumped vulture, bald ibis, African finfoot, Knysna lourie, purple-crested lourie, Gurney's sugarbird, malachite sunbird, cinnamon dove, African emerald cuckoo, red-backed mannikin, golden-tailed woodpecker, olive bush shrike, green twinspot, Taita falcons (very rarely sighted, a breeding pair lives in the nearby Abel Erasmus Pass), Cape eagle owl, white-faced owl, wood owl, peregrine falcon, black-breasted snake eagle, Wahlberg's eagle, long-crested eagle, lanner falcon, red-breasted sparrowhawk, rock kestrel and others.
At 200 metres (660 ft), the Kadishi Tufa waterfall is the second tallest tufa waterfall on earth. A tufa waterfall is formed when water running over dolomite rock absorbs calcium, and deposits rock formations more rapidly than they erode the surrounding rock. In the case of the Kadishi Tufa fall, the formation that has been produced strikingly resembles a face which is crying profusely, and is thus sometimes known as 'the weeping face of nature'.
The canyon and the surrounding Drakensberg escarpment is a very popular tourist region with a well-developed tourism industry supported by good public infrastructure.
(Wikipedia)
Der Blyde River Canyon ist ein 26 Kilometer langer, bis 800 Meter tiefer und hauptsächlich aus rotem Sandstein bestehender Canyon. Er befindet sich an der Panorama Route nordöstlich von Johannesburg und gilt als eines der großen Naturwunder Afrikas.
Durch den Blyde River Canyon, der an den Bourke’s Luck Potholes beginnt, fließt der Fluss Blyde River, der bei 25° 4′ 15,9″ S, 30° 40′ 40,2″ O dem Thaba Chweu entspringt und bei 24° 15′ 18,6″ S, 30° 49′ 50″ O in den Olifantsriver fließt.
Ein von zahlreichen Touristen besuchter Punkt des Canyons sind die drei Rondavels, gewaltige, runde Felsen, die an die runden Hütten der Einheimischen erinnern. Wegen seines Ausblicks vielbesucht ist auch God’s Window.
(Wikipedia)
Common eland
Elenantilope
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The common eland (Taurotragus oryx), also known as the southern eland or eland antelope, is a savannah and plains antelope found in East and Southern Africa. It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus Taurotragus. An adult male is around 1.6 metres (5') tall at the shoulder (females are 20 centimetres (8") shorter) and can weigh up to 942 kg (2,077 lb) with an average of 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb), 340–445 kg (750–981 lb) for females). It is the second largest antelope in the world, being slightly smaller on average than the giant eland. It was scientifically described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766.
Mainly an herbivore, its diet is primarily grasses and leaves. Common elands form herds of up to 500 animals, but are not territorial. The common eland prefers habitats with a wide variety of flowering plants such as savannah, woodlands, and open and montane grasslands; it avoids dense forests. It uses loud barks, visual and postural movements and the flehmen response to communicate and warn others of danger. The common eland is used by humans for leather, meat, and rich, nutritious milk, and has been domesticated in many areas.
It is native to Angola, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe but is no longer present in Burundi. While the common eland's population is decreasing, it is classified as "Least Concern" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
The scientific name of the common eland is Taurotragus oryx, composed of three words: tauros, tragos and oryx. Tauros is Greek for a bull or bullock, meaning the same as the Latin taurus. Tragos is Greek for a male goat, referring to the tuft of hair that grows in the eland's ear and its resemblance to a goat's beard. Oryx is Latin and Greek (generally orygos) for pickaxe, referring to the pointed horns of North African antelopes like the common eland and scimitar-horned oryx.
The name 'eland' is Dutch for "elk" or "moose". It has a Baltic source similar to the Lithuanian élnis, which means "deer". It was borrowed earlier as ellan (French) in the 1610s or Elend (German). When Dutch settlers came to the Cape Province, they named it after the large, herbivorous moose. In Dutch the animal is called "Eland antelope" to distinguish it from the moose, which is found in the northern boreal forests.
Common elands are spiral-horned antelopes. They are sexually dimorphic, with females being smaller than the males.[10] Females weigh 300–600 kg (660–1,320 lb), measure 200–280 cm (79–110 in) from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 125–153 cm (49–60 in) at the shoulder. Bulls weigh 400–942 kg (882–2,077 lb),[11] are 240–345 cm (94–136 in) from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 150–183 cm (59–72 in) at the shoulder. The tail is 50–90 cm (20–35 in) long.[3] Male elands can weigh up to 1,000 kg (2,200 lb).
Their coat differs geographically, with elands in northern part of their range having distinctive markings (torso stripes, markings on legs, dark garters and a spinal crest) that are absent in the south. Apart from a rough mane, the coat is smooth. Females have a tan coat, while the coats of males are darker, with a bluish-grey tinge. Bulls may also have a series of vertical white stripes on their sides (mainly in parts of the Karoo in South Africa). As males age, their coat becomes more grey. Males also have dense fur on their foreheads and a large dewlap on their throats.
Both sexes have horns with a steady spiral ridge (resembling that of the bushbuck). The horns are visible as small buds in newborns and grow rapidly during the first seven months. The horns of males are thicker and shorter than those of females (males' horns are 43–66 centimetres (17–26 in) long and females' are 51–69 centimetres (20–27 in) long), and have a tighter spiral. Males use their horns during rutting season to wrestle and butt heads with rivals, while females use their horns to protect their young from predators.
