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Suzhou (simplified Chinese: 苏州; traditional Chinese: 蘇州; pinyin: Sūzhōu; Suzhou dialect: [səu tsøʏ]; ancient name: 吳). Suzhou is a city on the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and on the shores of Lake Taihu in the province of Jiangsu, China. The city is renowned for its beautiful stone bridges, pagodas, and meticulously designed gardens which have contributed to its status as a great tourist attraction. Since the Song Dynasty (960-1279), Suzhou has also been an important centre for China's silk industry and continues to hold that prominent position today. The city is part of the Yangtze River Delta region.
The name of the city have been previously transcribed in English in various ways, including Su-chou (Wade-Giles system), Suchow, and Soochow. It is occasionally nicknamed the "Venice of the East" or "Venice of China".
Emblem an der Herrnmühle, Reichelsheim im Odenwald, Hessen, Deutschland / Emblem on the Herrnmühle, Reichelsheim im Odenwald, Hesse, Germany - „Südhessisch“ (= Rheinfränkischer Dialekt) / "South Hessian" (= Rhine-Franconian dialect)
Italien / Trentino - Mezzano
Mezzano (Međàn in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,644 and an area of 48.9 square kilometres (18.9 sq mi).
Mezzano borders the following municipalities: Siror, Canal San Bovo, Cesiomaggiore, Imer, Feltre, Sovramonte and Transacqua.
(Wikipedia)
By leaving behind the valley junction of the Val Noana valley, an impressive gorge at the foot of the Feltrine peaks, you reach Mezzano.
Situated at 640 m a.s.l., this village with its approx. 1,600 inhabitants is characterised by its rural past. It features several impressive corners, which reflect the main characteristics of the typical Primiero architectural style.
As also numerous other localities of the valley, once upon a time Mezzano was characterised by mining and the immigration of many miners from the region of Schwaz in Austria. Nevertheless it has never lost its characteristics as agricultural centre. Part of the municipal territory are also the "Prati di San Giovanni", an alpine area with several farms, a popular destination particularly in summer. This is also where the San Giovanni church is located.
Traditions are very important in Mezzano: the ancient costumes and traditions of the valley are kept alive by the folk group "Gruppo Folkloristico di Mezzano". However, there are several new sport facilites, as the soccer and athletics centre, where famous sports clubs excercise and compete.
(trentino.com)
Mezzano (deutsch veraltet: Matzan im Taufers oder Mittersdorf; im lokalen Dialekt: Meδàn) ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit 1589 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2019) im Trentino in der Region Trentino-Südtirol.
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 60 Kilometer ostnordöstlich von Trient in der Talgemeinschaft Comunità di Primiero und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Belluno (Venetien). Die Gemeinde liegt am Sturzbach (Torrente) Cismon.
Mezzano ist Mitglied der Vereinigung I borghi più belli d’Italia (Die schönsten Orte Italiens).
Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Strada Statale 50 del Grappa e del Passo Rolle von Ponte nelle Alpi nach Predazzo.
(Wikipedia)
Wenn man die Einmündung des Val Noana Tales, ein eindrucksvoller Landeinschnitt am Fuße der Feltrine Spitzen, hinter sich lässt, gelangt man nach Mezzano.
Auf 640 m gelegen, erkennt man in Mezzano noch dessen ländliche Vergangenheit. Die Ortschaft, die ca. 1.600 Einwohner zählt, weist zahlreiche eindrucksvolle Winkel auf, die geprägt sind von der typisch einfachen Architektur des Valle di Primiero Tales.
Wie zahlreiche andere Ortschaften des Tales, war auch Mezzano früher vom Bergbau und der Einwanderung zahlreicher Bergleute aus dem österreichischen Schwaz geprägt. Trotzdem hat es nie seine Eigenschaften als landwirtschaftliches Zentrum verloren. Zum Gemeindegebiet zählen auch die "Prati di San Giovanni", ein alpines Gebiet mit einigen Höfen, das in den Sommermonaten zu einem beliebten Ausflugsziel wird. Hier steht das Kirchlein San Giovanni.
Auch die Tradition wird in Mezzano groß geschrieben: Die alten Trachten und Bräuche des Tales werden von der ältesten Trachtengruppe des Trentino, dem "Gruppo Folkloristico di Mezzano", gepflegt und erhalten. Bemerkenswert sind auch das neue Fußball- und Athletikzentrum in Mezzano, wo namhafte Sportclubs, u.a. Fußballclubs der italienischen Serie A, trainieren und Sportmeisterschaften ausgetragen werden.
(trentino.com)
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Cumberland Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen
Tübingen is a traditional university town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 30 km (19 mi) south of the state capital, Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer rivers. As of 2014 about one in three people living in Tübingen is a student.
Source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen
Tübingen (in the Swabian dialect Diebenga , official name university town Tübingen ) is a university town in the center of Baden-Württemberg . It is located on the Neckar River about 30 kilometers south of Stuttgart . The city is the seat of the district of Tübingen and the same government district and was from 1947 to 1952 state capital of Württemberg-Hohenzollern . It belongs to the Neckar-Alb region and to the European metropolitan region of Stuttgart . Together with the eastern neighbor city Reutlingen makes it one of the 14 major centers of the country. Since April 1, 1956 Tübingen is a large district town . As the 12th largest city in Baden-Württemberg , Tübingen has about 87,000 inhabitants (May 2016) and has the lowest average age of any German city (39.1 years on 31 December 2015). Tübingen is behind Ludwigsburg and Esslingen am Neckar, the third largest city center in Baden-Württemberg.
With the founded in 1477 Eberhard Karls University , the city is one of the oldest German university cities . Urban life is strongly influenced by the approximately 26,150 students (as of summer semester 2018).
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckar
The Neckar is a 362-kilometre-long (225 mi) river in Germany, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, with a short section through Hesse. The Neckar is a major right tributary of the Rhine. Rising in the Black Forest near Villingen-Schwenningen in the Schwenninger Moos conservation area at a height of 706 m (2,316 ft) above sea level, it passes through Rottweil, Rottenburg am Neckar, Kilchberg, Tübingen, Wernau, Nürtingen, Plochingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, Marbach, Heilbronn and Heidelberg, before discharging into the Rhine at Mannheim, at 95 m (312 ft) above sea level.
From Plochingen to Stuttgart the Neckar valley is densely populated and industrialised, with several well-known companies, e.g. Daimler AG (the maker of Mercedes Benz cars) and Mahle GmbH being located there. Between Stuttgart and Lauffen the Neckar cuts a scenic, meandering, and in many places steep-sided, valley into fossiliferous Triassic limestones and Pleistocene travertine. Along the Neckar's valley in the Odenwald hills many castles can be found, including Hornberg Castle and Guttenberg Castle in Haßmersheim; the now-mothballed Obrigheim Nuclear Power Plant and the active Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant are also located there. After passing Heidelberg, the Neckar discharges on average 145 m3/s (5,100 cu ft/s) of water into the Rhine, making the Neckar its 4th largest tributary, and the 10th largest river in Germany. From about 1100 Black Forest timber was rafted downstream as far as Holland, for use in shipyards.
The name Neckar might be derived from Nicarus and Neccarus from Celtic Nikros, meaning wild water or wild fellow. The grammatical gender of the name in German is masculine (Der Neckar).
During the 19th century, traditional horse-drawn boats were replaced by steam-powered chain boats that used a 155 km (96 mi) long chain in the river to haul themselves upstream towing barges. After 1899 a railway made it possible to transport timber to the port of Heilbronn, limiting timber rafting to the lower part of the Neckar. Due to the construction of 11 locks, ships up to 1500 t could travel to Heilbronn in 1935.
By 1968 the last of 27 locks, at Deizisau, was completed, making the Neckar navigable for cargo ships about 200 kilometres (120 mi) upstream from Mannheim to the river port of Plochingen, at the confluence with the Fils, and where the Neckar bends, taking a northwesterly instead of a northeasterly course. Other important ports include Stuttgart and Heilbronn.
The river's course provides a popular route for cyclists, especially during the summer months. Its steep valley sides are used for vineyards, mainly for the cultivation of Trollinger, Lemberger, Kerner, Müller-Thurgau amongst other locally grown grape varieties..
The name "Neckar" was also given to the world's first motorboat made during the summer of 1886 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach when their Standuhr (grandfather clock) petrol engine was tested on the river near Bad Cannstatt.
Officially, "King George of Poděbrady Square" in Czech, "Náměstí Krále Jiřího z Poděbrad".
"Cheb (German Eger, in the Sudeten German dialect of Cheb Egha; obsoletely also Heb) is a town in the district of the same name in the Karlovy Vary Region, 40 km southwest of Karlovy Vary and 5 km from the border with Germany on the Ohři River, from which it is derived from the German name of the city. The first historically preserved mention of Cheb, the central city of the entire former Chebsko, dates from 1061. Until the end of World War II, the majority of the population was German, and Cheb was an important part of the Sudetenland. After the end of the war, the German residents were displaced and the town became largely depopulated. Approximately 32 thousand inhabitants live here, which makes Cheb the second largest city in the region after Karlovy Vary. There are seven primary schools, two secondary schools, one practical school, two grammar schools and the Faculty of Economics of the University of West Bohemia in Cheb. The main industries here are engineering, textiles, metalworking, construction, woodworking and food. The neighboring municipalities of the seat are Okrouhlá, Třebeň, Pomezí nad Ohří, Nebanice, Tuřany, Odrava, Lipová, Libá, Františkovy Lázně, Waldsassen and Schirnding.
Bohemia (Latin Bohemia, German Böhmen, Polish Czechy) is a region in the west of the Czech Republic. Previously, as a kingdom, they were the center of the Czech Crown. The root of the word Czech probably corresponds to the meaning of man. The Latin equivalent of Bohemia, originally Boiohaemum (literally "land of Battles"), which over time also influenced the names in other languages, is derived from the Celtic tribe of the Boios, who lived in this area from the 4th to the 1st century BC Bohemia on it borders Germany in the west, Austria in the south, Moravia in the east and Poland in the north. Geographically, they are bounded from the north, west and south by a chain of mountains, the highest of which are the Krkonoše Mountains, in which the highest mountain of Bohemia, Sněžka, is also located. The most important rivers are the Elbe and the Vltava, with the fertile Polabean Plain extending around the Elbe. The capital and largest city of Bohemia is Prague, other important cities include, for example, Pilsen, Karlovy Vary, Kladno, Ústí nad Labem, Liberec, Hradec Králové, Pardubice and České Budějovice, Jihlava also lies partly on the historical territory of Bohemia." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Italien / Trentino - Tenno
Castello di Tenno
Tenno (Tén in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of Trento.
Tenno borders the following municipalities: Comano Terme, Fiavè, Arco, Ledro and Riva del Garda. Its neighborhood of Canale is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").
Tenno contains the waterfalls of Cascate del Varone. Tenno hosts an yearly summer festival called Quarta d'Agosto (Fourth of August) which is celebrated the fourth Sunday of August, in Cologna.
(Wikipedia)
Tenno (Dialekt: Tém) ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) in der Provinz Trient (Region Trentino-Südtirol) mit 1984 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2022). Sie ist Teil der Talgemeinschaft Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro.
Etymologie
Tenno wurde 1194 als Theni erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. 1205 erscheint der Name nach Christian Schneller in Bezug auf die Burg als Castrum Tenni. Der Ortsname leitet sich vermutlich aus dem Langobardischen ab und entspricht dem althochdeutschen Wort tenni, deutsch Tenne. Nach Mastrelli Anzilotti kommen nur deshalb langobardische Wurzeln in Betracht, weil es im Bezug auf die Toponyme der Gegend nie zu Eindeutschungen kam. Ansonsten wären bairische Ursprünge nicht auszuschließen. Unterstützt wird die Annahme langobardischer Wurzeln durch archäologische Funde aus dieser Zeit. Das deutsche Exonym lautet Thenn.
Geografie
Die Gemeinde liegt im Hinterland des Gardasees, einige Kilometer nördlich von Riva del Garda, 43 km südwestlich von Trient und 79 km nordwestlich von Verona. Das Gemeindegebiet von Tenno auch als Tennese bezeichnet, erstreckt sich vom Ort Gavazzo Nuova (201 m s.l.m.) bis zum Rio Secco oberhalb des Tennosees und umfasst den ganzen dazwischen liegenden Bereich.
Eingegrenzt im Osten vom Monte Misone (1803 m s.l.m.) und seinen Ausläufern, liegen westlich die Berge der Ledrogruppe, denen der Monte Tombio (841 m s.l.m.) und der Monte S. Martino (1075 m s.l.m.) vorgelagert sind. Unterhalb des Monte Misone liegt der durch einen Hangrutsch im 12. Jahrhundert aufgestaute Tennosee. Das vom See in nordnordwestlicher Richtung weiterverlaufende und vom Rio Secco durchzogene Tal verengt sich zusehends und endet am Passo di Ballino (755 m s.l.m.), der bereits im Gemeindegebiet von Fiavè liegt und die geographische Grenze zu den Äußeren Judikarien darstellt. Dieser obere nördliche Bereich unterscheidet sich wesentlich vom südlichen vom Rio Magnone durchflossenen breiteren Abschnitt, der klimatisch vom nahe liegenden Gardasee beeinflusst wird.
Dieses nach dem Rio Magnone benannte Tal, Valle di Magnone, ist durch einen Gletscher entstanden, dessen Moräne am südöstlichen Ende des Tales eine terrassenartige Stufe aufgeworfen hat, auf der die Burg von Tenno liegt. Der Magnone, der an den Osthängen des Corno di Pichea (2138 m s.l.m.) entspringt hat das Tal tief eingeschnitten und überwindet die Moränenstufe in einem fast 100 m hohen klammartigen Wasserfall oberhalb von Varone, einer Fraktion von Riva del Garda, nach der der Wasserfall, Cascate del Varone, auch benannt ist. Der zweite erwähnenswerte Wasserlauf, der Rio Secco, im nördlichen Bereich, entspringt am Dosso della Torta (2156 m s.l.m.) und ist der einzige bedeutende Zufluss des Tennosees.
Alle Orte der Gemeinde liegen mit Ausnahme von Pranzo (463 m s.l.m.) auf der orographisch linken Talseite.
Das Gemeindegebiet von Tenno ist auch in der jüngeren Vergangenheit immer wieder von Erdrutschen heimgesucht worden. So löste sich westlich des Tennosees nach mehrtägigen schweren Regenfällen im November 2000 ein über 4 Millionen Kubikmeter großer Hangrutsch, der nicht nur den Lauf des Rio Magnone, sondern auch das Aussehen des Tales veränderte.
Verwaltungsgliederung
Zur Gemeinde Tenno gehören drei Fraktionen und mehrere Weiler (italienisch Località). Die Fraktionen, bis 1929 alle selbstständige Gemeinden, sind Cologna-Gavazzo, Ville del Monte und Pranzo. Die drei Weiler Volta di No, Piazze und Teggiole sind Teil der Fraktion Cologna-Gavazzo. Die Weiler San Antonio, Calvola, Pastoedo, Canale, Lago di Tenno und Mattoni gehören zur Fraktion Ville del Monte.
Die Nachbargemeinden sind Arco, Comano Terme, Fiavè, Ledro und Riva del Garda.
Geschichte
Die Gegend um Tenno war bereits zur Bronzezeit besiedelt, wie archäologische Funde vermuten lassen. Die Lage an einer wichtigen Straße, die das Nordufer des Gardasees mit den Judikarien über den Passo Balino verband sowie der nahegelegene Pass Bocca di Trat, der eine wichtige Verbindung in das Ledrotal darstellte, waren ausschlaggebend für die Entwicklung des Ortes und seiner Burg. Tenno bestand historisch aus drei auch sonst klar voneinander abgegrenzten Ortsteilen, den sogenannte Ville del Piano, die sich damit von den darüber gelegenen Ville del Monte auch namentlich unterschieden. Zu den Ville del Piano zählt Frapporta, der unter der Burg gelegene und mit einer eigenen Ringmauer und Türmen versehene, erstmals 1211 als infra pòrtam (deutsch zwischen den Toren) das heißt zwischen Stadt- und Burgtor erwähnte Ortsteil, der einen einzigen Wehrkomplex mit der angrenzenden Burg bildete und im Trentino eines der seltenen Beispiele darstellt, in der ein Wohnbereich in eine Wehrstruktur eingegliedert wurde.
Nördlich von Frapporta, heute rechts der zum Passo Balino führenden Staatsstraße, liegen die beiden Ortsteile Gardule und Veduto (auch als Revedù bezeichnet) mit der erstmals 1204 erwähnten Pfarrkirche Santa Maria Immacolata, die in der Vergangenheit mehrmals um- und ausgebaut wurde und deren heutiges Aussehen auf das Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zurückgeht, während der Campanile noch aus dem 16. Jahrhundert stammt.
Nachdem Tenno seine Bedeutung als Straßenknotenpunkt mit dem Bau der Ponalestraße in das Ledrotal und der Straße durch die Limaro-Schlucht zwischen Sarche und Comano Terme in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts verloren hat, stellt heute der Fremdenverkehr eine bedeutende Einkommensquelle dar.
Verkehr
Tenno liegt an der Strada Statale 421 dei Laghi di Molveno e Tenno, die Riva del Garda mit dem Nonstal verbindet. Auf der Höhe des Tennosees mündet die Provinzstraße SP 27 del Monte Tombio in die SS 421.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Castello di Tenno, aus dem 13. Jahrhundert. Privatresidenz des ehemaligen deutschen Managers Klaus Zumwinkel.
Tennosee, beliebter Badesee
Ortsteil Canale, mit seinem mittelalterlichen Ortsbild, Mitglied der Vereinigung I borghi più belli d’Italia
Ortsteil Frapporta mit seiner Wehrmauer
Kirche San Lorenzo, romanische Kirche unterhalb von Frapporta deren Ursprünge bis in das 8. Jahrhundert zurückreichen
Varone-Wasserfall
Kulinarische Spezialitäten
Tenno gilt mit Arco und Varone als Ursprungsgebiet des traditionellen Trentiner Fleischgerichts Carne Salada.
(Wikipedia)
Castello di Tenno ist eine Höhenburganlage auf einem Felsvorsprung in der italienischen Gemeinde Tenno am nördlichen Ende des Gardasees im Trentino.
Geschichte
Die Geschichte der Burg von Tenno ist durch eine Reihe verschiedenster Besitzer gekennzeichnet, die auch ein Spiegelbild der wechselvollen Besitz- und Herrschaftsverhältnisse dieser Grenzregion am Nordufer des Gardasees ist.
Zum ersten Mal wurde die Burg zu Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts erwähnt, als sie im Besitz der Grafen von Eppan und deren Ultener Linie war. Zwischen 1210 und 1211 traten diese den Bau im Tausch für andere Ländereien an den Bischof von Trient, Friedrich von Wangen, ab.[1] 1260 wurden die Grafen von Arco als Verwalter der Burg eingesetzt, die auch bauliche Veränderungen vornahmen. 1284 kam sie unter die Kontrolle von Meinhard II. aber bereits 1314 war die Anlage erneut im Besitz des Bischofs von Trient.
Letzterer verkaufte die Burg in der Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts an den Scaliger Mastino II. della Scala, der sie als Lehen an die Grafen von Arco vergab. In dieser Zeit wurde die Anlage vergrößert. Als die Scaliger 1387 vom nördlichen Gardasee verdrängt wurden, wechselte die Burg in kurzer Zeit mehrmals den Besitzer und gelangte in die Hände der Visconti, der Bischöfe von Trient und der Venezianer.
1439 wurde die Burg in die kriegerischen Auseinandersetzungen zwischen den Visconti unter ihrem Condottiere Niccolò Piccinino und den Venezianern unter dem Condottiere Francesco Sforza verwickelt. Nach einer am 9. November 1439 vor der Burg für die Visconti verlustreich ausgegangenen Schlacht, musste sich Piccinino fluchtartig in die Burg zurückziehen. Ihm gelang es aber, sich dem Zugriff durch die Venezianer unter Gattamelata mit Hilfe einer List zu entziehen, in dem er sich in einem Sack versteckte und sich mutig von einem Knecht durch die Reihen der Venezianer tragen ließ, die dachten, dass der Knecht ein Plünderer sei und es deshalb an der nötigen Wachsamkeit fehlen ließen.[3] Die abenteuerliche Flucht wurde auch von Machiavelli in den Istorie Fiorentine (die Geschichte von Florenz) aufgegriffen.
1460 gelangte der Bau wieder unter die Obhut der Bischöfe von Trient. Ein von den Lodron in der Folgezeit ausgedachter Versuch, sich durch eine Verschwörung in den Besitz der Burg zu bringen, scheiterte und der Anführer der Verschwörung wurde zur Strafe gevierteilt und vor den Toren des Ortes zur Abschreckung zur Schau gestellt.
Unter dem Bischof Johannes Hinderbach wurde die Anlage mit Kanonen bestückt und restauriert, wovon eine Inschrift im Burghof zeugt. Dabei wurden Loggia, Küche, Unterkünfte für das Gesinde und Wohnräume vollständig neu errichtet.
Im tirolerisch-venezianischen Krieg von 1487 wurde sie nach Einnahme der venezianischen Festung von Rovereto durch die Tiroler im Gegenzug von den Venezianern belagert. Die von den Grafen von Arco angeführten Verteidiger konnten jedoch sämtliche Einnahmeversuche der aus Riva del Garda herbeigeeilten Venezianer vereiteln.
Während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges wurde die Burg von Tenno 1703 von den Franzosen unter General Vendôme eingenommen, überstand die Besatzung aber im Gegensatz zu vielen anderen Burgen der Umgebung, wie Castel Penede bei Nago oder die Burgen von Arco und Drena, relativ unbeschadet.
Bis zum 19. Jahrhundert verblieb die Burg von Tenno im Besitz der Bischöfe von Trient und kam erst dann in Privatbesitz. Im Jahre 1920 stürzte der viereckige 48 Meter hohe Bergfried ein.
Im August 1997 wurde sie von Klaus Zumwinkel für 1,5 Millionen Euro erworben und für Kosten in Höhe von etwa 1,5 Millionen Euro umgebaut, unter anderem mit einem Swimmingpool ausgestattet. Die Vorbesitzer waren zwei Ingenieure aus Belgien und Luxemburg, deren Erben die Burg veräußerten.
(Wikipedia)
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
+++++++++ FROM WIKIPEDIA +++++++
The pointe de Pen-Hir (Breton - Beg Penn Hir) is a promontory of the Crozon peninsula in Brittany, to the south-west of Camaret-sur-Mer. On a clear day there are views to the Pointe du Raz and the islands of Sein and Ouessant and to Pointe Saint-Mathieu. The cliffs are as tall as 70 metres (230 ft) high.[1]
It is the site of the Monument to the Bretons of Free France, known as the Cross of Pen-Hir and inaugurated by General Charles de Gaulle in 1960. It is intended to bear witness to the group of Free French Bretons who founded Sao Breiz in Great Britain during the Second World War. It was created in 1949-1951 by architect Jean-Baptiste Mathon and sculptor Victor-François Bazin
« Aux Bretons de la France Libre - MCMXL - MCMXLV - La France a perdu une bataille, mais la France n'a pas perdu la guerre. Dans l'univers libre des forces immenses n'ont pas encore donné. Un jour ces forces écraseront l'ennemi. »
"To the Bretons of Free France - MCMXL - MCMXLV - France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war. In the free world immense forces have not yet given up. One day these forces will crush the enemy."
On the back of the cross is an inscription in Breton, "Kentoc'h mervel eget em zaotra", taken from the motto of Brittany: "death rather than defilement".
Brittany (/ˈbrɪtəni/; French: Bretagne [bʁətaɲ] (About this soundlisten); Breton: Breizh, pronounced [bʁɛjs] or [bʁɛx];[1] Gallo: Bertaèyn [bəʁtaɛɲ]) is a peninsula, historical country, and cultural area in the west of modern France, covering the western part of what was known as Armorica during the period of Roman occupation. It became an independent kingdom and then a duchy before being united with the Kingdom of France in 1532 as a province governed as a separate nation under the crown.
Brittany has also been referred to as Little Britain (as opposed to Great Britain, with which it shares an etymology).[2] It is bordered by the English Channel to the north, Normandy to the northeast, eastern Pays de la Loire to the southeast, the Bay of Biscay to the south, and the Celtic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. Its land area is 34,023 km2 (13,136 sq mi).
Brittany is the site of some of the world's oldest standing architecture, home to the Barnenez, the Tumulus Saint-Michel and others, which date to the early 5th millennium BC.[3][4] Today, the historical province of Brittany is split among five French departments: Finistère in the west, Côtes-d'Armor in the north, Ille-et-Vilaine in the northeast, Morbihan in the south and Loire-Atlantique in the southeast. Loire-Atlantique now belongs to the Pays de la Loire region while the other four departments make up the Brittany region.
At the 2010 census, the population of historic Brittany was estimated to be 4,475,295. In 2017, the largest metropolitan areas were Nantes (934,165 inhabitants), Rennes (733,320 inhabitants), and Brest (321,364 inhabitants).[5] Brittany is the traditional homeland of the Breton people and is one of the six Celtic nations,[6][7][8][9] retaining a distinct cultural identity that reflects its history. A nationalist movement seeks greater autonomy within the French Republic.[10]
Etymology
The word Brittany, along with its French, Breton and Gallo equivalents Bretagne, Breizh and Bertaèyn, derive from the Latin Britannia, which means "land of the Britons". This word had been used by the Romans since the 1st century to refer to Great Britain, and more specifically the Roman province of Britain. This word derives from a Greek word, Πρεττανικη (Prettanike) or Βρεττανίαι (Brettaniai), used by Pytheas, an explorer from Massalia who visited the British Isles around 320 BC. The Greek word itself comes from the common Brythonic ethnonym reconstructed as *Pritanī, itself from Proto-Celtic *kʷritanoi (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *kʷer- 'to cut, make').
The Romans called Brittany Armorica. It was a quite indefinite region that extended along the English Channel coast from the Seine estuary, then along the Atlantic coast to the Loire estuary and, according to several sources, maybe to the Garonne estuary. This term probably comes from a Gallic word, aremorica, which means "close to the sea". Another name, Letauia (in English "Litavis"), was used until the 12th century. It possibly means "wide and flat" or "to expand" and it gave the Welsh name for Brittany: Llydaw.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, many Britons settled in western Armorica, and the region started to be called Britannia, although this name only replaced Armorica in the sixth century or perhaps by the end of the fifth.[13]
Breton-speaking people may pronounce the word Breizh in two different ways, according to their region of origin. Breton can be divided into two main dialects: the KLT (Kerne-Leon-Tregor) and the dialect of Vannes. KLT speakers pronounce it [brɛjs] and would write it Breiz, while the Vannetais speakers pronounce it [brɛχ] and would write it Breih. The official spelling is a compromise between both variants, with a z and an h together. In 1941, efforts to unify the dialects led to the creation of the so-called Breton zh, a standard which has never been widely accepted.[1] On its side, Gallo has never had a widely accepted writing system and several ones coexist. For instance, the name of the region in that language can be written Bertaèyn in ELG script, or Bertègn in MOGA, and a couple of other scripts also exist.
History
Brittany has been inhabited by humans since the Lower Palaeolithic. This population was scarce and very similar to the other Neanderthals found in the whole of Western Europe. Their only original feature was a distinct culture, called "Colombanian".[15] One of the oldest hearths in the world has been found in Plouhinec, Finistère.
Homo sapiens settled in Brittany around 35,000 years ago. They replaced or absorbed the Neanderthals and developed local industries, similar to the Châtelperronian or to the Magdalenian. After the last glacial period, the warmer climate allowed the area to become heavily wooded. At that time, Brittany was populated by relatively large communities who started to change their lifestyles from a life of hunting and gathering, to become settled farmers. Agriculture was introduced during the 5th millennium BC by migrants from the south and east. However, the Neolithic Revolution in Brittany did not happen due to a radical change of population, but by slow immigration and exchange of skills.[16]
Neolithic Brittany is characterised by important megalithic production and sites such as Quelfénnec, it is sometimes designated as the "core area" of megalithic culture.[17] The oldest monuments, cairns, were followed by princely tombs and stone rows. The Morbihan département, on the southern coast, comprises a large share of these structures, including the Carnac stones and the Broken Menhir of Er Grah in the Locmariaquer megaliths, the largest single stone erected by Neolithic people.
Gallic era
During the protohistorical period, Brittany was inhabited by five Celtic tribes:[18]
The Curiosolitae, who lived around the present town of Corseul. Their territory encompassed parts of Côtes-d'Armor, Ille-et-Vilaine and Morbihan départements.
The Namnetes, who lived in the current Loire-Atlantique département (in today's administrative région of Pays de la Loire), north of the Loire. They gave their name to the city of Nantes. The south bank of the river was occupied by an allied tribe, the Ambilatres,[19] whose existence and territory remain unsure.[18]
The Osismii, who lived in the western part of Brittany. Their territory comprised the Finistère département and the western extremity of Côtes-d'Armor and Morbihan.
The Redones (or Rhedones), who lived in the eastern part of the Ille-et-Vilaine département. They gave their name to the city of Rennes (Roazhon in Breton language, in the center of the département) and to the town of Redon (in the south of the département, bordering the département of Loire-Atlantique in the administrative région of Pays de la Loire, where its suburb town of Saint-Nicolas-de-Redon is located; however the city of Redon was founded around AD 832 under the initial name of Riedones, long after the Redones people were assimilated to Bretons; the cultural link between Riedones and the former Redones people is highly probable but difficult to recover and the name of Riedones may have been written from a local usage preserving the name of the former people in the vernacular oral language from a reading of an ancient Greek orthography).
The Veneti, who lived in the present Morbihan département and gave their name to the city of Vannes. Despite confusion by the classical scholar Strabo, they were unrelated to the Adriatic Veneti.
Those people had strong economic ties to the Insular Celts, especially for the tin trade[citation needed]. Several tribes also belonged to an "Armorican confederation" which, according to Julius Caesar, gathered the Curiosolitae, the Redones, the Osismii, the Unelli, the Caletes, the Lemovices and the Ambibarii.[20] The last four peoples mentioned by Caesar were respectively located in Cotentin (Lower-Normandy), pays de Caux (Upper-Normandy), Limousin (Aquitany) and the location of the Ambibarii is unknown. The Caletes are sometimes also considered as Belgians and ″Lemovices″ is probably a mistake for ″Lexovii″ (Lower-Normandy).[citation needed]
Gallo-Roman era
The region became part of the Roman Republic in 51 BC. It was included in the province of Gallia Lugdunensis in 13 BC. Gallic towns and villages were redeveloped according to Roman standards, and several cities were created. These cities are Condate (Rennes), Vorgium (Carhaix), Darioritum (Vannes) and Condevincum or Condevicnum (Nantes). Together with Fanum Martis (Corseul), they were the capitals of the local civitates. They all had a grid plan and a forum, and sometimes a temple, a basilica, thermae or an aqueduct, like Carhaix.
