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With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
6" diameter x 1 1/2". Ceramic piece, porcelain, ceramic, and vitreous tiles, glass, beads, dressmaker pins, gravel, and rough-cut stone. Mom (Roberta Mitchell) made the frame and the folding ceramic inclusion.
I was trying to remember what slow time looks like, and I think this might be it. I expect the dressmaker pins to rust slowly in their cement bed.
I had asked my mom to make some ceramic stuff to go in mosaics, so she brought me a treasure trove yesterday. The folding piece near the top, as well as the frame, are both hers.
This charm brings to mind old world Bohemeia and lots of sumptuous castle ball activity. From the top, an ornate exquisitely carved piece of natural quartz measuring 24 mm in diameter, and 10 mm thick is crowned by Bali silver, faceted black crystal and pyrite colored bicone crystal. The flying saucer shaped smoky quartz below is, quite honestly one of the most sumptuously carved stones in this huge carat weight that I have seen measuring 20 mm x 10 mm. A crystal faceted clear drop capped with vintage rhinestone rondelle, silver, and black crystal finishes off this drop dead gorgeous piece.
Total length on the charm is 10” including the 7” tiger tail loop designed to thread the charm up and over the mirror. Once secure, the charm will dangle about 3” down off the mirror, the perfect length so as to clear dashboards when swinging, and be safe around sharp turns!
This little flower is less than 1/2" in diameter measured from petal tip to petal tip!
.
From my set "Best Weed Flower Micros:"
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157626023965740/
.
Some of these photographs appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers; they are not. All of these photos are micro (macro) photographs of the super-tiny blooms that blossom on common weeds.
Weed flowers...wild flowers...whichever appellation you want to bestow on them nonetheless these almost microscopic beauties are the flowers that bloom on the weeds in my yard.
Most of these flowers when measured petal tip to petal tip at their widest diameters measure 1/4" (6mm) across…or less...the entire bloom is that small. But the smallest weed flower I've shot yet is a small ring of flowers that measured less than 1/32" (.7mm) in diameter which encircled a spire which measured about 1/64" (0.3mm) in diameter.
For some photos I’ve included references to common objects such as the head of a paper match. On some others I’ve listed a description of the actual size of each object in the photo.
So far I've made over 600 photographs of over 48 varieties of weed flowers; this set represents the best of the best.
.
My photographs and videos and any derivative works are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka “Zoom Lens”) and ALL my rights, including my exclusive rights, are reserved. ANY use without my permission in writing is forbidden by law.
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶 A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶
A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
腹徑 Abdomen Diameter 23.5 cm 公分
高 Height 37 cm 公分
口徑 Mouth Diameter 8.2 cm 公分
圈足徑 Round Ring Foot Diameter 11 cm 公分
Provenance 來源：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世藝術收藏品
The art collections handed down from the family ancestors of the military marshal Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
youtube.com/shorts/MZyI042HtNs?feature=share
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31887446...
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31885427...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/318874...
Provenance:
Ms. Chen Junying (1932- ). Her father Chen Wancheng was the 20th generation descendant from the ancestor Chen Xiufu [Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua, Guangdong.], who was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty. She has inherited the family handed-down ancestral collection, including valuable ceramics, jade carved works of art, antiques, bronzes, and Chinese paintings moving from mainland China to Taiwan since Qing dynasty, from her father Chen Wancheng and has been trained to be a good professional collector and an excellent appraiser by family education since childhood for over 80 years.
Chen Xiufu
Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua county, Guangdong Province, China.
Chen Xiufu was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty.
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
Announcement on the official website of People's Government of Wuhua County, in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China:
The first great memorial ceremony after the rebuilding of the ancestral hall of Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was ushered in
On May 17, 2013, on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (Xiufu Public Ancestral Hall), in which by Zhu Yuanzhang was Chen Xiufu nominated as the first-grade Guangludafu and awarded to build the "Emperor's Grace and Favorite Grant" Memorial Arch, was ushered in the first big memorial ceremony after its reconstruction.
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
來源：
陳俊英女士 ( 1932 - )。她的父親陳萬承是明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥的先祖陳秀甫 (明代開國功臣光祿大夫 [為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事] 陳秀甫 [廣東五華籍]) 的第 20 代後裔。她從父親陳萬承處繼承了家族傳世的祖傳藏品，包括自清朝以來從中國大陸移至台灣的珍貴陶瓷器、玉器、古董、青銅器和中國書畫，她自童年開始透過家庭教育，即被培養成為一位很棒的專業收藏家和優秀的鑑賞家已達 80 多年。
陳秀甫
陳秀甫是明代的開國功臣光祿大夫 [此官名為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事]，中國廣東省五華縣人。
明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 陳秀甫被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥。
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
中國廣東省梅州市五華縣人民政府官網公告訊息：
明朝開國功臣陳秀甫祠堂重建落成後迎來首次大祭
公元 2013 年 5 月 17 日 ，農曆四月初八，被朱元璋封為一品光祿大夫、賜建 “皇恩寵錫” 牌坊的陳家祠(秀甫公祠)重建落成後迎來了首次大祭。
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
...
The Provenance of Works of Art
藝術品來源
Works of Art
Provenance:
Ms. Chen Junying (1932- ). Her father Chen Wancheng was the 20th generation descendant from the ancestor Chen Xiufu [Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua, Guangdong.], who was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty. She has inherited the family handed-down ancestral collection, including valuable ceramics, jade carved works of art, antiques, bronzes, and Chinese paintings moving from mainland China to Taiwan since Qing dynasty, from her father Chen Wancheng and has been trained to be a good professional collector and an excellent appraiser by family education since childhood for over 80 years.
藝術品
來源：
陳俊英女士 ( 1932 - )。她的父親陳萬承是明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥的先祖陳秀甫 (明代開國功臣光祿大夫 [為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事] 陳秀甫 [廣東五華籍]) 的第 20 代後裔。她從父親陳萬承處繼承了家族傳世的祖傳藏品，包括自清朝以來從中國大陸移至台灣的珍貴陶瓷器、玉器、古董、青銅器和中國書畫，她自童年開始透過家庭教育，即被培養成為一位很棒的專業收藏家和優秀的鑑賞家已達 80 多年。
...
Chen Xiufu
Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua county, Guangdong Province, China.
Chen Xiufu was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty.
陳秀甫
陳秀甫是明代的開國功臣光祿大夫 [此官名為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事]，中國廣東省五華縣人。
明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 陳秀甫被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥。
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
...
Announcement on the official website of People's Government of Wuhua County, in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China:
The first great memorial ceremony after the rebuilding of the ancestral hall of Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was ushered in
On May 17, 2013, on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (Xiufu Public Ancestral Hall), in which by Zhu Yuanzhang was Chen Xiufu nominated as the first-grade Guangludafu and awarded to build the "Emperor's Grace and Favorite Grant" Memorial Arch, was ushered in the first big memorial ceremony after its reconstruction.
中國廣東省梅州市五華縣人民政府官網公告訊息：
明朝開國功臣陳秀甫祠堂重建落成後迎來首次大祭
公元 2013 年 5 月 17 日 ，農曆四月初八，被朱元璋封為一品光祿大夫、賜建 “皇恩寵錫” 牌坊的陳家祠(秀甫公祠)重建落成後迎來了首次大祭。
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
VIP 尊貴客戶鑑賞 7 件藝術品
Seven valuable works of art for VIP valued customers to appreciate
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/vip-7-seven-valuable-wo...