The common eland is the slowest antelope, with a peak speed of 40 kilometres (25 mi) per hour that tires them quickly. However, they can maintain a 22 kilometres (14 mi) per hour trot indefinitely. Elands are capable of jumping up to 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) from a standing start when startled[13] (up to 3 metres (9.8 ft) for young elands). The common eland's life expectancy is generally between 15 and 20 years; in captivity some live up to 25 years.
Eland herds are accompanied by a loud clicking sound that has been subject to considerable speculation. It is believed that the weight of the animal causes the two halves of its hooves to splay apart, and the clicking is the result of the hoof snapping together when the animal raises its leg. The sound carries some distance from a herd, and may be a form of communication.
Common elands live on the open plains of southern Africa and along the foothills of the great southern African plateau. The species extends north into Ethiopia and most arid zones of South Sudan, west into eastern Angola and Namibia, and south to South Africa. However, there is a low density of elands in Africa due to poaching and human settlement.
Elands prefer to live in semi-arid areas that contain many shrub-like bushes, and often inhabit grasslands, woodlands, sub-desert, bush, and mountaintops with altitudes of about 15,000 ft (4,600 m). Elands do, however, avoid forests, swamps and deserts. The places inhabited by elands generally contain Acacia, Combretum, Commiphora, Diospyros, Grewia, Rhus and Ziziphus trees and shrubs; some of these also serve as their food.
Eland can be found in many National Parks and reserves today, including Nairobi National Park and Tsavo East National Park, Tsavo West National Park, Masai Mara National Reserve, (Kenya); Serengeti National Park, Ruaha National Park and Tarangire National Park, Ngorongoro Crater, (Tanzania); Kagera National Park (Rwanda); Nyika National Park (Malawi); Luangwa Valley and Kafue National Park (Zambia); Hwange National Park, Matobo National Park, Tuli Safari Area and Chimanimani Eland Sanctuary (Zimbabwe); Kruger National Park, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, Giant's Castle and Suikerbosrand NR (South Africa).
They live on home ranges that can be 200–400 km2 for females and juveniles and 50 km2 for males.
Common elands are nomadic and crepuscular. They eat in the morning and evening, rest in shade when hot and remain in sunlight when cold. They are commonly found in herds of up to 500, with individual members remaining in the herd anywhere from several hours to several months. Juveniles and mothers tend to form larger herds, while males may separate into smaller groups or wander individually. During estrus, mainly in the rainy season, groups tend to form more regularly. In southern Africa common elands will often associate with herds of zebras, roan antelopes and oryxes.
Common elands communicate via gestures, vocalizations, scent cues and display behaviors. The flehmen response also occurs, primarily in males in response to contact with female urine or genitals. Females will urinate to indicate fertility during the appropriate phase of their estrous cycle, as well as to indicate their lack of fertility when harassed by males. If eland bulls find any of their predators nearby, they will bark and attempt to attract the attention of others by trotting back and forth until the entire herd is conscious of the danger. Some of their main predators include lions, African wild dogs, cheetahs and spotted hyenas. Juvenile elands are more vulnerable than adults to their predators.
Females are sexually mature at 15–36 months and males at 4–5 years. Mating may occur anytime after reaching sexual maturity, but is mostly seen in the rainy season. In Zambia, young are born in July and August, while elsewhere it is the mating season. Mating begins when elands gather to feed on lush green plains with plentiful grass, and some males and females start mating with each other in separate pairs. Males chase the females to find out if they are in estrus. They also test the female's urine. Usually, a female chooses the most dominant and fit male to mate with. Sometimes she runs away from males trying to mate, causing more attraction. This results in fights between males, in which their hard horns are used. It is 2–4 hours before a female allows a male to mount. Males usually keep close contact with females in the mating period. The dominant male can mate with more than one female. Females have a gestation period of 9 months, and give birth to only one calf each time.
Males, females and juveniles each form separate social groups. The male groups are the smallest; the members stay together and search for food or water sources. The female group is much larger and covers greater areas. They travel the grassy plains in wet periods and prefer bushy areas in dry periods. Females have a complex linear hierarchy. The nursery and juvenile group is naturally formed when females give birth to calves. After about 24 hours of the delivery, the mother and calf join this group. The calves start befriending each other and stay back in the nursery group while the mother returns to the female group. The calves leave the nursery group when they are at least two years old and join a male or female group.
Currently, common elands are not endangered. They are conserved by the United States Endangered Species Act, and regulated in international trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Using ground counts and aerial surveys, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) calculates the population density of the common eland to be between 0.05 and 1 per square kilometre with a total population estimate of 136,000. Populations are considered stable or increasing in the countries of Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Malawi and possibly Tanzania.
The population is, however, gradually decreasing due to habitat loss, caused by expanding human settlements and poaching for its superior meat. As they are docile and inactive most of the time, they can easily be killed. The species became extinct in Swaziland and Zimbabwe, but has been reintroduced.
