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About 10" in diameter. I'd just leave it be and build the sidewalk up higher to clear it (I'd need to raise the sidewalk about 4" because city code is a 4" gravel base, an inch of sand, and then ~3 of pavers (all of this flattens down about an inch after tamping the eff out of it), but if I did that I'd have to raise the south side of the driveway and make it a hunchway. And even then that wouldn't be enough, because the stupid root keeps growing.
So I'm going to saw it out and hope the the existing part of it doesn't rot out and collapse too quickly.
Ugh. The joys of home ownership (and the joys of ripping out a concrete sidewalk in favor of bricks; the bricks are more labor intensive to install, but (a) water does not pool on them, (b) they look better, and (c) you don't need to call a cement mixer truck to level them if a new tree root starts pushing them up into a hump.)
At least I can use the broken concrete to make a drystone knee wall at the front of the garage when I take out the now-useless doors and build a new front wall there.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. custom-designed thick wall flanged and flued head expansion joints for large diameter piping in a heat exchanger application. The expansion joints, including the liners, are fabricated from 316 stainless steel. The first unit is 60" O.D. x 84" O.D., the second unit is 36" O.D. x 60", and both units have a 1/4" nominal thickness. They were designed for 4.4 psig at 210°F with a 122" water column. A dye penetrant exam on the circumferential welds was conducted prior to shipping.
Precisely why they downsized their containers is currently beyond me as well as many other consumers across the nation.
Large diameter work rolls used to flatten the hook from the tail end of the coil.
Complete Entry Systems from Guild International can be customized to accommodate your line needs. Commonly included in our entry systems are our
double arm uncoiler, outboard coil retainer, speed funnel, shearwelder, and accumulator. Any item may be added or subtracted from
this list to better suit your needs. For more information or a quote on a Guild Complete Entry System, please contact us sales@guildint.com
www.guildint.com/TubeMill/FLT_Flattener.htm
Since 1958, Guild International, Inc. has maintained the status of a world leader in the designing and manufacturing of coil joining and strip accumulating machinery. We continue to meet the rigorous engineering and design expectations that our clients have come to value. Guild's equipment continues to increase productivity and yield on thousands of installations around the world – on virtually all types of coil processing lines and materials.
Guild International offers a complete line of coil end welders for almost any application. Our patented product line includes Zipwelders(TM), resistance welders, semi-automatic shearwelders, and strip accumulators including Supercoils®, Superloops(TM) and Continuous Coils. Guild also produces a full line of rotary and cropshears along with uncoilers, speed funnels, and flatteners. Plus, our team of engineers will help you determine your needs and ensure proper equipment design and compatibility with your existing equipment.
With Guild's coil processing machinery, you can improve your processing line's productivity and stay competitive in today's business world. Put Guild International to work on your strip processing needs today.
Guild International, Inc
7273 Division Street
Bedford, OH 44146 USA
Phone: +1 440.232.5887
Fax: +1440.232.5878
Sebuah trailer membawa tiang pancang diameter 600mm sedang menunggu giliran untuk unloading tiang pancang.
PT. Citra Lautan Teduh didirikan di Batam, Indonesia pada tahun 1991. Perusahaan patungan antara PUMYANG Construction Co. Ltd (Korea Selatan) dengan PT. CITRA HARAPAN ABADI (Indonesia ) ini merupakan produsen terkemuka Tiang Pancang Beton Putar Pra-tekan (Prestressed Spun Concrete Pile) yang banyak digunakan sebagai pondasi untuk berbagai macam konstruksi seperti gedung, pelabuhan, jembatan, turap, konstruksi jalan raya, pelantar beton, pabrik, shipyard, workshop, dermaga rakyat, oil tank dan lainnya.
Info lebih lanjut, segera hubungi kami:
Mr. Konstan Simanjuntak, ST
(Marketing Division)
0812 777 12000
(0778) 761185 ext. 108
email: cltbatam@gmail.com
Web: citralautanteduh.com
U.S. Bellows, Inc., the expansion joint division of Piping Technology & Products, Inc., specially designed and fabricated a 54" diameter tied, universal expansion joint for NASA Space Center. The expansion joints were designed at full vacuum and 450° F and constructed with 304 SS bellows, liner and A516 Gr. 70 spool, weld ends and carbon steel tie rods. The bellows' attachment welds were 100% dye-penetrant tested.