The Romans also built three major roads through the region. However, most of the population remained rural. The free peasants lived in small huts, whereas the landowners and their employees lived in proper villae rusticae. The Gallic deities continued to be worshiped, and were often assimilated to the Roman gods. Only a small number of statues depicting Roman gods were found in Brittany, and most of the time they combine Celtic elements.[21]
During the 3rd century AD, the region was attacked several times by Franks, Alamanni and pirates. At the same time, the local economy collapsed and many farming estates were abandoned. To face the invasions, many towns and cities were fortified, like Nantes, Rennes and Vannes.[21]
A French map of the traditional regions of Brittany in Ancien Régime France. The earlier state of Domnonia or Domnonée that united Brittany comprised the counties along the north coast
Immigration of Britons
Toward the end of the 4th century, the Britons of what is now Wales and the South-Western peninsula of Great Britain began to emigrate to Armorica.[citation needed]
The Romano-Britons
The history behind such an establishment is unclear, but medieval Breton, Angevin and Welsh sources connect it to a figure known as Conan Meriadoc. Welsh literary sources assert that Conan came to Armorica on the orders of the Roman usurper Magnus Maximus,[a] who sent some of his British troops to Gaul to enforce his claims and settled them in Armorica. This account was supported by the Counts of Anjou, who claimed descent from a Roman soldier[b] expelled from Lower Brittany by Conan on Magnus's orders.[citation needed]
The Refugee-Britons
Regardless of the truth of this story, Brythonic (British Celtic) settlement probably increased during the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries.[citation needed]
Scholars such as Léon Fleuriot have suggested a two-wave model of migration from Britain which saw the emergence of an independent Breton people and established the dominance of the Brythonic Breton language in Armorica.[22] Their petty kingdoms are now known by the names of the counties that succeeded them—Domnonée (Devon), Cornouaille (Cornwall), Léon (Caerleon); but these names in Breton and Latin are in most cases identical to their British homelands. (In Breton and French, however, Gwened or Vannetais continued the name of the indigenous Veneti.) Although the details remain confused, these colonies consisted of related and intermarried dynasties which repeatedly unified (as by the 7th-century Saint Judicaël) before splintering again according to Celtic inheritance practices.[citation needed]
Resistance
The area was finally consolidated in the 840s under Nominoe in resistance to Frankish control.[23] Among the immigrant Britons, there were some clergymen who helped the evangelisation of the region, which was still pagan, particularly in rural areas.[citation needed]
The Brythonic community around the 6th century. The sea was a communication medium rather than a barrier.
Battle of the Catalaunian Plains
The army recruited for Flavius Aetius to combat Attila the Hun at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains included Romans, Visigoths, Franks, Alans and Armoricans, amongst others. The Alans were placed front and centre, opposite the Huns. The Armoricans supplied archers who attacked the Huns' front lines during the main battle and thwarted Attila's night assault on the Roman camp with a hail of arrows "like rain". After the battle was won, Aetius sent the Alans to Armorica and Galicia.
Riothamus
The late 5th century Brittonic leader Riothamus received correspondence from the eminent Roman jurist Sidonius Apollinaris and was called "King of the Britons" by Jordanes. Some suggest that he was a Breton, though others believe that he was from Britain, pointing to the passage that he arrived in the land of the Biturges "by way of Ocean", which would hardly have been efficient or required for a Breton. Both historians describe Riothamus's losing battle against King Euric of the Visigoths at Déols around the year 470.
In response to a plea from the Roman Emperor Anthemius, Riothamus had led twelve thousand men to establish a military presence in Bourges in central Gaul, but was betrayed by Arvandus, the Praetorian Prefect of Gaul, and subsequently ambushed by Euric's army.[c] After a long battle, the Armorican survivors escaped to Avallon in Burgundy, after which they are lost to history. According to Breton king-lists, Riotham survived and reigned as Prince of Domnonia until his death sometime between 500 and 520, though this may have been a different person.
Middle Ages
The Kingdom of Brittany
At the beginning of the medieval era, Brittany was divided among three kingdoms, Domnonea, Cornouaille and Broërec. These realms eventually merged into a single state during the 9th century.[24][25] The unification of Brittany was carried out by Nominoe, king between 845 and 851 and considered as the Breton Pater Patriae. His son Erispoe secured the independence of the new kingdom of Brittany and won the Battle of Jengland against Charles the Bald. The Bretons won another war in 867, and the kingdom reached then its maximum extent: It received parts of Normandy, Maine and Anjou and the Channel Islands.
Viking occupation
Brittany was heavily attacked by the Vikings at the beginning of the 10th century. The kingdom lost its eastern territories, including Normandy and Anjou, and the county of Nantes was given to Fulk I of Anjou in 909. However, Nantes was seized by the Vikings in 914. At this time Brittany was also called Lydwiccum.[26]
The Duchy of Brittany
Nantes was eventually liberated by Alan II of Brittany in 937 with the support of his god-brother King Æthelstan of England.
Alan II totally expelled the Vikings from Brittany and recreated a strong Breton state. For aiding in removing the problem, Alan paid homage to Louis IV of France (who was Æthelstan's nephew and had returned from England in the same year as Alan II) and thus Brittany ceased to be a kingdom and became a duchy.
Norman allies
Several Breton lords helped William the Conqueror to invade England and received large estates there (e.g. William's double-second cousin Alan Rufus and the latter's brother Brian of Brittany). Some of these lords were powerful rivals.
Internal disputes
Medieval Brittany was far from being a united nation. The French king maintained envoys in Brittany, alliances contracted by local lords often overlapped and there was no specific Breton unity. For example, Brittany replaced Latin with French as its official language in the 13th century, 300 years before France did so, and the Breton language didn't have formal status.
The foreign policy of the Duchy changed many times; the Dukes were usually independent, but they often contracted alliances with England or France depending on who was threatening them at that point. Their support for each nation became very important during the 14th century because the English kings had started to claim the French throne.
The Breton War of Succession, a local episode of the Hundred Years' War, saw the House of Blois, backed by the French, fighting with the House of Montfort, backed by the English. The Montforts won in 1364 and enjoyed a period of total independence until the end of the Hundred Years' War, because France was weakened and stopped sending royal envoys to the Court of Brittany.
English diplomatic failures led to the Breton cavalry commanders Arthur, Comte de Richemont (later to become Arthur III, Duke of Brittany) and his nephew Peter II, Duke of Brittany playing key roles on the French side during the deciding stages of the war (including the battles of Patay, Formigny and Castillon and the Treaty of Arras).
Brittany importantly lost the Mad War against France in 1488, mostly because of its internal divisions that were exacerbated by the corruption at the court of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. Indeed, some rebel Breton lords were fighting on the French side.
Union with the French Crown and modern period
Main article: Union of Brittany and France
Anne of Brittany is regarded in Brittany as a conscientious ruler who defended the duchy against France.
As a result of the Mad War, the Duke Francis II could not have his daughter Anne married without the king of France's consent. Nonetheless, she married the Holy Roman Emperor in 1490, leading to a crisis with France. Charles VIII of France besieged Rennes and had the marriage cancelled. He eventually married Anne of Brittany. After he died childless, the duchess had to marry his heir and cousin Louis XII. Anne unsuccessfully tried to preserve Breton independence, but she died in 1514, and the union between the two crowns was formally carried out by Francis I in 1532. He granted several privileges to Brittany, such as exemption from the gabelle, a tax on salt that was very unpopular in France.[27] Under the Ancien Régime, Brittany and France were governed as separate countries but under the same crown, so Breton aristocrats in the French royal court were classed as Princes étrangers (foreign princes).
From the 15th to the 18th century, Brittany reached an economic golden age.[d] The region was located on the seaways near Spain, England and the Netherlands and it greatly benefited from the creation of a French colonial empire. Local seaports like Brest and Saint-Brieuc quickly expanded, and Lorient, first spelled "L'Orient", was founded in the 17th century. Saint-Malo then was known for its corsairs, Brest was a major base for the French Navy and Nantes flourished with the Atlantic slave trade. On its side, the inland provided hemp ropes and canvas and linen sheets. However, Colbertism, which encouraged the creation of many factories, did not favour the Breton industry because most of the royal factories were opened in other provinces. Moreover, several conflicts between France and England led the latter to restrain its trade, and the Breton economy went into recession during the 18th century.
The Centralisation Problem
Two significant revolts occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries: the Revolt of the papier timbré (1675) and the Pontcallec conspiracy (1719). Both arose from attempts to resist centralisation and assert Breton constitutional exceptions to tax.[28]
Breton exodus
Many Bretons crossed the Atlantic to support the American War of Independence.[29] These included many sailors such as Armand de Kersaint and soldiers such as Charles Armand Tuffin, marquis de la Rouërie.
Since 1789
The mutineers of Fouesnant arrested by the National Guard of Quimper in 1792
The Duchy was legally abolished during the French Revolution, in 1789, and divided into five departments. Brittany also lost all its privileges. Three years later, the area became a centre of royalist and Catholic resistance to the Revolution during the Chouannerie. During the 19th century, Brittany remained in economic recession, and many Bretons emigrated to other French regions, particularly to Paris. This trend remained strong until the beginning of the 20th century. Nonetheless, the region was also modernising, with new roads and railways being built, and some places being industrialised. Nantes specialised in shipbuilding and food processing (sugar, exotic fruits and vegetables, fish...), Fougères in glass and shoe production, and metallurgy was practised in small towns such as Châteaubriant and Lochrist, known for its labour movements.
The region remained deeply Catholic, and during the Second Empire, the conservative values were strongly reasserted. When the Republic was re-established in 1871, there were rumours that Breton troops were mistrusted and mistreated at Camp Conlie during the Franco-Prussian War because of fears that they were a threat to the Republic.[30]
A Royal Air Force attack on Saint-Malo in 1942
During the 19th century, the Breton language started to decline precipitously, mainly because of the Francization policy conducted under the Third Republic. On one hand, children were not allowed to speak Breton at school, and were punished by teachers if they did. Famously, signs in schools read: "It is forbidden to speak Breton and to spit on the floor" ("Il est interdit de parler Breton et de cracher par terre").[31]
The Amoco Cadiz oil spill in 1978 significantly affected the Breton coast
At the same time, the Celtic Revival led to the foundation of the Breton Regionalist Union (URB) and later to independence movements linked to Irish, Welsh, and Scottish and Cornish independence parties in the UK, and to pan-Celticism. However, the audience of these movements remained very low and their ideas did not reach a large public until the 20th century. The Seiz Breur movement, created in 1923, permitted a Breton artistic revival[32] but its ties with Nazism and the collaborationism of the Breton National Party during World War II weakened Breton nationalism in the post-war period.
Brittany lost 240,000 men during the First World War.[33] The Second World War was also catastrophic for the region. It was invaded by Nazi Germany in 1940 and freed after Operation Cobra in August 1944. However, the areas around Saint-Nazaire and Lorient only surrendered on 10 and 11 May 1945, several days after the German capitulation. The two port towns had been virtually destroyed by Allied air raids, like Brest and Saint-Malo, and other towns, such as Nantes and Rennes, had also suffered.
In 1956, Brittany was legally reconstituted as the Region of Brittany, although the region excluded the ducal capital of Nantes and the surrounding area. Nevertheless, Brittany retained its cultural distinctiveness, and a new cultural revival emerged during the 1960s and 1970s. Bilingual schools were opened, singers started to write songs in Breton, and ecological catastrophes such as the Amoco Cadiz oil spill or the Erika oil spill and water pollution from intensive pig farming favoured new movements to protect the natural heritage.
Government and politics
See also: Politics of France
Traditional subdivisions
Brittany as a political entity disappeared in 1790, when it was divided into five départements. The Breton départements more or less correspond to the nine Catholic dioceses that appeared at the beginning of the Middle Ages. They were often called "pays" or "bro" ("country" in French and Breton) and they also served as fiscal and military districts.[34] Brittany is also divided between Lower Brittany ("Basse Bretagne" and "Breizh Izel"), corresponding to the western half, where Breton is traditionally spoken, and Upper Brittany ("Haute Bretagne" and "Breizh Uhel"), corresponding to the eastern half, where Gallo is traditionally spoken. The historical Breton dioceses were:
Upper Brittany:
The Pays nantais, around Nantes, corresponding to the Loire-Atlantique département.
The Pays rennais, around Rennes, forming part of the Ille-et-Vilaine département.
The Pays de Dol, around Dol-de-Bretagne, corresponding to the northern part of the Ille-et-Vilaine département.
The Pays de Saint-Brieuc, around Saint-Brieuc, forming part of the Côtes-d'Armor département.
The Pays de Saint-Malo, around Saint-Malo, divided between Ille-et-Vilaine, Côtes-d'Armor and Morbihan.
Lower Brittany:
The Pays vannetais, around Vannes, corresponding to the Morbihan département.
The Cornouaille, around Quimper, divided between Finistère and Côtes-d'Armor.
The Léon, around Saint-Pol-de-Léon, corresponding to the northern part of the Finistère département.
The Trégor, around Tréguier, forming part of the Côtes-d'Armor département.
During the French Revolution, four dioceses were suppressed and the five remaining ones were modified to have the same administrative borders as the départements.
Capital cities
The Château des ducs de Bretagne in Nantes, permanent residence of the last dukes
Brittany has several historical capital cities. When it was an independent duchy, the Estates of Brittany, which can be compared to a parliament, met in various towns: Dinan, Ploërmel, Redon, Rennes, Vitré, Guérande, and, most of all, Vannes, where they met 19 times, and Nantes, 17 times. The Court and the government were also very mobile, and each dynasty favoured its own castles and estates. The dukes mostly lived in Nantes, Vannes, Redon, Rennes, Fougères, Dol-de-Bretagne, Dinan and Guérande. All these towns except Vannes are located in Upper Brittany, thus not in the Breton speaking area.
Among all these towns, only Nantes, Rennes and Vannes, which were the biggest ones, could really pretend to the capital status. The dukes were crowned in Rennes and they had a large castle there; it was however destroyed during the 15th century. Vannes, on its side, was the seat of the Chamber of Accounts and of the Parliament until the union with France. The Parliament was then transferred to Rennes, and the Chamber of Accounts to Nantes. Nantes, nicknamed "the city of the Dukes of Brittany", was also the permanent residence of the last dukes. The Château des ducs de Bretagne still stands in the city centre. Nowadays, Rennes is the only official capital of the region of Brittany. It is also the seat of an ecclesiastical province encompassing Brittany and the Pays de la Loire region.
Present subdivisions
See also: Administrative divisions of France, Brittany (administrative region), and Loire-Atlantique
The region Brittany comprises four historical Breton départements. Loire-Atlantique, in light blue, is part of the Pays de la Loire region.
During the French Revolution, Brittany was divided into five départements, each made up of three or four arrondissements. The arrondissements are further divided in cantons, which are themselves made up of one or several communes. The communes and the départements have a local council elected by their citizens, but arrondissements and cantons are not run by elected officials. The cantons serve as an electoral district for the election of the département councils and arrondissements are run by a subprefect appointed by the French president. The president also appoints a prefect in each département.
Because the départements are small and numerous, the French government tried to create wider regions during the 20th century. For the Breton nationalists, it was an occasion to recreate Brittany as a political and administrative entity, but the new region had to be economically efficient. Nantes and its département, Loire-Atlantique, raised concerns because they were off-centered, more integrated with the Loire Valley than with the Breton peninsula. The French government and local politicians also feared that Nantes, because of its population and its former Breton capital status, would have maintained a harmful competition with Rennes to get the regional institutions and investments.
Several drafts for French regions had been proposed since the 1920s, and the definitive regions were drawn in 1956. The new Brittany had four départements, and Loire-Atlantique formed the Pays de la Loire region together with parts of Anjou, Maine and Poitou. In 1972, the regions received their present competencies, with an elected regional council. Since then, the region of Brittany has had its own council and administrative bodies.
Reunification
See also: Bretagne Réunie
This Loire-Atlantique road sign reads "welcome to historical Brittany".
When the region of Brittany was created, several local politicians opposed the exclusion of Loire-Atlantique, and the question still remains.
The obstacles to reunification are the same as in 1956: having Nantes in Brittany could harm the position of Rennes and create an economic imbalance between Lower and Upper Brittany. Moreover, the Pays de la Loire region could not exist without Loire-Atlantique, because it would lose its political and economic capital. Without Loire-Atlantique, the other départements would not form an efficient region any more, and would have to integrate neighbouring regions such as the Centre-Val de Loire and Poitou-Charentes.
However, several institutions have backed the reunification, such as the regional council of Brittany since 2008 and the Loire-Atlantique council since 2001. Some politicians like Jean-Marc Ayrault, the French prime minister and former mayor of Nantes, favour instead the creation of a "Greater West region", which would encompass Brittany and the Pays de la Loire region. Polls show that 58% of the Bretons and 62% of the inhabitants in Loire-Atlantique favour the reunification.[35]
Political tendencies
Main article: Politics of Brittany
Until the end of the 20th century, Brittany had been characterised by a strong Catholic and conservative influence. However, some areas such as the industrial region around Saint-Nazaire and Lorient and the surroundings of Tréguier are traditional Socialist and Communist strongholds. Left-wing parties, mainly the Socialist party and the Greens, have become more and more powerful after the 1970s and they have formed a majority in the Regional Council of Brittany since 2004. The Loire-Atlantique and Ille-et-Vilaine councils have also been held by the left since 2004.
The Socialist party has held the Côtes-d'Armor council since 1976, and the Finistère council since 1998. On its side, Morbihan remains a right-wing stronghold. The local parties have a very small audience, except the Union Démocratique Bretonne which has seats at the Regional Council and in other local assemblies. It advocates more autonomy for the region and its positions are very close to the Socialist parties. It also has a strong ecological orientation. The audience of far-right parties is lower in Brittany than in the rest of France.[36]
Geography and natural history
The Pink Granite Coast around Trégastel
Brittany is the largest French peninsula. It is around 34,030 km2 (13,140 sq mi) and stretches toward the northwest and the Atlantic Ocean. It is bordered to the north by the English Channel, to the south by the Bay of Biscay and the waters located between the western coast and Ushant Island form the Iroise Sea.
The Breton coast is very indented, with many cliffs, rias and capes. The Gulf of Morbihan is a vast natural harbour with some forty islands that is almost a closed sea. In total, around 800 islands lie off the mainland; the largest being Belle Île, in the south. Brittany has over 2,860 km (1,780 mi) of coastline; it represents a third of the total French coastline.
The region is generally hilly because it corresponds to the western end of the Armorican Massif, a very old range that also extends in Normandy and the Pays de la Loire region. Because of this continuity, the Breton border with the rest of France is not marked by any strong geographical landmark, apart from the river Couesnon, which separates Brittany from Normandy.
A bog around the Monts d'Arrée
The Armorican Massif reaches its maximum elevation outside of Brittany, in neighbouring Mayenne, at 417 m, and slopes towards the west before straightening on its western extremity, with the Montagnes Noires and the Monts d'Arrée. The highest hill in Brittany is the Roc'h Ruz in the Monts d'Arrée, at 385 m (1,263 ft). It is closely followed by several neighbouring hills culminating at around 384 m above sea level.[37]
Coastal areas are usually named Armor or Arvor ("by the sea" in Breton), and the inland is called Argoat ("by the forest"). The best soils were primitively covered by large forests which had been progressively replaced by bocage during the Middle Ages. The Breton bocage, with its small fields enclosed by thick hedgerows, has almost disappeared since the 1960s to fit the modern agricultural needs and methods, particularly mechanisation.
Several forests still exist, such as the Paimpont forest, sometimes said to be the Arthurian Brocéliande. The poor and rocky areas are covered by large heathland and moorlands, and Brittany has several marshes, like the Brière, included in a regional natural park. Another regional park encompasses the Monts d'Arrée and the Iroise seacoast. The Iroise Sea is also a UNESCO biosphere reserve.
Geology
The Pointe du Raz, one of the westernmost extents of both Brittany and Metropolitan France
The Breton peninsula appeared during the Cadomian Orogeny, which formed its northern coastline, between Guingamp and Fougères. The southern part emerged during the Hercynian orogeny. At the same time, an intense volcanic activity left large quantities of granite. Between the Cadomian and Hercynian periods, the region was submerged several times and the sea left fossils and sedimentary rocks, mostly schist and sandstone. Because of the absence of limestone, soils in Brittany are usually acid.
The Armorican massif straightened and flattened several times during the formation of the Pyrenees and the Alps. Changes in sea levels and climate led to a strong erosion and to the formation of more sedimentary rocks. Metamorphism is responsible for the distinctive local blue schist and for the rich subsoil of the Groix island, which comprises glaucophane and epidote.[38]
During the Quaternary glaciations, Brittany was covered by loess and rivers started to fill the valleys with alluvial deposits. The valleys themselves were a result of a strong tectonic activity between the African and the Eurasian plate. The present Breton landscape did not acquire its final shape before one million years ago. The Breton subsoil is characterised by a huge amount of fractures that form a large aquifer containing several millions square meters of water.[38]
Climate
Brittany lies within the north temperate zone. It has a changeable, maritime climate, similar to Cornwall. Rainfall occurs regularly but sunny, cloudless days are also common. In the summer months, temperatures in the region can reach 30 °C (86 °F), yet the climate remains comfortable, especially when compared to the French regions located south of the Loire. The temperature difference between summer and winter is about fifteen degrees, but it varies depending on the proximity of the sea. The weather is generally milder on the seacoast than inland but rainfall occurs with the same intensity on both. The Monts d'Arrée, despite their low elevation, have much more rainfall than the rest of the region. The south coast, between Lorient and Pornic, enjoys more than 2,000 hours of sunshine per year.[39]
Flora and fauna
An ocean sunfish exhibiting its characteristic horizontal basking behaviour several miles off Penmarch
Brittany's wildlife is typical of France with several distinctions. On one hand, the region, due to its long coastline, has a rich oceanic fauna, and some birds cannot be seen in other French regions. On the other hand, the species found in the inland are usually common for France, and because Brittany is a peninsula, the number of species is lower in its western extremity than in the eastern part.
A variety of seabirds can be seen close to the seaside, which is home to colonies of cormorants, gulls, razorbills, northern gannets, common murres and Atlantic puffins. Most of these birds breed on isolated islands and rocks and thus are hard to observe. The inland is home to common European species including pheasants, barn swallows, woodcocks, common swifts, partridges...[40]
A Breton horse
Like Cornwall, Wales and Ireland, the waters of Brittany attract marine animals including basking sharks, grey seals, leatherback turtles, dolphins, porpoises, jellyfish, crabs and lobsters. Bass is common along the coast, small-spotted catsharks live on the continental shelf, rattails and anglerfish populate the deep waters. River fish of note include trout, Atlantic salmon, pikes, shades and lampreys. The Breton rivers are also home to beavers and otters and to some invasive American species, such as the coypu which destroys the ecosystem and accelerated the extinction of the European mink.[41]
Among the invertebrates, Brittany is notably home to the escargot de Quimper, the freshwater pearl mussel and the white-clawed crayfish.[42] The larger Breton mammals died out during the modern period, including the wolf. Today, mammals of note include roe deer, wild boar, foxes, hares and several species of bat.[43]
Brittany is widely known for the Breton horse, a local breed of draft horse, and for the Brittany gun dog. The region also has its own breeds of cattle, some of which are on the brink of extinction: the Bretonne Pie Noir, the Froment du Léon, the Armorican and the Nantaise.
The Breton forests, dunes, moorlands and marshes are home to several iconic plants, such as endemic cistus, aster and linaria varieties, the horseshoe vetch and the lotus maritimus.[44]
Education
See also: Education in France
A battalion of the Saint-Cyr-Coëtquidan military academy
Brittany has the same education system as the rest of France. As in other French regions, formal education before the 19th century was the preserve of the elite. Before 1460, Brittany did not have a university, and Breton students had to go to Angers, Poitiers or Caen. The University of Nantes was founded under the duke Francis II, who wanted to affirm the Breton independence from France. All the traditional disciplines were taught here: arts, theology, law and medicine. During the 17th century, it had around 1,500 students. It declined during the 18th century, mostly because Nantes was flourishing with the Atlantic slave trade and paid no attention to its cultural institutions.
A mayor eventually asked the university to be relocated to Rennes, more devoted to culture and science, and the faculties progressively moved there after 1735.[45] The transfer was interrupted by the French Revolution, and all the French universities were dissolved in 1793.
Napoleon reorganised the French education system in 1808. He created new universities and invented two secondary education institutions: the "collèges" and the "lycées" which were opened in numerous towns to educate boys and form a new elite. A new University of Rennes was progressively recreated during the 19th century. In the meantime, several laws were promoted to open schools, notably for girls. In 1882, Jules Ferry succeeded in passing a law which made primary education in France free, non-clerical (laïque) and mandatory. Thus, free schools were opened in almost every villages of Brittany. Jules Ferry also promoted education policies establishing French language as the language of the Republic, and mandatory education was a mean to eradicate regional languages and dialects. In Brittany, it was forbidden for the pupils to speak Breton or Gallo, and the two were strongly depreciated. Humiliating practices aimed at stamping out the Breton language and culture prevailed in state schools until the late 1960s.[46] In response, the Diwan schools were founded in 1977 to teach Breton by immersion. They have taught a few thousand young people from elementary school to high school, and they have gained more and more fame owing to their high level of results in school exams.[47] A bilingual approach has also been implemented in some state schools after 1979, and some Catholic schools have done the same after 1990. Besides, Brittany, with the neighbouring Pays de la Loire region, remains a stronghold for Catholic private education with around 1,400 schools.[48]
During the 20th century, tertiary education was developed with the creation of the École centrale de Nantes in 1919, the University of Nantes in 1961, the ESC Bretagne Brest in 1962, the University of Western Brittany in 1971, the École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications de Bretagne in 1977 and the University of Southern Brittany in 1995. The Catholic University of the West, based in Angers, also opened classes in several Breton towns. In 1969, the University of Rennes was divided between the University of Rennes 1 and the University of Rennes 2 – Upper Brittany. After the Second World War, the Ecole Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, the foremost French military academy, settled in Coëtquidan.
Economy
RMS Queen Mary 2, once the world's largest passenger ship, was built in Saint-Nazaire.
Brittany, apart from some areas such as Lorient, Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, has never been heavily industrialised. Today, fishing and agriculture remain important activities. Brittany has more than 40,000 farms, mostly oriented towards cattle, pig and poultry breeding, as well as cereal and vegetable production. The number of farms tends to diminish, but as a result, they are merged into very large estates. Brittany is the first producer in France for vegetables (green beans, onions, artichokes, potatoes, tomatoes...). Cereals are mostly grown for cattle feeding. Wine, especially muscadet, is made in a small region south of Nantes. Brittany is the first region in France for fishing. The activity employs around 9,000 people, and more than 60 firms work in fish and seafood processing.[49]
A fishing trawler from Le Guilvinec
Although relatively new, the Breton industry has been constantly growing since 1980. Food processing (meat, vegetables...) represents a third of the industrial jobs, but other activities are also important for the local economy. Shipbuilding, both commercial and military, is implanted in Saint-Nazaire (Chantiers de l'Atlantique), Lorient and Brest; Airbus has plants in Saint-Nazaire and Nantes; and Peugeot has a large factory in Rennes. Brittany is the second French region for telecommunication and the fifth for electronics, two activities mainly developed in Rennes, Lannion and Brest. Tourism is particularly important for the seacoast and Brittany is one of the most visited regions in France.[49] In April 2019, The Guardian's travel section included two Brittany locations in its list of 20 of the most beautiful villages in France. The two were Rochefort-en-Terre with "its covered market, 12th-century church, medieval castle, 19th-century chateau, and 16th- and 17th-century mansions" and Locronan, where "East India Company's offices still stand on the village square, as well as 17th-century merchants' dwellings".[50]
The unemployment rate in Brittany is lower than in other French regions and it is usually around 6 or 7% of the active population.[51] Because of the global financial crisis started in 2007, unemployment rose to 8.7% in the Region Brittany and 8.4% in Loire-Atlantique in late 2012. However, these figures remain under the French national rate (9.9% at the same period).[52][53] Some industries, such as construction, industry, catering or transport, usually have difficulties finding employees.[51]
In 2009, Region Brittany's gross domestic product reached 82 billion euros. It was the seventh richest region in France and it produced 4.4% of the national GDP. The Breton GDP per capita was around 25,739 euros in 2009.[54] It was lower than the French result, 29,897 euros, but higher than the European one, 23,500 euros. The GDP of the Loire-Atlantique département is around 26 billion euros, and the GDP of the five historical Breton départements would be at around 108 billion euros.[55]
Demographics
See also: Demography of France
Rennes, the most populated city in Region Brittany and the second in historical Brittany, behind Nantes
In 2017, the population in Region Brittany was estimated to 3,318,904 and Loire-Atlantique had around 1,394,909 inhabitants, thus historical Brittany's population can be estimated at 4,713,813, the highest in its history.[56] The population in Region Brittany had grown by 0.9% between 1999 and 2000, and the growth rate reached more than 1% in Ille-et-Vilaine and Morbihan. The region around Rennes and the south are the more attractive areas, whereas the population is declining in the centre and in the westernmost parts. While most of the metropolitan areas are growing, the cities themselves tend to stagnate or regress, such as for Brest, Lorient, Saint-Brieuc and Saint-Malo. In 2017, Ille-et-Vilaine had 1,060,199 inhabitants, it was followed by Finistère 909,028 inhabitants, Morbihan 750,863 inhabitants, and Côtes-d'Armor, with 598,814 inhabitants.[57]
The largest cities in Region Brittany as of 2017 were Rennes, with 216,815 inhabitants, Brest 140,064, Quimper 62,985, Lorient 57,149, Vannes 53,352, Saint-Malo 46,097 and Saint-Brieuc 44,372. All the other communes had under 25,000 inhabitants.[57] Brittany is also characterised by a great number of small towns, such as Vitré, Concarneau, Morlaix or Auray. Loire-Atlantique has two major cities, Nantes, with 309,346 inhabitants and an urban area encompassing 972,828, and Saint-Nazaire, with 69,993 inhabitants.[57] Loire-Atlantique's population is more rapidly growing than Region Brittany's and it is the 12th most populated French département.[58] Nevertheless, since the 1990s, Rennes has consistently ranked as one of France's fastest growing metropolitan areas.