The IUCN states that about half of the estimated total population lives in protected areas and 30% on private land. Protected areas that support major populations include Omo (Ethiopia), Serengeti, Katavi, Ruaha and Selous-Kilombero (Tanzania), Kafue and North Luangwa (Zambia), Nyika (Malawi), Etosha (Namibia), Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (Botswana/South Africa) and Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park (South Africa). Most of these populations appear to be stable. Relatively large numbers of common eland now live on private land, particularly in Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa, reflecting its value as a trophy animal. Common elands have also been widely domesticated in Zimbabwe, South Africa and Kenya, as well as in Russia and Ukraine.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Die Elenantilope (Taurotragus oryx), auch Eland genannt, ist eine in Afrika lebende Antilope. Gemeinsam mit der Riesen-Elenantilope, die zwar nicht größer ist, aber längere Hörner hat, bildet sie die Gattung der Elenantilopen.
Charakteristisches Merkmal dieser Art sind die eng gedrehten, geraden Hörner, die bei beiden Geschlechtern vorhanden sind, die „Schulterbeule“ sowie die 2 bis 15 hellen Querstreifen auf dem Oberkörper. Das Haarkleid ist gelbbraun oder fahl und verfärbt sich bei älteren Tieren an Hals und Schultern blaugrau. Bei ausgewachsenen Männchen entwickeln sich eine Wamme sowie ein Haarbüschel an der Stirn.
Mit einem Gewicht zwischen 500 und 1000 Kilogramm und einer Körperlänge von zwei bis drei Metern ist sie die größte Antilopenart. Die Schulterhöhe beträgt im Schnitt 1,5 Meter. Damit ist die Elenantilope so groß wie ein Rind, macht aber einen schlankeren Eindruck.
Elenantilopen leben in den offenen Ebenen, trockenen Savannen sowie den bergigen Graslandschaften Ost-, Zentral- und Südafrikas.
Obwohl sie in der Regel gemächliche Tiere sind, können Elenantilopen bis zu 70 Kilometer pro Stunde schnell laufen. Sie sind außerdem als sehr gute Springer bekannt. Während sie in der Tageshitze im Schutz eines Baums oder Gebüschs ruhen, werden sie zur Dämmerung aktiv. Sie sind Laubfresser, ernähren sich aber auch gelegentlich von Gras und graben mit den Vorderhufen Knollen und Wurzeln aus.
Die Herden bestehen im Schnitt aus 25 Tieren, können aber unter günstigen Bedingungen bis zu 700 Individuen umfassen. Die größten Herden scheinen aber nur zeitweise Zusammenschlüsse ohne feste Bindung zu sein. Normalerweise bestehen Herden aus einem ausgewachsenen Bullen sowie aus mehreren Kühen, jungen Männchen und Jungtieren. In seltenen Fällen kann eine Herde mehr als ein ausgewachsenes Männchen beinhalten; dann wird früh die Rangordnung ausgefochten. Dafür werden die Hörner gegeneinandergestoßen, was zu schweren Verletzungen führen kann.
Auf die hohen Temperaturen ihrer Umwelt sind sie perfekt eingestellt: Während der Trockenzeit steigt ihre Körpertemperatur um sieben Grad. Damit vermeiden sie einen durch Schwitzen verursachten Wasserverlust.
Elenantilopen sind wahrscheinlich leicht zu domestizieren. Ihre Milch hat verglichen mit Kuhmilch den dreifachen Fett- und den doppelten Proteinanteil. Außerdem ließen sich Fleisch und Haut nutzen. Doch erst im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert wurden Domestikationsversuche unternommen, und bisher finden sie in bescheidenem Ausmaß statt. Da Elenantilopen gegenüber dem Menschen genügsam und nicht aggressiv auftreten, könnte den Versuchen aber letztlich Erfolg beschieden sein.
Die häufigste Interaktion zwischen Menschen und Elenantilopen ist allerdings die unkontrollierte Bejagung, durch die das Tier in weiten Gebieten seines Verbreitungsgebiets selten geworden ist. Am häufigsten sind Elenantilopen in der Serengeti, wo die Population schätzungsweise 7000 Tiere umfasst.
Die Elenantilope wird von der Weltnaturschutzunion IUCN in der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten als Art Tragelaphus oryx geführt. Sie wird als nicht gefährdet (Least Concern) eingestuft.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
Hike around Plowman's Kop via the Crack and Mudslide.
Wanderung über den Plowman's Kop über Crack und Mudslide.
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
Wodehouse Peak Trail
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Blesbok Loop Road
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Atop the Drachenberg ("Dragon Hill"), we enjoyed the last sunrise 2016 and a great view of Berlin. In the background on the left side, there is the "Fernsehturm" (365 m), in the foreground the "Funkturm" (...not too funky, though). In the centre of the picture, there are some towers marking the "City West" and in the far background on the right side, there is the Tower of the former Airport Tempelhof.
Hike to the Policeman's Helmet.
Wanderung zum Policeman's Helmet.
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
Thukela Gorge Hike
Wanderung in die Thukela Schlucht
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
Sunset
Eastern Buttres (3,047 m) seen from Upper Thendele Camp
Sonnenuntergang
Eastern Buttress (3.047 m) vom Upper Thendele Camp aus gesehen
The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is in the KwaZulu-Natal province of South Africa, covering 2,428.13 km2 (938 sq mi) of area. The park includes Royal Natal National Park, a provincial park, and covers part of the Drakensberg, the highest mountain range in Southern Africa.
The park and the adjoining Sehlabathebe National Park in the Kingdom of Lesotho are part of the Maloti-Drakensberg Park, which was first declared a World Heritage Site on 30 November 2000. It is described by UNESCO as having "exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts... the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants... [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara".
