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The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. It orbits at an average distance of 384,400 km (238,900 mi), about 30 times the diameter of Earth. Over time Earth's gravity has caused tidal locking, causing the same side of the Moon to always face Earth. Because of this, the lunar day and the lunar month are the same length, at 29.5 Earth days. The Moon's gravitational pull – and to a lesser extent, the Sun's – are the main drivers of Earth's tides.
In geophysical terms the Moon is a planetary-mass object or satellite planet. Its mass is 1.2% that of the Earth, and its diameter is 3,474 km (2,159 mi), roughly one-quarter of Earth's (about as wide as Australia.) Within the Solar System, it is the largest and most massive satellite in relation to its parent planet, the fifth largest and most massive moon overall, and larger and more massive than all known dwarf planets. Its surface gravity is about one sixth of Earth's, about half of that of Mars, and the second highest among all Solar System moons, after Jupiter's moon Io. The body of the Moon is differentiated and terrestrial, with no significant hydrosphere, atmosphere, or magnetic field. It formed 4.51 billion years ago, not long after Earth's formation, out of the debris from a giant impact between Earth and a hypothesized Mars-sized body called Theia.
The lunar surface is covered in lunar dust and marked by mountains, impact craters, their ejecta, ray-like streaks and, mostly on the near side of the Moon, by dark maria ("seas"), which are plains of cooled magma. These maria were formed when molten lava flowed into ancient impact basins. The Moon is, beside when passing through Earth's shadow during a lunar eclipse, always illuminated by the Sun, but from Earth the visible illumination shifts during its orbit, producing the lunar phases. The Moon is the brightest celestial object in Earth's night sky. This is mainly due to its large angular diameter, while the reflectance of the lunar surface is comparable to that of asphalt. The apparent size is nearly the same as that of the Sun, allowing it to cover the Sun almost completely during a total solar eclipse. From Earth about 59% of the lunar surface is visible over time due to cyclical shifts in perspective (libration), making parts of the far side of the Moon visible.
For humans the Moon has been an important source of inspiration and knowledge, having been crucial to cosmography, mythology, religion, art, time keeping, natural science, and spaceflight. On September 13, 1959, the first human-made object to reach an extraterrestrial body arrived on the Moon, the Soviet Union's Luna 2 impactor. In 1966, the Moon became the first extraterrestrial body where soft landings and orbital insertions were achieved. On July 20, 1969, humans for the first time landed on the Moon and any extraterrestrial body, at Mare Tranquillitatis with the lander Eagle of the United States' Apollo 11 mission. Five more crews were sent between then and 1972, each with two men landing on the surface. The longest stay was 75 hours by the Apollo 17 crew. Since then, exploration of the Moon has continued robotically with crewed missions being planned to return beginning in the late 2020s.
The origin of the Moon is usually explained by a Mars-sized body striking the Earth, creating a debris ring that eventually collected into a single natural satellite, the Moon, but there are a number of variations on this giant-impact hypothesis, as well as alternative explanations, and research continues into how the Moon came to be formed. Other proposed scenarios include captured body, fission, formed together (condensation theory, synestia), planetesimal collisions (formed from asteroid-like bodies), and collision theories.
The standard giant-impact hypothesis suggests that a Mars-sized body, called Theia, impacted the proto-Earth, creating a large debris ring around Earth, which then accreted to form the Moon. This collision also resulted in the 23.5° tilted axis of the Earth, thus causing the seasons. The Moon's oxygen isotopic ratios seem to be essentially identical to Earth's. Oxygen isotopic ratios, which may be measured very precisely, yield a unique and distinct signature for each Solar System body. If Theia had been a separate protoplanet, it probably would have had a different oxygen isotopic signature than proto-Earth, as would the ejected mixed material. Also, the Moon's titanium isotope ratio (50Ti/47Ti) appears so close to the Earth's (within 4 parts per million) that little if any of the colliding body's mass could likely have been part of the Moon.
"One of the challenges to the longstanding theory of the collision, is that a Mars-sized impacting body, whose composition likely would have differed substantially from that of Earth, likely would have left Earth and the moon with different chemical compositions, which they are not."
Some theories have been stated that presume the proto-Earth had no large moons early in the formation of the Solar System, 4.425 billion years ago, Earth being basically rock and lava. Theia, an early protoplanet the size of Mars, hit Earth in such a way that it ejected a considerable amount of material away from Earth. Some proportion of these ejecta escaped into space, but the rest consolidated into a single spherical body in orbit about Earth, creating the Moon.
The hypothesis requires a collision between a proto-Earth about 90% of the diameter of present Earth, and another body the diameter of Mars (half of the terrestrial diameter and a tenth of its mass). The latter has sometimes been referred to as Theia, the name of the mother of Selene, the Moon goddess in Greek mythology. This size ratio is needed in order for the resulting system to have sufficient angular momentum to match the current orbital configuration. Such an impact would have put enough material into orbit around Earth to have eventually accumulated to form the Moon.
Computer simulations show a need for a glancing blow, which causes a portion of the collider to form a long arm of material that then shears off. The asymmetrical shape of the Earth following the collision then causes this material to settle into an orbit around the main mass. The energy involved in this collision is impressive: possibly trillions of tonnes of material would have been vaporized and melted. In parts of the Earth, the temperature would have risen to 10,000 °C (18,000 °F).
The Moon's relatively small iron core (compared to other rocky planets and moons in the Solar System) is explained by Theia's core mostly merging into that of Earth. The lack of volatiles in the lunar samples is also explained in part by the energy of the collision. The energy liberated during the reaccretion of material in orbit around Earth would have been sufficient to melt a large portion of the Moon, leading to the generation of a magma ocean.