In 1851, Brittany had around 2.7 million inhabitants and the demographic growth stayed low until the second half of the 20th century, mainly because of an important emigration. Brittany had 3.2 million inhabitants in 1962 and the growth was mainly due to Loire-Atlantique and the steady growth of Nantes. Without the Loire-Atlantique's figures, the Breton population only numbered 2.4 million in 1962, nearly unchanged from its population of 2.3 million in 1851.[59][60] After the 1960s, the whole region has had a strong demographic growth because of the decline of the traditional emigration to richer French regions. Instead, Brittany has become attractive, particularly for families, young retired persons and active people over 35 years old.[61]
Regional identity
Breton women wearing the Bigouden distinctive headdress, one of the symbols of Breton identity
Breton political parties do not have wide support and their electoral success is small. However, Bretons have a strong cultural identity. According to a poll made in 2008, 50% of the inhabitants of the Region Brittany consider themselves as much Breton as French, 22.5% feel more Breton than French, and 15.4% more French than Breton. A minority, 1.5%, considers themselves Breton but not French, while 9.3% do not consider themselves to be Breton at all.[62]
51.9% of the poll respondents agreed that Brittany should have more political power, and 31.1% thought that it should stay the same. Only 4.6% favoured independence, and 9.4% were undecided.[62]
A 2012 poll taken in the five departments of historical Brittany showed that 48% of the respondents considered themselves belonging first to France, 37% to Brittany, and 10% to Europe. It also showed that Breton identity is stronger among people younger than 35. 53% of them considering themselves to belong first to Brittany. 50% of the older respondents considered themselves belonging first to France. Primary Breton identity is at its lowest among the respondents over 65: 58% consider themselves to belong first to France, with European identify secondary. 21% of the respondents over 65 considering themselves to be European first. Breton self-identification is stronger among people who vote left-wing. It is stronger among employees than employers.[63]
Regional languages
Lower Brittany (in colours), where the Breton language is traditionally spoken and Upper Brittany (in shades of grey), where the Gallo language is traditionally spoken. The changing shades indicate the advance of Gallo and French, and retreat of Breton from 900 AD.
Main article: Linguistic boundary of Brittany
French, the only official language of the French Republic, is spoken today by the vast majority in Brittany, and it is the mother tongue of most people. Nonetheless, French was not widely known before the 19th century, and two regional languages exist in Brittany: Breton and Gallo. They are separated by a language border that has constantly moved back since the Middle Ages.
The current border runs from Plouha on the English Channel to the Rhuys Peninsula on the Bay of Biscay. Because of their origins and practice, Breton and Gallo can be compared to Scottish Gaelic and Scots language in Scotland[citation needed]. Both have been recognised as "Langues de Bretagne" (languages of Brittany) by the Regional Council of Brittany since 2004.
Breton
Main article: Breton language
Bilingual road signs can be seen in traditional Breton-speaking areas.
Breton is a Celtic language derived from the historical Common Brittonic language, and is most closely related to Cornish and Welsh. It was imported to Western Armorica during the 5th century by Britons fleeing the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. Breton remained the language of the rural population, but since the Middle Ages the bourgeoisie, the nobility, and the higher clergy have spoken French.
File:WIKITONGUES- Iain William speaking Breton.webmPlay media
A Breton speaker, recorded in Canada.
Government policies in the 19th and 20th centuries made education compulsory and, at the same time, forbade the use of Breton in schools to push non-French speakers into adopting the French language. Nevertheless, until the 1960s Breton was spoken or understood by many of the inhabitants of western Brittany. During the 1970s, Breton schools were opened and the local authorities started to promote the language, which was on the brink of extinction because parents had stopped teaching it to their children.
Having declined from more than one million speakers around 1950 to about 200,000 in the first decade of the 21st century, of whom 61% are more than 60 years old, Breton is classified as "severely endangered" by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. However, the number of children attending bilingual classes has risen 33% between 2006 and 2012 to 14,709.[64][65]
The Breton language has several dialects which have no precise limits but rather form a continuum. Most of them are very similar to each other, with only some phonetic and lexical differences. The three main dialects spoken in the western end of Brittany are:
the 'Cornouillais, around Quimper,
the Léonard, around Saint-Pol-de-Léon, and
the Trégorrois, around Tréguier, are grouped into the KLT group (Kerne-Leon-Treger),
in opposition to the Vannetais, spoken around Vannes, which is the most differentiated Breton dialect.
According to a 1999 INSEE survey, 12% of the adults of Brittany speak Breton.[66]
Gallo
Main article: Gallo language
Signs in Gallo are very rare and the writing systems they use are unknown by most of the speakers.
Gallo is spoken on the eastern half of Brittany. It is not itself a Celtic language. Like French, it is also descended from Latin (and is classified in the Langues d'oïl branch), but has some Celtic influences, particularly in its vocabulary, whereas French has influences from both Celtic (Gaulish) and Frankish (the Germanic language which arrived after Latin in much of the rest of France).
Unlike Breton, Gallo does not have a long promotion history and it is still often perceived as a poor rural dialect. Moreover, because of its linguistic relationship with Gallo, French imposed itself more easily as the main language in Upper Brittany than in Breton speaking areas. Gallo was simply felt to be an incorrect way of speaking French rather than a separate language. Gallo transmission from parents to children is extremely low and efforts to standardise and publish books in Gallo did not reverse the decline of the language and its lack of prestige.[67]
Gallo is also threatened by the Breton language revival, because Breton is gaining ground in territories that were not previously part of the main Breton-speaking area, and most of all because Breton appears as the national language of Brittany, thus leaving no place for Gallo.[67]
Gallo had never been written before the 20th century, and several writing systems were created. They are however rarely known by the population and signs in Gallo are often unreadable, even for fluent speakers. In Loire-Atlantique, where Gallo is not promoted at all by the local authorities, many people do not even know the word "Gallo" and have no idea that it has writing systems and publications.[67]
The Gallo community is estimated at between 28,300[68] and 200,000[67] speakers. The language is taught on a non-compulsory basis in some schools, high-schools and universities, particularly in Ille-et-Vilaine.[67]
Religion
Sculpted "calvaries" can be found in many villages in Lower Brittany.
Bretons are mainly Catholic and the Christianisation occurred during the Roman Gaul and Frank era. During the Briton emigration to Brittany, several Christian missionaries, mostly Welsh, came in the region and founded dioceses. They are known as the "Seven founder saints":
Paol Aoreliann, at Saint-Pol-de-Léon,
Tudwal, at Tréguier,
Brieg, at Saint-Brieuc,
Maloù, at Saint-Malo,
Samsun of Dol, at Dol-de-Bretagne,
Padarn, at Vannes,
Kaourintin, at Quimper.
Other notable early missionaries are Gildas and the Irish saint Columbanus. In total, Brittany numbers more than 300 "saints" (only a few recognised by the Catholic Church) and, since the 19th century at least, it has been known as one of the most devoutly Catholic regions in France, together with the neighbouring Pays de la Loire region. The proportion of students attending Catholic private schools is the highest in France. The patron saint of Brittany is Saint Anne, the Virgin's mother, but Ivo of Kermartin, a 13th-century priest, called Saint-Yves in French and Sant-Erwan in Breton, can also be considered as a patron saint. His feast, 19 May, is Brittany's national day.
A chapel and a calvary in Locronan, Finistère
Many distinctive traditions and customs have also been preserved in Brittany. Among them, the "Pardons" are one of the most traditional demonstrations of popular Catholicism. These penitential ceremonies occur in some villages in Lower Brittany on the feast day of the parish's saint. The penitents form a procession and they walk together to a shrine, a church or any sacred place. Some Pardons are reputed for their length, and they all finish by large meals and popular feasts.
A sculpted Ankou in Ploudiry
There is a very old pilgrimage called the Tro Breizh (tour of Brittany), where the pilgrims walk around Brittany from the grave of one of the seven founder saints to another. Historically, the pilgrimage was made in one trip (a total distance of around 600 km) for all seven saints. Nowadays, however, pilgrims complete the circuit over the course of several years. In 2002, the Tro Breizh included a special pilgrimage to Wales, symbolically making the reverse journey of the Welshmen Sant Paol, Sant Brieg, and Sant Samzun.[69]
The most powerful folk figure is the Ankou or the "Reaper of Death". Sometimes a skeleton wrapped in a shroud with the Breton flat hat, sometimes described as a real human being (the last dead of the year, devoted to bring the dead to Death), he makes his journeys by night carrying an upturned scythe which he throws before him to reap his harvest. Sometimes he is on foot but mostly he travels with a cart, the Karrig an Ankou, drawn by two oxen and a lean horse. Two servants dressed in the same shroud and hat as the Ankou pile the dead into the cart, and to hear it creaking at night means you have little time left to live.[70]
As official religious statistics are forbidden in France, there are no official figures about religious practices in Brittany. However, successive polls show that the region tends to be more and more nonreligious. Catholic religion has started to decline after the Second World War, during the urbanisation of Brittany. A poll conducted in 2006 showed that Morbihan was the only département to have a strong Catholic population, around 70% of its inhabitants belonging to that religion. Loire-Atlantique and Côtes-d'Armor were among the least Catholic French départements, with only 50% of Catholics, while Ille-et-Vilaine and Finistère were at around 65%. Other religions are almost non-existent, apart from Islam which gathers between 1 and 3% of the inhabitants in Ille-et-Vilaine and Loire-Atlantique.[71]
Culture
Architecture
Josselin Castle
Brittany is home to many megalithic monuments; the words menhir and dolmen come from the Breton language. The largest menhir alignments are the Carnac stones. Other major sites include the Barnenez cairn, the Locmariaquer megaliths, the Menhir de Champ-Dolent, the Mane Braz tumulus and the Gavrinis tomb. Monuments from the Roman period are rare, but include a large temple in Corseul and scarce ruins of villas and city walls in Rennes and Nantes.
Brittany has a large number of medieval buildings. They include numerous Romanesque and French Gothic churches, usually built in local sandstone and granite, castles and half-timbered houses visible in villages, towns and cities. Several Breton towns still have their medieval walls, such as Guérande, Concarneau, Saint-Malo, Vannes, Fougères and Dinan. Major churches include Saint-Pol-de-Léon Cathedral, Tréguier Cathedral, Dol Cathedral, Nantes Cathedral and the Kreisker chapel. Most of the Breton castles were rebuilt between the 13th and the 15th century, such as the Château de Suscinio, the Château de Dinan, the Château de Combourg, the Château de Largoët, the Château de Tonquédec, the Josselin Castle and the Château de Trécesson. The most impressive castles can be seen along the border with France, where stand the Château de Fougères, the Château de Vitré, the Château de Châteaubriant and the Château de Clisson.
A traditional house in Plougoumelen
The French Renaissance occurred when Brittany lost its independence. The Renaissance architecture is almost absent in the region, except in Upper Brittany, close to the border with France. Major sites include the Château des ducs de Bretagne, the last permanent residence of the dukes, which displays the transition from late Gothic to Renaissance style. The Château de Châteaubriant, a former fortress, was transformed into a vast palace in the Italian style.
An Art Deco villa in Bénodet
In Lower Brittany, the medieval style never totally disappeared. However, local innovations permitted some changes and the birth of a particular style. Its most distinctive feature is the parish close, which displays an elaborately decorated church surrounded by an entirely walled churchyard. Many villages still have their closes, they date from the 16th and 17th centuries and sometimes include an elaborately carved calvary sculpture.
During the 17th and the 18th centuries, the main seaports and towns obtained a typical French look, with baroque and neoclassical buildings. Nantes, which was at the time the biggest French harbour, received a theatre, large avenues and quays, and Rennes was redesigned after a fire in 1720. At the same period, the wealthy ship-owners from Saint-Malo built many mansions called "Malouinières" around their town. Along the coast, Vauban and other French architects designed several citadels, such as in Le Palais and Port-Louis. In rural areas, Breton houses remained simple, with a single floor and a longhouse pattern. They were built with local materials: mostly granite in Lower Brittany and schist in Upper Brittany. Slates and reeds were usually used for roofing. During the 19th century, the Breton architecture was mainly characterised by the Gothic Revival and Eclecticism. Clisson, the southernmost Breton town, was rebuilt in an Italian Romantic style around 1820. The Breton lighthouses were mostly built during the 19th century. The most famous are Ar Men, Phare d'Eckmühl, La Vieille and La Jument. The lighthouse on the Île Vierge is, with 77 meters, the highest in Europe.
At the end of the 19th century, several seaside resorts were created along the coast and villas and hotels were built in historicist, Art Nouveau, and later in the Art Deco styles. These architectures are particularly present in Dinard, La Baule and Bénodet. Architecture from the 20th century can be seen in Saint-Nazaire, Brest and Lorient, three cities destroyed during the Second World War and rebuilt afterwards, and in the works of the Breton nationalist architects like James Bouillé and Olier Mordrel.
Fine arts
The Beautiful Angèle by Paul Gauguin
Until the 19th century, Catholicism had been the main inspiration for Breton artists. The region has a great number of baroque retables, made between the 17th and the 19th century. Breton sculptors were also famous for their ship models that served as ex-votos and for their richly decorated furniture, which features naïve Breton characters and traditional patterns. The box-bed is the most famous Breton piece of furniture. The Breton style had a strong revival between 1900 and the Second World War and it was used by the Seiz Breur movement. The Seiz Breur artists also tried to invent a modern Breton art by rejecting French standards and mixing traditional techniques with new materials. The leading artists of that period were the designer René-Yves Creston, the illustrators Jeanne Malivel and Xavier Haas, and the sculptors Raffig Tullou, Francis Renaud, Georges Robin, Joseph Savina, Jules-Charles Le Bozec and Jean Fréour.
Brittany is also known for its needlework, which can be seen on its numerous headdress models, and for its faience production, which started at the beginning of the 18th century. Quimper faience is known worldwide for its bowls and plates painted by hand, and other towns, such as Pornic, also maintain a similar tradition. The potteries usually feature naïve Breton characters in traditional clothing and daily scenes. The designs have a strong traditional Breton influence, but Orientalism and Art Deco have also been used.
Because of its distinct culture and natural landscape, Brittany has inspired many French artists since the 19th century. The Pont-Aven School, which started to emerge in the 1850s and lasted until the beginning of the 20th century, had a decisive influence on modern painting. The artists who settled in Pont-Aven wanted to break away from the Academic style of the École des Beaux-Arts and later from Impressionism when it began to decline. Among them were Paul Gauguin, Paul Signac, Marc Chagall, Paul Sérusier and Raymond Wintz. Before them, Brittany had also been visited by Academic and Romantic painters like Jean Antoine Théodore de Gudin and Jules Achille Noël who were looking for dramatic seascapes and storms.
Music
Main articles: Music of Brittany and Breton dance
The Lann-Bihoué bagad
Since the early 1970s, Brittany has experienced a tremendous revival of its folk music. Numerous festivals were created, along with smaller fest-noz (popular
The people in the region of Jæren, Norway is really happy now that the northern lapwings are back on their fields ツ When you hear them say in their dialect "Vibå æ komen!" (The lapwing has arrived!) you know that spring is here ツ
I was really lucky today, getting this shot! I have lots of images of the lapwings from a distance and in the air, but it's difficult to get close. When we drove past some fields of Jæren today, we suddenly saw two lapwings sitting right outside the window of the car. Luckily I had my camera ready ツ
I found a very cozy poem about this bird, written by one of the poets from Jæren.
It was too long to translate, but it is about a lonely lapwing coming to Jæren when there still are some frosty days left between winter and spring. She's lonely and cold, while waiting for the rest of the lapwings to arrive. Finally the sun gets warmer, the others arrive, they nest and the farmers have to walk carefully on the fields. In the end autumn arrives and the lapwings head south..
The poem in Norwegian:
Vipa
Det kjennes mest som vinter, med iskald vind frå nord,
for ennå har`kje tela slept taket i vår jord.
Men sjølv om det er våren, er natta ennå grå,
men sola stig på himmelen snart spirer korn og strå.
Ut på den snaue åker i kulde og i blest,
der sit ei stakkars vipa utan skjerf og vest.
Ho frys nok fælt på beina her på den frosne jord,
det var jo her ho hadde lagt reiret sitt i fjor.
Nå sit ho der åleine i denne kalde vind,
ho kom så all for tidleg frå vinterplassen sin.
Nå er ho blitt forkjøla og halsen er blitt sår,
eit lite hest vi-vipp er det vårt øyra når.
Kva ville ho så tidleg hjå oss her langt mot nord,
å sitje her å fryse på denne frosne jord.
Ho kom vel ekstra tidlig på besøk til oss i år,
ho burde heller venta til det vart ordentlig vår.
Men imot vind og kulde ho finn ei livdakrå,
der ho i ly for vinden ei kvilestund kan få.
Slik sit ho der og hutrar og frys den lange dag,
og ventar på at fleire vil slå seg ned i lag.
Og snart kjem store flokkar med viper ifrå sør,
så nå må ein gå varsomt og sjå kor hen ein trør.
For midt på snaue åkaren dei lagar sine reir
av strå og tørre kvistar - og ikkje noko meir.
Og sola stig på himlen, det lysnar meir og meir,
og vipa ligg og ruger på egg i sine reir.
Men snart du høyrer pip pip i millom gras og strå,
og vipemor sit stille og vaktar på dei små.
Men når ho så er ferdig med jobben for i år,
ho slår seg ned i flokken som utpå åkeren går.
Når sumaren er til ende og hausten står for dør,
då lettar heile flokken og set sin kurs mot sør.
~ Joleiv Ellingsen, from the book «Rim og stubber om koner og gubber» ~
My album of images from the region of Jæren:
www.flickr.com/photos/ranveig/sets/72157626350571083/
...and my album of birds:
Candid street shot, Teignmouth, Devon UK.
The word "moustache" is French, and is derived from the Italian moustacio (fourteenth century), dialectal mostaccio (16th century), from Medieval Latin moustaccium (eighth century), Medieval Greek μοστάκιον (moustakion), attested in the ninth century, which ultimately originates as a diminutive of Hellenistic Greek μύσταξ (mustax, mustak-), meaning "upper lip" or "facial hair", probably derived from Hellenistic Greek μύλλον (mullon), "lip".
Shaving with stone razors was technologically possible from Neolithic times, but the oldest portrait showing a shaved man with a moustache is an ancient Iranian (Scythian) horseman from 300 BC.
Various cultures have developed different associations with moustaches. For example, in many 20th-century Arab countries, moustaches are associated with power, beards with Islamic traditionalism, and lack of facial hair with more liberal, secular tendencies. In Islam, trimming the moustache is considered to be a sunnah and mustahabb, that is, a way of life that is recommended, especially among Sunni Muslims. The moustache is also a religious symbol for the male followers of the Yarsan religion.
Talkin Tarn Brampton
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Basil - (Bajeicò in Genoese dialect)
This aromatic plant, basil, is passionately cultivated by Genoese and is the essential ingredient of the Ligurian salsa called “PESTO”. (Green sauce with basil, garlic, pine-nuts, Sardinian sheep’s milk cheese and Parmesan, and virgin olive oil. All ingredients which should be ground in a marble mortar with a wooden pestle, hence the name)
It is not enough to say basil to make good pesto. It is essential know where it comes from.
Basil must, at the very least, be grown near the sea; that grown inland, worse still if it comes from the other side of the Apennines, tastes of mint. And that is the worst definition for basil: to taste of mint!!
In this photo basil cultivated in my vegetable garden.
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Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. © All rights reserved
You can see my images on fluidr: click here
You can see my most interesting photo's on flickr: click here
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Cumberland Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Cumberland Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country.
Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Thirst of Silence
I can talk in many dialects
He says
The one I speak the best
Is silence.
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after stamp of approval has been received, this officially is a collaboration with Aaron LeMay . The words are his. Photo is mine. :-)
© Mariana Tomas
The Basel Town Hall (Rathaus Basel in German and Roothus in the local Swiss German dialect) is a 500-year-old building dominating the Marktplatz in Basel. The historic central portion of the building was erected in its current form in 1504-15. Basel joined the Swiss Confederation in 1501.
The Town Hall houses the meetings of the Cantonal Parliament as well as the Cantonal Government of the canton of Basel-Stadt. The Great Council Chamber at one time featured a series of frescoes painted in 1522 by Hans Holbein the Younger, which have been lost. Fragments of the work as well as some of the initial drawings are kept in the Kunstmuseum.
The German term "Rathaus" literally means "council house" while the local Basel German dialect term "Roothus" means both "council house" but also sounds like "red house," a pun with reference to the red sandstone façade of the building.
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_Town_Hall
Basel, also known as Bâle in French and Basilea in Italian, is a city in northwestern Switzerland on the Rhine. Basel is Switzerland's third-most-populous city (after Zürich and Geneva), with roughly 178,000 inhabitants within the city municipality limits in the 2020s. The official language of Basel is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, and the main spoken language is the local Basel German dialect.
Basel is commonly considered to be the cultural capital of Switzerland and the city is famous for its many museums, including the first collection of art accessible to the public in the world (1661) and the largest museum of art in Switzerland. The University of Basel, Switzerland's oldest university (founded in 1460), and the city's centuries-long commitment to humanism, have made Basel a safe haven at times of political unrest in other parts of Europe for refugees and dissidents.
Information from: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel
Le sanctuaire tire son nom du dialecte albigeois : "Nostro Damo de la Dresto" que l'on peut traduire par "Notre-Dame de la Côte Droite" (chemin droit et raide pour y accéder) ou par "Notre-Dame de la rive droite du Tarn". De vieux actes du XVIIIème siècle l'appellent : "Beata Maria de Dextera".
Dans ce lieu qui n'est que garennes et pacages, des bergers découvrent, au XIIème siècle, la statue de la Vierge actuellement visible dans un haut ciborium de pierre, au-dessus du maître-Autel...
Je vous invite à découvrir mon site www.gb-photographies.net
A special hiking trail from Walzenhausen to Heiden. On boards along the trail, jokes are told in Appenzell dialect. And that the non-Appenzeller also can laugh, there is a German translation below. Switzerland, Jan 10, 2015.
Mercato Albinelli, un mercado cubierto histórico fundado en 1931
Módena (Mòdna en dialecto modenés; Modena en italiano) es una ciudad italiana, capital de la provincia de Módena, en la región Emilia-Romaña. Cuenta con una población de 184 973 habitantes. La catedral, la Torre Cívica («Ghirlandina») y la Piazza Grande de la ciudad están declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco.
Módena queda en la llanura padana, y está rodeada por dos ríos, el Secchia y el Panaro, ambos afluentes del Po. Su presencia está simbolizada por la fuente de los dos ríos, en el centro de la ciudad, obra de Giuseppe Graziosi. La ciudad está conectada con el Panaro a través del canal Naviglio.
La cordillera de los Apeninos comienzan a unos 10 kilómetros al sur de la ciudad.
Módena es un importante centro industrial. La ciudad se ubica en el corazón de la «Motor Valley» que forma un conjunto de grupos industriales prestigios así como numerosos circuitos y museos. Las empresas Lamborghini, Pagani, Ferrari y Maserati tienen su sede dentro de un radio de 20 km alrededor de Módena.
Ubicado en la llanura Padana, el territorio modenés dispone de importantes riquezas gustativas. Su producto líder es el vinagre balsámico producido en los dominios agrícolas en el entorno de Módena. La base de su elaboración son las uvas cosechadas en los viñedos de la provincia. El lambrusco, vino rosado burbujeante, tiene como origen las viñas cercanas de Módena y Reggio Emilia. Además, Módena es la tierra del queso parmigiano reggiano y del jamón de Módena. Junto con Bolonia, Módena comparte el lugar de origen de la pasta tortellini.
El Duomo de Módena, la Torre Ghirlandina y la Piazza Grande están incluidos desde 1997 dentro del Patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO. El arquitecto Lanfranco y el escultor Wiligelmo erigieron el Duomo en el siglo XII por San Geminiano, obispo de Módena y Santo Patrón de la ciudad. Entre 1179 y 1319 se construyó la torre Ghirlandina asociada con el Duomo. Su nombre de Ghirlandina -guirnalda- resulta de su forma y recuerda la torre Giralda de Sevilla.
Durante más de dos siglos, la familia Este tenía como sede el Palazzo Ducale (palacio ducal). Hoy en día, este palacio recibe la Academia militar.
El Palazzo Comunale –ayuntamiento– cuya la fachada está en la Piazza Grande abarca un conjunto de edificios más antiguos. Dentro del edificio se encuentra la Secchia rapita –el cubo raptado- uno de los símbolos de la ciudad. La estatua de la Bonissima, símbolo de bondad, está posada en la esquina exterior del Palazzo Comunale.
Iglesias. Módena es una ciudad rica en iglesias, se cuentan más de quince en el casco histórico. También es importante nombrar a la iglesia de Santa María Pomposa, la iglesia del Voto o la iglesia de San Vicenzo. Existe también una sinagoga ubicada cerca del Palazzo Comunale.
En el mercado Albinelli se reúnen cada día productores locales de vinagre balsámico, jamón curdo o queso, entre otros.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3dena
Mercato Albinelli, a historical covered market founded in 1931
Modena is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.
A town, and seat of an archbishop, it is known for its car industry since the factories of the famous Italian upper-class sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani and Maserati are, or were, located there and all, except Lamborghini, have headquarters in the city or nearby. One of Ferrari's cars, the 360 Modena, was named after the town itself. Ferrari's production plant and Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari are based in Maranello south of the city.
The University of Modena, founded in 1175 and expanded by Francesco II d'Este in 1686, focuses on economics, medicine and law, and is the second oldest athenaeum in Italy. Italian military officers are trained at the Military Academy of Modena, and partly housed in the Baroque Ducal Palace. The Biblioteca Estense houses historical volumes and 3,000 manuscripts. The Cathedral of Modena, the Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
Modena is also known in culinary circles for its production of balsamic vinegar.
Famous Modenesi include Mary of Modena, the Queen consort of England and Scotland; operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti and soprano Mirella Freni, born in Modena itself; Enzo Ferrari, eponymous founder of the Ferrari motor company; Catholic priest Gabriele Amorth; chef Massimo Bottura; comics artist Franco Bonvicini; the band Modena City Ramblers and singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini, who lived here for several decades.
The Tawu county capital is located at Tawu.
The distinctive dialect spoken here (known in Tibetan as "Tawu Lok-ke") may wellaccord with the legend stating that the displaced inhabitants of Minyak migrated to these parts following their defeat by Genghiz Qan in 1227 .
The low altitude of Tawu ( 3.125 m) and the prosperity of the valley have attracted Chinese immigrants since the first Chinese settlement was founded here in 1911 by Zhao Erfeng.
Area:5.099 sq km.
A sculpture of Guido Gezelle, an fluential writer and poet and a Roman Catholic priest famous for the use of the West Flemish dialect. It was created by by Jules Lagae and is located in West-Brugge Quarter, Bruges, Flanders, Belgium.
He was ordained a priest in 1854, and worked as a teacher and priest in Roeselare. He was always interested in all things in English and was given the prestigious right of being the priest for the 'English Convent' in Bruges. He died there in a small room, where it is still forbidden to enter.
He was the son of Monica Devrieze and Pieter Jan Gezelle, a Flemish gardener in Bruges. Gezelle was the uncle of Flemish writer Stijn Streuvels (Frank Lateur). There is a museum of his works close by the English convent and also a small bar named after him.
He tried to develop an independent Flemish language, more or less separated from the general Dutch language, which had certain more "Hollandic" aspects. The Dutch he used in his poems was heavily influenced by the local West Flemish dialect. His works are often inspired by his mystic love towards God and Creation. Later, his poetry was associated with literary Impressionism, and he is considered a forerunner of that movement.
Gezelle also was a translator of poetry and prose, most famous now for his translation of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Song of Hiawatha, published in 1886. He had already read the original at Roeselare in 1856 and was interested in it because on the one hand, the American Indians fascinated him, and, on the other, he liked its portrayal of Christian missionaries.
Módena (Mòdna en dialecto modenés; Modena en italiano) es una ciudad italiana, capital de la provincia de Módena, en la región Emilia-Romaña. Cuenta con una población de 184 973 habitantes. La catedral, la Torre Cívica («Ghirlandina») y la Piazza Grande de la ciudad están declaradas Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco.
Módena queda en la llanura padana, y está rodeada por dos ríos, el Secchia y el Panaro, ambos afluentes del Po. Su presencia está simbolizada por la fuente de los dos ríos, en el centro de la ciudad, obra de Giuseppe Graziosi. La ciudad está conectada con el Panaro a través del canal Naviglio.
La cordillera de los Apeninos comienzan a unos 10 kilómetros al sur de la ciudad.
Módena es un importante centro industrial. La ciudad se ubica en el corazón de la «Motor Valley» que forma un conjunto de grupos industriales prestigios así como numerosos circuitos y museos. Las empresas Lamborghini, Pagani, Ferrari y Maserati tienen su sede dentro de un radio de 20 km alrededor de Módena.
Ubicado en la llanura Padana, el territorio modenés dispone de importantes riquezas gustativas. Su producto líder es el vinagre balsámico producido en los dominios agrícolas en el entorno de Módena. La base de su elaboración son las uvas cosechadas en los viñedos de la provincia. El lambrusco, vino rosado burbujeante, tiene como origen las viñas cercanas de Módena y Reggio Emilia. Además, Módena es la tierra del queso parmigiano reggiano y del jamón de Módena. Junto con Bolonia, Módena comparte el lugar de origen de la pasta tortellini.
El Duomo de Módena, la Torre Ghirlandina y la Piazza Grande están incluidos desde 1997 dentro del Patrimonio mundial de la UNESCO. El arquitecto Lanfranco y el escultor Wiligelmo erigieron el Duomo en el siglo XII por San Geminiano, obispo de Módena y Santo Patrón de la ciudad. Entre 1179 y 1319 se construyó la torre Ghirlandina asociada con el Duomo. Su nombre de Ghirlandina -guirnalda- resulta de su forma y recuerda la torre Giralda de Sevilla.
Durante más de dos siglos, la familia Este tenía como sede el Palazzo Ducale (palacio ducal). Hoy en día, este palacio recibe la Academia militar.
El Palazzo Comunale –ayuntamiento– cuya la fachada está en la Piazza Grande abarca un conjunto de edificios más antiguos. Dentro del edificio se encuentra la Secchia rapita –el cubo raptado- uno de los símbolos de la ciudad. La estatua de la Bonissima, símbolo de bondad, está posada en la esquina exterior del Palazzo Comunale.
Iglesias. Módena es una ciudad rica en iglesias, se cuentan más de quince en el casco histórico. También es importante nombrar a la iglesia de Santa María Pomposa, la iglesia del Voto o la iglesia de San Vicenzo. Existe también una sinagoga ubicada cerca del Palazzo Comunale.
En el mercado Albinelli se reúnen cada día productores locales de vinagre balsámico, jamón curdo o queso, entre otros.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3dena
Modena is a city and comune (municipality) on the south side of the Po Valley, in the Province of Modena, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy.
A town, and seat of an archbishop, it is known for its car industry since the factories of the famous Italian upper-class sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani and Maserati are, or were, located there and all, except Lamborghini, have headquarters in the city or nearby. One of Ferrari's cars, the 360 Modena, was named after the town itself. Ferrari's production plant and Formula One team Scuderia Ferrari are based in Maranello south of the city.
The University of Modena, founded in 1175 and expanded by Francesco II d'Este in 1686, focuses on economics, medicine and law, and is the second oldest athenaeum in Italy. Italian military officers are trained at the Military Academy of Modena, and partly housed in the Baroque Ducal Palace. The Biblioteca Estense houses historical volumes and 3,000 manuscripts. The Cathedral of Modena, the Torre della Ghirlandina and Piazza Grande are a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1997.