Plans to boost tourism in the area include a long-awaited cable car project by the KZN Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental Affairs Department.
The Drakensberg mountain range is characterized by a high level of endemism of both invertebrates and vertebrates.
Most of the higher South African parts of the Drakensberg mountain range have been designated as game reserves or wilderness areas. The uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park is also in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (under the Ramsar Convention). Adjacent to the park is the Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary, which spans 1,044 ha (10 km2) of virgin grassland and represents the largest privately owned game park in the KwaZulu-Natal Drakensberg region.
(Wikipedia)
The Royal Natal National Park is in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa and forms part of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park World Heritage Site. Notwithstanding the name, it is actually not a South African National Park managed by the SANParks, but rather a Provincial Park managed by Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife. This park is now included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area Peace Park.
The main features of the park are the Drakensberg Amphitheatre, a rock wall 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) long by up to 1,200 metres (3,900 ft) high, Mont-Aux-Sources peak where the Orange and Tugela rivers have their source, and the 948-metre (3,110 ft) Tugela Falls, the world's second-highest waterfall.
(Wikipedia)
Der uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park (isiZulu uKhahlamba = „Barriere aus Speeren“) ist ein Nationalpark in den Drakensbergen in Südafrika. Im November 2000 wurde der Park in die UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste eingetragen. Der Park wird von der Provinzbehörde Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife verwaltet.
Der Park bedeckt eine Fläche von 2428 km². Er liegt in der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal und bildet einen 180 Kilometer langen und bis zu 20 Kilometer breiten Streifen entlang der Grenze zum Königreich Lesotho. Weitere Bestandteile des uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park sind die getrennt liegenden Gebiete Royal-Natal-Nationalpark und Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve weiter im Norden.
Der Park verfügt über hochaufragende Bergformationen und ist mit einem gut ausgebauten Netz von Wanderpfaden durchzogen. Basaltene, senkrecht aufragende Bergpfeiler, Bastionen aus goldbraunem Sandstein sowie skulpturierte Bögen, Höhlen, Säulen und Felswannen prägen das Landschaftsbild. Die Kette der Drakensberge im uKhahlamba-Drakensberg Park umfasst mehrere über 3000 Meter hohe Gipfel wie den Mafadi, den Giant’s Castle, den Cathedral Peak, den Monk’s Cowl, den Champagne Castle und den Njesuthi. Die Berghänge sind teilweise als Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, in denen sich rund 30.000 Felsmalereien in etwa 600 Höhlen finden, die von San-Menschen über einen Zeitraum von 4000 Jahren erstellt wurden. In dieser Region entspringen die meisten großen Flüsse der Provinz KwaZulu-Natal. Sie bilden tiefe Schluchten und Täler. Einzige Straßenverbindung durch den Park nach Lesotho ist die Strecke über den Sanipass.
Es gibt eine Vielfalt endemischer Pflanzenarten, darunter Zuckerbüsche. Im Frühjahr übersäen in den Niederungen Teppiche von Wildblumen den Park, darunter Watsonia-Arten.
Zu den Vogelarten gehören Kapgeier (Gyps coprotheres) und Bartgeier (Gypaetus barbatus). Zahlreiche im Park beheimatete Wirbeltiere und Wirbellose sind endemisch. Weiterhin leben im Park Buschböcke, Ducker, Elenantilopen und Paviane.
1903 beschloss die Regierung der Kolonie Natal die Errichtung eines Naturschutzgebietes in den Drakensbergen. 1905 wurde eine klare Grenzziehung des Schutzbereichs proklamiert. 1916 wurde der Royal Natal National Park eingerichtet. Ab den 1950er Jahren wurden in den Drakensbergen diverse Naturschutzgebiete ausgewiesen, so 1951 das Kamberg Nature Reserve, 1953 das Nature Reserve de Lotheni und 1967 Vergelegen. Dabei wurde der Gewässerschutz vorangetrieben. 1973 kamen die Schutzgebiete Mdedelelo und Mkomazi hinzu.
Im Juni 2001 wurde des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area (etwa: Maloti-Drakensberge-Grenzüberschreitendes-Erhaltungsgebiet) gegründet. Dieses verbindet den ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park mit dem Sehlabathebe-Nationalpark in Lesotho. Ihm liegt der Anspruch an einen Peace Park (Transfrontier Conservation Area/TFCA) zugrunde. Die zwölf Kilometer lange Staatsgrenze kann zu Fuß passiert werden. Seit 2013 sind beide Nationalparks zusammen als Maloti Drakensberg Transboundary World Heritage Site in der UNESCO-Welterbe-Liste verzeichnet. Der gesamte Park ist nunmehr 2493 km² groß, wobei 65 km² der Fläche auf das Terrain Lesothos entfallen.
„… exceptional natural beauty in its soaring basaltic buttresses, incisive dramatic cutbacks, and golden sandstone ramparts … the site’s diversity of habitats protects a high level of endemic and globally threatened species, especially birds and plants … [and it] also contains many caves and rock-shelters with the largest and most concentrated group of paintings in Africa south of the Sahara. – … außergewöhnliche Schönheit der Natur in seinen aufragenden Basaltpfeilern, prägnante dramatische Einschnitte, und goldene Sandstein-Wälle … Die Vielfalt der Lebensräume beschützt ein hohes Maß an endemischen und vom Aussterben bedrohten Arten, vor allem Vögel und Pflanzen … [und es] enthält viele Höhlen und Felsnischen mit der größten und dichtesten Gruppe von Gemälden in Afrika südlich der Sahara.“
– Beschreibung des Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area auf der Website der UNESCO: Begründung zur Auswahl 2013
Teile der Drakensberg-Gebirgskette sind zu Schutzzwecken mit übergeordneter Bedeutung als Totalreservate ausgewiesen, sowie für touristische Zwecke daneben als Wildreservate. Entsprechend der Ramsar-Konvention wird der uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park auch als Schutzgut der List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance geführt. Private Eigentumsrechte hält an kleineren Gebietsteilen die Cathkin Estates Conservation and Wildlife Sanctuary.