A 3 inch diameter X 4 1/2 inches tall palm wax pillar candle fragranced with Chestnuts and Brown Sugar. The candle scent “Chestnuts and Brown Sugar” is synonymous with the thanksgiving and Christmas holidays. The sweet aroma is reminiscent of roasted chestnuts and brown sugar. This palm wax pillar candle has a strong bouquet that will soon find its way into every corner of the room. I have colored the palm wax pillar candle a olive lime green. The surface crystal formations typical for palm wax give the pillar candle a silvery hue.
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!
diameter :: 1.25"
color :: assorted rainbow colors
durable & machine washable
...these hand cast resin buttons make every garment, gift, and craft project complete...
PERFECT FOR:
*sewn goods
*scrapbooking
*card making
*doll hats, and clothing
*embellish your fave bag, or piece of clothing
*button jewelry
A 12mm diameter Acorn cap found below a Live Oak. Until I looked at the file I had no idea that the cap was built up rather like the skin of a pineapple with contra wound spirals of "plates" in a pattern related to the Fibonacci series.
The picture was made using a 55 mm prime lens with 20 mm extensions tubes and manual focus. Bright sunlight and a high ISO (1600) allowed the use of f 16 to gain a little depth of focus.
The 93-km diameter crater Copernicus is prominent near the centre of the Moon in this view, captured on the morning of Oct. 27. To its upper right, trailing off into the darkness of the lunar night, is the 58-km diameter crater Eratosthenes and the Apennine Mountains.
[Nikon D800 camera body on Explore Scientific refracting telescope; ISO 100, 1/125 sec. at f/8; processed in Photoshop CS6 (brightness, contrast, colour desaturation (-75%), sharpening)]
"Spiraea x vanhouttei, 2016, Bridal-Wreath, spy-rEE-uh van-HOW-tee-eye, 8x10 ft Shrub, Z3-8, white, Bloom Month 5b, In Bed f2.10.3 S2 for 19.1 years
Rose family Rosaceae. Also known as the Vanhoutte Spiraea. Has a fountainlike growth habit, with a round top and arching branches that curve to the ground, covered with tufts of small white flowers. The tiny white flowers (each to 1/3” diameter) appear in mid- May in umbellate clusters (to 2” wide). Small greenish-blue leaves, turning plum-colored in the fall."
Precisely why they downsized their containers is currently beyond me as well as many other consumers across the nation.
4”, 6”, 8” and 12” Discharge applications to include Oreflex 10/Gatorflow 150# Nitrile, Red mid-grade PVC and low pressure open end blue discharge.
For more information, go to www.jgbhose.com
a 28 foot diameter labyrinth made from 2-inch wide masking tape for All Saints prayer vigil at Cross of Grace Lutheran Church in New Palestine, Indiana.
(October 30, 2008)
______________________
using FlickrFly
(Requires Google Earth)
______________________
Pendent "Cigale" (Cicada)
Year : 1923
In black glass paste, moulded-pressed on a soft green background, with an oval-shaped
Signed in the mold : G-A R.
Diameter. 2.6'.
Weight : 0.038 lb
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
A full symmetry model of methanol fuel particle tracks blown in air-blast injector. Various other specs follow.
These images are copyrighted, and meant to be published in future in my thesis. Kindly avoid any other use.
Questions/ Help most welcomed.
An F1 tornado passed through the area on 16 September 2010. This picture was shot between mile markers 11 and 11.5 on the Hocking-Adena bicycle trail. Many of the broken trees were well over 1 foot in diameter and winds sheared off some that were 2 to 3 feet across. I also shot a video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=qwDdCAVkqAo
Aluminum Flexible Duct
◆Diameters 3” to 29” （75-736mm）
◆Bend Radius 1.5” x 1.D.
◆Lengths 10 M or as to request
◆Compression ratio 1: 0.05
◆Maximum Velocity: 5500 FPM
◆Static Pressure – positive:10 in. WC
◆Temperature Range: -20°F to 250°F
Our clients choose us for reasons
1.We take care the qualtiy as our life
2.Reasonable price,We are manufactory.
3.Convenient traffic , around 1.5 hours to Shanghai ,
60 km distance to the Ningbo port
Constructed of a heavy duty 3-ply, aluminum foil laminate, encapsulating a high density, corrosion resistant wire helix, forming an air tight, easy to use, quality air connector.
The product comes conveniently boxed in 25 foot lengths, compressed for easy shipping and handling.
It’s work perfect when in the High temperature environments for exhaust system.