Modena is also known in culinary circles for its production of balsamic vinegar.
Famous Modenesi include Mary of Modena, the Queen consort of England and Scotland; operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti and soprano Mirella Freni, born in Modena itself; Enzo Ferrari, eponymous founder of the Ferrari motor company; Catholic priest Gabriele Amorth; chef Massimo Bottura; comics artist Franco Bonvicini; the band Modena City Ramblers and singer-songwriter Francesco Guccini, who lived here for several decades.
Manarola (Manaèa in the local dialect) is a small town, a frazione of the comune (municipality) of Riomaggiore, in the province of La Spezia, Liguria, northern Italy. It is the second smallest of the famous Cinque Terre towns frequented by tourists.
Manarola may be the oldest of the towns in the Cinque Terre, with the cornerstone of the church, San Lorenzo, dating from 1338. The local dialect is Manarolese, which is marginally different from the dialects in the nearby area. The name "Manarola" is probably dialectical evolution of the Latin, "magna rota". In the Manarolese dialect this was changed to "magna roea" which means "large wheel", in reference to the mill wheel in the town.
Manarola's primary industries have traditionally been fishing and wine-making. The local wine, called Sciacchetrà, is especially renowned; references from Roman writings mention the high quality of the wine produced in the region. In recent years, Manarola and its neighboring towns have become popular tourist destinations, particularly in the summer months. Tourist attractions in the region include a famous walking trail between Manarola and Riomaggiore (called Via dell'Amore, "Love's Trail") and hiking trails in the hills and vineyards above the town. Mostly all of the houses are bright and colourful.
In this picture the San Lorenzo night, august 10th 2011
© All rights reserved. Don't download or use this image without my explicit permission
Liverpool (/ˈlɪvərpuːl/) is a city in Merseyside, England. A borough from 1207 and a city from 1880, in 2014 the city local government district had a population of 470,537[2] and the Liverpool/Birkenhead metropolitan area had a population of 2,241,000.[2]
Liverpool is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire in North West England, on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a "hundred".[5][6]
The urbanisation and expansion of the city were largely brought about by its advantageous location during the industrial revolution status that led to its growth as a major port, which included its participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, and many other Cunard and White Star ocean liners such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, was drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians (from a long-standing jocular alteration of 'Liverpool' to 'Liverpuddle') and colloquially as "Scousers", a reference to "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect.[7]
Tourism forms a significant part of the city's modern economy. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, in 2008.[8] Labelled the "World Capital City of Pop" by Guinness World Records, the popularity of The Beatles, and other groups from the Merseybeat era and later, contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination.
Several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCOin 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile Cityincludes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street.[9] Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton. Matches between the two are known as the Merseyside derby. The world-famous Grand National also takes places annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
Early history
King John's letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, but by the middle of the 16th century the population was still only around 500. The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape: Bank Street (now Water Street), Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street (now High Street), Moor Street (now Tithebarn Street) and Whiteacre Street (now Old Hall Street).
In the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. As trade from the West Indies surpassed that of Ireland and Europe, and as the River Dee silted up, Liverpool began to grow. The first commercial wet dock was built in Liverpool in 1715.[10][11]Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town to prosper and rapidly grow, although several prominent local men, including William Rathbone, William Roscoe and Edward Rushton, were at the forefront of the abolitionist movement.
In the early 19th century Liverpool played a major role in the Antarctic sealing industry, in recognition of which Liverpool Beach in the South Shetland Islands is named after the city.[12]
By the start of the 19th century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool, and the construction of major buildings reflected this wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchesterbecame the first cities to have an intercity rail link, through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The population continued to rise rapidly, especially during the 1840s when Irishmigrants began arriving by the hundreds of thousands as a result of the Great Famine. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city's population was Irish-born. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was drawing immigrants from across Europe. This is evident from the diverse array of religious buildings located across the city, many of which are still in use today. The Deutsche Kirche Liverpool, Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas, Gustav Adolf Church and Princes Road Synagoguewere all established in the 1800s to serve Liverpool's growing German, Greek, Nordic and Jewish communities respectively. One of Liverpool's oldest surviving churches, St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, served the Polish community in its final years as a place of worship.
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself."
20th Century
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy.
20th century
The Housing Act 1919 resulted in mass council housing building across Liverpool during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of families were rehoused from the inner-city to new suburban housing estates, based on the pretext that this would improve their standard of living, though this is largely subjective. A large number of private homes were also built during this era. The process continued after the Second World War, with many more new housing estates being built in suburban areas, while some of the older inner city areas were also redeveloped for new homes. The Great Depression of the early 1930s saw unemployment in the city peak at around 30%.
During the Second World War there were 80 air-raids on Merseyside, killing 2,500 people and causing damage to almost half the homes in the metropolitan area. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain. Much of the immediate reconstruction of the city centre has been deeply unpopular, and was as flawed as much town planning renewal in the 1950s and 1960s – the portions of the city's heritage that survived German bombing could not withstand the efforts of urban renewal. Since 1952 Liverpool has been twinned with Cologne, Germany, a city which also experienced severe aerial bombing during the war.
Like most British cities and industrialised towns, Liverpool became home to a significant number of Commonwealth immigrants after World War II, mostly settling in older inner city areas such as Toxteth. However, a significant West Indian black community had existed in the city as long ago as the first two decades of the 20th century.
In the 1960s Liverpool was the centre of the "Merseybeat" sound which became synonymous with The Beatles and fellow Liverpudlian rock bands.
From the mid-1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The advent of containerisation meant that the city's docks became largely obsolete. By the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were once again among the highest in the UK,[14] standing at 17% by January 1982 – although this was just over half of the level of unemployment that was affecting the city in an economic downturn 50 years previously.[15]
In recent years, Liverpool's economy has recovered and has experienced growth rates higher than the national average since the mid-nineties.
21st Century
To celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth IIin 2002, the conservation charity Plantlifeorganised a competition to choose county flowers; the sea-holly was Liverpool's final choice.
Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as The Beatles, as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums and landmarks, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.
In 2004, property developer Grosvenor started the Paradise Project, a £920 m development centred on Paradise Street, which involved the most significant changes to Liverpool's city centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed 'Liverpool ONE', the centre opened in May 2008.
In 2007, the city celebrated the 800th anniversary of the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, for which a number of events were planned. Liverpool is a joint European Capital of Culture for 2008. The main celebrations, in September 2008, included La Princesse, a large mechanical spider which is 20 metres high and weighs 37 tonnes, and represents the "eight legs" of Liverpool: honour, history, music, the Mersey, the ports, governance, sunshine and culture. La Princesse roamed the streets of the city during the festivities, and concluded by entering the Queensway Tunnel.
Spearheaded by the multi-billion-poundLiverpool ONE development, regeneration has continued on an unprecedented scale through to the start of the early 2010s in Liverpool. Some of the most significant regeneration projects to have taken place in the city include new buildings in the Commercial District, the King's Dock area, the Mann Island area, the Lime Street Gateway, the Baltic Triangle area, the RopeWalks area and the Edge Lane Gateway. All projects could however soon be eclipsed by the Liverpool Waters scheme which if built will cost in the region of £5.5billion and be one of the largest megaprojects in the UK's history. Liverpool Waters is a mixed use development which will contain one of Europe's largest skyscraper clusters. The project received outline planning permission in 2012, despite fierce opposition from the likes of UNESCO who claim it will have a damaging effect on Liverpool's World Heritage status.
On 9 June 2014, Prime Minister David Cameronlaunched the International Festival for Businessin Liverpool, the world's largest business event in 2014,[16] and the largest in the UK since the Festival of Britain in 1951.[17]
Second city of Empire
For periods during the 19th century the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London itself,[18]and Liverpool's Custom House was the single largest contributor to the British Exchequer.[19]Liverpool's status can be judged from the fact that it was the only British city ever to have its own Whitehall office.[20]
The first United States consul anywhere in the world, James Maury, was appointed to Liverpool in 1790, and remained in office for 39 years.
As early as 1851 the city was described as "the New York of Europe"[21] and its buildings, constructed on a heroic, even megalomaniacal, scale stand witness to the supreme confidence and ambition of the city at the turn of the 20th century.[22][editorializing]
Liverpool was also the site of the UK's first provincial airport, operating from 1930, and was the first UK airport to be renamed after an individual – John Lennon.[23]
Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No.1, often seen as Britain's Imperial anthem, was dedicated by the composer to the Liverpool Orchestral Society and had its premiere in the city in October 1901.
During the Second World War, the critical strategic importance of Liverpool was recognised by both Hitler and Churchill, with the city suffering a blitz second only to London's,[24] and the pivotal Battle of the Atlantic being planned, fought and won from Liverpool.[25]
Österreich / Vorarlberg - Bregenzerwald
Alberschwende
The Bregenz Forest (German: Bregenzerwald, pronounced [ˈbʁeːɡɛnt͡sɐˌvalt]) is one of the main regions in the state of Vorarlberg (Austria). It overlaps, but is not coterminous with, the Bregenz Forest Mountains, which belong to a range of the Northern Limestone Alps, specifically the northern flysch zone. It is the drainage basin of the Bregenzer Ach river.
The regional inhabitants often divide the Bregenz Forest into two main areas, the Vorderwald ("anterior forest") and Hinterwald ("hinterforest"). The Vorderwald, with its hills and low mountains, is closest to the Rhine valley. The Hinterwald has the higher mountains, with altitudes of up to 2,000 metres. Each of the two regions has its own distinctive dialect variations.
Until 1814, parts of the Allgäu in the north and north-west belonged to Vorarlberg. Since the entire region was settled by the Alemanni, the Lake Constance Alemannic dialect became predominant beginning in the 5th and 6th centuries. Over the centuries there was a brisk trading of goods which, with the increased extension of marriages and family networks, led to a linguistic intermingling. Especially in the "Vorderwald" the influence of the Allgäu dialect is particularly noticeable. By contrast, in the Mittelwald and Hinterwald regions the predominant language forms show a stronger connection with the Hofsteig region and Dornbirn. Speakers outside of the Bregenzer Wald region perceive (Wälderisch) as an idiom of its own. It must be noted, however, that there is no uniform Vorarlbergisch dialect - there are considerable local and regional variations. The official language in Vorarlberg is, of course, High German (Hochdeutsch).
Traditional costumes ("Tracht") have a long history in Vorarlberg. Many valleys and villages have their own kind of garb, each with special characteristics from certain style periods. The Bregenzerwälder garb is the oldest of its kind. It originated in the 15/16th century. The Bregenzerwälder tracht for women is called "d'Juppô" (Bavarian: "Juppe"). One of the last places that still manufacture the Juppe in the traditional way is the Juppenwerkstatt Riefensberg.
In 2014, the project BUS:STOP Krumbach was completed. When the municipality of Krumbach decided to rebuild seven bus stops in 2010, they hired seven international architects to design bus shelters. Local craftsmen executed their designs. While each stop differs in design, the bus stops are all meant to uniquely integrate architecture into the natural surroundings.
The Werkraum Bregenzerwald is an association of craftsmen in the Bregenz Forest founded in 1999. It aims at networking and supporting craft, design and technology businesses in the area. The publicly accessible place is used to present the craftsmanship, to promote building culture in cooperation with architects and to increase design competence and quality of craftsmanship with the preferred involvement of young people.
Residents of the Bregenz Forest earn their living primarily from tourism, agriculture and especially the wood processing industry. Many locals also commute to work in the Rhine Valley, Vorarlberg's economic center.
Alpine transhumance denotes the three-tier agricultural structure of the Bregenz Forest. It is the seasonal movement of livestock between mountain and lowland pastures, usually under the care of herders. In spring 2011, it was declared as intangible cultural heritage by UNESCO. It was recognised that the Bregenz Forest is "an impressive landscape on the north side of the Alps" that has "largely maintained its traditional farming structure." This includes linear or nucleated villages, with farmsteads dating back to the 18th and 19th centuries. In addition, there are many small craft workshops within the farming communities. Singled out for particular mention were the villages of Thal, Schwarzenberg, and Schoppernau, with their outstanding examples of original Bregenz Forest houses ("Wälderhäuser").
The Bregenz Forest is known also as a skiing region, but other attractions include the "Käsestraße" and the "Schubertiade" festival of classical music, in Schwarzenberg. The Bregenz Forest is cherished for its unspoiled nature, old traditions, and genuine hospitality. It is also particularly well-known amongst gourmets for its "KäseStrasse Bregenzerwald", an association of farmers, restaurateurs, craftspeople and traders promoting the Bregenz Forest agriculture and its local products, especially cheese. In particular, Bregenz Forest Mountain Cheese ("Bregenzerwälder Bergkäse") and the Alpkäse are internationally renowned specialities.
The Bregenz Forest Railway ("Bregenzerwaldbahn" or, colloquially, "’s Wälderbähnle") is a favorite attraction of the region. It is a museum railway that operates on a surviving section of a narrow gauge railway. From 1902 to 1983, the "Wälderbähnle" worked a line stretching 35.5 kilometres (22 mi) from Bregenz to Bezau. In October 2004, a section of 5 km (3.1 mi) was opened up for tourists again.
In 2000, the Women's Museum opened in Hittisau, the only one of its kind in Austria. The museum is devoted to the display and documentation of the cultural works and (her) stories of women, which deal with a broad variety of topics, including questions of female identity and gender roles.
Another cultural attraction in the Bregenz Forest is the Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg. The museum is dedicated to the Classicist artist Angelica Kauffman, and has an Austrian museum seal of quality.
The region is also popular because of its hiking and cycling trails.
(Wikipedia)
Bregenzerwald ist die Bezeichnung für eine Region im österreichischen Bundesland Vorarlberg. Diese umfasst im Wesentlichen das Einzugsgebiet der Bregenzer Ach südöstlich von Bregenz, in der Nähe des Bodensees, bis an den Hochtannbergpass.
Der Bregenzerwald ist vor allem für seine Architektur, die Landschaftspflege durch die 3-Stufen Landwirtschaft (Maiensäss), die zugehörigen Sennereiprodukte sowie für den Wintersport bekannt.
„Bregenzerwald“ ist die in Vorarlberg und meistens auch im übrigen Österreich gängige Schreibweise. In Deutschland wird zum Teil auch die Schreibweise „Bregenzer Wald“ verwendet. Dieter Seibert, der Autor der Alpenvereinsführer der Region, weist darauf hin, dass die Gegend heute kein reines Waldgebiet mehr ist, sondern eine Kulturlandschaft mit Almen/Alpen, man daher nicht mehr von einem Bregenzer „Wald“ sprechen kann, sondern einen Regionsbegriff vorliegen hat, die getrennte Schreibweise also veraltet wäre.[2]
Der Name Bregenzerwaldgebirge wird dagegen im Zusammenhang mit der Einteilung der Alpen in Untergruppen verwendet. Beide Begriffe sind nicht deckungsgleich. Der Bregenzerwald umfasst auch Teile der Allgäuer Alpen und des Lechquellengebirges. Umgekehrt greift das Bregenzerwaldgebirge auch in die Landschaften des Rheintals, des Walgaus und des Großen Walsertals aus.
Der Bregenzerwald grenzt im Westen an die im Rheintal befindliche Bodenseeregion, im Norden an Deutschland bzw. Bayern (Landkreise Lindau und Oberallgäu), im Nordosten an das Kleinwalsertal, im Osten am Tannberg an das Arlberggebiet und im Süden an das Große Walsertal.
Um das Jahr 1000 wurde der damals noch ganz bewaldete Bregenzerwald von Bregenz aus besiedelt und kultiviert. Die höchstgelegenen Gebiete hingegen wurden im Spätmittelalter von Walsern besiedelt, die aus dem Graubünden beziehungsweise ursprünglich aus dem Wallis stammten.
Während die nördlichen Teile des Bregenzerwaldes (die Gerichte Alberschwende, Lingenau und Sulzberg) zur Herrschaft Bregenz gehörten, waren die Gerichte Damüls und Innerbregenzerwald Teil der Herrschaft Feldkirch. Diese 1338 vollzogene Teilung ist die Grundlage für die heute noch gängige Unterscheidung von vorderem und hinterem Bregenzerwald.
1390 fielen mit dem Verkauf der Grafschaft Feldkirch der Innerbregenzerwald und Damüls an Österreich, die Gerichte Lingenau und Alberschwende folgten 1451. Der Tannberg mit den Bregenzerwäldergemeinden Schröcken und Warth wurde 1453 österreichisch, und 1523 erwarben die Habsburger schließlich auch noch das Gericht Sulzberg.
Nach 1380 bildete sich insbesondere im Innerbregenzerwald eine Selbstverwaltung der Bauernschaft des Waldes heraus (sogenannte Bauernrepublik), mit eigener freier Landgemeinde, eigener Verfassung (Landsbrauch) und Hoch- und Blutgerichtsbarkeit. Als Vorsteher wurde ein Landammann gewählt, meist aus den angesehensten Familien des Bregenzerwaldes. Auf der noch erhaltenen Landammännertafel finden sich viele der bekannten Namen, die ursprünglich aus dem Bregenzerwald stammen, z. B. Feurstein, Meusburger, Metzler, mit ihren Wappen abgebildet.
Der Landammann wurde in freier Wahl bestellt, sein Rathaus stand auf der Bezegg zwischen Bezau und Andelsbuch. Heute erinnert dort die Bezegg-Sul, eine steinerne Säule an das frühere Rathaus.
Bestätigt wird die Existenz der Bauernrepublik in der Überlieferung zum Kapuzinerpater Stanislaus Saurbeck (1595–1647): Der Bregenzer Wald sei noch zu Beginn des 17. Jahrhunderts „eine lange unerschlossene Wildnis“ gewesen, die „bereits in den Chroniken des 16. Jahrhunderts einen schlechten Ruf“ besessen habe.
Die Chronisten erklären die „(tiefe) Stufe des sittlich-religiösen Lebens“ der Bewohner, „obgleich sie von katholischen Eltern abstammten“ mit Gebräuchen und Sitten von „heidnischen Voreltern“, die sie wie einen „krassen Aberglauben beibehalten hatten. So roh, wild und sittenlos sie in ihrem Betragen waren, ebenso schamlos und ärgerlich sollen vorzüglich die Weibsbilder gekleidet gewesen sein.“
„Eine gründliche Erneuerung und sittliche Umgestaltung im ganzen Bregenzerwalde“ erfolgte erst auf Initiative von Pater Stanislaus: Die Kapuziner „eilten in ihrem unersättlichen Durste nach Seelen von Hütte zu Hütte, von Dorf zu Dorf, belehrten das Volk durch Gespräche, Christenlehren und Predigten, ruhten und rasteten nicht eher, bevor die Eisdecke einbrach und die rauhen und kalten Gemüter warm wurden.“
In der weiteren Folge der Missionisierung kam es in der Talschaft „zur Gründung eines kleinen Kapuzinerklosters. Am 12. Juli 1655 legte der Abt von Mehrerau, Heinrich Amberg, den Grundstein zum Klosterbau [in Bezau], am 22. Oktober 1656 wurde die Klosterkirche vom Fürstbischof Johann von Praßberg konsekrisiert.“
Bereits 1658 wurde die letzte Untertänigkeit, die zum Kloster Mehrerau, aufgelöst – also 190 Jahre vor der Bauernbefreiung von 1848.
So war es den Bregenzerwäldern, im Gegensatz zu den meisten Bauern der damaligen Zeit, möglich, sich als Freie überall niederzulassen. Man findet vor allem im Schwäbischen zahlreiche Namen, die auf den Bregenzerwald zurückgehen.
Die bäuerliche Verfassung wurde während der Franzosenkriege abgeschafft und danach nicht mehr eingeführt.
Noch zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts gab es unzählige Alpen und Höfe, auf denen die Land- und Viehwirtschaft sowie die Herstellung von Käse betrieben wurden. Auch heute sind noch zahlreiche Alpen bewirtschaftet, doch wird dies zunehmend von weniger Bauern betrieben.
Bis etwa zum Jahr 1900 mussten viele Bregenzerwälder Kinder von Mai bis Oktober ins baden-württembergische Schwaben (Deutschland) gehen, um dort auf Bauernhöfen zu arbeiten. So gab es in der Sommerzeit für ihre Eltern ein Kind weniger zu füttern. Diese Kinder wurden unter dem Namen Schwabenkinder bekannt.
Ein Bregenzerwaldhaus ist auf der Rückseite der 100-Schilling-Banknote von 1970 zu sehen.
Im Bregenzerwald herrscht das Bodenseealemannische vor. Vor allem im nordwestlichen Teil des Bregenzerwaldes (= Vorderwald) ist der Einfluss des Allgäuerischen hörbar, dabei ähnelt die Mundart stark dem westallgäuerischen Dialekt. Dagegen dominieren im Mittel- und Hinterwald Sprachformen, die eine stärkere Verbindung mit der Region Hofsteig und Dornbirn belegen. Von außen wird aber der Wälderdialekt trotz dieser Mehrschichtigkeit und beachtlicher lokaler bis kleinregionaler Eigenheiten als ein Idiom („Wälderisch“) wahrgenommen, das sich von den anderen Vorarlberger Dialekten (ein einheitliches Vorarlbergisch gibt es nicht) deutlich hörbar abhebt.
Während alle bisher genannten Mundarten mittelalemannisch sind, wird in den hoch gelegenen Dörfern Damüls, Schröcken und Warth ein höchstalemannischer Dialekt gesprochen. Dies rührt daher, dass diese Orte im Hochmittelalter von Walsern besiedelt wurden, die aus dem Kanton Graubünden in das Gebiet des heutigen Vorarlbergs eingewandert sind.
Dokumentiert werden die Mundarten des Bregenzerwalds unter anderem im fünfbändigen Vorarlberger Sprachatlas mit Einschluss des Fürstentums Liechtenstein, Westtirols und des Allgäus (VALTS).
Die Bregenzerwaldbahn („’s Wälderbähnle“) ist eine weitere Attraktion des Bregenzerwaldes. Dabei handelt es sich um eine Museumsbahn, die auf einem noch erhaltenen Reststück der Schmalspurbahn verkehrt. Von 1902 bis 1983 befuhr das „Wälderbähnle“ die 35,5 km lange Strecke von Bregenz nach Bezau. Bis Oktober 2004 konnte man 6,1 km Strecke befahren, jedoch musste ein Teilstück dem Straßenausbau weichen, womit nur mehr eine Strecke von 5 km zur Verfügung steht.
Seit 2000 befindet sich in Hittisau im Bregenzerwald das bisher einzige Frauenmuseum Österreichs. Es widmet sich dem Kulturschaffen und dem Lebensumfeld von Frauen.
Ein weiteres Museum im Bregenzerwald ist das Angelika Kauffmann Museum in Schwarzenberg. Es widmet sich der Malerin Angelika Kauffmann und ist mit dem Österreichischen Museumsgütesiegel ausgezeichnet.
Ein beliebtes Ausflugsziel ist der Bregenzerwald auch wegen seiner Wander- und Radwege und der zahlreichen Skigebiete.
Die angeschlossenen Gemeindeämter geben von Mai bis Oktober eine für Gäste kostenlose Bregenzerwaldcard aus, um den öffentlichen Verkehr zu stärken und gleichzeitig den Individual- und Freizeitverkehr zu reduzieren.
(Wikipedia)
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Italien / Trentino - Torbole und Monte Brione
seen from Sentiero Panoramico Busatte Tempesta
gesehen vom Sentiero Panoramico Busatte Tempesta
Nago–Torbole (Nach e Tùrbule in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 30 kilometres (19 miles) southwest of Trento on the north shore of Lake Garda.
The municipality of Nago–Torbole contains the frazioni (subdivisions, mainly villages and hamlets) Torbole (Turbel), Nago (Naag), and Tempesta. The villages cling to the limestone rocks on the extreme north-west slope of Monte Baldo; it lies close to the mouth of the river Sarca and its houses are set as an amphitheatre around the small bay, in front of Monte Rocchetta and the Ledro Alps.
Nago–Torbole borders the following municipalities: Arco, Riva del Garda, Mori, Ledro, Brentonico, and Malcesine.
Torbole
Torbole, at 67 metres (220 ft) above sea level, is situated on the extreme north-western appendix of the Baldo chain and it is set as an amphitheatre on Lake Garda. The lake, once only valuable to fishermen and traders, is still the most precious resource together with 2,079-metre (6,821 ft) high Monte Baldo, which was once a seemingly inexhaustible mine of firewood and game though now it is a protected area for its rare flora, some of which are endemic to the area.
Nago
Situated on the hills above Torbole sits Nago. The parish church of Nago, San Vigilio, is located on the town's main road. The present building dates from the late 16th century, but the first church probably dates from the early Christian period. It is mentioned for the first time in 1203, in a document relating to a dispute between the people of Nago and the Bishop of Trento, Conrad II de Beseno. It is called "collegiate" in the document and its importance at the time must have been considerable.
History
Venetian domination (1440–1510) is evident in the old harbor: a typical toll house placed on a lake-front wharf. Goethe, who stopped here in September 1786, described in his writings a longing and passionate image of this place. During Austrian domination (1810–1918), tourism grew during the Belle Époque.
This area was populated in prehistoric times and colonized during the Imperial Roman times; it formed a community with Nago, castle residence of the Counts d'Arco. In 1439 Torbole was involved in the Third Lombard War (1438), between the Duchy of Milan and the Republic of Venice. The latter dominated the eastern side of the lake (the Riviera). In order to gain supremacy on Lake Garda and help the Venetian condottiero Gattamelata, in freeing Brescia from the Milanese siege, the Venetians transported twenty-five boats and six galleys from the Adriatic Sea up the River Adige to the fluvial harbour of Mori. From here the boats were hauled further by oxen and manual labour until they could be launched into Lake Loppio, then further hauled along the slopes of Monte Baldo into Lake Garda at Torbole. This exploit cost 240 oxen and 15,000 ducats. In April 1440 the small Venetian fleet destroyed Visconti's fleet and conquered Riva del Garda.
Torbole, as early as the 15th century, was a stop for European travelers passing through on the Atesina road from Germany to Italy. Montaigne visited it in 1580. Goethe arrived here from Rovereto in the afternoon of 12 September 1786, four days after having crossed Brenner Pass. Goethe was 37 years old and upon seeing the blue expanse of Lake Garda and the silver olive-groves, he experienced for the first time the atmosphere and mild climate of the places extolled by the Classics, and he wrote that he had achieved happiness. The Brescian Cesare Arici, idyllic rural poet, exalted the "fishy Torbole". The painter Hans Lietzmann bought a large olive grove on the lake's shore (behind the Hotel Paradiso) and opened a school of nude art. The current tourist centre evolved in the second half of the last century from a village of fishermen, farmers and mountaineers, into a seasonal health-resort for European travellers, like the neighbouring Riva and Arco.
Main sights
The church of Sant'Andrea is first mentioned in a document dated 1175. In 1183 the Pope Lucius III assigned it, together with the surrounding olive grove, to the Cistercian Abbey of Saint Lorenzo in Trento, Italy. In 1497 some of the properties of the Church were given for the support of a priest who would look after the Torbole Community. In 1741 the curate of Torbole had been founded and in 1839 the church was officially consecrated. After being ravaged by French troops in 1703, the church was rebuilt in the Late Baroque style, but some architectural elements have been recovered, as testified by the dates sculptured on the base of the two rocky arches of the transept. The altar piece in the apse represents the martyrdom of Saint Andrea, by Giambettino Cignaroli. A painted vertical sundial can be seen on the church's lake facing wall and on the opposite side is a small cemetery. The parish Saint Andrea church is divided into three naves and keeps a wooden chorus. Another artwork is the 18th-century canvas by Giambettino Cignaroli representing the Saint Andrea martyrdom.
A walk brings to the ruins of Penede castle, which was destroyed in the 18th century. It had been owned by the Arco earls, by the Castelbanco's and by the Republic of Venice.
Cliff wall on road to Nago.
In the Hairpin bends of the road that brings to Nago are the so-called Giant's pot (Italian: Marmitte dei Giganti) representing the evidence of erosive phenomena from the glacial era, which occurred when a wide glacier covered the territories. Those so called Marmitte are sunken glacial era wells, set out by the stones and glacial, quick whirling, detritus coming down from the superior layers.
Cuisine
Local cuisine is based on some typical elements of the Trentino simple plain fare such as polenta and game.
The broccoli di Torbole (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) are a variety of cauliflower or broccoflower imported from Verona around the mid-18th century. Inside the large cabbage family, broccoli di Torbole has become separate variety in its cultivar group. After its seedling stage, it grows rapidly and without special care, but needs to be watered frequently. Maturation begins at the beginning of November and ends in April. It has a small estimated harvest of 30,000 heads per year.
Sports
The lake is a windsurfing, kiteboarding and sailing destination, with many sports centres available to visitors and championships running throughout the year.
Windsurf and Sailing
The main winds on the north of Lake Garda are the Ora and the Peler. The Ora is a south wind, which starts at noon and blows until the early evening hours. The Pelér (also known under the name Vento (ital. for wind) is a north wind, which starts blowing in the second half of the night and continues until late morning. Those winds make Torbole an ideal place for sailing and windsurfing for both, beginners and advanced riders.
The sailing center (Circolo Vela Torbole) founded in 1964 counts 180 associates. It is one of the most important nationally known in Europe. Its regattas usually host international champions and national teams.
The windsurfing club (Circolo Surf Torbole) founded in 1979 and counts 250 associates, including the Olympic champion Alessandra Sensini. Among the national and international events hosted, three editions of the world championships are especially remembered (1988, 1992 e 2006).
(Wikipedia)
Nago-Torbole ist eine italienische Gemeinde mit 2852 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2019) in der Provinz Trient. Sie gehört zur Talgemeinschaft Comunità Alto Garda e Ledro.
Etymologie
Nach Christian Schneller ist der Name Nago aus der Aphärese von Benaco, dem alten Namen des Gardasees, entstanden. Benaco leitet sich nach vorherrschender Meinung aus dem Keltischen ab. Womöglich aus bennacus was in etwa „mit vielen Landspitzen“ bedeutet. Vereinzelt wird auch ein illyrischer Ursprung des Wortes angenommen. Der Name Torbole leitet sich aus dem lateinischen turbulus im Sinne von ad aquas turbulas (dt. bewegtes/stürmisches Wasser) ab. Nach Carlo Battisti ist der Namen Torbole aus der Bezeichnung turba vel vivarium entstanden, mit der die Grafen von Arco ihren Fischmarkt benannten.
Geografie
Lage
Die Gemeinde Nago-Torbole besteht aus den zwei Fraktionen:
Torbole liegt am nördlichen Teil des Gardasees, direkt an der Küstenstraße Gardesana Orientale. Der Ort selbst liegt 68 m über dem Meeresspiegel. Hier mündet die Sarca in den Gardasee, die diesen als Mincio bei Peschiera del Garda wieder verlässt.