(Wikipedia)
Der Royal Natal National Park wurde 1916 in den südafrikanischen Drakensbergen in der heutigen Provinz KwaZulu-Natal gebildet. Er ist Teil des Ukhahlamba-Drakensberg Park, der zum UNESCO-Welterbe gehört. Er gehört zu den spektakulärsten Natursehenswürdigkeiten in Afrika. Beeindruckend ist das Amphitheatre, eine mehrere Kilometer lange und etwa 1000 Meter hohe Felswand zwischen Sentinel (3165 m) und Eastern Buttress (3047 m). Auf dem flachen Gipfelplateau stehen einige Berge wie der Mont-Aux-Sources (Sesotho: Phofung) (3282 m), den 1836 die französischen Missionare Thomas Arbousset und François Daumas bestiegen und nach den Quellen von drei größeren Flüssen benannten.
Einer von diesen, der Tugela, stürzt in den Tugelafällen in fünf Stufen 948 Meter in die Tiefe (andere Angaben: knapp 3000 Fuß, 540 m). In kalten Wintern friert er in den oberen Stufen und bildet eindrucksvolle Eissäulen.
Der Royal Natal National Park ist ideal geeignet für Wanderungen mit einem Netz von klassifizierten Wegen aller Schwierigkeitsgrade; dies reicht von der leichten Besteigung des Mont-aux-Sources vom Plateau aus bis zur jährlichen Mont-aux-Sources Challenge, wenn Querfeldeinläufer zusammenkommen, um die 50 Kilometer lange Strecke in weniger als fünf Stunden zu absolvieren.
(Wikipedia)
The very last photo of the vacation - Cape Baboon
Das allerletzte Foto des Urlaubs - Bärenpavian
Golden Gate Highlands National Park is located in Free State, South Africa, near the Lesotho border. It covers an area of 340 km2 (130 sq mi). The park's most notable features are its golden, ochre, and orange-hued, deeply eroded sandstone cliffs and outcrops, especially the Brandwag rock. Another feature of the area is the numerous caves and shelters displaying San rock paintings. Wildlife featured at the park includes mongooses, eland, zebras, and over 100 bird species. It is the Free State's only national park, and is more famous for the beauty of its landscape than for its wildlife. Numerous paleontology finds have been made in the park, including dinosaur eggs and skeletons.
"Golden Gate" refers to the sandstone cliffs found on either side of the valley at the Golden Gate dam. In 1875, a farmer called J.N.R. van Reenen and his wife stopped here as they travelled to their new farm in Vuurland. He named the location "Golden Gate" when he saw the last rays of the setting sun fall on the cliffs.
In 1963, 47.92 km2 (11,840 acres) were proclaimed as a national park, specifically to preserve the scenic beauty of the area. In 1981, the park was enlarged to 62.41 km2 (15,420 acres), and in 1988, it was enlarged to 116.33 km2 (28,750 acres). In 2004, the park was announced to be joining with the neighbouring QwaQwa National Park. The amalgamation of QwaQwa National Park was completed in 2007, increasing the park's area to 340 km2 (84,000 acres).
The park is 320 km (200 mi) from Johannesburg and is close to the villages of Clarens and Kestell, in the upper regions of the Little Caledon River. The park is situated in the Rooiberge of the eastern Free State, in the foothills of the Maluti Mountains. The Caledon River forms the southern boundary of the park, as well as the border between the Free State and Lesotho. The highest peak in the park (and also in the Free State) is Ribbokkop at 2,829 m (9,281 ft) above sea level.
The park is located in the eastern highveld region of South Africa, and experiences a dry, sunny climate from June to August. It has showers, hail, and thunderstorms between October and April. It has thick snowfalls in the winter. The park has a relatively high rainfall of 800 mm (31 in) per year.
The park is an area of rich highveld and montane grassland flora. It has more than 60 grass species and a large variety of bulbs and herbs. Each of these species has its own flowering time, meaning that veld flowers can be seen throughout the summer. The park also has Afromontane forests and high-altitude Austro-Afro alpine grassland, which is scarce in South Africa. The ouhout (Leucosidea sericea), an evergreen species, is the most common tree in the park. Ouhout is a favourite habitat of beetles and 117 species occur on these trees in the park. The Lombardi poplars and weeping willows in the park are introduced species, but are kept because of their cultural and historic connection with the eastern Free State. Other exotic species in the park, for example wattle and bluegum, are systematically eradicated.
Instead of reintroducing one of the "big five" into the park, the sungazer lizard and water mongoose were reintroduced. Twelve species of mice, 10 species of carnivores, and 10 antelope species have been recorded in the park. The grey rhebuck and the mountain reedbuck were present when the park was established.