Very flexible, ideal for difficult installs
Amanda Wu(sales representative)
on line (14:00-23:00) chinese time
on line (3:00~10:00) USA Time
MSN: amanda-duct@hotmail.com
Mail: amanda@duct-charm.cn
yahoo message: amandawqq@yahoo.com
Skype:amandawqq
Cell phone:86-13777184468 Fax:86-57462085805
Add.: xiao cao e town,yuyao,zhejiang
From my collection. 18K rose and green gold, Amethyst, Diamond, Ruby. Entirely hand-fabricated. 35mm diameter. 6.29 grams.
Gassendi (diameter 110 km) is a prominent walled plain with numerous clefts, hills and a central mountain.
43 cm Newton
Michael Karrer
Obverse: Head of Octavian, right. Reverse: Herm facing, set on winged thunderbolt. IMP CAESAR (across field)
Credit Line
Storer Collection
Roman, Republican Period, about 29–27 B.C.
Mint
Uncertain (Brundisium or Rome), Italy
Dimensions
Diameter: 20.5 mm. Weight: 3.63 gm. Die Axis: 9
Accession Number
32.779
Medium or Technique
Silver
Aluminum Flexible Duct
◆Diameters 3” to 29” （75-736mm）
◆Bend Radius 1.5” x 1.D.
◆Lengths 10 M or as to request
◆Compression ratio 1: 0.05
◆Maximum Velocity: 5500 FPM
◆Static Pressure – positive:10 in. WC
◆Temperature Range: -20°F to 250°F
Our clients choose us for reasons
1.We take care the qualtiy as our life
2.Reasonable price,We are manufactory.
3.Convenient traffic , around 1.5 hours to Shanghai ,
60 km distance to the Ningbo port
Constructed of a heavy duty 3-ply, aluminum foil laminate, encapsulating a high density, corrosion resistant wire helix, forming an air tight, easy to use, quality air connector.
The product comes conveniently boxed in 25 foot lengths, compressed for easy shipping and handling.
It’s work perfect when in the High temperature environments for exhaust system.
Very flexible, ideal for difficult installs
Amanda Wu(sales representative)
on line (14:00-23:00) chinese time
on line (3:00~10:00) USA Time
MSN: amanda-duct@hotmail.com
Mail: amanda@duct-charm.cn
yahoo message: amandawqq@yahoo.com
Skype:amandawqq
Cell phone:86-13777184468 Fax:86-57462085805
Add.: xiao cao e town,yuyao,zhejiang
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!
medievalpoc: Andrea Mantegna Ceiling Oculus (detail) Italy (1465-74) Fresco diameter: 270 cm Camera degli Sposi, Palazzo Ducale, Mantua
U.S. Bellows, Inc. custom designed and manufactured three 3" diameter and 36" long universal expansion joints for a power plant project in South Carolina. These expansion joints, fabricated from 2-ply A240-304H stainless steel bellows, are designed for 170 PSIG and 1200°F per EJMA specifications.
Fast drive gears for roughing reduction R4 roller strips.
Drive gears: diameter 3900 mm gear wheel – module 30 – 119 teeth – 770/770 mm facewidth, through hardened high strength alloy steel (Hardness HB 280).
Bihelicoidal pinion: diameter 1150 mm, module 30 – 35 teeth –770/770 mm facewidth , through hardened high strength alloy steel (Hardness HB 310).
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a redio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
On Friday 30th July I found a tiny spider (abdomen diameter approx 5mm) in its nest on a tree with a 'maggot' like parasite attached. I took a couple of photos expecting the spider to be dead by the next day.
Next day when I checked I found the parasite on its own in the web. The little spider had moved camp and appeared okay. I also found two of the spiders (one a bit darker than the other) maybe its mate.
Update: 5th August 2010. I could not see either of the two spiders today. We do have a wide variety of birds etc all looking for something to eat...
The parasite was still in the web and had encased itself some sort of cocoon. I am not sure if it is still alive but I will keep an eye on the cocoon.
Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION
Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.
TAXONOMY
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.
EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION
In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:
"The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek."
In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.
CLASSIFICATION
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).
CIRCUMSCRIPTION
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.
SUBDIVISION
INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).
SECTIONS
Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
6 species
Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
24 species
Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
SPECIES
There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.
ETYMOLOGY
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.
"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.
ECOLOGY
The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.
PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION
Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.
HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.
By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.
In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.
MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.
FLOWER TYPE
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;
Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.
Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.
Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.
Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
FLOWER SIZE
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors
Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)
Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.
Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.
Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.
Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.
Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.
Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.
Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.
BRANDING
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.
DOUBLE DAHLIAS
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".
"STARS OF DEVIL"
In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.
AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
"Bednall beauty"
"Bishop of Llandaff"
"Clair de lune"
"David Howard"
"Ellen Huston"
"Fascination"
"Gallery art deco"
"Gallery Art Nouveau"
"Glorie van Heemstede"
"Honka"
"Moonfire"
"Twyning's After Eight"
USES
FLORICULTURE
The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.
OTHER
Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
WIKIPEDIA
Diameter 14” x 25.5”H.
Hand woven from Rattan in Hapao style.
Finished with a coating of clear lacquer.
48 INCHES DIAMETER GUAGE 16 STAINLESS SHEET ENGRAVED LETERING AND DRAWINGS OF TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COMMAND
PHILIPPINE ARMY
TABINAS GRANITES, ART & SIGNS
#09276162928
MODEL : NC SHIBAURA Vertical Lathe
YEAR : Retrofit 2004
SYSTEM : FANUC 18IT
table Diameter : 8,000mm
Max swing : 1,0700mm
HSM KOREA (Hoseong Machinery)
HOSEONG MACHINE KOREA (HSM KOREA)
CO.LTD..#692-18,JURYE-1DONG,SASANG-GU,BUSAN,KOREA
H-PAGE:http://www.hoseongmc.com"
E-mail: info@hoseongmc.com / charlie@hoseongmc.com
TEL: +82-51-311-7111FAX: +82-51-311-7113
MOBILE: + 82-10-9316-4480 (Korean)
MOBILE: +82-10-8218-7270 (English)
PHOTO: www.flickr.com/hsmkorea
HSM KOREA, Hoseong Machinery is established in 1980 starting trading business mainly import used machinery including vertical lathe, horizontal lathe, boring machine, plano miller, drilling machine, laser cutting machine, deephole machine and so on. For more than 30 years, we have sold more than 40 million USD in Korea with boom economy in metal processing business in Korea. From 2010, we started to export used machine from South Korea to all over the world. Currently we have the largest warehouse for used machinery and posses 50 machines. The inspection can be done anytime because most of machines are at our ware house. If you do require any CNC or NC machine from Korea. We can provide full service. We used to run our metal processing centre by our own so we have very professional experience in used machinery.
HSM Machine List
[HORIZONTAL LATHE]
1. Wohlenberg Manual lathe 1,520mm x 6,550mm
2. Kramatorsk NC lathe 1,450mm x 8,350mm
3. Hitachi NC Lathe 1,450mm x 6,400mm
4. Skoda Manual Lathe 1,600mm x 12,470mm
5. Binns & Berry NC Lathe 1,000mm x 6,430mm
6. Clausing Manual Lathe 1,160mm x 6,200mm
7. Tuda NC Lathe 1,280mm x 6,100mm
8. GILLLY NC Lathe 2,000mm x 8,000mm
9. FUJII NC Lathe 1,250mm x 9,000mm
10. NOBLE-LUND Manual Lathe 1,800mm x 8,000mm
11. NISHMORI NC Lathe 2,300mm x 8,000mm
12. N-Series(N41) CNC Lathe 800mm x 2,500mm
[VERTICAL LATHE]
1. SHIBAURA 8,000mm
2. NILES 7,600mm
3. SHIBAURA 3,000mm
4. DAEJEONG 5,000mm
5. SEDIN 2,800mm
6. SEDIN 2,800mm
7. KOLOMNA 4,000mm
8. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
9. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
10. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
11. YOUNGDOG 4,000mm
[DRILL]
1. CNC Rotary Drill M/C 5,000mm x 6,000mm
2. CNC BAT Drill M/C 4,000mm x 1,500mm
3. CNC GANTRY DRILLING M/C 6,000mm x 6,000mm
4. CNC Yeongdong DRILLING M/C 6,000mm X 6,000mm X1,000mm
[Boring]
1. 140Ø OHARA Table BORING
2. 130Ø UNION Table BORING
3. 160Ø SHIBAURA Table BORING
4. 160Ø SCHARMANN FLOOR BORING
5. 130Ø SHIBAURA FLOOR BORING
6. 160Ø WMW FLOOR BORING
[GEAR CUTTING]
1. DAEJEONG GEAR CUTTING M/C 3,200mm
MODEL : NC SHIBAURA Vertical Lathe
YEAR : Retrofit 2004
SYSTEM : FANUC 18IT
table Diameter : 8,000mm
Max swing : 1,0700mm
HSM KOREA (Hoseong Machinery)
HOSEONG MACHINE KOREA (HSM KOREA)
CO.LTD..#692-18,JURYE-1DONG,SASANG-GU,BUSAN,KOREA
H-PAGE:http://www.hoseongmc.com"
E-mail: info@hoseongmc.com / charlie@hoseongmc.com
TEL: +82-51-311-7111FAX: +82-51-311-7113
MOBILE: + 82-10-9316-4480 (Korean)