The newly formed Moon orbited at about one-tenth the distance that it does today, and spiraled outward because of tidal friction transferring angular momentum from the rotations of both bodies to the Moon's orbital motion. Along the way, the Moon's rotation became tidally locked to Earth, so that one side of the Moon continually faces toward Earth. Also, the Moon would have collided with and incorporated any small preexisting satellites of Earth, which would have shared the Earth's composition, including isotopic abundances. The geology of the Moon has since been more independent of the Earth.
A 2012 study on the depletion of zinc isotopes on the Moon found evidence for volatile depletion consistent with the giant-impact origin for Earth and the Moon. In 2013, a study was released that indicated that water in lunar magma is indistinguishable from that in carbonaceous chondrites and nearly the same as that of Earth in isotopic composition.
Although the giant-impact hypothesis explains many aspects of the Earth–Moon system, there are still a few unresolved problems, such as the Moon's volatile elements not being as depleted as expected from such an energetic impact.
Another issue is lunar and Earth isotope comparisons. In 2001, the most precise measurement yet of the isotopic signatures of Moon rocks was published. Surprisingly, the Apollo lunar samples carried an isotopic signature identical to Earth rocks, but different from other Solar System bodies. Because most of the material that went into orbit to form the Moon was thought to come from Theia, this observation was unexpected. In 2007, researchers from Caltech showed that the likelihood of Theia having an identical isotopic signature as the Earth is very small (less than 1 percent chance). Published in 2012, an analysis of titanium isotopes in Apollo lunar samples showed that the Moon has the same composition as Earth, which conflicts with the Moon forming far from Earth's orbit.
To help resolve these problems, a theory published in 2012 posits that two bodies—each five times the size of Mars—collided, then recollided, forming a large disc of mixed debris that eventually formed Earth and the Moon.
The Moon is traditionally thought to have coalesced from the debris ejected by a giant impact onto the early Earth. However, such models struggle to explain the similar isotopic compositions of Earth and lunar rocks at the same time as the system's angular momentum, and the details of potential impact scenarios are hotly debated. Above a high resolution threshold for simulations, a study published in 2022 finds that giant impacts can immediately place a satellite with similar mass and iron content to the Moon into orbit far outside Earth's Roche limit. Even satellites that initially pass within the Roche limit can reliably and predictably survive, by being partially stripped and then torqued onto wider, stable orbits. Furthermore, the outer layers of these directly formed satellites are molten over cooler interiors and are composed of around 60% proto-Earth material. This could alleviate the tension between the Moon's Earth-like isotopic composition and the different signature expected for the impactor. Immediate formation opens up new options for the Moon's early orbit and evolution, including the possibility of a highly tilted orbit to explain the lunar inclination, and offers a simpler, single-stage scenario for the origin of the Moon.
In 2004, Russian astrophysicist Nikolai Gorkavyi proposed a novel model titled the multiple large asteroid impacts model, which found support from a notable group of Russian astronomers in 2013 and later, in 2017, by planetary researchers at Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. In general terms, the main idea of the model suggests that the Moon was formed as a result of a violent rain of large asteroids (1–100 km) that repeatedly hammered the fledgling Earth over millions of years. Such a series of smaller impacts, which were likely more common in the early Solar System, could blast enough rocky Earth debris into orbit to form a protosatellite disk which later forms into a small moonlet. As repeated impacts created more balls of debris, the moonlets could merge over time into one large moon.
In 2018 researchers at Harvard and the UC Davis developed computer models demonstrating that one possible outcome of a planetary collision is that it creates a synestia, a mass of vaporized rock and metal which forms a biconcave disc extending beyond the lunar orbit. The synestia will eventually shrink and cool to accrete the satellite and reform the impacted planet.
This hypothesis states that the Moon was captured by the Earth. This model was popular until the 1980s, and some points in its favor are the Moon's size, orbit, and tidal locking.
One problem is understanding the capture mechanism. A close encounter of two planetary bodies typically results in either collision or altered trajectories. For this hypothesis to work, there might have been a large atmosphere around the primitive Earth, which would slow the movement of the Moon by aerobraking before it could escape. That hypothesis may also explain the irregular satellite orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. However, this hypothesis does not adequately explain the essentially identical oxygen isotope ratios of the two bodies.
This is the now discredited hypothesis that an ancient, rapidly spinning Earth expelled a piece of its mass. This was first proposed by George Darwin (son of the famous biologist Charles Darwin) in 1879 and retained some popularity until Apollo. The Austrian geologist Otto Ampferer in 1925 also suggested the emerging of the Moon as cause for continental drift.
It was proposed that the Pacific Ocean represented the scar of this event. Today it is known that the oceanic crust that makes up this ocean basin is relatively young, about 200 million years old or less, whereas the Moon is much older. The Moon does not consist of oceanic crust but of mantle material, which originated inside the proto-Earth in the Precambrian.
The hypothesis of accretion suggests that the Earth and the Moon formed together as a double system from the primordial accretion disk of the Solar System or even a black hole. The problem with this hypothesis is that it does not explain the angular momentum of the Earth-Moon system or why the Moon has a relatively small iron core compared to the Earth (25% of its radius compared to 50% for the Earth).
Dutch scientists Rob de Meijer and Wim van Westrenen suggested in 2010 that the Moon may have formed from a nuclear explosion caused by the centrifugal force of an earlier, spinning proto-Earth. The centrifugal force would have concentrated heavy elements such as thorium and uranium on the equatorial plane and at the boundary between the Earth's outer core and mantle. If the concentrations of these radioactive elements were high enough, this could have led to a nuclear chain reaction that became supercritical, causing a nuclear explosion ejecting the Moon into orbit. This natural nuclear fission reactor has been observed on Earth at a much smaller scale.