The geology of the park provides very visual "textbook" examples of Southern Africa's geological history. The sandstone formations in the park form the upper part of the Karoo Supergroup. These formations were deposited during a period of aeolian deposition towards the end of the Triassic Period. At the time of deposition, the climate of the area the park covers was becoming progressively drier until arid desert conditions set in, resulting in a land of dunes and sandy desert, with occasional scattered oases. The deposition of the sandstones ended when lava flowed out over the desert 190 million years ago.
The following sequence of geological formations is visible in the park (starting from the bottom): the Molteno Formation, Elliott Formation, Clarens Formation, and Drakensberg Formation. The yellow-brown Golden Gate and Brandwag cliffs are made up of the Clarens formation. The layers in this formation are 140 to 160 m (460 to 520 ft) thick. The Drakensberg formation comprises the basaltic lava that flowed over the desert. It forms the mountain summits in the park. On Ribbokkop, it is 600 m (2,000 ft) thick. The Elliot Formation is a red mudstone where many dinosaur fossils have been found.
The oldest dinosaur embryos ever discovered were found in the park in 1978. The eggs were from the Triassic Period (220 to 195 million years ago) and had fossilised foetal skeletons of Massospondylus, a prosauropod dinosaur. More examples of these eggs have since been found in the park. Other fossils found in the park include those of advanced cynodontia (canine toothed animals), small thecodontia (animals with teeth set firmly in the jaw), and bird-like and crocodile-like dinosaurs.
Accommodation in the park is available at Glen Reenen and Brandwag Rest camps. Caravan and camp sites with all amenities are available at Glen Reenen camp. The hotel was formerly part of Brandwag camp, but since its recent refurbishment, it is managed separately by SANParks as Golden Gate Hotel. The nearest town to Golden Gate Highlands National Park is Clarens (17 km to the west), but Phuthaditjhaba is also easily reached by a good tar road, driving through the access gate to the east of the park.
This park will be included into the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation Area, Peace Park.
(Wikipedia)
The chacma baboon (Papio ursinus), also known as the Cape baboon, is, like all other baboons, from the Old World monkey family. It is one of the largest of all monkeys. Located primarily in southern Africa, the chacma baboon has a wide variety of social behaviors, including a dominance hierarchy, collective foraging, adoption of young by females, and friendship pairings. These behaviors form parts of a complex evolutionary ecology. In general, the species is not threatened, but human population pressure has increased contact between humans and baboons. Hunting, accidents, and trapping kill or remove many baboons from the wild, thereby reducing baboon numbers and disrupting their social structure.
Due to hybridization between different baboon (Papio) populations across Africa, authors have occasionally grouped the entire radiation as a single species, the hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas. Arbitrary boundaries were then used to separate the populations into subspecies. Other authors considered the chacma baboon a subspecies of the yellow baboon, Papio cynocephalus, though it is now recognised as a separate species, Papio ursinus. The chacma baboon has two or three subspecies, depending on which classification is followed. Grubb et al. (2003) listed two subspecies,[4] while Groves (2005) in Mammal Species of the World listed three. This article follows Groves (2005) and describes three distinct subspecies. In the Grubb et al. (2003) paper, P. u. raucana was believed to be synonymous with P. u. ursinus.
Papio ursinus ursinus Kerr, 1792 – Cape chacma (found in southern South Africa)
P. ursinus griseipes Pocock, 1911 – Gray-footed chacma (found in northern South Africa to southern Zambia)
P. ursinus raucana Shortridge, 1942 – Ruacana chacma (found from Namibia to southern Angola, but not accepted by all authorities as distinct.
The chacma baboon is perhaps the longest species of monkey, with a male body length of 50–115 cm (20–45 in) and tail length of 45–84 cm (18–33 in). It also one of the heaviest; the male weighs from 21 to 45 kg (46 to 99 lb) with an average of 31.8 kg (70 lb). Baboons are sexually dimorphic, and females are considerably smaller than males. The female chacma weighs from 12 to 25 kg (26 to 55 lb), with an average of 15.4 kg (34 lb). It is similar in size to the olive baboon, averaging slightly higher in mean body mass, and of similar weight to the more compact mandrill, the males of which weigh on average about 1 kg (2.2 lb) more than a chacma baboon, the females weigh 3 kg (6.6 lb) less than the female chacma. While the mandrill is usually crowned the largest of all modern monkeys, going on total length and average (but not maximum) body weight between the sexes, the chacma baboon appears to be the largest extant monkey. The chacma baboon is generally dark brown to gray in color, with a patch of rough hair on the nape of its neck. Unlike the males of northern baboon species (the Guinea, hamadryas, and olive baboons), chacma males do not have a mane. Perhaps the most distinctive feature of this baboon is its long, downward-sloping face. The canine teeth of male chacma baboons have a mean length of 3.86 ± 0.30 cm (1.52 ± 0.12 in) at the time they emigrate from their natal troop. This is the time of greatest tooth length as the teeth tend to wear or be broken thereafter.
The three subspecies are differentiated by size and color. The Cape chacma is a large, heavy, dark-brown, and has black feet. The gray-footed chacma is slightly smaller than the Cape chacma, lighter in color and build, and has gray feet. The Ruacana chacma generally appears to be a smaller, less darkly colored version of the Cape chacma.