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世汝窯瓷器有精美紋飾圖案
The Ru kiln porcelains handed down from the ancestors of the Chen Xiufu family, who was the founding hero and military marshal of the Ming Dynasty, have exquisite decorative patterns.
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/ru-kiln-porcelains-hand...
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
「天神密碼」保護「無價生命」 我們知道你的昨天、今天和明天！
"The God's Code" protects "Priceless Life" We know your yesterday, today and tomorrow!
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/gods-code-protects-pric...
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世藝術收藏品
The art collections handed down from the family ancestors of the military marshal Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/art-collections-handed-...
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶
A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/wucai-european-envoy-pr...
...
Orion Museum
外部連結 External Links
Google Photos 照片：
photos.app.goo.gl/SjsYjQvcWXH1UoAT8
YouTube Videos 影片：
...
There is a hole in the iPhone that causes incompatibility with many third-party devices, even those sold at the Apple Store. An example of an incompatible device is the Plantronics MX505.
diameter :: 1"
color :: hippie fever
durable & machine washable
...these hand cast resin buttons make every garment, gift, and craft project complete...
*sewn goods
*scrapbooking
*card making
*doll hats, and clothing
*embellish your fave bag, or piece of clothing
*button jewelry
The diameter of my divestick is 4.5mm, so this nudibranch is a little smaller. You have to be careful pointing them out (I usually strive not to touch anything), because even touching the Obelia (which it eats) causes some ripples for this nudibranch.
This bloom measures 1/2" in diameter, petal tip to petal tip, across its widest diameter.
.
Some of these photographs appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers; they are not. All of these photos are micro (macro) photographs of the super-tiny blooms that blossom on common weeds.
Weed flowers...wild flowers...whichever appellation you want to bestow on them nonetheless these almost microscopic beauties are the flowers that bloom on the weeds in my yard.
Many people also assume that these flowers are, for example, squash or zucchini-sized flowers, or that they are flowers 1" in diameter or larger and are perhaps on stems a foot tall or so. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Most of these flowers when measured petal tip to petal tip at their widest diameters measure 1/4" (6mm) across…or less...the entire bloom is that small. And the average stem height is only a few inches tall, if that.
The smallest weed flower I've shot yet is a small ring of flowers that measured less than 1/32" (.7mm) in diameter which encircled a spire which measured about 1/64" (0.3mm) in diameter.
For some photos I’ve included references to common objects such as the head of a paper match, or the head of a pin, which dwarfs some of these tiny flowers! On some others I’ve listed a description of the actual size of each object in the photo.
So far I've made over 700 photographs of over 50 varieties of weed flowers.
I hope that seeing the variety, beauty, and intricate complexity of this small world astonishes and pleases you as much as it has me.
Thanks for looking.
.
Micro Weed Flowers:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157626023965740/
Micro Weed Flowers II:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029514344/
Micro Weed Flowers III:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029556370/
Micro Weed Flowers IV:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633025347237/
Micro Weed Flowers V:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029592988/
.
My photographs and videos and any derivative works are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka "Zoom Lens") and ALL my rights, including my exclusive rights, are reserved and protected by United States Copyright Laws and International Copyright Laws.
This photo is NOT authorized for use on blogs; pin boards such as Pinterest; Tumblr; Facebook; or any other use without my specific written permission.
ANY use without my permission in writing is forbidden by law.
Healthcare Innovation & Investment
Entrepreneurs and investors in the business and technology sides of healthcare share stories of innovating, investing, changing, disrupting, enhancing, advancing, and problem solving in healthcare settings.
Event
1/31/2019 at UConn TIP
featuring:
2019 UConn TIP Growth Award presented to Diameter Health.
Eric Rosow, CEO, Diameter Health
Paul Thompson, Vice-President, Americas Healthcare Group, DXC Technology
Mary DiMatteo, Director, Corporate Development, Cigna
Aneesh Kumar, Founder and CEO, Sheen Health
Key topics:
Trends in the industry: Payment Innovations, Interoperability, Data Sharing, People Centered/Population Health, Consumerist Movement, Innovation/Risk Socialization, M&A/New Entrants
Implications and opportunities
Funding sources – health plans and hospital systems
Accessing partners
View presentation recording here: bit.ly/UConnHCvideo
----
TIP events are a service provided by the UConn TIP a unit of the Office of the Vice President for Research with support from the TIP Enhancement Fund bit.ly/TIPfund
Sponsored by:
Lead Sponsors:
Fiondella, Milone & LaSaracina, LLP www.fmlcpas.com
Medtronic www.medtronic.com/
UBS Financial Services
& Fasi Wealth Management www.ubs.com/team/fasiwm
Wiggin and Dana LLP www.wiggin.com
Platinum Sponsors:
Marcum LLP www.marcumllp.com
Gold Sponsors:
American Laboratory Trading www.americanlaboratorytrading.com
BlumShapiro www.blumshapiro.com
Locke & Lord, LLP www.lockelord.com/
Lisa Lazarus Yoga bit.ly/LisaLazarusYoga
Silver Sponsors:
Aon www.aon.com/
Cohn Reznick LLP www.cohnreznick.com/
Guilford Savings Bank www.gsb-yourbank.com/business
Horizon Technology Finance horizontechfinance.com/
Vanessa Research vanessaresearch.com
MODEL : NC SHIBAURA Vertical Lathe
YEAR : Retrofit 2004
SYSTEM : FANUC 18IT
table Diameter : 8,000mm
Max swing : 1,0700mm
HSM KOREA (Hoseong Machinery)
HOSEONG MACHINE KOREA (HSM KOREA)
CO.LTD..#692-18,JURYE-1DONG,SASANG-GU,BUSAN,KOREA
H-PAGE:http://www.hoseongmc.com"
E-mail: info@hoseongmc.com / charlie@hoseongmc.com
TEL: +82-51-311-7111FAX: +82-51-311-7113
MOBILE: + 82-10-9316-4480 (Korean)
MOBILE: +82-10-8218-7270 (English)
PHOTO: www.flickr.com/hsmkorea
HSM KOREA, Hoseong Machinery is established in 1980 starting trading business mainly import used machinery including vertical lathe, horizontal lathe, boring machine, plano miller, drilling machine, laser cutting machine, deephole machine and so on. For more than 30 years, we have sold more than 40 million USD in Korea with boom economy in metal processing business in Korea. From 2010, we started to export used machine from South Korea to all over the world. Currently we have the largest warehouse for used machinery and posses 50 machines. The inspection can be done anytime because most of machines are at our ware house. If you do require any CNC or NC machine from Korea. We can provide full service. We used to run our metal processing centre by our own so we have very professional experience in used machinery.