Nago befindet sich oberhalb von Torbole auf über 200 Metern. Hier befindet sich eine ehemalige Zitadelle am Fuße des Castel Penede.
Der Weiler Tempesta bildet keine eigene Fraktion und besteht lediglich aus einigen Häusern am Ostufer des Gardasees südlich von Torbole. Südlich von Tempesta bildet die Gemeindegrenze gleichzeitig die Grenze zur Provinz Verona (Venetien).
Die Gemeinde hat ihren Sitz in Torbole. Der höchste Punkt der Gemeinde ist der Gipfel des Monte Altissimo (2079 m s.l.m.).
Die Nachbargemeinden sind: Arco, Riva del Garda, Mori, Ledro, Brentonico und Malcesine in der Provinz Verona.
Geschichte
Frühgeschichte und Antike
Die ersten menschlichen Spuren in Nago-Torbole lassen sich auf das späte Jungpaläolithikum zurückdatieren. Zahlreiche Steinartefakte wurden bei Castel Penede, den Ausläufern des Monte Altissimo di Nago und des Monte Creino gefunden, die den Schluss zulassen, dass es sich nicht nur um sporadische Besuche in der Gegend handelte. Weitere Funde aus dem Mesolithikum wurden bei Prati di Nago und Pré Alta entdeckt. Die ersten menschlichen Überreste stammen aus einer Grabstätte der Kupfersteinzeit am südöstlichen Ortsrand von Nago. Andere Funde weisen auf die Präsenz von Menschen in der Bronzezeit und Eisenzeit hin. Auf letztere lässt sich die Fundstelle Busa Brodeghèra beim Rifugio Altissimo Damiano Chiesa zurückführen.
Der Fritzens-Sanzeno-Kultur in der Eisenzeit wird die Gründung einer Siedlung unterhalb von Castel Penede zugeschrieben. Bei mehreren Grabungen, die ab 2019 von der Universität Trient am westlichen Abhang des Burgberges durchgeführt wurden, wurden die Reste einer Siedlung freigelegt, die ab dem 6. Jahrhundert. v. Chr. bis zur späten römischen Kaiserzeit im 5. Jahrhundert n. Chr. bestand.
Aus der Römerzeit waren bereits 1832 die Reste einer Nekropolis auf dem Burgberg freigelegt worden. In der Nähe fand man auch gotische und römische Münzen aus den Regierungszeiten Vespasians und Konstantins.
Den Römern wird auch der Bau einer ersten Straße über das Valle S. Lucia zum Seeufer zugesprochen. Sicher ist, dass der Karrenweg über diesen kleinen Taleinschnitt bis zur Mitte des 18. Jahrhunderts die einzige Straßenverbindung zwischen Nago und Torbole war. Weitere römische Fundstücke wurden im Ortskern von Nago bei der Pfarrkirche S. Vigilio sowie im Ortsteil Tempesta am Ufer des Gardasees entdeckt.
Mittelalter
Während der Byzantinischen Herrschaft gehörte der nördliche Uferbereich des Gardasees und damit auch die Gegend um Nago-Torbole der Curtis Ripae, also dem Hof Riva, an. Ende des 10. Jahrhunderts fiel dieser dem Bischof von Verona zu, in dessen Besitz er bis 1027 verblieb, als Konrad II. ihn dem Hochstift Trient einverleibte. 1039 wurden dem Pustertaler Stift Sonnenburg Nutzungs- und Eigentumsrechte in Sommolago („locus Summolacus“), der Gegend am Nordufer des Gardasees zwischen Riva, Arco und Torbole am Unterlauf des Sarca, übertragen.
Ab dem 12. Jahrhundert begann sich die Geschichte der beiden Orte differenzierter herauszukristallisieren. 1154 wurde Torbole und 1171 Nago erstmals schriftlich erwähnt. Im gleichen Jahrhundert weiteten die Grafen von Arco geschickt ihren Machtbereich auf die beiden Orte aus. Dabei war Torbole wegen des Hafens und der damit verbundenen Zolleinnahmen und Nago aufgrund von Castel Penede von Interesse. Zwischen 1198, als den Arcos von Philipp von Schwaben das Recht zugestanden wurde eine Zollstation am Hafen von Torbole zu errichten, und 1210, als sie vom Fürstbischof von Trient Friedrich von Wangen die Burg oberhalb von Nago als Lehen erhielten, konnten sie ihren Machtbereich am nordöstlichen Eckpunkt des Gardasees festigen.
Die Lage am wichtigen Verbindungsweg zwischen Etschtal und Gardasee führte unweigerlich dazu, dass durch beide Orte im Laufe der Geschichte immer wieder Heerscharen durchzogen. So 1243 im Konflikt zwischen Ghibellinen und Guelfen, als guelfische Truppen nach ihrer Niederlage gegen die Verbündeten Ezzelinos III. da Romano die beiden Orte brandschatzten.
Andererseits zog man aufgrund der Lage nicht nur Soldaten und Söldner an, sondern auch Reisende. Einer der Ersten war Dante Alighieri, der zu Beginn des 14. Jahrhunderts auf Castel Penede weilte und dies in der Divina Commedia erwähnte.
Frühe Neuzeit
Im Dezember 1438 fiel Castel Penede und damit die beiden Orte in den Herrschaftsbereich der Republik Venedig. Während des Kampfes um die Vorherrschaft auf dem Gardasee zwischen Venedig und den Viscontis aus Mailand, wurde 1439 die im Unternehmen Galeas per montes vom Etschtal zum Gardasee transportierte venezianischen Flotte, in Torbole zu Wasser gelassen. Pier Candido Decembrio, der das venezianische Unternehmen beschrieb, bezeichnete Torbole noch als kleines Landgut. Mit Venedig nahm aber die Bedeutung Torboles als Hafenort zu, was zu einem merklichen Bevölkerungszuwachs führte, so dass die erstmals 1175 erwähnte Kirche S. Andrea in Torbole erweitert werden musste.
Die venezianische Epoche endete 1509 als Maximilian I. mit seinen Truppen die Burg und die beiden Orte nach der Niederlage Venedigs in der Schlacht bei Agnadello und dem damit verbundenen Rückzug der Venezianer aus dem Gebiet des oberen Gardasees besetzen konnte. In der Folgezeit kehrten die Grafen von Arco als kaiserliche Lehensherrn zurück. Die Gemeinde behielt aber eine weitgehende administrative Autonomie, wie aus den erhaltenen Gemeindestatuten hervorgeht.
1580 setzte Michel de Montaigne auf seiner Italienreise mit dem Boot von Torbole nach Riva über und hinterließ eine erste kurze literarische Beschreibung des Ortes.
Moderne
Während des Spanischen Erbfolgekrieges wurde Castel Penede 1703 von den Franzosen unter General Vendôme zerstört und verfiel zur Ruine. 1766 ließ Maria Theresia von Österreich in Tempesta eine Zollstation errichten, um die Einfuhr von billigem Getreide aus Venetien über den See zu unterbinden. Eine Maßnahme, die den Unmut der Bevölkerung hervorrief, so dass die Zollstation zwei Jahre später von einer aufgebrachten Menge zerstört wurde.
Im gleichen Jahr konnte nach drei Jahren Bauzeit zum ersten Mal auch die neue Straße zwischen Nago und Torbole begangen werden. Diese als Strada dei forti bekannte Straße (heute via Europa) wurde um 1773 fertiggestellt. Auf seinem Weg nach Torbole während seiner Italienischen Reise im September 1786 nutzte Johann Wolfgang von Goethe allerdings noch den alten durch das Valle S. Lucia führenden Karrenweg. Goethe hielt sich nur einen Tag und eine Nacht in Torbole auf, das zu diesem Zeitpunkt immer noch einen ärmlichen Eindruck auf ihn hinterließ. Die Haustüren ohne Schlösser, die Fenster statt mit Glas mit Ölpapier bespannt und die Häuser ohne hygienische Einrichtungen, dem Naturzustande ziemlich nahekommend, wie Goethe an Anlehnung an Rosseau in seinem Tagebuch festhielt. Dennoch überwog das köstliche Schauspiel, den der See und die Natur bot, zumal er auch an seinem Werk Iphigiene gut vorankam.
Goethe sah damals zum ersten Mal während seiner Italienreise im Palazzo Giordani, in dem bereits 1765 Joseph II. abgestiegen war, einen Zitronengarten, der später im 19. Jahrhundert zu einer der Attraktion Torboles wurde und unter anderem von Johann von Sachsen aufgesucht wurde.
Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts war Torbole auf etwa 400 Einwohner angewachsen und insbesondere als Umschlagsplatz von Getreide aus der Po-Ebene bekannt. 1787 schlossen sich in hier die Gepäckträger zu einer unabhängigen gewerkschaftsähnlichen Vereinigung zusammen, einer der ersten im Trentino, um ihren Lohnforderungen besser Ausdruck zu verleihen. Es handelte sich dabei um Saisonarbeiter aus der näheren und weiteren Umgebung, die ihr Auskommen mit dem Ent- und Beladen der im Hafen von Torbole liegenden Boote und Schiffe hatten.
In der wechselreichen napoleonischen Epoche zogen 1796 französische Truppen durch Nago-Torbole, bevor es 1802 zum Königreich Bayern und anschließend von 1805 bis 1814 zum Königreich Italien fiel. Infolge des Wiener Kongresses wurde es 1815 dem Kaisertum Österreich einverleibt.
Das Risorgimento, das sich mit seinen nationalstaatlichen Ideen und der Frage der Autonomie von Tirol und als Steigerung sogar der Abtrennung von Österreich in den politischen und intellektuellen Kreisen des Trentino im 19. Jahrhundert bemerkbar machte, fand auch im kleinen Nago-Torbole seine Anhänger. Einer der führenden Köpfe in diesen Zirkeln war Antonio Gazzoletti aus Nago, der 1848 in dieser Frage bei König Karl Albert von Sardinien-Piemont und 1859 bei dessen Sohn Viktor Emanuel II. vorstellig wurde. Der Hafen von Torbole wurde dabei nach den Anschluss der Lombardei an das Königreich Sardinien-Piemont zur illegalen Einfuhr von Waffen genutzt. Infolgedessen wurden 1860 über 20 Personen, darunter Hafenarbeiter, Bootsbesitzer und Wirte aus Nago-Torbole verhaftet, so dass die Gemeinde sich veranlasst sah, für den Unterhalt ihrer Familien zu sorgen. 1864 kam es nach der Konspiration der Aktionspartei Giuseppe Mazzinis, die einen gewaltsamen Anschluss des Trentino und Venetiens mit Unterstützung lokaler Sympathisanten anstrebte, zu weiteren Verhaftungen. Im Zuge des sich zuspannenden Nationalitätenkonfliktes wurde auch der deutsche Ortsname Naag-Turbel als Abgrenzung zu italienisch-nationalistischen Kreisen stärker hervorgehoben.
Die zunehmenden Spannungen zum Nachbarn Italien veranlassten Österreich-Ungarn 1861 zum Bau der Sperre Nago, an der neuen Straße nach Torbole hinunter. Das veraltete Werk wurde später der Festung Riva eingegliedert, war aber nie von besonderer militärischer Bedeutung, auch nicht nach dem Verlust Venetiens 1866 infolge des Dritten italienischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges.
Mit dem Anschluss Venetiens an das Königreich Italien bildete sich die österreichisch verbliebenen Nordküste des Gardasees zur Riviera des Kaiserreichs heraus. Das malerische Torbole mit seinem kleinen Hafen übte seine Faszination insbesondere bei Künstlern und Schriftstellern wie Hans Lietzmann, Paul Franz Flickel, Paul Hey, Michael Zeno Diemer, Eduard Weichberger, Georg Macco, Hermann Drück, Heinrich Adam, Carl Wuttke, Josef Rolletschek, Ludwig Friedrich Hofelich und anderen aus. Schnell wurde es vom aufkommenden Fremdenverkehr als Fischerdorf vereinnahmt und dementsprechend beworben. 1875 wurde mit dem Bau einer Fischzucht sowohl eine zusätzliche Einkommensquelle geschaffen als auch dem steigenden Bedarf nach Fischen in den Gasthäusern Torboles Rechnung getragen.
Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts baute man die Verkehrswege weiter aus. 1884 wurde die Straße von Nago nach Arco eröffnet und mit der Eröffnung der Lokalbahn Mori–Arco–Riva und des Bahnhofes Nago-Torbole 1891 erhielt die Gemeinde Anschluss an das Eisenbahnnetz, wovon vor allem der Fremdenverkehr auch von Tagesausflüglern profitierte.
20. und 21. Jahrhundert
Vom immer stärker aufkommenden Fremdenverkehr, 1907 wurde das Grand Hotel Torbole eröffnet, das in den 1930er Jahren zur Colonia Pavese umgewandelt wurde, profitierte fast ausschließlich Torbole. Von 1900 bis 1910 stieg hier die Bevölkerungszahl fast doppelt so stark an wie in Nago. In Letzterem war die Wirtschaft um die Jahrhundertwende nach wie vor fast ausschließlich von der Land-, Alm- und Forstwirtschaft geprägt. Diese war meist auf Subsistenzwirtschaft ausgerichtet und durch eine starke Fragmentierung des Grundeigentums charakterisiert, so dass der Lebensunterhalt oft nicht gesichert war. Die Folgen waren Unterernährung und Mangelerkrankungen wie die Pellagra. Die Armut und Verwahrlosung in Nago fielen zunehmend auch den Reisenden in Richtung Gardasee auf. Kinder die an der Bahnstation in Nago bettelten waren ein alltägliches Bild. Erst in den 1910er Jahren versuchte man auch in Nago vermehrt mit den Fremden Geld zu verdienen. 1911 plante man den Bau einer Seilbahn von Torbole nach Nago, das Projekt kam aber nicht über die Planungsphase heraus, und 1913 errichtete man ein erstes größeres und moderneres Hotel in der Nähe des Bahnhofs in Nago.
Trotzdem profitierte der Ort auch weiterhin nur am Rand von der touristischen Entwicklung, entging aber nicht der nationalistischen Debatte. Angeheizt wurde diese durch die Veröffentlichung einer Schrift von Giulio de Frenzi, einem Pseudonym des Schriftstellers und späteren faschistischen Politikers Luigi Federzoni, mit dem vielsagenden Titel La italianità del Gardasee (dt. Die Italianität des Gardasees). Darin prangerte der Autor unter anderem das Verdrängen italienischer Eigentümer auf dem privaten und gewerblichen Immobilienmarkt zugunsten finanzstarker deutschsprachiger Besitzer auch am Nordufer des Sees an. Aufgrund dieser nationalen und sozialen Spannungen wurden die Einwohner von Nago und Torbole der verschiedensten sozialen Schichten, auch wenn das liberal bürgerliche Element überwog, in nationalistischen irredentistischen Organisationen tätig. Aufsehen erregte in diesem Zusammenhang die Ausweisung Scipio Sigheles wegen politischer nationalistischer Agitation durch die österreichisch-ungarischen Behörden im Sommer 1912. Gegen die Ausweisung, Sighele besaß in Nago ein Haus, protestierte nicht nur der Gemeinderat in Nago, sondern auch Teile der Bevölkerung mit Unterschriftenaktionen.
Erster Weltkrieg
Mit Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkrieges wurde die wehrfähige männliche Bevölkerung eingezogen. Wie die meisten aus dem Trentino Eingezogenen wurden die Soldaten aus Nago-Torbole an der Ostfront gegen Russland eingesetzt. Bis zum italienischen Kriegseintritt im Mai 1915 baute die k.u.k. Armee zahlreiche Feldstellungen rund um die beiden Orte aus. Ein vom österreichischen Generalstab unterhalb des Gipfels des Monte Altissimo di Nago geplantes Panzerwerk kam dagegen nicht über erste Aushubarbeiten hinaus. Am 22. Mai 1915 wurde beide Orte evakuiert und die Bevölkerung nach Böhmen und Mähren sowie ins Flüchtlingslager Mitterndorf gebracht, von wo sie erst zwischen 1918 und 1919 zurückkehrte.
Während des Krieges verlief die Front direkt durch das Gemeindegebiet von Nago-Torbole und bildete hier einen nach Süden vorgelagerten österreichisch-ungarischen Frontbogen. Insbesondere im ersten und letzten Kriegsjahr kam es an den nördlichen Ausläufern des Monte Altissimo di Nago immer wieder zu Gefechten. So im Dezember 1915 als die Italiener bei Malga Zures angriffen und im Sommer 1918 als die k.u.k. Truppen den von den Tschechoslowakischen Legionen gehaltenen benachbarten Doss Alto di Nago kurzzeitig erobern konnten. Torbole wurde dagegen zum Ziel der italienischen Marine, die mit MAS-Einheiten Sabotageaktionen unternahmen. Ein gewissen Bekanntheitsgrad erlangte der Frontabschnitt am Doss Casina durch die Präsenz einiger Futuristen, darunter Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Anselmo Bucci, Antonio Sant’Elia, Mario Sironi, Achille Funi und Luigi Russolo, die sich als Freiwillige in der italienischen Armee gemeldet hatten. Durch Artilleriebeschuss und Plünderungen wurden sowohl Nago als auch Torbole schwer in Mitleidenschaft gezogen und nach dem Krieg in die schwarze Zone und die damit am schwersten vom Krieg zerstörte Zone eingestuft.
Zwischenkriegszeit
Mit dem Bau der Gardesana Orientale 1929, der Staatsstraße zwischen Nago und Torbole 1935 und dem 1939 angestochenen Etsch-Gardasee-Tunnel sollte sich das Landschaftsbild im Gemeindegebiet einschneidend verändern. In den 1920er Zeit akzentuierten sich auch die soziowirtschaftlichen Unterschiede der beiden Orte. War Nago nach wie vor von der Landwirtschaft geprägt, spielte der Dienstleistungsbereich und das Handwerk aufgrund des Fremdenverkehrs in Torbole dort die größere Rolle. Diese Unterschiede führten dazu, dass beide Orte Anstrengungen unternahmen eigenständige Gemeinden zu bilden, wie es bereits in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts der Fall gewesen war. Diesem Bestreben kam die faschistische Gemeindereform 1927, auf deren Grundlage über 2000 italienische Gemeinden mit weniger als 2000 Einwohnern eingemeindet wurden, zuvor und im Jahr 1929 wurde Nago-Torbole der Gemeinde Riva angeschlossen.
Der Wiederaufbau in der Nachkriegszeit und die anschließende Weltwirtschaftskrise und deren Folgen waren ausschlaggebend dafür, dass der Fremdenverkehr in Torbole bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht mehr die Wachstumsraten, wie unmittelbar vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg aufwies. Während des Faschismus waren es vor allem staatliche Einrichtungen und Organisationen, wie die 1935 eingerichtete Colonia Pavese zur Tuberkulosevorbeugung, die das Bild des Tourismus in Torbole bestimmten. Anfang 1939 wurde der Gardasee mit den KdF-Fahrten auch in die NS-Urlaubskultur aufgenommen.
Zweiter Weltkrieg
Spätestens mit dem italienischen Kriegseintritt am 10. Juni 1940 kam der Tourismus fast vollständig zum Erliegen. Immer stärker machten sich die repressiven Maßnahmen des faschistischen Regimes und die zunehmenden Lebensmittelrationierungen bemerkbar. Nach dem Sturz Mussolinis und dem Waffenstillstand mit den Alliierten im September 1943 wurde auch Nago-Torbole am 9. September von deutschen Truppen besetzt und der Operationszone Alpenvorland eingegliedert. Als Quartiere wurden von den Deutschen die Schulgebäude, aber auch Hotels und Privatunterkünfte requiriert, so wurde in der Casa Beust am Hafen ein Luftwaffenkommando untergebracht. Innerhalb von 24 Stunden musste auch die Colonia Pavese geräumt werden, in der über 250 Kinder untergebracht waren. Sie diente in der Folgezeit als Wehrmachtslazarett. Am 8. Juni 1944 wurden bei einer Aktion gegen die Resistenza zwischen Riva, Arco und Nago-Torbole 11 Widerstandskämpfer von Angehörigen des Trientiner Sicherungsverbandes, des Polizeiregiments Bozen und der SS erschossen. 1944 nahmen auch die Caproni-Werke im Etsch-Gardasee Tunnel bei Torbole ihren Betrieb auf. In dem unterirdischen Rüstungsbetrieb wurden Teile für die sogenannten Wunderwaffen wie die Me-262 und die V2 produziert. Im Rahmen der sogenannten Alpenfestung wurde zwischen 1944 und 1945 rund um Nago-Torbole von der Organisation Todt die Blaue Linie mit Ringständen und Bunkern errichtet.
Am Morgen des 29. April 1945 begann der Angriff der 10. US-Gebirgsdivision auf Nago-Torbole. In zwei Gruppen, eine über die Gardesana Orientale und eine über die Westflanke den Altissimo di Nago vorgehend, gelang es den Amerikanern den Widerstand der letzten deutschen Verbände des XIV. Panzerkorps zu brechen, die sich nach dem Zusammenbruch der deutschen Front am 21. April bei Bologna während der alliierten Frühjahrsoffensive nach Norden abgesetzt hatten. Am frühen Morgen des 30. April konnte Torbole und am späten Vormittag Nago nach 30 Stunden heftigster Kämpfe eingenommen werden. Bei dem Unternehmen wurden auch Amphibienfahrzeuge vom Typ DUKW eingesetzt, wobei ein DUKW vor der Sarcamündung verloren ging.
Nachkriegszeit, Wirtschaftswunder und Massentourismus
Unmittelbar nach der Befreiung entstanden in Nago und in Torbole jeweils sogenannte Nationale Befreiungskomitees, die sich in erster Linie um die Aufrechterhaltung der öffentlichen Ordnung, der Beseitigung von Kriegsschäden und der Räumung von Kriegsmaterial kümmerten. Zu den Aufgaben des CLN gehörte auch die Versorgung der heimkehrenden Militärinternierten. Das CLN in Torbole machte es sich zudem zur Aufgabe einen neuen Hafen für die Fischer in Torbole zu errichten, da der alte Hafen zu einem wesentlichen Teil dem Bau der Gardesana zum Opfer gefallen war. Mit den ersten Gemeindewahlen von Riva im März 1946 lösten sich die CLN praktisch auf. Noch waren Nago und Torbole Ortsteile von Riva, die Diskussion um eine Neugründung war aber bereits im Oktober 1945 vom CLN angefacht worden.
nde der 1940er Jahre rückte die touristische Entwicklung wieder in den Vordergrund des öffentlichen Interesses. In diesem Zusammenhang sah man in beiden Orten die administrative Eigenständigkeit für die zukünftige Entwicklung als entscheidend an. Einen ersten Schritt in dieser Richtung unternahmen die Hoteliers in Torbole, die 1952 einen von Riva unabhängigen Fremdenverkehrsverein gründeten. Angeheizt wurde die Debatte auch durch einen neuen Flächennutzungsplan, der als Ausverkauf von Nago-Torbole betrachtet wurde. Im Winter 1955/56 wurden schließlich die für ein einzuberufendes Referendum nötigen Unterschriften gesammelt, das am 15. Juli 1956 abgehalten wurde. Über 70 % der Wähler stimmten für eine Neugründung der Gemeinde Nago-Torbole, die 1958 ihren Abschluss fand.
Bis in die 1950er Jahre hatte sich an der sozioökonomischen Lage wenig geändert. Eine immer noch auf Eigenverbrauch ausgerichtete Landwirtschaft bestimmte das Leben der meisten Bewohner. Lediglich Wein- und Tabakanbau wurden im Sinne einer landwirtschaftlichen Produktion betrieben. Auch der Fischfang war für den Eigenverbrauch oder für den örtlichen Markt bestimmt. Die Emigration als Gastarbeiter in die Schweiz, nach Deutschland oder in die belgischen Bergbaugebiete waren nur die logische Konsequenz. Mit dem Aufkommen des Wirtschaftswunders begannen die Nächtigungszahlen langsam aber stetig anzusteigen. 1956 zählte man bereits über 120.000 Übernachtungen im Gemeindegebiet. Es gab bereits 20 Hotels, 17 davon in Torbole, 16 Pensionen, 27 Zimmervermieter und einen Campingplatz. Zahlreiche Gaststätten und Geschäfte entstanden. Gleichzeitig traten aber auch infrastrukturelle Probleme auf. So mangelte es im Sommer an Trinkwasser und Wasser musste rationiert werden. Um Abhilfe zu schaffen, wurde in Torbole Wasser ungereinigt aus dem See gepumpt, mit den entsprechenden hygienischen Problemen. Eine neue Wasserleitung wurde erst 1957 fertiggestellt. Ähnliche Probleme ergaben sich mit der Abwasserentsorgung.
Mit der Gründung des Segelclubs 1964 wurde Torbole auch in Wassersportkreisen bekannt. Zum Bekanntheitsgrad trug 1978 auch die Gründung des Surfclubs Torbole mit bei. In der Folgezeit war der Ort immer wieder Ausrichtungsort von nationalen und internationalen Segel- und Surfveranstaltungen. Mit der Fertigstellung der Autostrada A22 1974 war Nago-Torbole endgültig für den Massentourismus erschlossen worden. Im Jahr 2015 hatten sich die Nächtigungszahlen mit fast 760.000 Übernachtungen, davon 88 % Ausländer, seit 1956 mehr als versechsfacht.
Tourismus
Wie auch das umliegende Gebiet ist Torbole ein beliebtes Tourismus-Ziel. Vor allem bei Windsurfern ist der Ort aufgrund der konstanten Winde sehr beliebt. Darüber hinaus bieten die umgebenden Gardaseeberge unzählige Möglichkeiten für Mountainbiketouren sowie Wander- und Kletterrouten.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Castel Penede
Straßensperre Nago
Naturpark um den Monte Baldo
Zollhäuschen – Auf einer Mole im Hafenbecken steht ein kleines Zollhaus aus der Zeit der k.u.k.-Monarchie, da bei Tempesta bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg die Grenze zwischen dem Kaiserreich Österreich-Ungarn und dem Königreich Italien verlief. Die Ursprünge des Häuschens liegen vermutlich noch weiter zurück, da ein Relief an der Außenmauer an die venezianische Zeit erinnert. In den Sommermonaten wird das Zollhaus zum Teil als Bar genutzt. Es befindet sich heute im Privatbesitz.
Gedenktafel in Torbole, die an den Aufenthalt Johann Wolfgang von Goethes in Torbole während seiner Italienischen Reise im September 1786 erinnert.
Großes Wandgemälde an der Fassade der „Casa Beust“, Alterssitz von Friedrich Constantin von Beust, in Torbole am Gardasee: Der heilige Antonio spricht mit den Fischen von Hans Lietzmann
Valle di Santa Lucia mit einem alten grob gepflasterten Weg durch Olivenhaine. Einst einzige Verbindung zwischen Nago und Torbole. Durch dieses Tal wurde 1439 die venezianische Flotte im Unternehmen Galeas per montes vom Etschtal nach Torbole herabgelassen.
(Wikipedia)
Der Monte Brione ist ein 376 m s.l.m. hoher Berg in den Gardaseebergen im Trentino. Seine Südflanke fällt direkt in den Gardasee ab. Er gilt geologisch gesehen als jüngster Berg des Trentino und ist zugleich sein niedrigster.
Trotz seiner geringen absoluten Höhe hat man von seinem Gipfel aus eine hervorragende Rundumsicht auf die umgebenden Orte wie Riva del Garda und Nago-Torbole, die umliegenden Berge und das Nordende des Gardasees. Der Berg hat eine steil abfallende Ostflanke mit einer mehrere hundert Meter hohen Felswand. Auf dem Gipfel befindet sich ein Sendemast. Seit 1992 sind Teile des Monte Brione zum Biotop erklärt worden und bilden das FFH-Gebiet Monte Brione.
Geographie
Lage und Umgebung
Die exponierte Lage in der am Nordufer des Gardasees liegenden Schwemmebene und die sichelförmige Massivform lassen den Monte Brione schon von weit her gut erkennen. Das Südende des etwa 3 km langen und maximal etwa 1 km breiten Berges reicht bis direkt an das Seeufer, so dass die in den 1930er Jahren erbaute neue Verbindungsstraße zwischen Riva del Garda und Nago-Torbole (Gardesana Orientale) durch einen Tunnel durch den Berg am Ufer entlangführt.
Geologie
Der Monte Brione stellt den östlichen Rand einer synklinalen Falte dar, deren westlicher Rand zum Großteil von Gletschern abgetragen wurde. Der Trog der Synklinale wurde durch Ablagerungen von Sedimenten der Sarca, die noch im Pleistozän an der Westseite des Brione in den Gardasee mündete und mit dem Varone und anderer kleinerer Fließgewässer ein Mündungsdelta bildete, aufgeschüttet. Zudem trug der Gardasee, der im Riß/Würm-Interglazial einen etwa 50 m höheren Wasserspiegel besaß, so dass der Brione vollständig vom See umschlossen war und wie eine Insel herausragte, zur Entstehung des Sedimentbeckens bei, wodurch die heutige Schwemmebene entstand, in die die Westflanke des Brione einzutauchen scheint. An der steil abfallenden Ostseite konnte die Stärke der unter die Schwemmebene abfallenden Flanke mit etwa 300 m rekonstruiert werden.
Der Brione besteht aus mehreren zeitlich differenziert herausgebildeter Schichtungen verschiedener Sedimentgesteine, die zum Großteil in einem Neigungswinkel von 20º in nordwestlicher Richtung absenken. Beim Ortsteil Sant'Alessandro kommt es zu einem Richtungswechsel der Schichtung, so dass sie dort wesentlich steiler mit einem Neigungswinkel von 40º bis 60º abfallen.
Die ältesten Gesteinsschichten sind Mergelschichten aus dem mittleren Eozän und vor etwa 43 bis 37 Millionen vor Jahren entstanden. Über dem Mergel liegen mehrere Kalksteinschichten mit einer Stärke von etwa 200 m auf, die im Oligozän entstanden sind. Darüber liegen die im Miozän vor 26 bis 7 Millionen vor Jahren entstandenen Schichten aus Ton und Mergel.
In den Tonschichten des Chattium und den Merkelschichten des oberen Miozän finden sich zahlreiche Fossilien, wie Chlamys, Nautiliden und Foraminiferen, wie Nummuliten.
Paläogeographie
Aus dem geologischen Aufbau ergeben sich auch Rückschlüsse auf die Paläogeographie des Monte Brione, der aus dem Zusammenspiel im Tethys und Paratethys stattgefundener Sedimentation und tektonischer Ereignisse in Form der Alpidischen Orogenese entstand und in den Kaltzeiten durch fluvioglaziale Einflüsse des Etschgletschers, des Gardasees und der Sarca seine Entstehung und Form zu verdanken hat. Die letzte Sedimentation fand dabei während des Riß/Würm-Interglazials vor 126.000 bis 115.000 Jahren statt.
Der italienische Geologe Arturo Cozzaglio stellte in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts eine andere These auf, nach der der Monte Brione in Folge eines postglazialen Bergrutsches entstand, so wie es beispielsweise auch bei den nur wenige Kilometer talaufwärts gelegenen Marocche di Dro der Fall war.