In 2011, it was theorized that a second moon existed 4.5 billion years ago, and later had an impact with the Moon, as a part of the accretion process in the formation of the Moon.
One hypothesis, presented only as a possibility, was that the Earth captured the Moon from Venus.
Uranium–lead dating of Apollo 14 zircon fragments shows the age of the Moon to be about 4.51 billion years.
A team of researchers of the Miniature Radio Frequency (Mini-RF) instrument on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft concluded that the Moon's subsurface may be richer in metals, like iron and titanium, more than scientists had believed.
In July 2020 scientists report that the Moon formed 4.425 ±0.025 bya, about 85 million years later than thought, and that it hosted an ocean of magma for substantially longer than previously thought (for ~200 million years).
On 1 November 2023, scientists reported that, according to computer simulations, remnants of a protoplanet, named Theia, could be inside the Earth, left over from a collision with the Earth in ancient times, and afterwards becoming the Moon.
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!
Handout about calculating the area of quadrants, semicircles and three quarters. Good to use as a controlled practice in the classroom or as homework. Get a copy for FREE at:
www.sharemylesson.com/teaching-resource/Grade-6-Area-of-C...
18 diameter x 7
Welded steel
Andy's creative expressions in metal sculpture rely on his interest in and experience with a wide range of media and methods. Andy has been formally trained in ceramic and jewelry design and techniques, and has made both clay sculpture and fine jewelry for over 25 years. He also draws on his experience with leather, having worked for over 15 years designing and creating leather art hats. Steel work is a culmination of his experience with ceramics, jewelry and leather, fused with a desire to use recycled materials.
Andy is inspired by metal as a material for fine art because of its permanence. Using scrap metal in an untraditional manner, he makes something interesting and provocative out of simple components based on design elements derived from his fascination with geometry (Euclidian and Fractal). Andy's processes in the creation of his work include sawing, grinding, tumbling, forging, gas and electric welding, sandblasting, tinting and baked-on finishes.
Every piece is a unique creation, but Andy is happy to consider custom work based on a specific design. Please call to discuss the possibilities.
13in diameter - MDF base
handmade ceramic lettering in Arabic - Allah meaning God
Glaze fused with glass and fired.
materials used: ceramic, vitreous glass tiles, mirrored glass, glass nuggets, broken jewellery.
Atomium
The Atomium ( /əˈtoʊmiːəm/ ə-TOH-mee-əm) is a landmark building in Brussels (Belgium), originally constructed for the 1958 Brussels World’s Fair (Expo 58). It is located on the Heysel Plateau in Laeken, where the exhibition took place. It is now a museum.
Designed by the engineer André Waterkeyn and architects André and Jean Polak, it stands 102 metres (335 ft) tall. Its nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft) stainless steel clad spheres are connected in the shape of a unit cell that could represent an iron crystal magnified 165 billion times. Tubes connecting the spheres enclose stairs, escalators and an elevator (in the central, vertical tube) to allow access to the five habitable spheres, which contain exhibit halls and other public spaces. The top sphere includes a restaurant which has a panoramic view of Brussels. The building was completely renovated between 2004 and 2006 by the companies Jacques Delens and BESIX.
This site is served by Heysel/Heizel metro station on line 6 of the Brussels metro.
History
Construction and Expo 58
The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 World Expo of Brussels (Expo 58). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was chosen to embody this. The Atomium's nine 18-metre-diameter (59 ft) stainless steel clad spheres depict nine iron atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic unit cell that could for example represent α-iron (ferrite) crystal, magnified 165 billion times.
The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. Of the nine spheres, six are accessible to the public, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. Tubes of 3 metres (10 ft) diameter connect the spheres along the 12 edges of the cube and all eight vertices to the centre. The central tube contains the fastest elevator of the time with a speed of 5 m/s (20 ft/s), installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are among the longest in Europe. The biggest is 35 metres (100 ft) long.
Three of the four top spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons, although the sphere at the pinnacle is open to the public. The original design called for no supports; the structure was simply to rest on the spheres. Wind tunnel tests proved that the structure would have toppled in an 80 km/h (50 mph) wind (140 km/h (90 mph) winds have been recorded in Belgium). Support columns were added to achieve enough resistance against overturning.
The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World Expo, but its popularity and success made it a major element of the Brussels landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done.
Renovation (2004–06)
By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium, carried by Belgian construction companies Jacques Delens and BESIX, began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovation included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel.
On 21 December 2005, the Atomium's new outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an electron around its core. In addition, the German industrial designer Ingo Maure created lighting objects and installations for the interior of the building.
On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then-Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, the Belgian government financed two thirds. To help pay for the renovation, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about 2 metres (7 ft) long sold for €1,000. On the occasion of the reopening, a 2 euro commemorative coin depicting the building was issued, in March 2006, to celebrate the renovation.
Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the balls were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–06 renovation, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in nuclear reactions.
These are called Amaryllis, from my Mom's yard. My sister thought I should have them so she sent me the bulbs a few months ago.
The stem produces 4 large flowers each 5-6" in diameter.
They are a real challenge to photograph.
But are amazingly beautiful. 💜💗❤💖
Clavius (Diameter 225 km. Depth 3.5 km)is the third largest crater on the visible side of the moon.