HSM Machine List
[HORIZONTAL LATHE]
1. Wohlenberg Manual lathe 1,520mm x 6,550mm
2. Kramatorsk NC lathe 1,450mm x 8,350mm
3. Hitachi NC Lathe 1,450mm x 6,400mm
4. Skoda Manual Lathe 1,600mm x 12,470mm
5. Binns & Berry NC Lathe 1,000mm x 6,430mm
6. Clausing Manual Lathe 1,160mm x 6,200mm
7. Tuda NC Lathe 1,280mm x 6,100mm
8. GILLLY NC Lathe 2,000mm x 8,000mm
9. FUJII NC Lathe 1,250mm x 9,000mm
10. NOBLE-LUND Manual Lathe 1,800mm x 8,000mm
11. NISHMORI NC Lathe 2,300mm x 8,000mm
12. N-Series(N41) CNC Lathe 800mm x 2,500mm
[VERTICAL LATHE]
1. SHIBAURA 8,000mm
2. NILES 7,600mm
3. SHIBAURA 3,000mm
4. DAEJEONG 5,000mm
5. SEDIN 2,800mm
6. SEDIN 2,800mm
7. KOLOMNA 4,000mm
8. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
9. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
10. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
11. YOUNGDOG 4,000mm
[DRILL]
1. CNC Rotary Drill M/C 5,000mm x 6,000mm
2. CNC BAT Drill M/C 4,000mm x 1,500mm
3. CNC GANTRY DRILLING M/C 6,000mm x 6,000mm
4. CNC Yeongdong DRILLING M/C 6,000mm X 6,000mm X1,000mm
[Boring]
1. 140Ø OHARA Table BORING
2. 130Ø UNION Table BORING
3. 160Ø SHIBAURA Table BORING
4. 160Ø SCHARMANN FLOOR BORING
5. 130Ø SHIBAURA FLOOR BORING
6. 160Ø WMW FLOOR BORING
[GEAR CUTTING]
1. DAEJEONG GEAR CUTTING M/C 3,200mm
Rotor Diameter: 15.20m
Length: 25.4m
Max Speed: 270 km/hr
Role: Transport, Search & Rescue
In service: 1963-2004
1960s Look & Feel...
Diameter (max): 17 cm
Height: 8,5 cm
&
Dümler&Breiden Fat-Lava Cachepot in the background (presumably shape: 700/15)
Fan Diameter (x2): 2.13 m (7 ft) each
Platform Diameter: 2.54 m (8 ft 4 in)
Height: 2.13 m (7 ft)
Weight: Empty, 168 kg (370 lb)
Gross, 252 kg (555 lb)
Engine: 2 x Nelson H-59 two-cycle engines, 40 hp each
Top Speed: 26 km/h (16 mph)
Manufacturer: Hiller Aircraft, Palo Alto, Ca.,1957
**Good**
1. Aluminum rigidity, flexibility, strength at 19mm diameter. 25mm diameter might be better. Moderate Flexibility is good
2. One person operation
3. Thrust is good underwater
4. Faster setup
5. Stability is good
**Bad**
1. One engine did not go!
2. The camera needs to be deeper and blacked out
3. The camera and brain needs to be cooled
4. In reverse cables get wet(short circuit)
5. Better, faster attachments for tubes
6. Better attachments for tubes, rudders, to stay vertical
7. Set tubes further apart for more stability
# Credits
- Cesar Jung-Harada
- Michael O'Brien
- Brad O'Dell
- Mathis Buchbinder
- Sanjeew Kanagaraj
- Priank Sharma
- Aidina Tleugabyl
- Raman Adiputra
- Michael Tang
- Thanks to Duy Huynh, Emma Wong, Walter Dellisanti, Roberto Pirelli
github.com/MakerBay/Coral_Reef_Mapping_Drone
www.notion.so/cesarjungharada/Coral-Reef-Mapping-Robot-V-...
The interior diameter of the dome at 42.5 metres makes it the third largest after the Duomo in Florence (44 m) and the neighbouring Pantheon (43.3 m). At a height of height of 136.57 metres from the floor of the basilica to the top of the external cross atop the cupola it has the boast of being the tallest dome in the world.
The mosaics decorating the inside of St Peter's dome depict Jesus, Mary, Joseph, John the Baptist and the 12 apostles. The inscription at the base of the lantern at the apex of the dome reads: "S. PETRI GLORIAE SIXTUS PP. V.A. MDXC PONTIF. V" which translates as: for the glory of Saint Peter,Pope Sixtus the fifth 1590, the fifth year of his ponfificate. Pope Sixtus V commissioned the construction of the dome which was completed in 1590 - the year of Pope Sixtus' death.
This itsy-bitsy yellow flower is less than 1/2-inch in diameter petal tip to petal tip!
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Some of these photographs appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers; they are not. All of these photos are micro (macro) photographs of the super-tiny blooms that blossom on common weeds.
Weed flowers...wild flowers...whichever appellation you want to bestow on them nonetheless these almost microscopic beauties are the flowers that bloom on the weeds in my yard.
Many people also assume that these flowers are, for example, squash or zucchini-sized flowers, or that they are flowers 1" in diameter or larger and are perhaps on stems a foot tall or so. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Most of these flowers when measured petal tip to petal tip at their widest diameters measure 1/4" (6mm) across…or less...the entire bloom is that small. And the average stem height is only a few inches tall, if that.
The smallest weed flower I've shot yet is a small ring of flowers that measured less than 1/32" (.7mm) in diameter which encircled a spire which measured about 1/64" (0.3mm) in diameter.
For some photos I’ve included references to common objects such as the head of a paper match, or the head of a pin, which dwarfs some of these tiny flowers! On some others I’ve listed a description of the actual size of each object in the photo.
So far I've made over 700 photographs of over 50 varieties of weed flowers.
I hope that seeing the variety, beauty, and intricate complexity of this small world astonishes and pleases you as much as it has me.
Thanks for looking.
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Micro Weed Flowers:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157626023965740/
Micro Weed Flowers II:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029514344/
Micro Weed Flowers III:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029556370/
Micro Weed Flowers IV:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633025347237/
Micro Weed Flowers V:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029592988/
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My photographs and videos and any derivative works are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka "Zoom Lens") and ALL my rights, including my exclusive rights, are reserved and protected by United States Copyright Laws and International Copyright Laws. ANY use without my permission in writing is forbidden by law.
10m diameter, brick lined, 100 years old, a mission I'll never forget.
More from this place here: www.pridian.net/places/rankine/rankine.php
11oz
15oz
Height, in
3.74
4.72
Diameter, in
3.14
3.14
Same Penis Forever! A funny bachelorette or stagette party gift for a friend just got engaged and loves a little humor in her life!
Bring a sense of magic and wonder to your breakfast table with this new age mug! Changing color right before your eyes it brings a sense of fun and curiosity to those around you. Coming in 11oz and 15oz sizes, this mug is the perfect way to enjoy favorite warm holiday drinks in style!
.: White ceramic
.: 11 oz. (0.33 l) and 15 oz. (0.44 l)
.: Rounded corners
.: C-handle
The post Congratulation! Same Penis For The Rest Of Your Life Funny Color Changing Mug appeared first on Westorey.com.
The 72” diameter thick wall expansion joint pictured above is for SO2 service. It has 8 3/16” thick, 10 1/2” high 304H bellows to allow 4” of axial compression and 2 1/2" of lateral deflection. These thick wall joints are designed with indefinite cycle life.