Eine These, die auch von anderen aufgegriffen wurde, da der Etschgletscher, der das Seebecken des Gardasees ausgeschliffen hat nach ihrer Ansicht auch den Brione hätte abtragen müssen. Laut Cozzaglio rutschte der Brione von der Flanke des Monte Creino ab, wogegen allerdings mehrere Fakten sprechen, wie eine fehlende Abbruchstelle oder die Form der Synklinale, zu der der Brione gehört, und die eine andere Lage von vornherein ausschließt, so dass diese These mittlerweile als verworfen gilt.
Geschichte
Der westliche, seicht abfallende Fuß des Monte Brione war bereits in der Mittleren Jungsteinzeit im 5. Jahrtausend v. Chr. besiedelt. Nachdem bereits 1956 ein Grab aus der Steinzeit entdeckt wurde, kamen bei Grabungen in den 2000er Jahren die Überreste einer ganzen steinzeitlichen Siedlung der Vasi-a-bocca-quadrata-Kultur auf einer Fläche von 10.000 m² zu Tage. Die Siedlung lag am Ufer des Gardasees, der zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch einen höheren Wasserspiegel besaß.
In der Kupfersteinzeit wurde am Brione bereits Steine gebrochen aus denen die Statuenmenhire aus dem 3. Jahrtausend v. Chr. stammen, die in Arco bei Grabungen gefunden wurden. Der Steinbruch am Ortsrand des Ortsteils Sant’Alessandro wurde bis in das 20. Jahrhundert genutzt.
Die Schwemmebene um Sant’Alessandro am westlichen Rand des Monte Brione war auch in der Römerzeit besiedelt. Entlang einer von Riva del Garda nach Arco führenden Römerstraße wurden mehrere villenähnliche Gebäude errichtet. In spätrömischer Zeit entstand zu Füßen des Brione eine Nekropolis.
Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde der Brione 1175 als die Grafen von Arco Federico und Odorico d’Arco eine nach ihm benannte Burg, das Castello di Brione, als Lehen an einen ihrer Vasallen aus Nago vergaben. Von der Burg sind keine Spuren erhalten, selbst der Standort ist nicht genau bekannt. Der Name leitet sich nach Julius Pokorny womöglich aus dem keltischen *brig ab, was Anhöhe bedeutet.
Im 19. Jahrhundert gewann der Monte Brione an militärischer Bedeutung, insbesondere nach dem Zweiten italienischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg und dem Verlust des Kronlands der Lombardei spielte der Berg eine wesentliche Rolle in den Verteidigungsplänen der österreichischen Armee. So entstand bereits zwischen 1860 und 1862 die Batterie San Nicolo am südwestlichen Fuß des Monte Brione. Nach dem Verlust des Kronland Venetiens in Folge des Dritten Italienischen Unabhängigkeitskrieges 1866 nahm seine Bedeutung noch zu. So entstanden in chronologischer Reihenfolge zwischen 1880 und 1900 die Nordbatterie, auch als Werk S. Alessandro bezeichnet, die Südbatterie und zuletzt die Mittelbatterie Monte Brione. Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts wurde schließlich als letztes das Werk Garda fertiggestellt. Dennoch spielte die Sperrgruppe Monte Brione, die ab 1910 Teil der sogenannten Festung Riva war, im Ersten Weltkrieg keine wesentliche Rolle im Kriegsgeschehen. Im Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde sie teilweise von der Wehrmacht genutzt und in den letzten Kriegstagen Ende April 1945 zum Ziel der alliierten Luftstreitkräfte. In den 2010er Jahren wurden die Ruinen der Mittelbatterie und des Werks Garda restauriert und wieder für Besucher zugänglich gemacht.
Alpinismus
Zum Gipfelkamm führen sowohl eine Fahrstraße als auch ein Wanderweg. Der Fahrweg ist im unteren Bereich asphaltiert, weiter oben geschottert und für den privaten Kraftverkehr gesperrt. Mit dem Mountainbike gelangt man auf diesem Wege problemlos bis zum Gipfelbereich.
Wanderern ist die Begehung des „Sentiero della Pace“ (Friedensweg) zu empfehlen. Er beginnt im Süden direkt am Seeufer direkt an der Batterie San Nicolò und führt über den Kamm des Berges entlang der steilen Ostseite am ehemaligen Sperrwerk Garda sowie an der Mittelbatterie vorbei größtenteils durch Naturschutzgebiet bis zum Gipfel. Ebenso ist der Weg vom Ortsteil Sant’Alessando am Nordwestende des Berges aus erreichbar.
Die bewachsenen Felsbänder und der teils brüchige Fels des Monte Brione schränken die zum Klettern geeigneten Felswände ein. Einige in den 1980er Jahren erschlossene Kletterrouten im IV. bis VI. Schwierigkeitsgrad finden sich an der Ostseite. Die vielleicht bekannteste Kletterroute, die durch einen etwa 12 m breiten und von weitem sichtbaren Überhang führt, liegt am Nordwestende des Berges und wurde 1990 erstmals begangen.
(Wikipedia)
Viena es una ciudad austriaca en Europa Central situada a orillas del Danubio, en el valle de los Bosques de Viena, al pie de las primeras estribaciones de los Alpes. Es la capital de Austria y uno de sus nueve estados federados (Bundesland Wien). Así como la mayor ciudad y el centro cultural de Austria
Además es la segunda ciudad más poblada de Europa Central (tras Berlín) y la décima ciudad en población de la Unión Europea. Su población supera el 1 800 000 de habitantes (2017) y su área metropolitana cuenta con 2,4 millones, población similar a la que tenía la ciudad en 1914. El idioma oficial es el alemán austríaco estándar; se habla también el alemán vienés, un dialecto bávaro.
La ciudad tiene una larga historia, ya que es una de las más antiguas capitales de Europa, por lo que cuenta con un importante patrimonio artístico. Durante el siglo XIX fue una de las grandes capitales musicales del mundo y a principios del siglo XX meca de la filosofía y el debate político de Occidente, así como uno de los principales centros culturales mundiales.
Los romanos la llamaron Vindobona, nombre de origen celta que significa ciudad blanca.
Los primeros asentamientos humanos en la actual Viena son de origen celta (500 a. C.), posteriormente germánicos, y con la expansión del Imperio romano hacia el norte en el siglo I a. C., se adhiere a este en el año 13 a. C. El río Danubio, al igual que los Alpes, sirve entonces de límite natural entre bárbaros y romanos, y Vindobona sirve desde entonces y hasta la caída de Roma (año 476 d. C.) como punto de defensa del imperio. La ciudad nace como campamento del ejército romano, para controlar la Provincia de Panonia, en el que se asientan diferentes unidades, de entre las cuales destaca la Legio X Gemina, que permaneció en ella desde el que la zona fue ocupada por pueblos germanos en época de Graciano y de Teodosio I
Con las invasiones bárbaras es ocupada por ávaros y magiares. Carlomagno conquista la ciudad en el siglo IX y la bautiza con el nombre de Ostmark (la marca del este). Durante el alto medievo Viena es un importante aliado del papado y punto de abastecimiento de armas y víveres para la empresa de las Cruzadas. Fue capital de Hungría con Matías Corvino, y desde el siglo XV hasta las guerras napoleónicas capital del Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico, al ser la residencia habitual de los Habsburgo.
En 1237 las murallas de Viena alcanzaron la extensión que conservarían hasta su desaparición en 1857.
Desde la caída de Constantinopla en 1453, hubo un interés creciente del Imperio otomano por Viena, dado que era la clave para conquistar los demás países de Europa; interés que se hace más notable durante el período del sultán Solimán el Magnífico. Pero sus esfuerzos fracasaron y los austríacos salieron victoriosos de los distintos sitios a los que sometieron a la ciudad, el primero en 1529, a pesar de que inicialmente los defensores de la ciudad solo recibieron el apoyo poco entusiasta de sus vecinos alemanes. El ejército turco estaba mal equipado para un asedio y su tarea fue obstaculizada por la nieve y las inundaciones. Solimán se retiró a finales de octubre y no pudo reanudar el asedio a su regreso en 1532, cuando encontró a los defensores apoyados por un gran ejército bajo el mando del hermano del emperador Carlos V, Fernando.
Entre el primero y el segundo sitio turco, las instalaciones defensivas fueron reforzadas y modernizadas constantemente. Esto trajo como consecuencia que se tuvieran que ampliar una y otra vez los espacios libres frente a los bastiones para utilizarlos como campo de tiro. En 1529 estos espacios abarcaban 90 m que, a partir de 1683, fueron ensanchados a 450 m. Hasta 1858 no se construyó ningún edificio en esta explanada.
El segundo sitio se produjo en 1683, en la llamada batalla de Viena, y marcó el comienzo del declive del Imperio otomano en Europa. Fue iniciado por el gran visir Kara Mustafá, que necesitaba desesperadamente un éxito militar para reforzar su posición inestable y trató de lograrlo en una campaña contra el emperador Leopoldo I. Los turcos avanzaron con fuerza abrumadora, sitiaron la ciudad el 16 de julio, pero su falta de artillería de asedio permitió a Leopoldo reunir un ejército adicional formado por tropas austriacas, alemanas y polacas, que derrotó al ejército turco en una batalla librada delante de los muros de la ciudad el 12 de septiembre, que también se conoce como Batalla de Kahlenberg.
Durante el siglo XVIII, los Habsburgo habían convertido a la ciudad en su capital desde 1556 y su importancia se vio acrecentada con la expansión por el valle del Danubio. Se convirtió en un núcleo principal del Barroco europeo gracias a la construcción de importantes obras arquitectónicas y creaciones musicales. En 1800, antes de las guerras napoleónicas, la ciudad contaba con 231 900 habitantes.
Desde el asedio de 1683, en que fueron destruidas numerosas ciudades pequeñas que existían en el exterior de la muralla, en el terreno ondulado situado frente a la ciudad se alzaron numerosos palacios con jardines. El punto de partida fueron los planos del palacio real de Schönbrunn, elaborados por Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach. Hacia 1720 se contaban 200 residencias rurales. El príncipe Eugenio de Saboya había adquirido en 1693 la más bella parcela y una de las más grandes con los primeros ingresos que le habían llegado. Allí, tras cuarenta años de trabajo, levantó el Belvedere con sus espaciosos jardines.
Tras la derrota austriaca a manos de Napoleón Bonaparte en 1809 (batalla de Wagram), este último se hospeda en el palacio de Schönbrunn, en Viena. Durante esta estancia, Francia y Austria se alían, y Napoleón desposa a María Luisa, hija de los emperadores de Austria.
Metternich, canciller austriaco en esta época, cambia a Austria al bando anti-napoleónico tras la derrota francesa en Rusia. Después de la derrota definitiva de Napoleón, se celebra el Congreso de Viena, una conferencia internacional convocada con el objeto de restablecer las fronteras de Europa. La reunión se llevó a cabo del 1 de octubre de 1814 al 9 de junio de 1815, lo que le permite a Austria conservar gran parte de sus territorios a pesar de haber estado aliada con Napoleón, y a partir de entonces, Viena, por medio del canciller Metternich, se convertiría en el eje de la política de la Europa continental durante los siguientes treinta años.
Durante el siglo XIX, sobre todo en la segunda mitad, Viena inició un despegue demográfico, acompañado de reformas urbanísticas, que la convirtieron en una gran ciudad, multiplicando en un siglo su población por diez. En 1857, se derribaron las murallas por decreto de Francisco José I de Austria, abriéndose una nueva avenida, la Ringstraße, donde se construyeron importantes edificios, como la Ópera, la Universidad, el Ayuntamiento, el Parlamento, la Bolsa y los museos de historia del arte e historia natural. La derrota de Austria en la guerra austro-prusiana en 1866 y la posterior anexión de los Estados alemanes a Prusia convirtieron a la unificada Alemania en un peligro para Austria, por lo que esta última se tuvo que aliar con Hungría en lo que se conoce como la "política de compensación" o Ausgleichpolitik. Así pues, en 1867, tras el Compromiso con Hungría, Viena se convirtió en la capital del Imperio austrohúngaro y en un centro cultural, artístico, político, industrial y financiero de primer orden mundial. Con esta alianza, Austria prosigue sumando otras más, con lo que para fines del siglo XIX el imperio abarcaba los actuales países de Austria, Hungría, Eslovaquia, República Checa, la Galicia polaca, la Transilvania rumana, la Bucovina y la Rutenia ucranianas, Croacia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eslovenia y el Trentino-Alto Adigio italiano.
Viena alcanza su máximo demográfico en 1916 con 2 239 000 habitantes, siendo la tercera ciudad más grande de Europa. Este es el período cultural más glorioso de la monarquía de los Habsburgo, con Francisco José I rigiendo el Imperio (período 1848-1916). También es la época de los suntuosos valses vieneses en la Opera Nacional de Viena, grandes carruajes paseando por la Ringstraße y la Kärntner Straße, así como de los típicos cafés vieneses.
De la época destacan intelectuales, como Sigmund Freud en el psicoanálisis y Otto Bauer en el campo del pensamiento político, principal exponente del austromarxismo, ideas que calarían fuerte en la sociedad vienesa, pues ya en 1895 el gobierno municipal estaría en manos del partido socialcristiano, precursor del actual partido ÖVP (democristiano) . Tampoco hay que olvidar en el plano artístico el movimiento modernista, la Secesión de Viena (Secession), con Gustav Klimt como principal exponente en la pintura, Coloman Moser en el grafismo y Joseph Maria Olbrich y Josef Hoffman en la arquitectura. Contrario a estos destacaría asimismo Adolf Loos con su racionalismo arquitectónico. Sin embargo, la Primera Guerra Mundial y la posterior derrota austrohúngara truncarían gran parte de ese esplendor.
Tras el asesinato del archiduque heredero Francisco Fernando y su esposa, Sofía Chotek, en Sarajevo, a manos del terrorista serbo-bosnio Gavrilo Princip, y ante la abrumadora evidencia de la participación de los servicios de inteligencia serbios en el complot, la monarquía dual declara la guerra a Serbia, a la que se le alían Alemania y Turquía y que, ante la oposición de Francia, Inglaterra y Rusia, deviene en la Primera Guerra Mundial. En octubre de 1918, derrotada Austria-Hungría y sus aliados, estalla la revolución en Viena que pide la disolución de la monarquía y la independencia austríaca; sería el fin de la monarquía de los Habsburgo que gobernaba el país desde 1278.
Viena se convirtió, tras el tratado de Saint-Germain, en la capital de la pequeña República de Austria, reducida a su tamaño actual, sufriendo un importante revés demográfico, económico y político. Pese a todo, en esta época continuó la actividad intelectual con el Círculo de Viena (der Wiener Kreis), considerado por muchos el grupo de intelectuales más influyentes del siglo XX en Europa, entre los que destacan Moritz Schlick y Ludwig Wittgenstein en la filosofía positivista lógica (Logischer Empirismus).
Durante el periodo democrático republicano, es decir, desde 1918 hasta la dictadura de Engelbert Dollfuss en 1934, el Partido Obrero Socialdemócrata (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei en alemán) obtuvo la mayoría absoluta en todas las elecciones celebradas para el gobierno local, por lo que la ciudad pasó a ser conocida como Viena roja. La política socialdemócrata de esos años se caracterizó por un extenso programa de viviendas sociales y por un marcado apoyo a la educación y la sanidad públicas, tal y como preconizaba la corriente austromarxista. La Viena roja finalizó en 1934 a consecuencia de la guerra civil austríaca y la victoria del Frente Patriótico. Su último alcalde fue Karl Seitz.
La importancia cultural vienesa se mantendría hasta 1938, año en el que el país fue invadido y, posteriormente, anexionado por la Alemania nazi. Dicha anexión, conocida como el Anschluss, estaba prohibida en los tratados de paz y fue la primera de las expansiones tendentes a unificar en un solo Estado a todos los germanohablantes, bajo un solo liderazgo ("ein Reich, ein Volk, ein Führer"). En la ciudad, que pasó a ser capital de la provincia de Ostmark, pronunció Hitler, el 14 de marzo de 1938, su primer gran discurso a los vieneses desde el balcón central del Palacio de Hofburg, discurso que es considerado uno de los más emotivos del dictador y de mayor aclamo por su masiva audiencia debido a la euforia que la anexión de Austria al Tercer Imperio Germano (Dritte Reich) causó en parte de la población. Para legitimar la invasión se celebró un referéndum el 10 de abril que resultó favorable al Anschluss con un 99,73 %, si bien carecía de las garantías democráticas.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Viena sufrió los indiscriminados bombardeos aéreos estadounidenses que destruyeron buena parte del patrimonio histórico (la catedral gótica de San Esteban, el Palacio de Hofburg, la ópera de Viena, los puentes del Danubio, entre otros), el cual fue reconstruido tras la contienda. En mayo de 1945 Viena fue tomada por el ejército soviético, quienes, junto con franceses, estadounidenses e ingleses, la ocuparían durante los diez años posteriores bajo un sistema de ocupación cuatripartita en la ciudad, similar al de Berlín.
Tras las gestiones de Leopold Figl y Julius Raab y la posterior firma del Acuerdo de Moscú, Austria recobra su independencia el 15 de mayo de 1955, y Viena vuelve a ser capital de la República de Austria. A partir de entonces y gracias a su compromiso de neutralidad, Austria se convirtió en sede de organismos internacionales como la OPEP, la ONUDI, IAEA, IIASA, entre otros, lo cual convierte a Viena en la tercera capital de la ONU, después de Nueva York y Ginebra, por lo que se puede ver hoy en día una gran comunidad internacional, en particular en el distrito 4 de Viena (Wieden) derivada de sus cuerpos diplomáticos. Desde 1995 es parte de la Unión Europea y de los países de Schengen. A partir de 2002 sacó de circulación el chelín austriaco y entró en vigor el euro como la moneda de curso legal en toda Austria.
La población de Viena, en el primer trimestre de 2015, era de 1 797 337 personas, de las que, aproximadamente, el 80 % son austríacos y el 20 % restante de otros países. La población vienesa ha aumentado desde 1988, sobre todo en los últimos años, como consecuencia de la inmigración. El área metropolitana, que se extiende por tierras de la Baja Austria, cuenta con una población de cerca de 2 500 000 habitantes.
En 2001, la Unesco declaró el «Centro histórico de Viena» como un lugar Patrimonio de la Humanidad, destacando en primer lugar que sus cualidades arquitectónicas y urbanas representan un testimonio sobresaliente de un continuo intercambio de valores a lo largo del II milenio. Además, su herencia arquitectónica y urbana ilustra muy bien tres períodos claves del desarrollo político y cultural de Europa: la Edad Media, el período barroco y el Gründerzeit. Finalmente, desde el siglo XVI Viena ha sido universalmente reconocida como la «capital musical de Europa». Gran parte de este legado se transmite en los monumentos de esta ciudad, que se encuentran a continuación ordenados alfabéticamente por sus denominaciones alemanas, ya que en Viena no son conocidos bajo sus nombres traducidos. La traducción al español está entre paréntesis.
Akademie der bildenden Künste (Academia de Bellas Artes)
Albertina, una de las más extensas colecciones de impresiones y dibujos
Burgtheater (teatro imperial de la corte)
Heuriger, tabernas típicas vienesas para degustar buenos vinos, carnes frías o embutidos de la región que se encuentran en los distritos vieneses de Döbling, Favoriten o Floridsdorf, en el estado de Burgenland o en el Weinviertel (parte de Baja Austria),
Hundertwasserhaus, que muestra la arquitectura vanguardista del arquitecto austriaco Friedensreich Hundertwasser
Kaffeehäuser, los cafés vieneses
Kahlenberg, un monte en el Wienerwald (Bosque de Viena), con el mirador más espectacular del río Danubio a su paso por Viena
Karlskirche (Iglesia de San Carlos Borromeo), obra maestra de la arquitectura barroca
Augustinerkirche (Iglesia de los Agustinos), iglesia gótica cuya cripta (Herzgruft) conserva los corazones de los Habsburgo
Kaisergruft (Cripta imperial), mausoleo de la familia Habsburgo
Kärntner Straße y Graben, las calles con las tiendas de moda de las marcas más prestigiadas y caras; también se encuentran agradables cafés, como el café del Hotel Sacher, origen de la Sachertorte
Kunsthistorisches Museum (Museo de Historia del Arte), uno de los más ricos del mundo
Museum Liechtenstein (Museo Liechtenstein), abierto por la familia gobernante de dicho principado. Alberga importantes obras de Rembrandt, Rubens y Van Dyck
Museum für angewandte Kunst (Museo de Artes Aplicadas), es un instituto museo histórico y prestigioso situado en la famosa Ringstrasse
Museum für Völkerkunde (Museo de Etnología), que alberga el controvertido Penacho de Moctezuma, reclamado por el gobierno de México
Museumsquartier (Barrio museístico) con tres museos de arte moderno con lo mejor de la pintura de Gustav Klimt y Oskar Kokoschka
Naturhistorisches Museum (Museo de Historia Natural)
Palacio Belvedere, un palacio de estilo barroco
Palacio de Schönbrunn (literalmente, "Schönbrunn" en alemán significa "Bella fuente")
Palacio Imperial de Hofburg ("Hofburg" = "Palacio de la Corte")
Palacio Schwarzenberg, un palacio barroco, sede de la Casa de Schwarzenberg
Parlamento
Wurstelprater, un parque de atracciones con el "Riesenrad" (noria gigante)
Rathaus (Ayuntamiento)
Sezession (Secesión)
Spanische Hofreitschule (Escuela española de equitación)
Staatsoper (Ópera Estatal)
Stephanskirche (o Stephansdom) (Catedral de San Esteban de Viena) en el Stephansplatz (Plaza de San Esteban)
Votivkirche (Iglesia Votiva), que alberga el altar de la Virgen de Guadalupe más grande fuera de México.
Vienna (German: Wien) is the capital city of Austria.
It is in the east of the country on the river Danube. More than 1,800,000 people live there (2016). It is the largest city in Austria. It is also an administrative district (Bundesland) of its own.
Before World War I, it was the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Its centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The history of the city goes back to the Roman Empire. The Romans started a military camp called Vindobona.[9] The camp was in today's first district on the Danube river. The name came from the Celts, so there was probably a Celtic settlement before the Roman invasion. The Romans stayed until the 5th century. In medieval times, the settlement was still in use. The present name was mentioned in 881 in the Salzburger Annalen, where a battle ad weniam is mentioned.
In 976 the House of Babenberg became rulers of the area. They made Vienna their capital in 1155. Vienna was already an important city. In 1156, Austria became a Duchy, and Vienna was where the Duke who ruled the Duchy lived. In 1221, Vienna got municipal rights. It Is the second oldest city in Austria (Enns, in Upper Austria, is the oldest).
In 1278, the Duchy came to the Habsburg family. Rudolf IV started the university in 1365 and while he was duke the nave of the Gothic St. Stephan's Cathedral was built. Quarrels within the Hapsburg family caused an economic decline in Vienna. In 1438, Vienna became the residence of the Holy Roman Emperor.
During the time of the reformation Vienna was a Protestant city, but in the times of the Counter Reformation, Austria and Vienna were mostly Roman Catholic.
In 1529, Vienna was first besieged by the army of the Ottoman Empire, which had a border only 150 km east of Vienna. This hurt Vienna economically, but led to people fortifying the city (making it stronger). After a second siege, the Ottoman Empire could not take Vienna, and the city started getting larger.
During the baroque era, Vienna was rebuilt. Many residences for the nobility were built. Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach was an important architect in Vienna.
At the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century Vienna was the home of important composers like Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert.
After the revolution in 1848 Franz Joseph I. became emperor of the Austrian Empire, which was founded in 1806 after the liquidation of the Holy Roman Empire. He ruled till 1916. Vienna became a center of arts, culture and architecture. The city grew because the suburbs became part of the city. After 1858 the walls of the city were destroyed and the Ringstraße replaced them. Along that street houses of the rich citizens were built, as were public buildings like the city hall and the Burg theatre. The industrialisation started at the beginning of the century and made more people live there. In 1870, Vienna had one million people, and in 1910, two million people. With the creation of a large working class and poverty in Vienna the Labour Party (Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei) became stronger.
Karl Lueger was the most important mayor in the time of Emperor Franz Josef. During his time important community plans were realized that made Vienna a modern city. However, Lueger was a radical anti-Semite. He was admired by the young Adolf Hitler, who spent some years before the First World War in Vienna. At this time, Vienna was an important place for the arts. Composers like Arnold Schönberg, Anton Webern, Alban Berg and Ernst Krenek were important for the development of modern music. Also the psychoanalysis was founded in Vienna by Sigmund Freud. Also the so-called Jugendstil in arts was part of Vienna's modern arts scene. Founding fathers of modern architecture lived and worked also in Vienna at this time (Otto Wagner, Adolf Loos)
After the end of the First World War the Austrian-Hungary Empire was dissolved and Vienna became capital of the Republic of Austria. In 1938, Austria was occupied by Germany. In Vienna the suffering of the Jewish inhabitants began. A lot of their properties was given to Austrians (Arisierung).
After the Second World War, which destroyed 20% of Vienna's buildings, Vienna was divided into four parts. The city was controlled by the allies like the other parts of Austria. In 1955 the state treaty between the allies and Austria was signed in Vienna's Belvedere. After that Vienna became an important city for international organisations. The first was 1957 the International Atomic Energy Organisation (IAEO) and 1965 the OPEC followed. 1980 the Vienna International Center was opened and Vienna is now the third UN-city together with New York and Geneva.
Vienna has many things worth seeing. Here are a few of them.
St. Stephen's cathedral and St. Stephen's Square:
Today St. Stephen's square with the cathedral is the very center of Vienna.The Graben and the Kärntner Straße which lead away from the square are shopping streets with a lot of different shops. Opposite the cathedral you can find the Haas-House, a very modern building by architect Hans Hollein.
Ringstraße:
The Ringstraße runs around the first district and was built in the second half of the 19th century. The street follows the old city walls which were destroyed to create it Along the street you can find different important buildings like the Staatsoper (opera house), the parliament, the Burgtheater, the two museums of natural history and arts. Also the Wiener Postsparkasse which is an important building by the architect Otto Wagner is along the street.
Hofburg:
From the 13th century to 1918 this was the residence of the Habsburg rulers. Today it is the residence of the President of the Republic of Austria and you can also visit different museums like the Schatzkammer where you can see the different crowns of the Habsburg family and the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. The National Library is also the Hofburg.
Schloss Schönbrunn:
Today's buildings were built by the architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach an important architect in the baroque era in Austria. Another building of Fischer is the Karlskirche.
Schloss Belvedere:
Schloss Belvedere was built by Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt another important Austrian baroque architect. It was built for Prinz Eugen of Savoy who fouyght successfully against the Ottoman Empire. Today the castle is used as museum (Austrian Gallery Belvedere).
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne
Cologne (German: Köln) is the largest city of Germany's most populous federal state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and its 1 million+ (2016) inhabitants make it the fourth most populous city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, and Munich. The largest city on the Rhine, it is also the most populous city both of the Rhine-Ruhr Metropolitan Region, which is Germany's largest and one of Europe's major metropolitan areas, and of the Rhineland. Centred on the left bank of the Rhine, Cologne is about 45 kilometres (28 mi) southeast of North Rhine-Westphalia's capital of Düsseldorf and 25 kilometres (16 mi) northwest of Bonn. It is the largest city in the Central Franconian and Ripuarian dialect areas.
The city's famous Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom) is the seat of the Catholic Archbishop of Cologne. There are many institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the University of Cologne (Universität zu Köln), one of Europe's oldest and largest universities, the Technical University of Cologne (Technische Hochschule Köln), Germany's largest university of applied sciences, and the German Sport University Cologne (Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln), Germany's only sport university. Cologne Bonn Airport (Flughafen Köln/Bonn) is Germany's seventh-largest airport and lies in the southeast of the city. The main airport for the Rhine-Ruhr region is Düsseldorf Airport.
Cologne was founded and established in Ubii territory in the 1st century AD as the Roman Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium, the first word of which is the origin of its name. An alternative Latin name of the settlement is Augusta Ubiorum, after the Ubii. "Cologne", the French version of the city's name, has become standard in English as well. The city functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462. During the Middle Ages it flourished on one of the most important major trade routes between east and west in Europe. Cologne was one of the leading members of the Hanseatic League and one of the largest cities north of the Alps in medieval and Renaissance times. Prior to World War II the city had undergone several occupations by the French and also by the British (1918–1926). Cologne was one of the most heavily bombed cities in Germany during World War II, with the Royal Air Force (RAF) dropping 34,711 long tons (35,268 tonnes) of bombs on the city. The bombing reduced the population by 95%, mainly due to evacuation, and destroyed almost the entire city. With the intention of restoring as many historic buildings as possible, the successful postwar rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed and unique cityscape.
Cologne is a major cultural centre for the Rhineland; it hosts more than 30 museums and hundreds of galleries. Exhibitions range from local ancient Roman archeological sites to contemporary graphics and sculpture. The Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows such as Art Cologne, imm Cologne, Gamescom, and the Photokina.
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral
Cologne Cathedral (German: Kölner Dom, officially Hohe Domkirche Sankt Petrus, English: Cathedral Church of Saint Peter) is a Catholic cathedral in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne and of the administration of the Archdiocese of Cologne. It is a renowned monument of German Catholicism and Gothic architecture and was declared a World Heritage Site in 1996. It is Germany's most visited landmark, attracting an average of 20,000 people a day, and currently the tallest twin-spired church at 157 m (515 ft) tall.
Construction of Cologne Cathedral began in 1248 but was halted in 1473, unfinished. Work did not restart until the 1840s, and the edifice was completed to its original Medieval plan in 1880. The cathedral is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe and has the second-tallest spires. The towers for its two huge spires give the cathedral the largest façade of any church in the world. The choir has the largest height to width ratio, 3.6:1, of any medieval church.
Cologne's medieval builders had planned a grand structure to house the reliquary of the Three Kings and fit its role as a place of worship for the Holy Roman Emperor. Despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, Cologne Cathedral eventually became unified as "a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value" and "a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe".
Descendía yo del monte abanicándome la frente sudorosa con el sombrero de anchas alas, cuando acertó a pasar por mi lado una moza aldeana, encendida como las cerezas y de ademán brioso y rozagante.
-Buenos días nos dé Dios, señorito -rponunció con el dejo cantarín del dialecto, y posando en tierra una cestilla cubierta con un paño blanco que llevaba en la cabeza, púsose a lavar los pies y piernas en un regatillo que corría entre mimbrales.
Sentéme yo en un pedrusco inmediato y empecé por preguntarle si había algún encanto en las ruinas del castillo.
-¿Encanto? ¡Ya lo creo que lo hay, señorito! Y muchísimo oro fino enterrado también. Entre la piedra del Fuso, que mírele allí conforme está, y el monte Cávado hay dinero para siete reinados: tiempo ha de venir en que la pata de la cabra lo descubra.