Due to the location of the crater toward the southern limb, the crater appears oblong due to foreshortening. Because of its great size, Clavius can be detected with the unaided eye. It appears as a prominent notch in the terminator about 1–2 days after the Moon reaches first quarter. The crater is one of the older formations on the lunar surface and was likely formed during the Nectarian period about 4 billion years ago
Meade LT6 ACF
QHY5L-II
PiPP
AS!2
Registax 6
CS6
Diameter 60 cm. P. 132 in: DELFT, van, Pieter & BOTERMANS, Jack (1978). Spelen met puzzels. ADM International bv., Amsterdam. Product Development International Holding nv. ISBN 90 234 5238 0
1. Length: 120cm (4ft)
2. Diameter: 31.8mm
3. Power Consumption: 18W
4. Input Voltage: AC85~265V
5. Frequency: 50~60Hz
6. Luminous Flux: 1850lm
7. Power Factor≥0.95
8. Color Rendering Index (CRI)>70Ra
9. LED Quantity: 320pcs super bright 3528 SMD
10. Material: Aluminum Alloy Body + PC Cover
11. Light Effect: Transparent/Fog (Milky)
12. Work without Ballast and Starter
13. RoHs and CE Certification
14. 50000~80000hours lifetime, 3 years guarantee.
15. Available color: Warm White (3000-3500K), Pure White (5500-6500K), Cold White (7000-8000K).
Features:
A, Long life: LED with average more than 50,000hs life span, 10 times than the inventional fluorescent tube. Maintenance free.
B, Environmental: Direct and constant current driver, no flickering, no RF interference, no harmful matter emitted.
C, Easy Installation: Can be directly placed in conventional T8 fluorescent brackets, remove ballast and starter before replacement
D, Low lumen attenuation: High quality constant current driver and good heat
E, High safefy factor: Use aluminum tube & PC cover to ensure the safety, vibration resistance
Goodyear Corsair FG-1D (G-FGID)
When the Chance Vought FG-1D Corsair was introduced in 1940 it boasted the most powerful engine along with the largest diameter propeller of any fighter aircraft in history. The result of this engine and propeller combination was the first fighter to exceed 400mph. Corsairs were built right up to 1952, giving the type the honour of having the longest production run of any American piston-engined fighter.
The first service engagement for the Corsair was with the US Marine Corps operating from makeshift land bases across the Pacific, and it was not until later that she was operated from aircraft carriers initially with the British Fleet Air Arm. The Corsair proved to be a formidable air superiority fighter during World War II when she was the scourge of the skies across the Pacific, and continued to deliver sterling service in later years during the Korean War.
Our Corsair was built under licence by the Goodyear Aircraft Corporation at their facility in Akron, Ohio and allocated Bu No 88297. She was accepted by the US Navy on 9th April 1945 and delivered a mere two days later. She was initially dispatched to Guam in the Pacific, being allocated to the Aircraft Pool Airwing 2. The next piece of her known history has her at a Repair Depot in the Philippines, possibly Samar, for repairs in October 1945 and following this was returned ‘State-side’. Our Corsair then spent a number of years being allocated to various US Naval Air Reserve squadrons as well as varying periods of storage until she was eventually put up for disposal in March 1956 with a total of 1652 flying hours on the airframe. She was purchased by ALU-MET Smelters in January 1959 and languished in their yard until being rescued a year later by legendary stunt-pilot Frank Tallman. In his book The Great Planes, Frank Tallman calls her his all-time favourite aircraft.
Frank Tallman parted with the Corsair in 1966, and she passed through a number of other civilian owners until joining The Fighter Collection fleet in 1986.
The Fighter Collection’s Corsair is an extremely original example of the type as she has never been restored and has the distinction of being one of the few still flying with fabric wings.
Our Corsair is painted in the colours of a British Fleet Air Arm machine, KD345 of 1850 Squadron during December 1945, when they were embarked on HMS Vengeance of the British Pacific Fleet.
North American TF-51D Mustang 44-84847, Miss Velma, (N251RJ)
Built too late to see combat service in World War Two, P-51D 44-84847 was one of the last Mustangs constructed at North American Aviation’s Dallas, Texas, plant. Details of her post war service career are limited, but there is photographic evidence, from September 1951, of her serving with the 45th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron at Kimpo, South Korea, during the Korean War.
By late 1951 the 45th TRS were replacing their aging Mustangs with RF-80 Shooting Star jets, and so 44-84847 was shipped back the US to serve with the Air National Guard until around 1956. Around this time she slips off the radar until January 1999 when she re-appears in North Dakota as a restoration project. The airframe joined The Fighter Collection fleet the following year and was moved to Chino, California for a full restoration with the decision made to modify her to two-seat TF-51D configuration.
The restoration culminated in a first flight in May 2007 with Steve Hinton at the controls. Following this our Mustang was painted in the 55th Fighter Group scheme of Capt Frank Birtciel’s P-51D 44-14561, Miss Velma. Following the successful completion of her flight testing, Miss Velma was fitted with external drop tanks and flew across the Atlantic to the UK, where she arrived at Duxford on the 4th July 2007
NAA P-51D “Ferocious Frankie”
The P-51 was the most successful long-range fighter escort of World War II, but it was not an instant success. Designed for the British in only 120 days to meet their requirement to purchase more fighters, the first Mustangs were built with Allison engines; while remarkable at low altitudes, these variants were considered under-powered and disappointing at higher altitudes. Happily, in late 1942 the aircraft was transformed when, in the UK, Rolls Royce Merlin engines were tested in place of the Allison. The Merlin, as used in the Spitfire, was then license-built by Packard in the USA and in 1943 was installed in the P-51B & C models. This near perfect marriage of engine and platform made the 1944 P-51D, with its bubble canopy and six-guns, one of the most iconic and potent fighters of all time.