I always have to gush when I see these trees. It is like seeing a living dinosaur. These monsters are hardy tough creatures, honed by intense selection pressure forces. Good genes and the effects of geography, soil, wind, storms weather etc...have hardened these trees into incredible specimens.
As a woodworker - using old and reclaimed wood, almost never new - Boards from old wood are STRAIGHT and CLEAR are LONG. Trees like this provided so much of the wood that society was built with (and so casually thrown away as junk). The earliest trees were probably much bigger than these. But look at how there is nearly 100 feet of straight trunk before it branches. WOW,
It's hard to capture the scale of these trees. One might look at this and see a bunch of trees, but these trees are incredibly straight and tall with very high canopies and they have 30-50 inch diameter at breast height trunks.
I routinely imagine what the primeval forests of North American must have looked like and I can't believe nobody looked at these colossi and thought that's more to them than just firewood and an impediment to progress. But then again, we (as a society) know more about ecology and its importance and still we bulldoze and develop every inch of land to have new houses and more parking.
We as a society should be striving toward to returning these great big forests. These trees are probably 200 or so years old and have seen a lot of time. I dont think most people have seen or would recognize and old growth tree if it but them. There are some big fat and wide, and reasonably tall trees around but the old growths stand out because they are thick and super tall and straight with very high canopies. Once you see these you realize that most trees we see are barley 100 years old...most much less.
3mm of diameter
This is designed to help obtain a more robust endometrial sample, with the intent of minimizing false negative EMB results.
Multiple, elongated ports on the curetting head are designed to draw tissue from a large surface area and provide reliable sampling of the endometrium.
Stiff catheter body for easy insertion.
No dilatation needed for the small diameter tip.
Smoothly operating suction plunger for consistent vacuum.
No difficulty extracting tissue.
This is a sterile, single use suction curette which features a proprietary multiport curetting tip (see image right).
These multiple elongated openings feature edges which provide an extremely effective method for excision of the high endometrial tissue volumes necessary for more accurate histological assessment.
Start and end point of body whorl (1) which makes up over 75% of the shell.
Apex of very depressed, almost involute spire protrudes very slightly (2) beyond the body whorl. Deformed shell with body whorl displaced shows apex clearly (3).
Diameter about 1.4 mm, Croatia, Adriatic Sea, August 2021. © N. Lete.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/389705401_Skeneopsis_pla...
Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Skeneopsis planorbis (O. Fabricius, 1780)
Synonyms: Turbo planorbis O. Fabricius, 1780; Skenea planorbis (O. Fabricius, 1780); Skeneia trochiformis Locard, 1886.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=141539
Meaning of name
Skeneopsis: appearance similar to genus Skenea.
planorbis: a flat ring or coil.
GLOSSARY below.
Shell description
Skeneopsis planorbis has a small discoid shell with a maximum diameter of 1.55 mm (Fretter, 1948). Unlike most snails, its four loosely coiled, tumid whorls leave a wide funnel-shaped umbilicus exposing the whole extent of the proximal sides of the whorls 01Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdJLy and form a very depressed, almost involute spire with a blunt apex and apical angle of about 150 to 160º (Fretter & Graham, 1978). A carefully positioned edge-on view of the disc is needed for the apex to be seen protruding slightly beyond the body whorl 02Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcLZS & 16Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbEEs . There is a deep suture between the convex whorls 01Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdJLy . The body whorl makes up over 75% of the shell 02Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcLZS .
The circular aperture has a complete, thin, often slightly flexuose, peristome which is almost completely unattached to the body whorl 01Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdJLy . On young specimens especially, the edge of the peristome is sometimes uncalcified periostracum. Apart from many fine growth lines, and occasionally slight spiral lines adapically on the body whorl, there is no surface sculpture.
The colour of an occupied shell results from shell colour and an age and environment related combination of translucency, colours of body within, periostracum development, erosion and mucous coating. When young, the shell may be glossy and semitransparent revealing colours of the body within 03Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcJTd . The glossiness is soon lost but the body colours may still show 04Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdJsT . The most recently created part of the body whorl by the aperture, where calcification is incomplete, is usually paler than the rest of the shell 03Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcJTd . Other parts of the shell may be eroded when water quality is suboptimal 05Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cXZ . Sometimes the shell surface has a row of reddish brown marks on either side of the periphery 06Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcJtf . This form was called variety maculata by Jeffreys (1867) who said it was more common in the Mediterranean than in Britain. He also named a clear white and transparent shell form as variety hyalina 03Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcJTd . Eroded specimens often completely encase the shell in a thick untidy coat of mucus with embedded algal filaments and diatoms 07Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcS2W . Sometimes the algae give the shell an olive green hue.
The circular operculum is concave, with 7 or 8 concentric turns and a central nucleus (Jeffreys, 1867). It is clear-white or like grey smoked glass 08Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbFCe .
Body description
The flesh is translucent white, sometimes with varying amounts and intensity of grey tint 05Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cXZ & 09Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cFr . Patches of yellow on various parts of the body may be visible through the shell.
The head has two widely diverging, unpigmented, cylindrical cephalic tentacles, each with a conspicuous black eye laterally on the swollen base 10Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcT9R . Each eye usually has a large, opaque, bright yellow patch behind it 11Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbEYi but it is sometimes white. There is a broad snout with a dorsomedial groove dividing it into two lobes 12Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cDh . The longitudinal slit mouth lies ventrally between and near the ends of the lobes.
Some internal organs can be seen through the clear transparent shell of some specimens. The buccal mass between the tentacles is usually covered by bright yellow pigment, but occasionally some pale specimens have all yellow replaced with opaque white. A right and a left salivary gland 12Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cDh run forwards alongside the oral tube from the buccal mass to two cuticular jaws each of which has six transverse rows of about 20 teeth. From the posterior of the buccal mass the oesophagus traverses the length of the body whorl.
The mantle cavity extends the whole length of the body whorl. It contains a monopectinate ctenidium with only nine large filaments, a bipectinate osphradium and, in males, a long penis which arises from behind the right tentacle and extends the full length of the cavity 12Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cDh .
The foot is relatively short, truncated at the anterior and the posterior third tapers to a blunt point 13Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cgi . The anterior edge is bilaminate and contains the opening of the anterior pedal mucous gland 14Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7c3h . The translucent white sole 13Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cgi shows the opaque white anterior pedal gland and posterior pedal mucous gland with a translucent gap between them across which the foot can fold 14Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7c3h . The opening to the posterior gland is faintly visible at about 66% of the length back from the anterior edge 13Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cgi .
Dorsally on the metapodium, the opercular disc does not project beyond the edge of the circular operculum resting on it, though it does have a covered posterior lobe 15Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcRu8 . The operculum is translucent, often mottled with grey or black like smoked glass, so the disc beneath it, varying in colour from black or grey to whitish with an opaque yellow mark, can often be discerned 15Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcRu8 & 08Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbFCe .
Key identification features
Skeneopsis planorbis
1) Discoid shell, maximum diameter 1.55 mm.
2) Wide open umbilicus shows proximal side of all whorls.
3) Depressed spire, apex protrudes slightly above body whorl 02Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcLZS .
4) Translucent shells show body colours including yellow blotches. Worn shells coated with thick mucus and algal filaments 07Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcS2W .