The chacma baboon inhabits a wide array of habitats including woodland, savanna, steppes, and subdesert, from the grassy alpine slopes of the Drakensberg to the Kalahari desert. During the night the chacma baboon needs hills, cliffs, or large trees in which to sleep. During the day water availability may limit its range in arid areas. It is found in southern Africa, ranging from South Africa north to Angola, Zambia, and Mozambique. The subspecies are divided across this range. The Cape chacma is found in southern South Africa; the gray-footed chacma, is present from northern South Africa, through the Okavango Delta in Botswana, Zimbabwe, Mozambique (south of the Zambezi), to southwest Zambia; and the Ruacana chacma is found in northern Namibia and southern Angola.
The chacma baboon is omnivorous with a preference for fruits, while also eating insects, seeds, grass, smaller vertebrate animals, and fungi (the desert truffle Kalaharituber pfeilii); at the Cape of Good Hope in particular, it is also known for taking shellfish and other marine invertebrates. It is generally a scavenger when it comes to game meat, and rarely engages in hunting large animals. One incident of a chacma baboon killing a human infant has been reported, but the event is so rare, the locals believed it was due to witchcraft. Normally, chacma baboons will flee at the approach of humans, though this is changing due to the easy availability of food near human dwellings.
The chacma baboon usually lives in social groups, called troops, which are composed of multiple adult males, adult females, and their offspring. Occasionally, however, very small groups form that consist of only a single adult male and several adult females. Chacma troops are characterized by a dominance hierarchy. Female ranking within the troop is inherited through the mother and remains relatively fixed, while male ranking is often in flux, especially when the dominant male is replaced. Chacmas are unusual among baboons in that neither males nor females form strong relationships with members of the same sex. Instead, the strongest social bonds are often between unrelated adult males and females. Infanticide is also common compared to other baboon species, as newly dominant males will often attempt to kill young baboons sired by the previously dominant male. Baboon troops possess a complex group behavior and communicate by means of body attitudes, facial expressions, vocalizations and touch.
The chacma baboon often sleeps in large groups on cliffs or in trees at night to avoid predators. The morning dispersal from the sleeping site is synchronized, with all members leaving at the same time. In most cases, dispersal is initiated by a single individual, and the other members of the group decide whether or not to follow. At least five followers must be recruited for a successful dispersal initiation, and not all initiation attempts are successful. Surprisingly, the initiator's dominance status shows little correlation with successful initiation of departure; more-dominant individuals are no more likely to lead a successful departure than subordinate individuals. One study has shown that while the success rate of dispersal initiation attempts is relatively constant across all sexes, male are more likely to attempt initiation than females, and lactating females are less likely to attempt initiation than females without dependent offspring. A separate study has achieved slightly different results. While dominance hierarchy does not play a significant role in initiating the morning dispersal, social affiliation does. Chacma baboons that play a more central role in the group (as measured by grooming behavior and time spent with other members) are more likely to be followed during the morning dispersal. This study concluded that group members are more likely to follow the behavior of individuals with which they are closely affiliated.
Dominance does play a role in group foraging decisions. A dominant individual (usually the alpha male) leads the group to easily monopolized resources. The group usually follows, even though many subordinate members cannot gain access to that particular resource. As in morning dispersal, the inclination of group members to follow the leader is positively associated with social interactions with that dominant individual.
Collective foraging behavior, with many individuals taking advantage of the same resource at once, has also been observed. However, this behavior can be chiefly attributed to shared dietary needs rather than social affiliation. Pregnant females, who share similar dietary needs, are more likely to synchronize their behavior than fertile females. Foraging synchronization decreases in areas with lower food density.
Adoption behavior has been observed in chacma baboons. Orphaned baboons whose mothers have disappeared or died are often too small to care for themselves. In one study of nine natural orphans and three introduced orphans, all but one orphan were adopted by another member of the group. The individual that was not adopted was 16 months old, four months older than the next oldest orphan, and was old enough to survive on its own. Adoption behavior includes sleeping close to the orphaned infant, grooming and carrying the orphan, and protecting it from harassment by other members of the troop. Both males and females care for infants, and care does not depend on the infant's sex. Additionally, all caregivers are prereproductive, only four or five years of age. The two major theories explaining this behavior are kin selection, in which caregivers take care of potentially related orphans, and parental practice, in which young caregivers increase their own fitness by using an orphan to practice their own parental skills.
Males and female chacma baboons often form relationships referred to as "friendships". These cooperative relationships generally occur between lactating females and adult males. The females are believed to seek out male friendships to gain protection from infanticide. In many baboon species, immigrant alpha males often practice infanticide upon arrival in a new troop. By killing unrelated infants, the new male shortens the time until he can mate with the females of the troop. A female with dependent offspring generally does not become sexually receptive until she weans her offspring at around 12 months of age. However, a mother usually becomes sexually receptive shortly after the death of her offspring.
This protection hypothesis is supported by studies of stress hormones in female baboons during changes in the male hierarchy. When an immigrant male ascends to the top of the male dominance hierarchy, stress hormones in lactating and pregnant females increases, while stress hormones in females not at risk of infanticide stay the same. Additionally, females in friendships with males exhibit a smaller rise in stress hormones than do females without male friends.
The benefits of friendship to males are less clear. A male is more likely to enter into friendships with females with which he has mated, which indicates males might enter into friendships to protect their own offspring and not just to protect that female's future reproductive success. These friendships may play a role in the mating system of chacma baboons. A female will often mate with several males, which increases the number of potential fathers for her offspring and increases the chances she will be able to find at least one friend to protect her infants.