The P-51D’s range was an incredible 2,055m (3,327km), thanks to its huge fuel capacity of 1,000 litres internally and 815 litres in drop tanks. Equally impressive was a level maximum speed of 437mph (703kph) at 25,000 feet, a max diving speed of 505mph (818kph) and a service ceiling of 41,900 feet (12,800m).
The OFMC Mustang was built at the North American Aviation Factory at Inglewood, California and accepted by the USAAF on 27/02/1945. One month later it was sent to the 8th Air Force, via Newark and Liverpool docks, serving at Leiston in Suffolk among other stations. The aircraft stayed in England for only 11 months before returning to Newark in January 1946. Briefly kept in storage, in January 1947 it was sent to the Royal Canadian Air Force, operating from Suffield, Alberta. In 1953 with only total 433 flying hours it was completely overhauled in Winnipeg and with only an additional 81 hours time thereafter, was put into outside storage in Carberry Manitoba. Happily, in 1957, it was sold into private hands and registered as N6340T. The aircraft was bought for $5,400 in 1962 with a total of 511 airframe hours. Flying in the Unlimited Race at Reno in 1974, the effectively stock (original) aircraft finished second with an average speed of 384mph.
In April 1980 the aircraft flew across the Atlantic to new owners, The Fighter Collection. Re-sprayed, it became known as Candyman / Moose, with the name on one side of the fuselage and the Moose’s head on the other. The Mustang was first displayed in the UK at Biggin Hill in 1981, flown by Ray Hanna, the OFMC’s founder.
In 1989, after filming in ‘Memphis Belle’, the aircraft was given a complete overhaul by The Fighter Collection at Duxford. The airframe was remarkably free of corrosion and damage, but a full strip down and component overhaul was undertaken. An overhauled original flying panel was installed. The rear fuel tank in the fuselage was removed and a wartime style modification made to fit a ‘dickey’ seat. This ‘mod’ in 1944 allowed Eisenhower to survey the D-day beaches from the back of a Mustang. A special 1760hp Merlin engine currently powers the aircraft.
Supermarine Spitfire Mk IXb G-ASJV
• Aircraft Type: Supermarine Spitfire Mk IXb
• Operator: The Old Flying Machine Company
• Year of Manufacture: 1943
• Powered by: Rolls-Royce Merlin
• Colour Scheme: 222 Sqn. RAF 1943
Air tested by the legendary Alex Henshaw in early August 1943, the illustrious history of this much loved aircraft then continued service with 222 Sqn. MH434 was was flown in combat by South African pilot Flt. Lt. Henry Lardner-Burke, DFC, with seven and a half kills, three damaged. On the 27th August 1943 in the St Omar area over France, Lardner-Burke shot down a Focke-Wulf FW-190 and damaged a second during a mission to escort USAAF B-17 bombers. On the 5th September 1943 Lardner-Burke and MH434 shot down another FW-190 in the Nieuport area, and on the 8th September 1943 claimed a half share in the downing of a Messerschmitt Bf-109G in Northern France. Later flown by Flt. Sgt. (later Wing Co) Bill Burge who declared it to be ‘the perfect Spitfire’. Post war service was seen with both the Dutch and Belgian air forces before finally returning home to civilian life. Ray Hanna began his outstanding partnership with MH434 in 1970 and it has been operated by his OFMCo since 1983. She remains the jewel in the company’s crown.
My photographs are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka “Zoom Lens”) and all my rights are reserved. Any use without permission is forbidden.
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This beautiful teeny little white flower is less than 1/8" (3.1mm) in diameter in life size!!!
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The photographs in my set, "Weed Flower Micros," may appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers – they are not!
These are micro (macro) photos of tiny little flowers which bloom on ordinary weeds found in my lawn.
How tiny? The largest weed flower in the set is only, when measured across its widest part from petal tip to petal tip, 3/4" in diameter (19mm)!
Some of these miniscule flowers are so small that the entire blossom you are looking at is 1/4" in diameter (6mm)…or smaller! Again, that’s measuring from petal tip to petal tip across the widest part of the bloom!
The smallest part of a weed flower that I have managed to successfully shoot and achieve good detail in is a photo I made of a bud that measured LESS than 1/32" in diameter (0.7mm) across its widest part!
For size references I have included a photo of certain flowers and buds next to the head of an ordinary paper match, which dwarfs the blooms and buds.
It’s delightful to discover the beauty, complexity, and variety in something so small that it’s easily ignored, taken for granted, dismissed as a pest, or just downright difficult to see with the naked eye.
And it’s an even greater delight to realize that this incredible beauty has been growing wild in my lawn, year after year, right under my un-seeing eyes as I’ve repeatedly mown them down with my lawn mower, never realizing the unseen beauty that I was trampling under my feet.
I hope you enjoy viewing these as much as I do. I have a lot of fun making them for us to look at!
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See more of these incredible, tiny jewels in my set, "Weed Flower Micros:"
Description, Metal & Diameters
Very Nice and Elegant SILVER decoration / medal, weights 14.3 Grams ( Incl ribbon), 31 MM Diameter used to be awarded by KING AHMAD FUAD I for EXCELLENT service to the state, acts of courage, lifesaving and long service.
Obverse, shows Royal Egyptian Crown in the Center & Hijri date AH 1338 (AD 1920),surrounded by Arabic script “Reward of Excellent achievement for General Security”.