5) Operculum and opercular disc often grey or blackish, with yellow mark on disc;
6) Head has cylindrical cephalic tentacles and yellow patch behind each eye 11Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbEYi .
7) Bifid snout does not flare into oral lobes.
8) Shell carried erect but tilted to left and right as it travels 16Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbEEs .
9) Lives among fine and filamentous algae such as Corallina officinalis 19Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdLnj . and Cladophora spp.
Similar species
Omalogyra atomus (R. A. Philippi, 1841)
1) Discoid, biconcave shell, spirally coiled in a single plane, maximum diameter 1 mm 17Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcHv8 .
2) Wide open umbilicus shows all whorls.
3) Wide open concave spire shows all whorls, apex does not protrude.
4) Reddish brown shell, body uniformly translucent white 18Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdHjk .
5) Operculum white.
6) Head has no cephalic tentacles and no yellow patch behind eyes.
7) Bifid snout flares into two semicircular lobes.
8) Shell carried vertically without tilting to either side as it travels.
9) Lives on delicate algae such as Ulva lactuca and Ulva intestinalis (Fretter & Graham, 1978).
Species in the genus Skenea
1) Low helical spiral (in 3 dimensions), maximum height 2 mm.
2) Distinct umbilicus.
3) Spire protrudes well above body whorl.
4) Shell white or colourless.
5) Round operculum with many turns.
6) Head has cephalic tentacles and neck lobes. Epipodial tentacles on body.
7) Slightly bifid snout.
Habits and ecology
S. planorbis lives among fine and filamentous algae such as Cladophora, Corallina 19Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdLnj , Pylaiella, Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia and Plocamium (Fretter & Graham, 1962) in rock pools and moist situations on shores at MTL and below, and sublittorally to 70 m. It feeds on diatoms living on the algae, detritus caught on the algae and on algal fragments (Fretter & Graham, 1978). The radula rasps up diatoms and algal cells while the jaws grip the substrate. By the jaws, the salivary glands 12Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cDh produce secretions to lubricate the radula and cement together food particles rasped by it (Fretter & Graham, 1962).
S. planorbis can live in both sheltered pools and on exposed coast if suitable algae are available. At a site in North Wales a 0.5 litre sample of Rhodothamniella alga with sediment it had bound to a rock in a large sheltered pool had 29 S. planorbis and a 0.5 litre sample of Corallina from wave exposed rocks 75 metres away had 62 S. planorbis (pers. obs. October 2009) 20Sp flic.kr/p/2qQdJUV . In the pool 20 rocks lacking fine algae which were brushed in water produced only 2 S. planorbis.
Crawling is lubricated by mucus from the anterior pedal gland 13Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cgi & 14Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7c3h . It can crawl on the substrate or inverted under the surface film of pools. As it travels the shell is held up on edge at a tilt and it often rocks to left and right 16Sp flic.kr/p/2qQbEEs . Often, only the hinder part of the foot is applied to the substrate. Movement among algae is with the aid of mucus from the posterior pedal gland which is shaped into a thread in the groove running back from the gland opening 13Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cgi . It hardens into a strong thread on contact with sea water. It can also be suspended from the surface film of pools and used to move between the surface and the bed of the pool.
Some other minute species lack a ctenidium and rely on pallial respiration, but S. planorbis has a bipectinate osphradium to test water quality and a ctenidium for oxygenating its haemolymph, though it is only monopectinate with 9 filaments. When most specimens in a population are eroded it may be because of poor water quality. They often produce a thick coat of mucus over the shell, perhaps as protective response to the erosion 21Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcR7z .
It has separate sexes which breed in all months in Britain (Lebour, 1937) so all stages can be found together, but the majority spawn in spring at Plymouth (Fretter, 1948). The main breeding season starts earlier and ends later when weather is suitable.
The male fertilizes the female internally with its long penis 12Sp flic.kr/p/2qQ7cDh . The female attaches spherical or ovoid capsules individually to an algal filament. The large, relative to snail size, capsules are about 0.45 mm in diameter and have a thick protective wall 22Sp flic.kr/p/2qQcHou . Each capsule has one, or occasionally two, heavily yolked eggs surrounded by white albumen (Fretter & Graham, 1962). The veliger stage is passed within the capsule and development takes 3 to 4 weeks at 12 to 15ºC, or 2.5 weeks at 14.5 to 17.5ºC, before crawling snails with brown shells of about 0.32 mm diameter rasp their exit with their radulae (Fretter, 1948).
By early June, rock pools at Plymouth have innumerable young with an average shell diameter of 0.48 mm. Numbers are at a maximum in the summer when ample food promotes rapid growth (Fretter & Graham 1962). By January they have grown to an average diameter of 0.85 mm, but are not yet sexually mature. By this time probably all the adults which produced them are dead (Fretter, 1948).
Distribution and status
S. planorbis is found from Greenland to Florida, USA and from Iceland and Northern Norway to the Canary Islands and western half of Mediterranean. It is rare or absent from the eastern half of the Mediterranean, the Black Sea, the Baltic beyond the Kattegat and both sides of the southern half of the North Sea, GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/2301716 .
The GBIF map shows many records in the Netherlands and Belgium, but they are fossils or on strandings of floating material from elsewhere. There is no record of live in situ S. planorbis in these two countries in De Bruyne et al. (1994) and no live in situ specimens have been found in years of sampling locations with habitats suitable for S. planorbis (M. Faasse, M. van Her and S. van Leeuwen, 2025 pers. comm. 2 March).
In Britain and Ireland, though often overlooked because of its minute size, it occurs, often abundantly, practically everywhere where the shores are suitable though it is absent between the Humber Estuary and Dover (Wigham & Graham, 2017), and NBN Atlas shows no record from the north-east coast of the Irish Sea. U.K map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021055468 (accessed February 2025).
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank Neven Lete for images of shells, and Chris Isaacs for images of pale live specimens showing internal organs. I thank Marco Faasse, Maarten van Her and Sylvia van Leeuwen for information about the status of the species in the Netherlands and Belgium.
Links and references
Caballer, M., Ortea, J. & Narciso S. 2011. Description of two new species of Rissoella Gray, 1847 (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia) from Venezuela, with a key to the Caribbean species known for the genus. zookeys.pensoft.net/articles.php?id=3048
De Bruyne, R.H., Bank, R.A., Adema, J.P.H.M. and Perk, F.A. 1994, Nederlandse naamlijst van de weekdieren (Mollusca) van Nederland en Belgie. Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging.
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1853. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 , London, van Voorst. (As Skenea planorbis) p.156 to 158 . archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forb/page/156/mode/...
Plate LXXIV figs. 1,2,3. in Vol 4. archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n464/mod...
Plate GG fig. 1 & 1a (animal) in Vol. 1
archive.org/details/historyofbritish01forbe/page/n618/mod...
Fretter, V. 1948. The structure and life history of some minute prosobranchs of rock pools: Skeneopsis planorbis (Fabricius), Omalogyra atomus (Philippi), Rissoella diaphana (Alder) and Rissoella opalina (Jefffreys). J. mar. biol. Ass. U. K. , 27 (3): 597-632.
pdf at plymsea.ac.uk/1294/ or www.mba.ac.uk/nmbl/old_jmba/vol27/vol27no3.htm
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1978. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 4 – Marine Rissoacea. Suppl. 6, J. Moll. Stud.
Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. pp.662.
Jeffreys, J.G. 1867.British conchology. vol. 4. London, van Voorst. archive.org/details/britishconcholog04jeffr/page/64/mode/... (p. 64 as Skenea planorbis)
Lebour, M.V. 1937. The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 22: 105 – 166. plymsea.ac.uk/953/
Waarneming.nl Zeeposthorentje Skeneopsis planorbis (Fabricius, 1780).
waarneming.nl/species/240836/observations/?date_after=190...
(accessed March 2025).
Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2017. Marine gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other, unassigned, Caenogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.61. (344 pages). Telford, England. Field Studies Council.
Glossary
adapical = towards the apex of the shell.
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
biconcave shell = discoid shell with both apical and basal sides concave, e.g. Omalogyra atomus.
bifid = divided into two parts by a cleft.
bipectinate = like a feather with a central axis or rachis, and a series of filaments or lamellae on either side.
buccal mass = anterior of digestive system including a radula, odontophore and muscles.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
cilia = (pl.) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in feeding or locomotion.
cuticle = non-cellular outer layer of an organism that comes in contact with the environment; in mollusca it often contains chitin.
cuticular = made of cuticle.
diatom = microscopic aquatic alga with siliceous cell-walls.
epipodial = (adj.) of the epipodium.
epipodium = collar or circlet running round sides of foot of some gastropods, bearing bosses, lobes and/or tentacles.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side.
dorsomedial = on or close to the midline of the dorsal surface.
helical = of a spire which turns in three dimensions like a spiral staircase.
involute shell = body whorl envelopes and conceals all other whorls except earliest apical whorls which are recessed below the full height of the shell e.g. Retusa truncatula.
jaws = thickened cuticle formed into 2 jaws of 6 rows of 20 teeth in the oral tube.
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill, genital and renal openings, anus etc. in most marine molluscs.
monopectinate = axis with a row of filaments/lamellae on one side only.
MTL = mean tide level.
mucous = (adj.) of mucus or its production.
mucus = (noun) slimy substance secreted by mucous glands for lubrication, protection, etc.
oesophagus = tube from buccal mass to stomach.
opercular = (adj.) of the operculum.
opercular disc = part of foot which operculum rests on and is attached to as it grows.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture.
osphradium = organ for testing water quality (chemical and/or for particles) usually near ctenidium (gill).
pallial = (adj.) of the mantle (=pallium).
pallial respiration = oxygen absorbed from water by the mantle.
pedal mucous gland = gland in foot secreting mucus to lubricate crawling, form mucous tethering lines etc.
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
periphery = (of snail shell) perimeter of body whorl at its widest point. Sometimes marked by a keel or coloured band.
peristome = rim round shell-aperture, mouth or other opening.
plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).
proximal = towards the centre of the body or point of attachment.
salivary gland = produces secretions to lubricate the radula and cement together food particles.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods, open as a hole or chink on base of shell.
veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap). Stage may be passed in plankton or within liquid-filled egg-capsule.
Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION
Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.
TAXONOMY
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.
EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION
In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:
"The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek."
In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.
CLASSIFICATION
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).
CIRCUMSCRIPTION
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.
SUBDIVISION
INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).
SECTIONS
Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
6 species
Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
24 species
Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
SPECIES
There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.
ETYMOLOGY
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.
"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.
ECOLOGY
The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.
PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION
Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.
HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.
By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.
In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.
MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.
FLOWER TYPE
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;
Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.
Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.
Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.
Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
FLOWER SIZE
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors
Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)
Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.
Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.
Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.
Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.
Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.
Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.
Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.
BRANDING
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.
DOUBLE DAHLIAS
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".
"STARS OF DEVIL"
In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.
AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
"Bednall beauty"
"Bishop of Llandaff"
"Clair de lune"
"David Howard"
"Ellen Huston"
"Fascination"
"Gallery art deco"
"Gallery Art Nouveau"
"Glorie van Heemstede"
"Honka"
"Moonfire"
"Twyning's After Eight"
USES
FLORICULTURE
The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.
OTHER
Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
WIKIPEDIA
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Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION
Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.
TAXONOMY
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.
EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION
In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:
"The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek."
In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.
CLASSIFICATION
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).
CIRCUMSCRIPTION
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.
SUBDIVISION
INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).
SECTIONS
Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
6 species
Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
24 species
Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
SPECIES
There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.
ETYMOLOGY
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.
"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.
ECOLOGY
The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.
PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION
Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.
HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.
By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.
In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.
MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.
FLOWER TYPE
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;
Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.
Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.
Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.
Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
FLOWER SIZE
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors
Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)
Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.
Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.
Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.
Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.
Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.
Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.
Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.
BRANDING
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.
DOUBLE DAHLIAS
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".
"STARS OF DEVIL"
In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.
AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
"Bednall beauty"
"Bishop of Llandaff"
"Clair de lune"
"David Howard"
"Ellen Huston"
"Fascination"
"Gallery art deco"
"Gallery Art Nouveau"
"Glorie van Heemstede"
"Honka"
"Moonfire"
"Twyning's After Eight"
USES
FLORICULTURE
The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.
OTHER
Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
WIKIPEDIA
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
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Sinónimos: Ebulum humile (Mill.) Garcke; Sambucus humilis Mill.
Hierba perenne de (0,5)0,9-1,5(2) m, con rizoma estolonífero y olor característico. Tallos erectos, apenas ramificados, salvo distalmente, de médula blanca, con (7)9-12(14) costillas prominentes, verdosos, rara vez rojizos, glabros o más frecuentemente pelosos, sobre todo en los nudos. Hojas (80)140-320(400) × (60)120-240(350) mm, pinnatisectas, a veces bipinna- tisectas, con estípulas muy evidentes; limbo con (5)7-11 folíolos de (49)75-190(220) × (10)23-50(84) mm, peciolulados, lanceolados, irregularmente aserrados, agudos o acuminados, asimétricamente atenuados en la base, pinnatinervios, discoloros, glabros o pelosos al menos sobre los nervios. Inflorescencias (6)13- 18(27) cm de diámetro, corimbiformes, con (125)200-250(520) flores, solitarias o más frecuentemente tríparas: una central, sobre el tallo principal, y 2 laterales. Flores con pedice-los de (2)2,3-4(4,5) mm. Cáliz (2,2)2,3-2,4(2,6) mm, glabro, con tubo de (1,2)1,3-1,6(1,7) mm y lóbulos de (0,5)0,6-0,8(0,9) mm, anchamente triangulares. Corola (3,2)3,5-4,5(5) mm, blanca, a veces externamente rosada, glabra, con tubo de (0,4)0,8-1(1,7) mm y lóbulos de (1,9)3,4-4(4,2) mm, ovados, incurvados, apiculados, reflexos en la madurez. Estambres con filamentos de (0,7)0,8-0,9(3,1) mm, distalmente dilatados y planos, rugoso-papilosos; anteras ovoides, purpúreas. Drupa (4)5-5,6(6) mm, globosa, violeta-negruzca, glabra, con 3-4 pirenos. Especie nativa en Iturraran.
Synonyms: Ebulum humile (Mill.) Garcke; Sambucus humilis Mill.