Female chacma baboons have been observed to compete with each other for male friends. This may be the result of one male having a high probability of paternity with multiple females. These competitions are heavily influenced by the female dominance hierarchy, with dominant females displacing subordinate females in friendships with males. Generally, when a more-dominant female attempts to make friends with an individual which is already the friend of a subordinate female, the subordinate female reduces grooming and spatial proximity to that male, potentially leaving her offspring at higher risk of infanticide.
The chacma baboon is widespread and does not rank among threatened animal species. However, in some confined locations, such as South Africa's Southern Cape Peninsula, local populations are dwindling due to habitat loss and predation from other protected species, such as leopards and lions. Some troops have become a suburban menace, overturning trash cans and entering houses in their search for food. These troops can be aggressive and dangerous, and such negative encounters have resulted in hunting by frustrated local residents. This isolated population is thought to face extinction within 10 years.
The chacma is listed under Appendix II of CITES as it occurs in many protected areas across its range. The only area in South Africa where they are monitored is in the Cape Peninsula, where they are protected.
Observations by those working hands-on in South Africa's rehabilitation centers have found this species is damaged by human intervention; troop structures are influenced, and over the years a significant loss in numbers has occurred. Because they live near human habitats, baboons are shot, poisoned, electrocuted, run over, and captured for the pet industry, research laboratories and muthi (medicine).[32] Despite this, assessors working for the IUCN believe there are no major threats that could result in a range-wide decline of the species.
(Wikipedia)
Der Golden-Gate-Highlands-Nationalpark (englisch Golden Gate Highlands National Park) liegt in Südafrika, im Südosten des Freistaates nahe der Grenze zu Lesotho, und zeichnet sich besonders durch seine malerischen Felslandschaften aus. Orange oder ocker gefärbte Sandsteinfelsen ragen über das bergige Grasland auf. Außerdem gibt es Felsmalereien der San.
Der nördliche Eingang zum Park liegt bei dem Künstlerdorf Clarens.
(Wikipedia)
Der Bärenpavian oder Tschakma (Papio ursinus) ist eine Primatenart aus der Gattung der Paviane innerhalb der Familie der Meerkatzenverwandten (Cercopithecidae). Er lebt im südlichen Afrika.
Mit einer Kopfrumpflänge von bis zu 115 Zentimetern, wozu noch ein bis zu 71 Zentimeter langer Schwanz kommt, und einem Gewicht von 15 bis 31 Kilogramm bilden sie die größte und schwerste Pavianart. Ihr Fell ist an der Oberseite dunkelbraun oder grau gefärbt, die Unterseite ist heller, die Hände und Füße sind meist schwarz. Die langgezogene, unbehaarte Schnauze ist dunkelviolett oder schwarz gefärbt, ebenso die Sitzschwielen. Die Fellfärbung und die Größe sind nach Region variabel, so gibt es eine Population mit grauen Pfoten; besonders kleine Exemplare kommen zum Beispiel in der Kalahari vor.
Die Männchen sind deutlich größer und schwerer als die Weibchen und haben auch längere Eckzähne, im Gegensatz zu den übrigen Pavianarten fehlt ihnen aber die Mähne an den Schultern und am vorderen Rücken.
Bärenpaviane leben im südlichen Afrika, genauer in Angola, Botswana, Mosambik, Namibia, Südafrika und Sambia. Sie bewohnen sowohl Steppen und Savannen als auch offene Waldgebiete, sind jedoch auf das Vorhandensein von Wasser angewiesen.
Wie alle Paviane leben sie in Gruppen, meistens in gemischten Gruppen, in manchen Regionen (zum Beispiel im gebirgigen Südafrika) dominieren jedoch die Einmännchengruppen (siehe Gruppenverhalten der Paviane). Die Bärenpaviane zeigen ein komplexes Gruppenverhalten und kommunizieren mittels Körperhaltungen, Gesichtsausdrücken, Lauten und durch Körperkontakte. Bärenpaviane sind Allesfresser; sie haben eine Vorliebe für Früchte, nehmen jedoch auch Blätter, Insekten, Samen und kleinere Wirbeltiere zu sich.
Die Fortpflanzung kann das ganze Jahr über erfolgen, die Weibchen weisen während der fruchtbaren Phase eine ausgeprägte Regelschwellung auf. Innerhalb der gemischten Gruppen kann sich prinzipiell jedes Männchen mit jedem Weibchen paaren. Das führt zu teilweise erbitterten Auseinandersetzungen unter den Männchen um das Paarungsvorrecht.
Nach einer rund 180-tägigen Tragzeit bringt das Weibchen meist ein einzelnes Jungtier zur Welt, das zunächst schwarz gefärbt ist. Mit rund einem Jahr werden die Jungen entwöhnt, mit drei bis fünf Jahren tritt die Geschlechtsreife ein. Das Höchstalter eines Tieres in menschlicher Obhut betrug 45 Jahre, in freier Wildbahn ist die Lebenserwartung deutlich geringer.
Bärenpaviane sind weit verbreitet und zählen nicht zu den bedrohten Tierarten. Manchmal gelten sie als Plage, da sie Plantagen verwüsten.
In Uitenhage war in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ein Bärenpavian namens Jack Assistent eines körperbehinderten Streckenwärters.
(Wikipedia)