Reverse, depicts another Arabic script “ Honors to those performed their duties “
Ribbon: Medium Blue
Naming: A Hakim A. Latif El Sherbini Afandi
With a diameter of 100 meters (~300 ft.), the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
32 foot diameter water wheel on grounds of the Hopewell Furnace National Historic Site located in Elverson, PA. Iron production at Hopewell Furnace required a blast of air to bring the heat of the furnace above 2800 degrees (Fahrenheit). The water wheel supplied the power for this air blast by pumping a pair of pistons inside two blowing tubs. Compressed air moved from the blowing tubs into a receiving box between the tubs, and then through a long pipe to enter the furnace through the tuyere, a cone-shaped nozzle attached to the end of the pipe. The water wheel at Hopewell Furnace has a long sorted history which you can read about on this page.
From my Monday, 9-7-2009 trip to Hopewell National Historic Site.
For more information on visiting Hopewell Furnace, please visit their web site
This was shot as nine bracketed RAW frames then combined into an HDR and tone mapped in Photomatix Pro with some extra work done in Topaz Adjust to bring out the wood texture.
Much better viewed Large.
The famous Kernos of Malia was discovered in the West Wing of the Palace.
This strange object is a round stone vessel 0.90 m. in diameter, with a large hollow in the centre and 34 smaller depressions around it.
You may wonder what it was used for. The place where it was found leads archaeologists to believe that it was a ritual offering vessel used in the rites of first fruits.
The worshippers placed small amounts of the first harvest, mainly seeds and fruit, in the small depressions as an offering to the deity, while the hollow in the centre was filled with liquid for a libation to ensure a good harvest.
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The diameter of an actual bolt of lightning is said to be about the diameter of a pencil. While that may be true, the closer the strike, the brighter it seems to be and this one, after trimming down the exposure rating down shows what i was expecting. This puppy was close - probably about 300 or 400 feet. The thunder and bolt were simultaneous.
33.6sec
F4
ISO 400
Sky Mirror (10m diameter, 2006). This autumn The Royal Parks and the Serpentine Gallery present a major exhibition of large scale outdoor sculptures by acclaimed London-based artist Anish Kapoor in Kensington Gardens, titled “Turning the World Upside Down“. More information and video at VernissageTV: vernissage.tv/blog/2010/11/02/anish-kapoor-turning-the-wo...
This little beauty, measured petal tip to petal tip across its widest diameter, is about 1/8"! Astonishing, isn't it, that such beauty, intricacy, and complexity of detail can be contained in a world so small...and then the reason for the title:
They have discovered that some plants and trees actually send out "repellants" toward other plants and trees so that their roots and foliage will not "encroach" on the other plant's "territory."
I have 3 rose bushes planted side by side; two happily intermingle their branches...one leans as far away from the other two as it possibly can.
So do you ever wonder if out of several flowers that grow together in a bunch if one ever gets put out with the others and wishes they'd go away?
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The photographs in my set, "Weed Flower Micros," may appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers – they are not!
These are micro (macro) photos of tiny little flowers which bloom on ordinary weeds.
How tiny? The largest weed flower in the set is only, when measured across its widest part from petal tip to petal tip, 3/4" in diameter!
Some of these miniscule flowers are so small that the entire blossom you are looking at is 1/4" in diameter…again that’s measuring from petal tip to petal tip across the widest part of the bloom!
The smallest part of a weed flower that I have managed to successfully shoot and achieve good detail in is a photo I made of a bud that measured LESS than 1/16" in diameter across its widest part! For a reference to its size I have also included a photo of that bud next to the head of an ordinary paper match, which dwarfs the bud.
I am delighting in discovering the beauty, complexity, and variety in something so small that it’s easily ignored or downright difficult to see with the naked eye.
And it’s an even greater delight to realize that this incredible beauty has been growing wild in my lawn, year after year, right under my un-seeing eyes as I’ve repeatedly mown them down with my lawn mower, never realizing the unseen beauty that I was trampling under my feet.
I hope you enjoy viewing these as much as I do. I have a lot of fun making them for us to look at!
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See more of these incredible, tiny jewels in my set, "Weed Flower Micros:"
With a diameter of 100 meters, the Radio Telescope Effelsberg is one of the largest fully steerable radio telescopes on earth. Since operations started in 1972, the technology has been continually improved (i.e. new surface for the antenna-dish, better reception of high-quality data, extremely low noise electronics) making it one of the most advanced modern telescopes worldwide.
The telescope is employed to observe pulsars, cold gas- and dust clusters, the sites of star formation, jets of matter emitted by black holes and the nuclei (centres) of distant far-off galaxies.
Effelsberg is an important part of the worldwide network of radio telescopes. The combination of different telescopes in interferometric mode makes possible to obtain the sharpest images of the universe.
Text (C) Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy
The telescope may receive radio signals from a distance of up to 12bn light years. Together with a radio telescope in the US (Green Bank, Virginia), it is the largest radio telescope in the world.
The photos show the telescope at different angles because it was turning quite a bit during our visit.
Applications include irrigation, agriculture, general watering, dewatering, drainage,pump discharge, flotation booms, cable covering, industrial washdown and general discharge applications.
For more information, go to www.jgbhose.com
File name: 08_06_007721
Title: New bowsprit for USS Constitution: Made from hearts of 4 Douglas firs from Oregon forests. Diameter: 32 length: 64' weight: 5 1/2 tons.
Creator/Contributor: Jones, Leslie, 1886-1967 (photographer)
Date created: 1929-10-27
Physical description: 1 negative : glass, black & white ; 4 x 5 in.