Perennial herb of (0.5) 0.9-1.5 (2) m, with stoloniferous rhizome and characteristic odor. Stems erect, barely branched, except distally, of white marrow, with (7) 9-12 (14) prominent, greenish, rarely reddish, glabrous or more frequently hairy ribs, especially in the nodes. Leaves (80) 140-320 (400) × (60) 120-240 (350) mm, pinnatisect, sometimes bipinnactisect, with very evident stipules; limbo with (5) 7-11 leaflets of (49) 75-190 (220) × (10) 23-50 (84) mm, petioled, lanceolate, irregularly sawn, sharp or illuminated, asymmetrically attenuated at the base, pinnatinervios, discolored, glabrous or hairy at least on the nerves. Inflorescences (6) 13-18 (27) cm in diameter, corimbiform, with (125) 200-250 (520) flowers, solitary or more frequently triparous: one central, on the main stem, and 2 lateral. Flowers with pedice-los (2) 2,3-4 (4,5) mm. Chalice (2.2) 2.3-2.4 (2.6) mm, glabrous, with tube of (1.2) 1.3-1.6 (1.7) mm and lobes of (0.5 ) 0.6-0.8 (0.9) mm, broadly triangular. Corolla (3.2) 3.5-4.5 (5) mm, white, sometimes externally pink, glabrous, with (0.4) 0.8-1 (1.7) mm tube and lobes of ( 1.9) 3.4-4 (4.2) mm, ovate, incurred, apiculate, reflected in maturity. Stamens with filaments (0.7) 0.8-0.9 (3.1) mm, distally dilated and flat, rough-papillary; ovoid anthers, purple. Drupa (4) 5-5.6 (6) mm, globose, violet-blackish, glabrous, with 3-4 pyrenes. Native species in Iturraran.
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a redio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
The 48-inch diameter pipeline crosses three mountain ranges as well as forests, rivers, and plains. More than half the line is elevated in sections ranging from about 30 miles in length to the a few hundred feet. The remainder is buried underground.
The decision to elevate or bury the pipe depended primarily on soil conditions and the possible effects of the pipeline heat on the soil. Normal burial was used in stable soils and rocks, where thawing would not cause loss of soil support for the pipeline. Additionally, special burial techniques were used in some short sections for animal and highway crossings.
In places where melting permafrost might create soil stability conditions, the pipeline was insulated, jacketed, and installed above ground. Thawing around the aboveground supports in the most heat-sensitive areas was and is prevented by thermal devices that carry heat up through the pipes to radiators on top of the supports.
Aboveground sections were built in a flexible zigzag pattern in which longitudinal expansion or contraction of the pipe from heat or cold is converted into sideways movement. This also accommodates pipe motion induced by earthquake.
At more than 800 river and stream crossings, the pipe bridges the waterway or is buried beneath it. And, at 151 points along the line, valves are installed to stop oil flow, if necessary. In particular, valves are located near key stream crossings, population areas, and major uphill sections of the pipeline.
Throughout much of the life of the pipeline, crude oil was moved down the line by a series of ten operating pump stations. An additional facility provided oil control capability and could have become a pump station if expansion by the system had been required. A twelfth station site was also available. Today only six of the original ten pump stations are being used to move oil through the line. (Production of oil on the North Slope has been declining because of the age of the oil fields, thereby reducing the amount of throughput of oil in the line, and thus requiring fewer pump stations.)
The heart of each station is the main pump building that houses gas-turbine-driven mainline pumps. Most stations have three pumps, each of which can move 22,000 gallons of oil each minute, or up to 754,000 barrels a day (one barrel equals 42 gallons).
A closer look at four of the six Ionic columns in the center section of the Rose Hill Mansion. The columns are twenty-two feet, seven inches high and two feet, six inches in diameter. The mansion is located on Route 96A in Geneva, NY.
- diameter 60 cm
- Acrylic and Spray
BONUS TMC'S SOLO EXHIBITION "ANIMALS PLANET" at GOJA Gallery Cafe
(See links). Meteor Crater is a meteorite impact crater about 37 mi east of Flagstaff and 18 mi west of Winslow in the northern Arizona desert of the United States. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in November 1967.
Diameter: 0.737 miles
Depth: 560 feet
The size of the asteroid that produced the impact is uncertain—likely in the range of 100 to 170 feet (30 to 50 meters) across—but it had to be large enough to excavate 175 million metric tons of rock.
The crater was created about 50,000 years ago. The crater came to the attention of scientists after American settlers encountered it in the 19th century. In 1903, mining engineer and businessman Daniel M. Barringer suggested that the crater had been produced by the impact of a large iron-metallic meteorite. During the 1960s and 1970s, NASA astronauts trained in the crater to prepare for the Apollo missions to the Moon.
Meteor Crater - Wikipedia
Meteor Crater is a popular tourist attraction privately owned by the Barringer family through the Barringer Crater Company, with an admission fee charged to see the crater. The Meteor Crater Visitor Center on the north rim features interactive exhibits and displays about meteorites and asteroids, space, the Solar System, and comets. It features the American Astronaut Wall of Fame and such artifacts on display as an Apollo boilerplate command module (BP-29), a 1,406 lb meteorite found in the area, and meteorite specimens from Meteor Crater that can be touched. Formerly known as the Museum of Astrogeology, the Visitor Center includes a movie theater, a gift shop, and observation areas with views inside the rim of the crater. Guided tours of the rim are offered daily, weather permitting.
Meteor Crater. Interstate 40, Exit, 233, Winslow, AZ. 102121.
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶 A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶
A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
腹徑 Abdomen Diameter 23.5 cm 公分
高 Height 37 cm 公分
口徑 Mouth Diameter 8.2 cm 公分
圈足徑 Round Ring Foot Diameter 11 cm 公分
Provenance 來源：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世藝術收藏品
The art collections handed down from the family ancestors of the military marshal Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty
Youtube:
2022 年 3 月份全球觀眾： 1,373 總觀看次數及1,588 總觀看時間 (分鐘)
Youtube:
Global audience in March 2022: 1,373 total views and 1,588 total watch time (minutes)
youtube.com/shorts/MZyI042HtNs?feature=share
Facebook 臉書：
擁有 48,000 名全球會員的臉書公共社群網站 'Fine Art to sell'：
Facebook:
Facebook Public Group 'Fine Art to sell' that has 48,000 global members:
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31887446...
m.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/31885427...
www.facebook.com/groups/fine.art.to.sell/permalink/318874...
Provenance:
Ms. Chen Junying (1932- ). Her father Chen Wancheng was the 20th generation descendant from the ancestor Chen Xiufu [Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua, Guangdong.], who was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty. She has inherited the family handed-down ancestral collection, including valuable ceramics, jade carved works of art, antiques, bronzes, and Chinese paintings moving from mainland China to Taiwan since Qing dynasty, from her father Chen Wancheng and has been trained to be a good professional collector and an excellent appraiser by family education since childhood for over 80 years.
Chen Xiufu
Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua county, Guangdong Province, China.
Chen Xiufu was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty.