-¿Y por qué los mozos de la aldea no se echan a cavar por ahí para ver de encontrarlo?
-El señorito parece que quiere hacer burla de la gente. ¿No oye que es un encanto? Y está mismamente escrito que ha de parecer como le digo. Además, con el dinero está junto tantísimo veneno, que más no puede ser. Una vez una mujer de la aldea, que llamaban señora Rosa, vio junto a aquellas piedras, acullá donde andan las cabras, dos cestas llenas de dineros y un castrón grande como un buey, muy puesto en el medio a mirar, a mirar; fue la mujer, agarra una de las cestas, y las onzas se volvieron ichavos, va agarra la otra, y la misma música, y el castrón siempre a se reír, a se reír; entonces soltó la mujer: arrenégote, que tú eres el trasno; y lo mismo fue decirlo, súpetamente desapareció todo y el monte estuvo a retemblar por un gran pedazo.
Había concluido la moza de lavarse sus extremidades inferiores y recogía la cesta para irse cuando yo me levanté y echamos a andar brazo con brazo sin suspender el platiqueo.
-Di -pregunté por oírla, ¿no hay en las ruinas ninguna princesa mora encantada?
-¡Ya lo creo que la había! A la gente que, pues, allí transitaba para los mercados, solía aparecérsele una señora, guapa como un sol de mediodía, con una tienda de cosas muy bonitas, tijeras, pendientes, anillos, peines, todo de oro y plata. Y la señora preguntaba con mucha cortesía -¿qué vos gusta de mi tienda?- y un suponer éstos contestaban que un verduguillo, aquéllos que unos pendientes, y la señora bonita, entonces, les cortaba un dedo o una oreja, o les afeitaba un lado de la cara... porque era menester decir: "Señora, me gusta usted y su tienda".
-Pues, si es por eso -interrumpí riéndome- mañana vengo yo a desencantar a esa señora bonita.
-¡Ay! señorito, como le es un encanto, no se aparece siempre. Una vez un mozo apostó en una fiada que había de romperlo: vino al monte porción de veces, de día y más de noche, y nunca jamás se le apareció cosa ninguna.
Habíamos llegado a la aldea y la moza entró en una casuca miserable, cuyas paredes cuarteadas estaban construidas con sillares del castillo.
Ramón del Valle-Inclán, Cartas Galicianas, El Globo, 1891.
MÚSICA: Christoph Willibald Gluck [1714-1787] - Dubbioso amante (Valentiniano)
"No. 66 (right): Two-storey, gable-independent solid building with plastered half-timbered gable, mansard gable roof, 18th century.
No. 68 (left): Two-story, gable-independent gable roof building, 1705.
Pegnitz (in dialect: Bengatz) is a town in the Upper Franconian district of Bayreuth in Bavaria. It is located about 60 kilometers northeast of Nuremberg and about 30 kilometers south of Bayreuth. The city belongs to the Nuremberg metropolitan region and the Upper Franconia-East planning region.
Pegnitz is located on the eastern edge of Franconian Switzerland, the northern part of the Franconian Alb. The Pegnitz rises in the city center and is fed by the Fichtenohe a few meters below its source. Directly to the west of the city rises the Schloßberg and a little northeast of the Spiser Berg.
The Bavarian Iron Road begins in the city and connects numerous industrial and cultural monuments over a length of around 120 km to the Danube near Regensburg.
Pegnitz emerged from two settlements. One was first mentioned as “Begenz” in the foundation deed of the Michelfeld monastery dated May 6, 1119. The form “Begniz” has been handed down from 1293 and the current name from 1329. Between 1347 and 1355, the Landgraves of Leuchtenberg re-founded the planned town of Pegnitz under the protection of a castle. In 1355 Emperor Charles IV granted it city rights. It only grew together with the other settlement, the Altenstadt, centuries later. In 1357, the Landgraves Ulrich and Johannes von Leuchtenberg sold the “city and fortress” (the Neustadt) to Charles IV, who “incorporated” the city into the Kingdom of Bohemia. The town of Pegnitz belonged to Bohemia until 1402, which is still remembered today by the name of Böheimstein Castle. From Wenceslaus , the son of Emperor Charles IV, to John III in 1402, the Hohenzollern burgrave of Nuremberg, pledged, Pegnitz remained in Hohenzollern possession over the centuries because the Bohemian crown was unable to redeem the pledge. From 1500 the city was in the Franconian Imperial District.
In 1542, Margrave Albrecht granted Alcibiades the right to brew, which was tied to an estate. This meant that all citizens with a property within the boundaries of today's city center were entitled to brew. In order to ensure sales of Pegnitz beers, brewing was not allowed in the old town or the surrounding area. Around 1900 there were still more than 100 authorized brewers. Since the beer could not be kept fresh for a long time in the summer and there were increasing complaints about beer that had gone sour, the magistrate issued a fixed order in 1728. From May to September, citizens with the right to brew were only allowed to offer their beer in their own house for one week in a certain order, which was called “flinderen”. Brewers who brewed in the brewery were exempt from this regulation. In 1843, 57 authorized brewers, none of whom were full-time brewers, were assigned to Flinder for 21 weeks.
The former mayor's office of the Principality of Bayreuth, which became Prussian in 1792, fell to France in the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807. With the Principality of Bayreuth it was initially placed under French military administration and in 1810 it was handed over to the Kingdom of Bavaria in return for financial compensation. In 1818, the municipal edict in Bavaria introduced the magistrate constitution for Pegnitz, but the citizens of the Altenstadt were still not equal citizens of the city of Pegnitz. This only changed in 1876 in a comparison. Pegnitz was the district town of the Pegnitz district until it was dissolved in 1972 and Pegnitz became part of the Bayreuth district.
The Pegnitzhütte iron foundry was built in 1890.
Upper Franconia (German: Oberfranken) is a Regierungsbezirk (administrative [Regierungs] region [bezirk]) of the state of Bavaria, southern Germany. It forms part of the historically significant region of Franconia, the others being Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia, which are all now part of the German Federal State of Bayern (Bavaria).
With more than 200 independent breweries which brew approximately 1000 different types of beer, Upper Franconia has the world's highest brewery-density per capita. A special Franconian beer route (Fränkische Brauereistraße) runs through many popular breweries.
The administrative region borders on Thuringia (Thüringen) to the north, Lower Franconia (Unterfranken) to the west, Middle Franconia (Mittelfranken) to the south-west, and Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz) to the south-east, Saxony (Sachsen) to the north-east and the Czech Republic to the east.
After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative government regions (German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk)), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers.
In the following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of Tyrol, addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise was reduced to 8. One of these was the Mainkreis (Main District). In 1837 king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the name Mainkreis changed to Upper Franconia.
Next to the former episcopal residence city of Bamberg, the capital Bayreuth, the former residence city of Coburg and the classicist centre of Hof, as well as the towns of Lichtenfels, Kronach, Gößweinstein and Kulmbach, the Weißenstein Palace, Banz Abbey and the Basilica of the Fourteen Holy Helpers, the scenic attractions of the River Main and the low mountain ranges of the Fichtel Mountains with the town of Wunsiedel and the Franconian Forest belong among the region's major tourist attractions. There are also numerous spas like Bad Rodach, Bad Steben, Bad Staffelstein, Bad Berneck and Bad Alexandersbad." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Liverpool (/ˈlɪvərpuːl/) is a city in Merseyside, England. A borough from 1207 and a city from 1880, in 2014 the city local government district had a population of 470,537[2] and the Liverpool/Birkenhead metropolitan area had a population of 2,241,000.[2]
Liverpool is in the south west of the historic county of Lancashire in North West England, on the eastern side of the Mersey Estuary. The town historically lay within the ancient Lancashire division of West Derby known as a "hundred".[5][6]
The urbanisation and expansion of the city were largely brought about by its advantageous location during the industrial revolution status that led to its growth as a major port, which included its participation in the Atlantic slave trade. Liverpool was the port of registry of the ocean liner RMS Titanic, and many other Cunard and White Star ocean liners such as the RMS Lusitania, Queen Mary, and Olympic. Liverpool's status as a port city has contributed to its diverse population, which, historically, was drawn from a wide range of peoples, cultures, and religions, particularly those from Ireland. The city is also home to the oldest Black African community in the country and the oldest Chinese community in Europe.
Natives of Liverpool are referred to as Liverpudlians (from a long-standing jocular alteration of 'Liverpool' to 'Liverpuddle') and colloquially as "Scousers", a reference to "scouse", a form of stew. The word "Scouse" has also become synonymous with the Liverpool accent and dialect.[7]
Tourism forms a significant part of the city's modern economy. The city celebrated its 800th anniversary in 2007, and it held the European Capital of Culture title together with Stavanger, Norway, in 2008.[8] Labelled the "World Capital City of Pop" by Guinness World Records, the popularity of The Beatles, and other groups from the Merseybeat era and later, contributes to Liverpool's status as a tourist destination.
Several areas of Liverpool city centre were granted World Heritage Site status by UNESCOin 2004. The Liverpool Maritime Mercantile Cityincludes the Pier Head, Albert Dock, and William Brown Street.[9] Liverpool is also the home of two Premier League football clubs, Liverpool and Everton. Matches between the two are known as the Merseyside derby. The world-famous Grand National also takes places annually at Aintree Racecourse on the outskirts of the city.
Early history
King John's letters patent of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, but by the middle of the 16th century the population was still only around 500. The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a royal charter, making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in an H shape: Bank Street (now Water Street), Castle Street, Chapel Street, Dale Street, Juggler Street (now High Street), Moor Street (now Tithebarn Street) and Whiteacre Street (now Old Hall Street).
In the 17th century there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for the town were waged during the English Civil War, including an eighteen-day siege in 1644. In 1699 Liverpool was made a parish by Act of Parliament, that same year its first slave ship, Liverpool Merchant, set sail for Africa. As trade from the West Indies surpassed that of Ireland and Europe, and as the River Dee silted up, Liverpool began to grow. The first commercial wet dock was built in Liverpool in 1715.[10][11]Substantial profits from the slave trade helped the town to prosper and rapidly grow, although several prominent local men, including William Rathbone, William Roscoe and Edward Rushton, were at the forefront of the abolitionist movement.
In the early 19th century Liverpool played a major role in the Antarctic sealing industry, in recognition of which Liverpool Beach in the South Shetland Islands is named after the city.[12]
By the start of the 19th century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool, and the construction of major buildings reflected this wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and Manchesterbecame the first cities to have an intercity rail link, through the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The population continued to rise rapidly, especially during the 1840s when Irishmigrants began arriving by the hundreds of thousands as a result of the Great Famine. By 1851, approximately 25% of the city's population was Irish-born. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was drawing immigrants from across Europe. This is evident from the diverse array of religious buildings located across the city, many of which are still in use today. The Deutsche Kirche Liverpool, Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas, Gustav Adolf Church and Princes Road Synagoguewere all established in the 1800s to serve Liverpool's growing German, Greek, Nordic and Jewish communities respectively. One of Liverpool's oldest surviving churches, St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, served the Polish community in its final years as a place of worship.
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy itself."
20th Century
Given the crucial place of both cotton and slavery in the city's economy, during the American Civil War Liverpool was, in the words of historian Sven Beckert, "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the Confederacy.
20th century
The Housing Act 1919 resulted in mass council housing building across Liverpool during the 1920s and 1930s. Thousands of families were rehoused from the inner-city to new suburban housing estates, based on the pretext that this would improve their standard of living, though this is largely subjective. A large number of private homes were also built during this era. The process continued after the Second World War, with many more new housing estates being built in suburban areas, while some of the older inner city areas were also redeveloped for new homes. The Great Depression of the early 1930s saw unemployment in the city peak at around 30%.
During the Second World War there were 80 air-raids on Merseyside, killing 2,500 people and causing damage to almost half the homes in the metropolitan area. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the Seaforth Dock, the largest dock project in Britain. Much of the immediate reconstruction of the city centre has been deeply unpopular, and was as flawed as much town planning renewal in the 1950s and 1960s – the portions of the city's heritage that survived German bombing could not withstand the efforts of urban renewal. Since 1952 Liverpool has been twinned with Cologne, Germany, a city which also experienced severe aerial bombing during the war.
Like most British cities and industrialised towns, Liverpool became home to a significant number of Commonwealth immigrants after World War II, mostly settling in older inner city areas such as Toxteth. However, a significant West Indian black community had existed in the city as long ago as the first two decades of the 20th century.
In the 1960s Liverpool was the centre of the "Merseybeat" sound which became synonymous with The Beatles and fellow Liverpudlian rock bands.
From the mid-1970s onwards Liverpool's docks and traditional manufacturing industries went into sharp decline. The advent of containerisation meant that the city's docks became largely obsolete. By the early 1980s unemployment rates in Liverpool were once again among the highest in the UK,[14] standing at 17% by January 1982 – although this was just over half of the level of unemployment that was affecting the city in an economic downturn 50 years previously.[15]
In recent years, Liverpool's economy has recovered and has experienced growth rates higher than the national average since the mid-nineties.
21st Century
To celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth IIin 2002, the conservation charity Plantlifeorganised a competition to choose county flowers; the sea-holly was Liverpool's final choice.
Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as The Beatles, as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums and landmarks, tourism has also become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.
In 2004, property developer Grosvenor started the Paradise Project, a £920 m development centred on Paradise Street, which involved the most significant changes to Liverpool's city centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed 'Liverpool ONE', the centre opened in May 2008.
In 2007, the city celebrated the 800th anniversary of the foundation of the borough of Liverpool, for which a number of events were planned. Liverpool is a joint European Capital of Culture for 2008. The main celebrations, in September 2008, included La Princesse, a large mechanical spider which is 20 metres high and weighs 37 tonnes, and represents the "eight legs" of Liverpool: honour, history, music, the Mersey, the ports, governance, sunshine and culture. La Princesse roamed the streets of the city during the festivities, and concluded by entering the Queensway Tunnel.
Spearheaded by the multi-billion-poundLiverpool ONE development, regeneration has continued on an unprecedented scale through to the start of the early 2010s in Liverpool. Some of the most significant regeneration projects to have taken place in the city include new buildings in the Commercial District, the King's Dock area, the Mann Island area, the Lime Street Gateway, the Baltic Triangle area, the RopeWalks area and the Edge Lane Gateway. All projects could however soon be eclipsed by the Liverpool Waters scheme which if built will cost in the region of £5.5billion and be one of the largest megaprojects in the UK's history. Liverpool Waters is a mixed use development which will contain one of Europe's largest skyscraper clusters. The project received outline planning permission in 2012, despite fierce opposition from the likes of UNESCO who claim it will have a damaging effect on Liverpool's World Heritage status.
On 9 June 2014, Prime Minister David Cameronlaunched the International Festival for Businessin Liverpool, the world's largest business event in 2014,[16] and the largest in the UK since the Festival of Britain in 1951.[17]
Second city of Empire
For periods during the 19th century the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London itself,[18]and Liverpool's Custom House was the single largest contributor to the British Exchequer.[19]Liverpool's status can be judged from the fact that it was the only British city ever to have its own Whitehall office.[20]
The first United States consul anywhere in the world, James Maury, was appointed to Liverpool in 1790, and remained in office for 39 years.
As early as 1851 the city was described as "the New York of Europe"[21] and its buildings, constructed on a heroic, even megalomaniacal, scale stand witness to the supreme confidence and ambition of the city at the turn of the 20th century.[22][editorializing]
Liverpool was also the site of the UK's first provincial airport, operating from 1930, and was the first UK airport to be renamed after an individual – John Lennon.[23]
Elgar's Pomp and Circumstance March No.1, often seen as Britain's Imperial anthem, was dedicated by the composer to the Liverpool Orchestral Society and had its premiere in the city in October 1901.
During the Second World War, the critical strategic importance of Liverpool was recognised by both Hitler and Churchill, with the city suffering a blitz second only to London's,[24] and the pivotal Battle of the Atlantic being planned, fought and won from Liverpool.[25]
Kitsch in alle kleuren en ontzettend bijdetijdse snuisterijen
Kitsch in all colors and very current trinkets
Italien / Trentino - Mezzano
Mezzano (Međàn in local dialect) is a comune (municipality) in Trentino in the northern Italian region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) east of Trento. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,644 and an area of 48.9 square kilometres (18.9 sq mi).
Mezzano borders the following municipalities: Siror, Canal San Bovo, Cesiomaggiore, Imer, Feltre, Sovramonte and Transacqua.
(Wikipedia)
By leaving behind the valley junction of the Val Noana valley, an impressive gorge at the foot of the Feltrine peaks, you reach Mezzano.
Situated at 640 m a.s.l., this village with its approx. 1,600 inhabitants is characterised by its rural past. It features several impressive corners, which reflect the main characteristics of the typical Primiero architectural style.
As also numerous other localities of the valley, once upon a time Mezzano was characterised by mining and the immigration of many miners from the region of Schwaz in Austria. Nevertheless it has never lost its characteristics as agricultural centre. Part of the municipal territory are also the "Prati di San Giovanni", an alpine area with several farms, a popular destination particularly in summer. This is also where the San Giovanni church is located.
Traditions are very important in Mezzano: the ancient costumes and traditions of the valley are kept alive by the folk group "Gruppo Folkloristico di Mezzano". However, there are several new sport facilites, as the soccer and athletics centre, where famous sports clubs excercise and compete.
(trentino.com)
Mezzano (deutsch veraltet: Matzan im Taufers oder Mittersdorf; im lokalen Dialekt: Meδàn) ist eine norditalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit 1589 Einwohnern (Stand 31. Dezember 2019) im Trentino in der Region Trentino-Südtirol.
Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 60 Kilometer ostnordöstlich von Trient in der Talgemeinschaft Comunità di Primiero und grenzt unmittelbar an die Provinz Belluno (Venetien). Die Gemeinde liegt am Sturzbach (Torrente) Cismon.
Mezzano ist Mitglied der Vereinigung I borghi più belli d’Italia (Die schönsten Orte Italiens).
Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Strada Statale 50 del Grappa e del Passo Rolle von Ponte nelle Alpi nach Predazzo.
(Wikipedia)
Wenn man die Einmündung des Val Noana Tales, ein eindrucksvoller Landeinschnitt am Fuße der Feltrine Spitzen, hinter sich lässt, gelangt man nach Mezzano.
Auf 640 m gelegen, erkennt man in Mezzano noch dessen ländliche Vergangenheit. Die Ortschaft, die ca. 1.600 Einwohner zählt, weist zahlreiche eindrucksvolle Winkel auf, die geprägt sind von der typisch einfachen Architektur des Valle di Primiero Tales.
Wie zahlreiche andere Ortschaften des Tales, war auch Mezzano früher vom Bergbau und der Einwanderung zahlreicher Bergleute aus dem österreichischen Schwaz geprägt. Trotzdem hat es nie seine Eigenschaften als landwirtschaftliches Zentrum verloren. Zum Gemeindegebiet zählen auch die "Prati di San Giovanni", ein alpines Gebiet mit einigen Höfen, das in den Sommermonaten zu einem beliebten Ausflugsziel wird. Hier steht das Kirchlein San Giovanni.
Auch die Tradition wird in Mezzano groß geschrieben: Die alten Trachten und Bräuche des Tales werden von der ältesten Trachtengruppe des Trentino, dem "Gruppo Folkloristico di Mezzano", gepflegt und erhalten. Bemerkenswert sind auch das neue Fußball- und Athletikzentrum in Mezzano, wo namhafte Sportclubs, u.a. Fußballclubs der italienischen Serie A, trainieren und Sportmeisterschaften ausgetragen werden.
(trentino.com)
Enochian is an angelic language used by angels in Heaven. They communicate over angel radio using this language, though in more recent years, they began communicating in English predominately. The angels, the Knights of Hell, and the Men of Letters are also familiar with an archaic dialect of the angelic language called "Pre-Enochian" or "Old Enochian". Castiel used sigils from this Enochian dialect to bind Alastair in a devil's trap he made. The Knights of Hell like Abaddon used the old Enochian sigil associated with them as their crest, leaving it behind in areas where they strike. Belphegor reveals that very few demons like Lilith, Crowley, and Abaddon have been known to understand Enochian. Enochian sigils are powerful glyphs that can be used against angels and demons and protect an area from angelic and demonic interference. Throughout Season 5, Castiel uses one to conceal Sam, Dean, and Adam from every angel in creation by carving it into their ribs.
www.supernaturalwiki.com/Enochian
Enochian has also been used in reciting various spells that can be used against some of the most dangerous creatures in all creation. Lily Sunder became a practitioner of Enochian Magic after Ishim taught her all their secrets, using spells that burn off pieces of her soul in exchange for longevity and access to angelic powers until it's completely burned away. The Whore of Babylon uses what appears to be an Enochian spell to harm Castiel. Lucifer's Cage can be opened and closed with the rings of the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse and an Enochian phrase. When angels are reverted to their "factory settings", they relay any information hidden in their minds encrypted in Enochian.
The Two of Swords shows a blindfolded woman, Pamela Smith has become an impetrant, she begins her initiation into Enochian magic, the artist is dressed in a white dress, holding two crossed swords. The blindfold tells us that Pamela is confused about her inner light and cannot clearly see either the problem or the solution. She may also be missing relevant information that would make her decision much clearer if she were to get it. The swords she holds are in perfect balance, suggesting that she is weighing her thoughts and addressing both sides of the situation to find the best resolution.
Behind the woman is a body of water dotted with rocky islets. Water represents emotions, and while the costume of swords is traditionally associated with the mind and intellect, its presence shows that Pamela must use both her head and her heart to weigh her options. The islands represent obstacles in his path and suggest that his decision is not as clear cut as it seems. It will have to consider the situation as a whole. The crescent moon to her right is a sign that Pamela should trust her intuition to make her choice. Pamela is also alone on the beach. His eyes are blindfolded, his arms are tied. Eight swords planted in the ground form a prison around her. However, the circle is not completely closed. So there is an exit that the blindfold prevents you from seeing. The Two of Swords indicates that you are faced with a difficult decision, but you do not know which option to take. Both possibilities may seem equally good – or equally bad – and you don't know which will lead you to the better result. You need to be able to weigh the pros and cons of each choice and then make a conscious judgment. Use both your head (your mind and intellect) and your heart (your feelings and intuition) to choose the path that is most in alignment with your Higher Self.
Pamela Smith represented in this card wears a blindfold, indicating that she cannot see the entirety of her circumstance. You may lack the information you need to make the right decisions. You may be missing something, such as the threats or potential risks, alternative solutions or critical pieces of information that would help guide you in a particular direction. Once you remove the blindfold and see the situation for what it really is, you will be in a much better position to find your best path forward. Research your options more, seek outside opinions and feedback and ask yourself what you might be missing.`` Alone, far from the city and its ramparts, this woman seems very isolated. The sky is gray, the landscape is bleak. There emerges from the Card a feeling of uncertainty and absence of hope. The Eight of Swords symbolizes the feeling of helplessness of the Consultant. Lost, disoriented, the Consultant does not know what to do to overcome the obstacles or challenges of his environment. The Consultant experiences the very unpleasant feeling of being “stuck”, trapped. However – and this is important to stress – the Eight of Swords is not a fatalistic card. On the Map, the young woman could free herself from her fabric ties and remove the blindfold covering her eyes. She could regain the comfort and safety of the city behind her. The blockage, the "prison" of these Swords planted in a circle therefore symbolize first of all a situation created by the Consultant himself. Quite logically, he or she could get rid of it and get by on his own. The blockage is notably due to limiting beliefs on the part of the Consultant. These limiting beliefs go on and on: “You are not capable of…”; “A man like that, caring about you!? Do not even think about it ! » ; "Returning to training at your age to change paths will never work..." These limiting thoughts end up defining our possibilities and therefore we are no longer able to do otherwise, innovate or find solutions. It also happens that the feeling of helplessness is generated by external circumstances. The Consultant “wakes up”, dissatisfied with his environment and his life and wonders how he or she could have come to this.The Eight of Swords reveals that you feel trapped and restricted by your circumstances. You believe your options are limited with no clear path out. You might be in an unfulfilling job, an abusive relationship, a significant amount of debt or a situation way out of alignment with your inner being. You are now trapped between a rock and a hard place, with no resolution available. However, take note that the woman in the card is not entirely imprisoned by the eight swords around her, and if she wanted to escape, she could. She merely needs to remove the blindfold and free herself from the self-imposed bindings that hold her back. When the Eight of Swords appears in a Tarot reading, it comes as a warning that your thoughts and beliefs are no longer serving you. You may be over-thinking things, creating negative patterns or limiting yourself by only considering the worst-case scenario. The more you think about the situation, the more you feel stuck and without any options. It is time to get out of your head and let go of those thoughts and beliefs holding you back. As you change your thoughts, you change your reality. Replace negative thoughts with positive ones, and you will start to create a more favourable situation for yourself. The Eight of Swords assures you there is a way out of your current predicament – you just need a new perspective. You already have the resources you need, but it is up to you to use those resources in a way that serves you. Others may be offering you help, or there may be an alternative solution you haven’t yet fully explored. Be open to finding the answer rather than getting stuck on the problem. The Eight of Swords is often associated with a victim mentality. You surrendered your power to an external entity, allowing yourself to become trapped and limited in some way. You may feel that it isn’t your fault – you have been placed here against your will. You may feel like the victim, waiting to be rescued, but is this energy serving you? If not, it is imperative you take back your power and personal accountability and open your eyes to the options in front of you. The fact is you do have choices, even if you do not like them. You are not powerless. At times, the Eight of Swords indicates that you are confused about whether you should stay or go, particularly if you are in a challenging situation. It is not as clear-cut as you would like, making the decision very difficult. You have one foot in, hoping things can work out, but your other foot is out the door, ready to leave. The trouble is that you worry either option could lead to negative consequences, and so you remain stuck where you are. Again, this card is asking you to get out of your head and drop down into your gut and your intuition so you can hear your inner guidance. Your thoughts are not serving you right now, but your intuition is. Trust yourself. In any case, it is necessary to "take back control" of the circumstances and to remember that in life, we always have a choice. The possibilities in front of you may not be ideal, easy or desired… but they exist! You have to be able to look them in the face, and choose the best… or the least bad.
www.biddytarot.com/tarot-card-meanings/minor-arcana/suit-...
www.biddytarot.com/tarot-card-meanings/minor-arcana/suit-...
In 1903 Waite succeeded Yeats as Grand Master of the Golden Dawn. His first act under his new status was a reform of the fundamental principles of the Order: he proclaimed the primacy of spiritual achievement (emphasis on esoteric knowledge and the search for Truth) over material fulfillment (which occultism in general, and magic in particular, presupposes). Seeing in this act of negating the very foundation of the Golden Dawn (namely the practice of the occult sciences) the outright annihilation of the Order, former Grand Master Yeats strongly opposed Waite.
Two camps were then formed: one bringing together the supporters of the reform and represented by William Alexander Ayton, (relatively fearful in terms of operability), Waite's right-hand man, and the other bringing together, alongside the former Grand Mr. Yeats, the curators. The feud lasted two years, after which the Yeats camp ended up going on to found its own order (La Stella Matutina, the "Morning Star")—a perfect transposition of the Golden Dawn before Waite's reform, seceding from what took then the name of Holy Order of the Golden Dawn ("Holy Order of the Golden Dawn"; the expression "holy order" illustrating more the new mystical tendencies instilled by Waite) and which continued to be shaken by internal strife until disbanded in 1915, following Waite's departure.
After this "schism of 1905", which was the real coup de grace for the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, certain initiates who had remained neutral in the struggle between Camp Yeats and Camp Ayton preferred to go and found, alone or in groups, their own brotherhood.
Arthur Edward Waite (1857-1942), wanted to be a true scholar in occultism. He wrote, among other things, "The Holy Kaballah" and "The Key to the Tarot", published in London in 1910. For Waite, symbolism is the key to the Tarot. In "The Key to the Tarot" he says, "True tarot is symbolic; it uses no other languages or other signs". One of the unique characteristics of the Arthur Edwart Waite tarot and one of the main reasons for its popularity is that all the cards, including those of the Minor Arcana, depict scenes complete with figures and symbols. The images of all Pamela Coman-Smith's cards lend themselves to an interpretation based on the conscious and unconscious reading of the scene, without the need to consult explanatory texts.
What is striking in the Tarot Rider-Waite, therefore, is above all the Minor Arcana, which are difficult to translate with the Tarot of Marseilles for most of those interested, but have suddenly become emblematic with the Tarot that Waite offers us. Therefore, these mysteries illustrated with scenes are easier to interpret.The Tarots of Wirth and Knapp Hall are to be considered to be Tarots based on "hermetic science". A science which will be strongly included in the broad fields of esoteric exploration to which the golden dawn will give access...The first decks that can be designated as decks born from the ideologies of the Golden Dawn and created according to their cosmogony is undoubtedly the Tarot Rider-Waite... It is the result of a long and meticulous research on esoteric symbols and their correspondence.
But the first member of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn to have designed a Tarot is obviously doctor Gérard Encausse, Papus, who joined the members of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in 1895. The Papus tarot would have been designed around 1899... At the beginning, it was certainly reserved for a few insider circles only... It was seen for the first time in illustration in the works of Papus, among others in "Le Tarot des Bohémiens , absolute key to the occult sciences" (1889), but the book will only be really known and accessible to the general public from its 3rd edition published in 1926. Then will follow the work "The divinatory tarot. Key to card printing and fates" (1909), reissued in large circulation also the same year of 1926. From then on, the Tarot of Papus will gain much popularity and the public will seek to obtain it... The Tarot of Papus will be diffused little by little print from the 1930s.
While the tarots of Papus, Wirth and the Knapp Hall were appearing almost simultaneously, the renowned house of Grimaud, for its part, was preparing to publish the Tarot which would become the reference for the general public, it was this famous modified reproduction of the Conver, proposed by Paul Marteau. It will appear in 1930 and will become the most fashionable tarot... Despite the modifications made to this Tarot, it has no affiliation with occult groups and is intended to be a Tarot in the tradition of the Tarot de Marseille.
That said, the Tarot which will set the tone and which will be the reference for the members of the Golden Dawn is undoubtedly the Tarot developed by Rider and Waite.
There are already a hundred decks that derive directly from the tarot originally designed by Rider-Waite. Not to mention pirated copies, clones, etc... This tarot has long been a reference for budding occultists and kabbalists... It still is...
So, in fact, there are many tarots that were designed in the ideology of the Golden Dawn!!!
It will first be the Tarot of Aleister Crowley which, following the Rider-Waite, will stand out and bring modifications to the "esoteric" Tarot, always with reference to the Golden Dawn, to the Kabbalah, to ancient Egypt initiates, etc... With in addition, references to sexual magic...The members of the Golden Dawn mainly used the Tarot of Waite, but during the 1950s, 1960s, they put a lot of effort into creating a Tarot that could finally be directly linked to the precepts and esoteric teachings of the Golden Dawn... A Tarot which originally wanted to be, once again, a Tarot exclusively reserved for members of the Order. This is the famous "Tarot of the Golden Dawn", so the Tarot which wants to be "officially" attested by the order...