Genre: Glass negatives
Subjects: Constitution (Frigate); Naval yards & naval stations; Ship equipment & rigging; Spectators
Notes: Title and date from information provided by Leslie Jones or the Boston Public Library on the negative or negative sleeve.
Collection: Leslie Jones Collection
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: Copyright © Leslie Jones.
Preferred citation: Courtesy of the Boston Public Library, Leslie Jones Collection.
Approx 1 cm diameter by 30cms long.
Any ideas welcome.
www.google.com/search?q=pipefish&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB859G...
Pipefishes or pipe-fishes (Syngnathinae) are a subfamily of small fishes, which, together with the seahorses and seadragons (Phycodurus and Phyllopteryx), form the family Syngnathidae.
Description: Brinkerhoff Rectal Speculum, Diameter 8.9cm X 2.5cm, Tapering To 1.3cm, Small
Category: Surgical Instruments – Rectal and Genito-Urinary – Rectal Speculum
Product Code: 159-004
www.jfuind.com/brinkerhoff-rectal-speculum-diameter-8-9cm...
60 meters in diameter
Ciudad prehispánica de Chichén Itzá world heritage site
Chichén Itzá
Yucatan, Mexico
Feb. 2015
"According to custom at the time, individuals thrown into the Cenote Sagrado were believed to have the power of prophecy if they survived."
U S Consul General / early explorer Edward Herbert Thompson dredged the Cenote Sagrado from 1904 to 1910, and recovered artifacts of gold, jade, pottery and incense, as well as human remains. A study of human remains taken from the Cenote Sagrado found that they had wounds consistent with human sacrifice.
Mexico 2015 382
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw has ~70 and ~
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw are ~70 and ~75 centimeters in diameters. The flower is very strange, there's no blooming season, and from a bug stage it takes 8-9 months to bloom, which only lasts ~7 days.
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw are ~70 and ~75 centimeters in diameters. The flower is very strange, there's no blooming season, and from a bug stage it takes 8-9 months to bloom, which only lasts ~7 days. When it's blooming, people say there's a rotten smell from the flower, although I didn't smell much ( I also didn't stick my head into the flower). Really really stange flower
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw are ~70 and ~75 centimeters in diameters. The flower is very strange, there's no blooming season, and from a bud stage it takes 8-9 months to bloom, which only lasts ~7 days. When it's blooming, people say there's a rotten smell from the flower, although I didn't smell much ( I also didn't stick my head into the flower). Really really stange flower. It's got fleshy pedals and the buds look alien-ish. Well I can now say that I have seen Rafflesia
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw are ~70 and ~75 centimeters in diameters. The flower is very strange, there's no blooming season, and from a bud stage it takes 8-9 months to bloom, which only lasts ~7 days. When it's blooming, people say there's a rotten smell from the flower, although I didn't smell much ( I also didn't stick my head into the flower). Really really stange flower. It's got fleshy pedals and the buds look alien-ish. Well I can now say that I have seen Rafflesia!
The largest flower in the world. It can grow to a meter in diameter. The two flowers we saw are ~70 and ~75 centimeters in diameters. The flower is very strange, there's no blooming season, and from a bud stage it takes 8-9 months to bloom, which only lasts ~7 days. When it's blooming, people say there's a rotten smell from the flower, although I didn't smell much ( I also didn't stick my head into the flower). Really really stange flower. It's got fleshy pedals and the buds look alien-ish. Well I can now say that I have seen Rafflesia!
Stock contact wheels come in 1/4" increments, but once you add two times the belt thickness, the miter (cope) they make is too big a diameter. This is starting with a 1" wheel, to make a wheel that'll be a true 1-1/4" with the belt thickness added.
Duct tape is surprisingly durable as a contact wheel. Only touches the back (cloth side) of the belt.
Diameter of shells over 21mm. Maximum diameter for C. hortensis is 20mm, but usually less.
The spiral bands on the whorls share the lack of the "usual" brown pigment on the lips of these C. nemoralis specimens. On both species, the degree to which the colour on the interior of the lip shows on the exterior depends on the strength/translucency of the exterior ground colour. The lower specimen has a strong yellow exterior lip that conceals the white inner lip.
Some populations of C. nemoralis have many specimens with white lips. Of 8 C. nemoralis (mucus glands and love darts checked) in a study in Croatia, 6 had white lips (Štamol & Slapnik, 2015).
The above white-lipped specimens (mucus glands/love dart checked) were found with typical brown-lipped specimens of C. nemoralis.
The use of the vernacular names "White-lipped snail" (for C. hortensis) and "Brown-lipped snail" (for C. nemoralis) can lead to confusion and misidentification.
FULL SPECIES DESCRIPTION: flic.kr/p/2caGbTQ
Key id. features: flic.kr/p/2b9fTqj
Sets of OTHER SPECIES:
Diameter: 30mm
Total Height: 42mm
Metal Part : Brass
Finish: Polished Chrome Finish
Finish available: Polished Chrome Finish, Gold Finish, Oil Rubbed Bronze, Brushed Nickel, Antique Brass...
The little flower pictured above when measured from petal tip to petal tip across its widest opening has a diameter of only 1/2"!
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THE FLOWER ABOVE is in the set...
"Weed Flower Micros," my very first set of these ultra-tiny flowers:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157626023965740/
See also...
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"Super-Micro Weed Flowers," my NEWEST set featuring even greater magnification:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157629083571465/
.
"Weed Flower Micros II," my second set of these minute & marvelous gems:
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/sets/72157627844487270/
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The photographs in my Weed Flower Micro sets may appear to be close-ups of regular-sized flowers – they are not!