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
Announcement on the official website of People's Government of Wuhua County, in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China:
The first great memorial ceremony after the rebuilding of the ancestral hall of Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was ushered in
On May 17, 2013, on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (Xiufu Public Ancestral Hall), in which by Zhu Yuanzhang was Chen Xiufu nominated as the first-grade Guangludafu and awarded to build the "Emperor's Grace and Favorite Grant" Memorial Arch, was ushered in the first big memorial ceremony after its reconstruction.
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
來源：
陳俊英女士 ( 1932 - )。她的父親陳萬承是明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥的先祖陳秀甫 (明代開國功臣光祿大夫 [為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事] 陳秀甫 [廣東五華籍]) 的第 20 代後裔。她從父親陳萬承處繼承了家族傳世的祖傳藏品，包括自清朝以來從中國大陸移至台灣的珍貴陶瓷器、玉器、古董、青銅器和中國書畫，她自童年開始透過家庭教育，即被培養成為一位很棒的專業收藏家和優秀的鑑賞家已達 80 多年。
陳秀甫
陳秀甫是明代的開國功臣光祿大夫 [此官名為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事]，中國廣東省五華縣人。
明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 陳秀甫被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥。
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
中國廣東省梅州市五華縣人民政府官網公告訊息：
明朝開國功臣陳秀甫祠堂重建落成後迎來首次大祭
公元 2013 年 5 月 17 日 ，農曆四月初八，被朱元璋封為一品光祿大夫、賜建 “皇恩寵錫” 牌坊的陳家祠(秀甫公祠)重建落成後迎來了首次大祭。
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
...
The Provenance of Works of Art
藝術品來源
Works of Art
Provenance:
Ms. Chen Junying (1932- ). Her father Chen Wancheng was the 20th generation descendant from the ancestor Chen Xiufu [Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua, Guangdong.], who was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty. She has inherited the family handed-down ancestral collection, including valuable ceramics, jade carved works of art, antiques, bronzes, and Chinese paintings moving from mainland China to Taiwan since Qing dynasty, from her father Chen Wancheng and has been trained to be a good professional collector and an excellent appraiser by family education since childhood for over 80 years.
藝術品
來源：
陳俊英女士 ( 1932 - )。她的父親陳萬承是明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥的先祖陳秀甫 (明代開國功臣光祿大夫 [為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事] 陳秀甫 [廣東五華籍]) 的第 20 代後裔。她從父親陳萬承處繼承了家族傳世的祖傳藏品，包括自清朝以來從中國大陸移至台灣的珍貴陶瓷器、玉器、古董、青銅器和中國書畫，她自童年開始透過家庭教育，即被培養成為一位很棒的專業收藏家和優秀的鑑賞家已達 80 多年。
...
Chen Xiufu
Official name: Guangludafu, an official who was close to the Emperor, and acted according to the edict of the Emperor, also the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, from Wuhua county, Guangdong Province, China.
Chen Xiufu was nominated as the military Marshal by Ming Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang in Hongwu 18th year (1385 A.D.) Ming Dynasty.
陳秀甫
陳秀甫是明代的開國功臣光祿大夫 [此官名為皇帝近臣依皇帝詔命行事]，中國廣東省五華縣人。
明朝洪武十八年 (公元 1385 年) 陳秀甫被明朝皇帝朱元璋封為軍事大元帥。
www.nanchens.com/xqxx/xqxx32/xqxx32510.htm
www.xuehua.tw/a/5ec8742f868e1a463e412f06
...
Announcement on the official website of People's Government of Wuhua County, in Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China:
The first great memorial ceremony after the rebuilding of the ancestral hall of Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty, was ushered in
On May 17, 2013, on the eighth day of the fourth month of the lunar calendar, the Chen Family Ancestral Hall (Xiufu Public Ancestral Hall), in which by Zhu Yuanzhang was Chen Xiufu nominated as the first-grade Guangludafu and awarded to build the "Emperor's Grace and Favorite Grant" Memorial Arch, was ushered in the first big memorial ceremony after its reconstruction.
中國廣東省梅州市五華縣人民政府官網公告訊息：
明朝開國功臣陳秀甫祠堂重建落成後迎來首次大祭
公元 2013 年 5 月 17 日 ，農曆四月初八，被朱元璋封為一品光祿大夫、賜建 “皇恩寵錫” 牌坊的陳家祠(秀甫公祠)重建落成後迎來了首次大祭。
www.wuhua.gov.cn/xxgk/gzdt/zwdt/content/mpost_326801.html
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
VIP 尊貴客戶鑑賞 7 件藝術品
Seven valuable works of art for VIP valued customers to appreciate
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/vip-7-seven-valuable-wo...
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網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世汝窯瓷器有精美紋飾圖案
The Ru kiln porcelains handed down from the ancestors of the Chen Xiufu family, who was the founding hero and military marshal of the Ming Dynasty, have exquisite decorative patterns.
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/ru-kiln-porcelains-hand...
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網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
「天神密碼」保護「無價生命」 我們知道你的昨天、今天和明天！
"The God's Code" protects "Priceless Life" We know your yesterday, today and tomorrow!
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/gods-code-protects-pric...
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網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝開國功臣軍事大元帥陳秀甫家族祖傳的傳世藝術收藏品
The art collections handed down from the family ancestors of the military marshal Chen Xiufu, the founding hero of the Ming Dynasty
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/art-collections-handed-...
...
網誌 Blogger：
Orion Museum
文章 Article：
明朝正統年製官窯五彩歐洲使節天朝進貢人物風景紋天球瓶
A Wucai European Envoy presenting Tribute to the Sovereign of China Figures and Landscape Bottle Vase Tianqiuping Imperial Palace Workshop Zhengtong Period (1436 - 1449) Four-character Seal-mark Ming Dynasty
連結 Link：
orionsmuseum.blogspot.com/2022/05/wucai-european-envoy-pr...
...
Orion Museum
外部連結 External Links
Google Photos 照片：
photos.app.goo.gl/SjsYjQvcWXH1UoAT8
YouTube Videos 影片：
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The diameter of these flowers is less than 0'5 cm. There were close to the huge and red bell-flower I was shooting...now, I prefer these instead of the original 'model'.
El diàmetre d'aquestes floretes no passa del mig centìmetre. Hi eren prop d'unes enormes campanes rotjes que era fotografiant...ara, preferisc aquestes flors en lloc del model original.
El diámetro de estas florecillas no supera el medio centímetro. Estaban cerca de las enormes campanas rojas que estaba fotografiando...ahora prefiero estas flores en vez de la modelo original.
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!
Flower diameter 35mm
Multi-stemmed perennial with branched hairy stems.
Flowering throughout the year, but mainly October to January.
There are perhaps two other Wahlenbergia sp. out near Cox's River, on the Six Foot Track. One has a flower diameter of 10mm and may be W. gracilis. The other has a flower diameter of 25mm.
Askja's Víti crater was formed in the eruption of 1875, on the northeast shore of Öskjuvatn lake. Approximately 150 metres (500ft.) in diameter, it contains a geothermal lake of mineral-rich, sulphurous, opaque turquoise water, which has a comfortable temperature for swimming.
Led lightbars circle are used as signals. We use the diameter to measure how big it is. There are inner diameter and outer diameter.Part No. Series: NFA-C18. If you can not find what you want in our catalogue, please contact us!
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