MOBILE: +82-10-8218-7270 (English)
PHOTO: www.flickr.com/hsmkorea
HSM KOREA, Hoseong Machinery is established in 1980 starting trading business mainly import used machinery including vertical lathe, horizontal lathe, boring machine, plano miller, drilling machine, laser cutting machine, deephole machine and so on. For more than 30 years, we have sold more than 40 million USD in Korea with boom economy in metal processing business in Korea. From 2010, we started to export used machine from South Korea to all over the world. Currently we have the largest warehouse for used machinery and posses 50 machines. The inspection can be done anytime because most of machines are at our ware house. If you do require any CNC or NC machine from Korea. We can provide full service. We used to run our metal processing centre by our own so we have very professional experience in used machinery.
HSM Machine List
[HORIZONTAL LATHE]
1. Wohlenberg Manual lathe 1,520mm x 6,550mm
2. Kramatorsk NC lathe 1,450mm x 8,350mm
3. Hitachi NC Lathe 1,450mm x 6,400mm
4. Skoda Manual Lathe 1,600mm x 12,470mm
5. Binns & Berry NC Lathe 1,000mm x 6,430mm
6. Clausing Manual Lathe 1,160mm x 6,200mm
7. Tuda NC Lathe 1,280mm x 6,100mm
8. GILLLY NC Lathe 2,000mm x 8,000mm
9. FUJII NC Lathe 1,250mm x 9,000mm
10. NOBLE-LUND Manual Lathe 1,800mm x 8,000mm
11. NISHMORI NC Lathe 2,300mm x 8,000mm
12. N-Series(N41) CNC Lathe 800mm x 2,500mm
[VERTICAL LATHE]
1. SHIBAURA 8,000mm
2. NILES 7,600mm
3. SHIBAURA 3,000mm
4. DAEJEONG 5,000mm
5. SEDIN 2,800mm
6. SEDIN 2,800mm
7. KOLOMNA 4,000mm
8. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
9. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
10. QIQIHAR 5,000mm
11. YOUNGDOG 4,000mm
[DRILL]
1. CNC Rotary Drill M/C 5,000mm x 6,000mm
2. CNC BAT Drill M/C 4,000mm x 1,500mm
3. CNC GANTRY DRILLING M/C 6,000mm x 6,000mm
4. CNC Yeongdong DRILLING M/C 6,000mm X 6,000mm X1,000mm
[Boring]
1. 140Ø OHARA Table BORING
2. 130Ø UNION Table BORING
3. 160Ø SHIBAURA Table BORING
4. 160Ø SCHARMANN FLOOR BORING
5. 130Ø SHIBAURA FLOOR BORING
6. 160Ø WMW FLOOR BORING
[GEAR CUTTING]
1. DAEJEONG GEAR CUTTING M/C 3,200mm
Pivot diameters of Mafac Center-pull and Cantilever brakes are the same.
But cantilever and V-brake pivots are longer.
Modern V-Brake and Canti bosses are interchangeable with classic Mafac cantilever bosses.
Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION
Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.
TAXONOMY
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.
EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION
In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:
"The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek."
In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.
CLASSIFICATION
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).
CIRCUMSCRIPTION
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.
SUBDIVISION
INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).
SECTIONS
Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
6 species
Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
24 species
Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
SPECIES
There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.
ETYMOLOGY
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.
"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.
ECOLOGY
The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.
PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION
Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.
HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.
By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.
In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.
MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.
FLOWER TYPE
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;
Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.
Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.
Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.
Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
FLOWER SIZE
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors
Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)
Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.
Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.
Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.
Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.
Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.
Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.
Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.
BRANDING
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.
DOUBLE DAHLIAS
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".
"STARS OF DEVIL"
In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.
AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
"Bednall beauty"
"Bishop of Llandaff"
"Clair de lune"
"David Howard"
"Ellen Huston"
"Fascination"
"Gallery art deco"
"Gallery Art Nouveau"
"Glorie van Heemstede"
"Honka"
"Moonfire"
"Twyning's After Eight"
USES
FLORICULTURE
The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.
OTHER
Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
WIKIPEDIA
Pictured above is a deaerator built by Sweco Fab, Inc. and is destined to go into service for one of the larger chemical companies at their Plaquemine, Louisiana Fields.
The upper vessel shown is a 120” diameter 304L stainless unit connected to a 144” carbon steel storage tank of approximately 38,000 lb.
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!
This is a close up of my Tama Tension Watch, a small tool which allows you to tune your drumset in an effective way by measuring a fictional tension value of the drumheads.
The gauge is only about 5.5cm in diameter.
The colors were not manipulated, I shot it in the blue light of my lamp.
1 Dollar coin from Barbados features a Flying Fish. Notice the 7 sided shape of this coin. Coin is 1-1/8 inch diameter. Hand painted by Ann Nolen of animalcoin.com. #KS.
...a story of photographic inspiration:
This particular little 3/4" inch (19 mm) in diameter weed flower is the flower that started this entire obsession of mine with photographing micros of weed flowers.
(Some people want to call these wildflowers, but in one sense of the word they’re not: most wildflowers such as those you see by the side of the road or in meadows are on fairly tall stems and the blooms may reach an inch or more in diameter; these tiny flowers do not even come close to fitting that description.)
It was New Year’s Day in 2011, and while wandering around my back yard this teeny little flash of white caught my eye and when I went to see what it was, it was this ultra-tiny weed flower, a little wild daisy, on a stem so short that I would not harm it if I mowed right over it.
I had intended to start getting serious about my micro photography and this tiny flower seemed like a challenging subject and therefore a good place to start.
To this day years later I have not gotten over my astonishment when I put my lens on it and through magnification I first saw the beautiful, complex, intricate details in this miniscule flower! And if this one was so beautiful what about the other weeds in my yard; did they also make flowers?
Well, yes, they did, and do. And to me they are every bit as beautiful if not more so than their large counterparts, and certainly way more challenging to photograph.
This one little flower inspired me to start on a quest: I began to examine all of the weeds in my yard and so far I’ve made over 700 photos spread across five sets of over 50 different kinds of these beautiful little flowers, some of which are so tiny that they are the size of the head of a pin.
And so I quit spreading weed killer and instead began to notice and appreciate this incredible natural beauty that for years I had completely ignored and had trampled, with disdain, underfoot.
We should be careful what we disrespect and count to be a small thing and therefore not worthy...
.
Some of these photographs appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers; they are not. All of these photos are micro (macro) photographs of the super-tiny blooms that blossom on common weeds.
Weed flowers...wild flowers...whichever appellation you want to bestow on them nonetheless these almost microscopic beauties are the flowers that bloom on the weeds in my yard.
Many people also assume that these flowers are, for example, squash or zucchini-sized flowers, or that they are flowers 1" in diameter or larger and are perhaps on stems a foot tall or so. Nothing could be further from the truth.
Most of these flowers when measured petal tip to petal tip at their widest diameters measure 1/4" (6mm) across…or less...the entire bloom is that small. And the average stem height is only a few inches tall, if that.
The smallest weed flower I've shot yet is a small ring of flowers that measured less than 1/32" (.7mm) in diameter which encircled a spire which measured about 1/64" (0.3mm) in diameter.
For some photos I’ve included references to common objects such as the head of a paper match, or the head of a pin, which dwarfs some of these tiny flowers! On some others I’ve listed a description of the actual size of each object in the photo.
So far I've made over 700 photographs of over 50 varieties of weed flowers.
I hope that seeing the variety, beauty, and intricate complexity of this small world astonishes and pleases you as much as it has me.
Thanks for looking.
.
Micro Weed Flowers:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157626023965740/
Micro Weed Flowers II:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029514344/
Micro Weed Flowers III:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029556370/
Micro Weed Flowers IV:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633025347237/
Micro Weed Flowers V:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157633029592988/
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My photographs and videos and any derivative works are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka "Zoom Lens") and ALL my rights, including my exclusive rights, are reserved and protected by United States Copyright Laws and International Copyright Laws. ANY use without my permission in writing is forbidden by law.