These are micro (macro) photographs of tiny little flowers which bloom on ordinary weeds found in my lawn.
How tiny? The largest weed flower in the set is only, when measured across its widest part from petal tip to petal tip, 3/4" in diameter (19mm)!
Some of these miniscule flowers are so small that the entire blossom you are looking at is 1/4" in diameter (6mm)…or smaller. Again, that’s measuring from petal tip to petal tip across the widest part of the bloom.
The smallest part of a weed flower that I have managed to successfully shoot and achieve good detail in is a photo I made of a bud that measured LESS than 1/32" in diameter (0.7mm) across its widest part!
For relative size references I have included a photo of certain flowers and buds next to the head of an ordinary paper match, which dwarfs the blooms and buds.
It’s delightful to discover the beauty, complexity, and variety in something so small that it’s easily ignored, taken for granted, dismissed as a pest, or just downright difficult to see with the naked eye.
And it’s an even greater delight to realize that this incredible beauty has been growing wild in my lawn, year after year, right under my un-seeing eyes as I’ve repeatedly mown them down with my lawn mower, never realizing the unseen beauty that I was trampling under my feet.
It’s the most challenging form of photography that I pursue, but I have a lot of fun making these photos for us to look at; I hope you enjoy viewing these as much as I do.
.
My photographs and videos and any derivative works are my private property and are copyright © by me, John Russell (aka “Zoom Lens”) and ALL my rights, including my exclusive rights, are reserved. ANY use without my permission in writing is forbidden by law.
U.S. Bellows, Inc. custom-designed thick wall flanged and flued head expansion joints for large diameter piping in a heat exchanger application. The expansion joints, including the liners, are fabricated from 316 stainless steel. The first unit is 60" O.D. x 84" O.D., the second unit is 36" O.D. x 60", and both units have a 1/4" nominal thickness. They were designed for 4.4 psig at 210°F with a 122" water column. A dye penetrant exam on the circumferential welds was conducted prior to shipping.
Our Part Number: PP4-T
Diameter: 4"
Thickness: 2.5 mm
Available Grit: 30, 50, 100, 300, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, Black Buff & Back-up Pad
Back Attachment: Velcro
Application: Granite, Marble, Stone, Tile and more.
Made in Korea
This wet polishing pad is part of our premium T series, which provides a perfect finish for granite, marble or a variety of other stones.
Our T series pad is made with a high grade diamond resin that is ideal for achieving top grade polishing for flat surfaces of stone for walls, tables or flooring.
Because of our high standard of quality control, you can expect a consistent, reliable polish with our T series pad.
We guarantee your 100% satisfaction and high quality!
Precisely why they downsized their containers is currently beyond me as well as many other consumers across the nation.
Large diameter work rolls used to flatten the hook from the tail end of the coil.
Complete Entry Systems from Guild International can be customized to accommodate your line needs. Commonly included in our entry systems are our
double arm uncoiler, outboard coil retainer, speed funnel, shearwelder, and accumulator. Any item may be added or subtracted from
this list to better suit your needs. For more information or a quote on a Guild Complete Entry System, please contact us sales@guildint.com
www.guildint.com/TubeMill/FLT_Flattener.htm
Since 1958, Guild International, Inc. has maintained the status of a world leader in the designing and manufacturing of coil joining and strip accumulating machinery. We continue to meet the rigorous engineering and design expectations that our clients have come to value. Guild's equipment continues to increase productivity and yield on thousands of installations around the world – on virtually all types of coil processing lines and materials.
Guild International offers a complete line of coil end welders for almost any application. Our patented product line includes Zipwelders(TM), resistance welders, semi-automatic shearwelders, and strip accumulators including Supercoils®, Superloops(TM) and Continuous Coils. Guild also produces a full line of rotary and cropshears along with uncoilers, speed funnels, and flatteners. Plus, our team of engineers will help you determine your needs and ensure proper equipment design and compatibility with your existing equipment.
With Guild's coil processing machinery, you can improve your processing line's productivity and stay competitive in today's business world. Put Guild International to work on your strip processing needs today.
Guild International, Inc
7273 Division Street
Bedford, OH 44146 USA
Phone: +1 440.232.5887
Fax: +1440.232.5878
Once the forest has established foresters would perform a carbon measurements by randomly selecting a 10m x 10m plot in the forest.
To measure the carbon of a plot, the trees' diameters are measured, using a diameter tape.
More information about Greenfleet's native biodiverse forests is available on our website greenfleet.com.au
U.S. Bellows, Inc., the expansion joint division of Piping Technology & Products, Inc., specially designed and fabricated a 54" diameter tied, universal expansion joint for NASA Space Center. The expansion joints were designed at full vacuum and 450° F and constructed with 304 SS bellows, liner and A516 Gr. 70 spool, weld ends and carbon steel tie rods. The bellows' attachment welds were 100% dye-penetrant tested.
This brooch is handmade from vintage buttons. I love buttons and think of them as tiny works of art in their own right. Lots of time goes into finding, cleaning, repairing and sometimes dyeing or painting them before I use them to make something. I hope you love this brooch as much as I do!
The buttons range from plastic, rhinestone, celluloid, shell, glass, mother of pearl, bakelite and wood. They are sewn on felt covered plastic canvas and a metal pinback. It measures 2-2.5inches in diameter. This brooch is the perfect accent piece for any handbag or jacket.
red habanero pepper planet and a 36 inch diameter garden with 75 Chinese long beans and 6 tomato vines plants Square foot hydroponic gardens are self-contained growing systems and is a reliable method for circulating oxygen and nutrients
to the roots of your plants. By using a Drainback, your plants will flourish!