But beware !! This name known as "Tarot of the Golden Dawn" is confusing... Several Tarots are decked out with the label "of the Golden Dawn"...
In truth, of all these tarot cards there is only one that is truly recognized by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn and as such, and that is the one developed by Israel Regardie and Robert Wang from esoteric works of Samuel Liddel Matthers.
Robert Wang will also create the "Jungian Tarot", very appreciated also by the followers of the Golden Dawn; and perhaps even more by those interested in "modern theosophy" and in the principles elaborated by Jung.
The "Jungian Tarot" is quite similar to the so-called "Golden Dawn" Tarot, but is intended more for "personal evolution" than for the initiatory journey of the Order, strictly speaking... In truth these two tarots are the results of extensive research in matters of esotericism, research that has been carried out by the study centers of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. Its construction, on the basis of the four elements, the celestial phenomena, the Holy Kabbalah, and a highly evolved psychology, can apparently lead its followers into the inner recesses of psychic and intuitive awareness.
Above all, this tarot can be used as a basis for occult study, in order to learn to possess all the aspects of the traditional "center-wisdom", and "high-science" kabbalistic... (There are many Rosicrucian references , and also references to Freemasonry and alchemy).
Originally, the Golden Dawn Tarot was only reserved for members of the official Order. It began to be broadcast from 1975.
Despite the claim of these creators, it should still be known that the vast majority of members of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn, will study the Tarot from the "Tarot B.O.T.A.", or the original Rider-Waite. What is striking in the Tarot Rider-Waite, therefore, is above all the Minor Arcana, which are difficult to translate with the Tarot of Marseilles for most of those interested, but have suddenly become emblematic with the Tarot that Waite offers us. Therefore, these mysteries illustrated with scenes are easier to interpret.
THE TAROT B.O.T.A.
It is actually a very special version of the Rider-Waite Tarot presented in a "black and white" version, and the members were invited to color their own tarots... The study of symbolism esoteric was first done using this Tarot Rider-Waite in its original version (in black and bench). Indeed, the Waite-Rider Tarot in its black and white version is the most used by Golden Dawn followers and should be considered the official Golden Dawn Tarot.
A nearly similar version is still used by members of the B.O.T.A. and followers of hermetic schools. (The initials B.O.T.A. mean "Builders of the Adytum", it is a traditional and fraternal association founded by Paul Foster Case, continued and extended by Ann Davies...
A popular theory is that author William Walker Atkinson co-wrote the legendary "Kybalion" tome with Paul Foster Case. This theory is often defended by members of the "Builders of the Adytum". B.O.T.A. offers courses and techniques based on the study of the mystical teachings of the Holy Qabalah and TAROT. In fact, this confusing story about the Tarot B.O.T.A. and writing the "Kybalion", seems to have started with a breakaway group from the B.O.T.A., "The Brotherhood of Hidden Light" (which emphasizes the "secret (or lost) knowledge of the sages of Atlantis") .
The members of the Golden Dawn like the members of the B.O.T.A., consider that the Rider-Waite tarot is the ultimate "reference"...
secretsdutarot.blogspot.com/2013/01/les-tarots-dits-de-la...
This dissertation seeks to define the importance of Waite’s interpretation of mediaeval and Renaissance esoterica regarding the contacting of daemons and its evolution into a body of astrological and terrestrial correspondences and intelligences that included a Biblical primordial language, or a lingua adamica. The intention and transmission of John Dee’s angel magic is linked to the philosophy outlined in his earlier works, most notably the Monas Hieroglyphica, and so this dissertation also provides a philosophical background to Dee’s angel magic. The aim of this dissertation is to establish Dee’s conversations with angels as a magic system that is a direct descendant of Solomonic and Ficinian magic with unique Kabbalistic elements. It is primarily by the Neoplatonic, Hermetic, Kabbalistic, and alchemical philosophy presented in the Monas Hieroglyphica that interest in Dee’s angel magic was transmitted through the Rosicrucian movement. Through Johann Valentin Andreae’s Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosencreutz anno 1459, the emphasis on a spiritual, inner alchemy became attached to Dee’s philosophy. Figures such as Elias Ashmole, Ebenezer Sibley, Francis Barret, and Frederick Hockley were crucial in the transmission of interest in Dee’s practical angel magic and Hermetic philosophy to the founders of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
Enochian Angel Magic: From John Dee to the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn www.academia.edu/921740/Enochian_Angel_Magic_From_John_De...
The rituals of the Golden Dawn utilized Dee’s angel magic, in addition to creative Kabbalistic elements, to form a singular practice that has influenced Western esoterica of the modern age. This study utilizes a careful analysis of primary sources including the original manuscripts of the Sloane archives, the most recent scholarly editions of Dee’s works, authoritative editions of original documents linked to Rosicrucianism, and Israel Regardie’s texts on Golden Dawn practices."In Whose hands the Sun is as a sword, and the Moon as a through- thrusting fire." An elegant equation, defining the parameters of the. creation. The god declares dominion over planetary forces (Sun-Moon) and elemental forces (fire-air). He also declares control over the two types of dualities: those in which one pole is projective and the other responsive (Sun-Moon) and over those in which two forces of similar polarity are balanced (fire-air). Within the area of creation, the positive pole is attributed to the element of swords, Air, and the anti-positive pole is attributed to the element of Fire. This is reflected in the precedence followed by the elements throughout the Tablets and Calls: Air first, then Water, Earth, and Fire. "Which measure your garments in the midst of my vestures..." The word translated here as "garments" is used uniformly to mean "creation" or "being" elsewhere in the Keys. Another word is used for
"garments" in the next sentence of this same Key. Another word is also used for "midst" further on in this Key. So the translation here is questionable. A magickal image given to define this phrase shows the scene through the god's eyes as he pulls endless threads of living light out of a lamen on his chest.
Enochian magic is a system of ceremonial magic based on the 16th-century writings of John Dee and Edward Kelley, who wrote that their information, including the revealed Enochian language, was delivered to them directly by various angels. Dee's journals contain the record of these workings, the Enochian script, and the tables of correspondences used in Enochian magic. Dee and Kelley believed their visions gave them access to secrets contained within Liber Logaeth, which Dee and Kelley referred to as the "Book of Enoch".In the early 1580s, John Dee had become discontented with his progress in learning the secrets of nature. Dee wrote: I have from my youth up, desired and prayed unto God for pure and sound wisdom and understanding of truths natural and artificial, so that God's wisdom, goodness, and power bestowed in the frame of the world might be brought in some bountiful measure under the talent of my capacity... So for many years and in many places, far and near, I have sought and studied many books in sundry languages, and have conferred with sundry men, and have laboured with my own reasonable discourse, to find some inkling, gleam, or beam of those radical truths. But after all my endeavours I could find no other way to attain such wisdom but by the Extraordinary Gift, and not by any vulgar school, doctrine, or human invention. Enochian magic involves the evocation and commanding of various spirits.He subsequently began to turn energetically towards the supernatural as a means to acquire knowledge. He sought to contact spirits through the use of a scryer or crystal-gazer, which he thought would act as an intermediary between himself and the angels. Dee's first attempts with several scryers were unsatisfactory, but in 1582 he met Edward Kelley (1555–1597/8), then calling himself Edward Talbot to disguise his conviction for "coining" or forgery, who impressed him greatly with his abilities.Dee took Kelley into his service and began to devote all his energies to his supernatural pursuits. These "spiritual conferences" or "actions" were conducted with intense Christian piety, always after periods of purification, prayer and fasting. Dee was convinced of the benefits they could bring to mankind. The character of Kelley is harder to assess: some conclude that he acted with cynicism, but delusion or self-deception cannot be ruled out. Kelley's "output" is remarkable for its volume, intricacy and vividness. Through Kelley, the angels laboriously dictated several books in this way, some in a previously unknown language which Dee called Angelical — now more commonly known as Enochian.The two pillars of modern Enochian magic, as outlined in Liber Chanokh, are the Elemental Tablets (including the "Tablet of Union") and the Keys of the 30 Aethyrs. The Enochian model of the universe is depicted by Dee as a square called "The Great Table" (made up of the 4 Elemental Tablets and incorporating the Tablet of Union), surrounded by 30 concentric circles representing the 30 Aethyrs or Aires. The Angelical Keys:
The essence of Enochian magic involves the recitation of one or more of nineteen Angelical Keys, which are also referred to as Calls. These keys are a series of rhetorical exhortations which function as evocations when read in the Enochian language. They are used to effect the "opening of 'gates' into various mystical realms." The first eighteen keys are used to 'open' the realms of the elements and sub-elements, which are mapped onto the quadrants and sub-quadrants of the Great Tablet.[clarification needed][citation needed]. The nineteenth key is used to 'open' the Thirty Aethyrs. The Aethyrs are conceived of as forming a map of the entire universe in the form of concentric rings which expand outward from the innermost to the outermost Aethyr. The Great Table: The angels of the four quarters are symbolized by the Elemental Tablets — four large magical word-square Tables (collectively called "The Great Table"). Most of the well-known Enochian angels are drawn from the Elemenal Tablets of the Great Table. Each of the four tablets (representing the Elements of Earth, Air, Fire and Water), is collectively "governed" by a hierarchy of spiritual entities which runs (as explained in Crowley's Liber Chanokh) as the Three Holy Names, the Great Elemental King, the Six Seniors (aka Elders) (these make a total of 24 Elders as seen in the Revelation of St. John), the Two Divine Names of the Calvary Cross, the Kerubim, and the Sixteen Lesser Angels. Each tablet is further divided into four sub-quadrants (sometimes referred to as 'sub-angles') where we find the names of various Archangels and Angels who govern the quarters of the world. In this way, the entire universe, visible and invisible, is depicted as teeming with living intelligences. Each of the Elemental tablets is also divided into four sections by a figure known as the Great Central Cross. The Great Central cross consists of the two central vertical columns of the Elemental Tablet (the Linea Patris and Linea Filii) and the central horizontal line (known as the Linea Spiritus Sancti). In addition to the four Elemental Tablets, a twenty-square cell known as the Tablet of Union (aka The Black Cross, representing Spirit) completes the representation of the five traditional elemental attributes used in magic - Earth, Air, Water, Fire and Spirit. The Tablet of Union is derived from within the Great Central Cross of the Great Table. The Thirty Æthyrs : The 30 Aethyrs are numbered from 30 (TEX, the lowest and consequently the closest to the Great Table) to 1 (LIL, the highest, representing the Supreme Attainment. Magicians working the Enochian system record their impressions and visions within each of the successive Enochian Aethyrs. Each of the 30 Aethyrs is populated by "Governors" (3 for each Aethyr, except TEX which has four, thus a total of 91 Governors). Each of the governors has a sigil which can be traced onto the Great Tablet of Earth.
The Holy Table: a table with a top engraved with a Hexagram, a surrounding border of Enochian letters, and in the middle a Twelvefold table (cell) engraved with individual Enochian letters. According to Duquette and Hyatt, the Holy Table "does not directly concern Elemental or Aethyrical workings. Angels found on the Holy Table are not called forth in these operations."
The Seven Planetary Talismans: The names on these talismans (which are engraved on tin and placed on the surface of the Holy Table) are those of the Goetia. According to Duquette and Hyatt, "this indicates (or at least implies) Dee's familiarity with the Lemegeton and his attempt, at least early in his workings, to incorporate it in the Enochian system."] As with the Holy Table, Spirits found on these talismans are not called forth in these operations. The Sigillum dei Aemeth, Holy Sevenfold Table, or 'Seal of God's Truth': The symbol derives from Liber Juratus (aka The Sworn Book of Honorius or Grimoire of Honorius, of which Dee owned a copy). Five versions of this complex diagram are made from bee's wax, and engraved with the various lineal figures, letters and numbers. The four smaller ones are placed under the feet of the Holy Table. The fifth and larger one (about nine inches in diameter) is covered with a red cloth, placed on the Holy Table, and is used to support the "Shew-Stone" or "Speculum" (crystal or other device used for scrying). Scrying is an essential element of the magical system. Dee and Kelly's technique was to gaze into a concave obsidian mirror. Crowley habitually held a large topaz mounted upon a wooden cross to his forehead. Other methods include gazing into crystals, ink, fire or even a blank TV screen.Little else became of Dee's work until late in the nineteenth century,[citation needed] when it was incorporated by a brotherhood of adepts in England. The rediscovery of Dee and Kelley's material by Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the 1880s led to Mathers developing the material into a comprehensive system of ceremonial magic. Magicians invoked the Enochian deities whose names were written on the tablets. They also traveled in their bodies of light into these subtle regions and recorded their psychic experiences. The two major branches of the system were then grafted on to the Adeptus Minor curriculum of the Golden Dawn.
According to Aleister Crowley, the magician starts with the 30th aethyr and works up to the first, exploring only so far as his level of initiation will permit. According to Chris Zalewski's 1994 book, the Golden Dawn also invented the game of Enochian chess, in which aspects of the Enochian Tablets were used for divination. They used four chessboards without symbols on them, just sets of colored squares, and each board is associated with one of the four elements of magic. Florence Farr founded the Sphere Group which also experimented with Enochian magic.Aleister Crowley's work with Enochian magick generally follows the Golden Dawn system. He is known primarily for his explorations of the 30 Aethyrs, published in "The Vision and the Voice". This work established the idea that Aethyr might represent a means of initiation, and set a standard for methodical exploration, which few have equaled. It also fixed Crowley's particular perspective on the process of transcendence in the minds of many students of the occult. Crowley envisioned the Aethyr as being related to the sephiroth of the tree of life in groups of three. He also mentions that each Aethyr "bends" into the next Aethyr above it, in a way, so that in progressing through the Aethyrs from the last to the first, one also withdraws one's being from the lower levels and already experienced (this is parallel to the technique he describes in the Liber Yod, in which the magician achieves union with the deity by gradually banishing all other levels and powers.Under this conception the Aethyrs ZAX, whose parts have names formed from the cross of union, is the highest of the three attributed to Chesed. Thus, it is the last Aethyr encountered before entering the Supernal Triad and achieving transcendence. Crowley envisioned this movement as crossing an "abyss" or space, during which the magician encounters an Enochian devil named Choronzon dwelling therein. Crowley's other contribution to Enochian magick was adapting the pyramid system of the GD for use with the sex magick of the O.T.O. In this technique, physical representations of the pyramids are made for an angel's name, but inverted to form the square "cups". These serve as talismans, which are charged using the end product of the sex magick operation.
Paul Foster Case (1884–1954), an occultist who began his magical career with the Alpha et Omega, was critical of the Enochian system. According to Case, the system of Dee and Kelley was partial from the start, an incomplete system derived from an earlier and complete Qabalistic system, and lacked sufficient protection methods. Case believed he had witnessed the physical breakdown of a number of practitioners of Enochian magic, due to the lack of protective methods. When Case founded his own magical order, the Builders of the Adytum (B.O.T.A.), he removed the Enochian system and substituted elemental tablets based on Qabalistic formulae communicated to him by Master R.The first Enochian Key or Call is a recapitulation of the steps by which the creator of the system brought it into being. The Key follows the same macrocosmic-to-microcosmic progression used in the example consecration ritual, but then supplements this with a response from the microcosm directed at the macrocosm. Note that the description of the downward current contains seven significant phrases, suggesting the planets and sun, the macrocosm, while the description of the response contains five significant phrases, suggesting the four elements and elemental spirit, the microcosm."...and trussed you together as the palms of my hands." The magickal image continues by showing the god gathering the fibers of light into a bundle or cable. The god concentrates the energies within the area of work in preparation for shaping."Whose seats I garnished with the fire of gathering, which beautified your garments with admiration." Having generated the positive or spiritual pole of the creation, the god now looks to the anti-positive or material pole. The "seats" are the squares of the tablets in their two-dimensional form. The god embodies a part of his will in the Tablets, defining the order and place to which the spiritual energies will be attracted and attached. When the energies are attached to the Tablets, the pattern of will embodied in the Tablets extends back along their path to the positive pole, conditioning all the perceptible expressions (the "garments") of the energies.. The usual assumption of later magicians (which is not universally accepted) is that the remaining Calls refer to the "Minor Angles" within the Tablets.
The Golden Dawn method of associating the Callings with the tablets and Lesser Angles has become the accepted "standard". Donald Tyson recently proposed an alternative method which has received some attention
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochian_magic
SUMMARY OF PATH POSITIONS IN ACHAD'S TREE OF LIFE
Path Trump Connects with:
Aleph The Fool Malkuth Yesod
Beth The Magician Malkuth Hod
Gimel The Priestess Yesod Hod
Daleth The Empress Malkuth Netzach
Heh The Emperor Tiphereth Geburah
Vav The Hierophant Hod Netzach
Zain The Lovers Hod Tiphereth
Cheth The Chariot Yesod Netzach
Teth Strength Netzach Tiphereth
YodT he Hermit Hod Geburah
Kaph The Wheel of Fortune Kether Chokmah
Lamed Justice Netzach Chesed
Mem The Hanged Man Yesod Tiphereth
Nun Death Geburah Chesed
Samek Temperance Chesed Chokmah
AyinThe DevilTiphereth Binah
PehThe Tower Geburah Binah
Tzaddi The Star Binah Chokmah
Qoph The Moon Tiphereth Chesed
Resh The Sun Tiphereth Chokmah
Shin Judgement Kether Tiphereth
TauT he Universe Kether Binah
"To whom I made a law to govern the holy ones," The word translated as "holy ones" appears to derive from the same root as the enochian words for "fire", suggesting that the holy ones are those who possess the spiritual will. The god specifies the manner in which his creation will respond to the mages and adepts."Moreover, you lifted up your voices and sware obedience and faith..."The connection between the two poles having been made, and the conditions of their interaction being set, the angels of the creation voice their response to the god, swearing to continue to follow the god's will. "...to him that liveth and triumpheth," The spirits of the Tablets affirm the existence of their creator by saying that he lives, and affirm the success of the act of creation by saying that he triumphs. The echoing of the god's statements by the spirits of the tablets also suggests that the conditions the god laid on the creation as a whole
are reflected in miniature within the creation. It shall be shown that this is the case with the Tablets as we proceed.In the remainder of the Key, the magician using it calls upon the
spirits to respond to him fully and openly. The word translated here as "servant" might be better rendered as "minister" or "representative". The magician asserts that he has a right to demand a response from the spirits because his acts are in accord with the will of their creator.
www.sacred-texts.com/eso/enoch/1stkey.txt
Angelic chatter, but very little solid information. Additionally, the reader must deal with forays into apocalyptic religion, Elizabethan politics, Dee's and Kelly's personal issues, and the various irrelevant issues Dee insisted on inserting into the work. Chronologically, Dee and Kelly's work falls into three highly productive periods separated by months when nothing of particular value was received. The material received in each period generally stands on its own, and is only loosely related to that of the other periods. but the term is often applied to all work. First Period: The Heptarchia Mystica. Equipment: Ring, Lamen, and Holy Table The angels claimed that the ring they designed for Dee was the same one used by Solomon to control demons. The ring had a full band, to which was attached a rectangular plate. The letters PELE (coming from Latin for "he will do miracles") were inscribed in the four corners. In the center was a circle crossed by a horizontal line, with the letter "V" inscribed above and the letter "L" below. Two different lamens were given to Dee. The first bears a generic resemblance to various sigils of goetia being an assortment of free-form lines and oddly placed letters. The giving being indicated that it was to be made of gold and worn every time and place for the purpose of protection. given by an evil spirit. During the spring session of 1583, the angels indicated that a session had been scheduled in which detailed instructions would be given for the use of Heptarchic magick. If this session took place, it is not in the records that have survived; but some idea of the general technique can be gathered from the comments in other parts of the recording. The magician would be seated at the Holy Table, wearing the ring and lamen. table in front of him. He would hold an appropriate Heptarchic king's talisman in one hand, with a talisman of the names of the king's ministers placed beneath his feet. The magician would then invite the king with petition and prayer, followed by petitions to his prince, and invocations of the six chief ministers. They would appear in the stone of clairvoyance, whereupon the magician would instruct them to accomplish the task he desired.The Liber Loagaeth is the most mysterious part of Dee and Kelly's work. It is also known by different names like
book of Enoch and the Liber Mysteriorum Sextus et Sanctus. So far no one has seriously attempted to use it, or to understand its nature, beyond what is found in the diaries. According to the angels, "loagaeth" means "speech of God", this book is supposed to be, literally, the words by which God created all things. It is supposed to be the language in which the "true names" of all things are known, giving power over them. As described in the Liber Mysteriorum Quintis, the book was to consist of 48 "leaves", of which each contains a 49x49 grid. Infact, the book actually presented to Kelly is somewhat different. It contains 49 "invocations" in an unknown language, 95 square tables filled with letters and numbers, 2 similar tables not filled, and 4 drawn tables twice the width of the others. 2 "leaves" are recorded, but these are not included in the final book, and apparently serve as an introduction or prologue to the work. this term. There is no translation by which this could be judged in detail, but the text lacks the logical repetitions and word placements which are characteristic of the 48 Enochian invocations given in later years. There is no apparent grammar in the text. Donald Laycock remarks that the language is strongly alliterative and repetitively rhyming, while Robert Turner calls it "glossolalic". many "languages", all being spoken immediately. The purpose of the Loagaeth has been said to be the unleashing/introduction of a new age on earth, the last age before the end of all things. Instructions for use for this purpose were never given; the angels continually put it off, saying that only God could decide when the time has come. During the presentation of the two leaves of the Liber Mysteriorum Quintis, in the stone of clairvoyance an angel moved successively towards letters, and Kelly pronounced the names of the angelic character. Dee transcribed a version using the Roman alphabet, apparently with the intention of redoing it in angelic characters at a later date. of Kelly; this light was seen by both of them. Once the light entered Kelly's head, his consciousness was transformed so that he could understand the text as he read it. He was strongly commanded not to provide a translation, explaining that God would choose the time for it to be revealed. He provided the translation of a few of the words, but it was insufficient to capture the meaning of the text as a whole. When the light withdrew from Kelly's head, he immediately ceased to understand the text, and could no longer see it in the stone. On a few occasions, the light continued to work within him for a short time after the session ended, and at those times Dee noticed that Kelly said many wonderful (and unrecorded) things about the nature of the texts. But the moment the light went out, Kelly couldn't understand it anymore, nor remember what he had said during the previous moment. The record indicates that the 23rd line of the first leaf was a preface to the creation and distinction of the angels, and the 24th line a pleasant invitation to the good angels. Nothing else is recorded concerning the purpose of this book.
Enochian Magic and the Apocalypse
There are 2 major threads of thought in Christian millennialism. One thread, called postmillennialism, is largely utopian in nature. He sees the millennium as the beginning of a period of progressive perfection of conditions on Earth; the basic principle is that the world must be perfected and the city of God built on earth before Christ returns, and only after Christ returns will the world end. Two decades after Dee, this form of millennialism was the driving force behind the religious groups shoeing the English colonization of America. Dee's own thought contains many post-millennial ideals in the search for Enochian magick, one of his goals was to gain means to bring earthly governments and societies to God's design, thereby bringing the return of Christ closer. quickly. The other thread, called premillennialism, is the more catastrophic variety. In this version, the typical scenario is the return of Christ, and then mankind's current "evil" societies will be destroyed in worldwide disasters, while the elect are preserved from evil. After the world is destroyed, Christ will join the faithful in a city built by God to rule over the earth for a thousand years. While there is a strong millennial flavor to the angel's statements, they are almost uniformly of the postmillennial variety. The angels divided the world into four ages. The first of these ages began with the creation and ended with the flood; the second ended with the appearance of Christ. The revelation of Liber Loagaeth ended the third age and triggered the final age, in which the world would be brought to perfection before Christ's return. . A particular passage makes this clear.
The Enochian Magical System of Golden Dawn
Regardie, Israel, The Golden Dawn, Llewellyn Publications, 1971, St Paul, MN. Reprinted at regular intervals. Contains detailed descriptions of the Enochian Magical System developed from GD. Zalewski, Pat. Golden Dawn Enochian Magic, Llewellyn Certainly there are influences of the Qabalah (the Sigillum Dei Aemeth, the communications of Uriel, Michael...) but this is not the originality and the strength of the system. Some practitioners of Enochian magic said that it was a Qabala (when I hear a Qabala I tend to write Kabbalah, like in the theater) that put into action the world of Atziluth, the highest of the four Qabalah classic. It's quite difficult to verify...even ! (See the introduction to the Necrono-micon at Belfond Editions).
But back to Enochian magick proper. The successors of the G.. D.. today reorganize its system and Schueler in his Enochian Magic) gives the material and the rituals "step by step" ("step by step"). Americans (and us too) like to practice if it is simple and impressive... The investigation by Enochian magic generally gives results, we cannot really say that they are controllable since they do not correspond to any standard of experiences already lived by the inventors of this practice.
Be that as it may, the Enochian, this language with its grammar and its syntax, this magical system and its original Theogony, remains a mystery that should not be taken for a simple variant of this or that traditional system already known. It is therefore useful when approaching it to master the fundamental elements which are used for its use without being subservient to the rituals of the pentagrams and hexagrams, to their signs, to the notions of Qabala of the G., D.., etc. This will make it possible to know what is original or what is borrowed in the Enochian, and what one can think of such or such contemporary development. A culture that will provide some points of reference in our consumer society where the practice of magic has much in common with video games or the daily television session.
In this, the most honorable goal (if it can be a question of honour) is the success of the experience known as the "Knowledge and Conversation of the Holy Guardian Angel", i.e. contact with one's true will, devoid of intention, in other words his heart. But it also applies to solving the various problems of life. After all, a magic is white or black only according to the use that is made of it... Let's say that we are still far from the religious John Dee. In fact not, for if Dee's conscious aims and methods were very far from those of our contemporaries, would ultimately the adventures and misadventures of his life, the problem of his relationship with Kelly evidently culminating in the ritually ordered exchange what they did with their wives would not be indications that this practice was beginning to ferment the elements of their consciences into a quintessential non-conformist?
MATTHEW LEON.
This text constitutes the introduction to the "Book of the gathering of forces" Editions RAMUEL 1994
Today we can no longer answer, lacking the benchmarks of a conventional morality no longer existing in the heart of the modern magician. But what is left? On what do we base ourselves if our practice has not yet allowed us an unambiguous contact with our heart, if our magical training lets us wander in the imagination that we have shaped? Publications 1990, St Paul, MN.
Synesthesia (American English) or synaesthesia (British English) is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway. People who report a lifelong history of such experiences are known as synesthetes. Awareness of synesthetic perceptions varies from person to person. In one common form of synesthesia, known as grapheme–color synesthesia or color–graphemic synesthesia, letters or numbers are perceived as inherently colored.In spatial-sequence, or number form synesthesia, numbers, months of the year, or days of the week elicit precise locations in space (e.g., 1980 may be "farther away" than 1990), or may appear as a three-dimensional map (clockwise or counterclockwise). Synesthetic associations can occur in any combination and any number of senses or cognitive pathways. Little is known about how synesthesia develops. It has been suggested that synesthesia develops during childhood when children are intensively engaged with abstract concepts for the first time. This hypothesis—referred to as semantic vacuum hypothesis—could explain why the most common forms of synesthesia are grapheme-color, spatial sequence, and number form. These are usually the first abstract concepts that educational systems require children to learn. The earliest recorded case of synesthesia is attributed to the Oxford University academic and philosopher John Locke, who, in 1690, made a report about a blind man who said he experienced the color scarlet when he heard the sound of a trumpet. However, there is disagreement as to whether Locke described an actual instance of synesthesia or was using a metaphor. The first medical account came from German physician Georg Tobias Ludwig Sachs in 1812. The term is from the Ancient Greek σύν syn, 'together', and αἴσθησις aisthēsis, 'sensation'.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synesthesia
When Pamela Coleman Smith was attending the Pratt Institute of Art, she realized that she possessed a high degree of sound-color synesthesia, i.e., she was able to visualize colors and forms while listening to music and could transmit those visualizations into tangible works of art. Modern psychologists define synesthesia as a crossing-over of sensory input. Depending upon the type of synesthesia, individuals are able to hear colors, see music, smell words, etc. Many people, particularly artists, possess this phenomenon to some extent; however, Pamela possessed sound-color synesthesia to an exceptionally high degree. She was able to create sound paintings just by unconsciously drawing while listening to passages of music. She embodied the Symbolist ideal in this area. Many examples of her work in this area have survived, including three watercolors in the possession of the Stieglitz/Georgia O'Keeffe Archive. In July 1908, an article appeared in The Strand Magazine entitled "Pictures in Music." The article included six black and white images of her music paintings (see below) and provided a long quotation by her which described how her art was created. A pertinent excerpt from that article is as follows: Do you see pictures in music? When you hear a Beethoven symphony or a sonata by Schumann, do mystic human figures and landscapes float before your eyes ? It is by no means new or uncommon for a composer to have a distinct picture in his mind when he sets himself to create a work. Schumann saw children at play in an embowered wood, dancing merrily until, lo ! the sudden advent of a satyr sent them shrieking to their homes. Few, however, have been able to delineate their hallucinations born of music.
Mendelssohn, who was no mean draughtsman, was often asked to do so, but always refused. "It is like asking a sculptor to paint a portrait of his statue," he once said. " All art is one, just as the human body is one, but each of the members has its functions. It is the function of music to hear, not to see." Nevertheless, it is highly interesting to see music translated in the terms of a sister art, and this is what a clever artist, Miss Pamela Colman Smith, has done, in pictures which are published now for the first time in The Strand Magazine. Many of the compositions selected by the artist will instantly be recognized as conveying, in quite a surprising way, a vivid idea of the music as a whole. Every reader can ascertain for himself whether he possesses this peculiar psychic gift—this power of conjuring up music pictures. When you next hear a famous sonata, close your eyes and see what, if any, "pictures" pass before the eye of your brain. Under the magical influence of music the soul has glimpses of wondrous shapes, lit by the light that never was on sea or land. "You ask me how these pictures are evolved," said Miss Colman Smith. "They are not pictures of the music theme — pictures of the flying notes—not conscious illustrations of the name given to a piece of music, but just what I see when I hear music—thoughts loosened and set free by the spell of sound. "When I take a brush in hand and the music begins, it is like unlocking the door into a beautiful country. There, stretched far away, are plains and mountains and the billowy sea, and as the music forms a net of sound the people who dwell there enter the scene; tall, slow-moving, stately queens, with jewelled crowns and garments gay or sad, who walk on mountain - tops or stand beside the shore, watching the water - people. These water-folk are passionless, and sway or fall with little heed of time; they toss the spray and, bending down, dive headlong through the deep. "There are the dwellers, too, of the great plain, who sit and brood, made of stone and motionless; the trees, which slumber till some elf goes by with magic spear and wakes the green to life ; towers, white and tall, standing against the darkening sky— Those tall white towers that one sees afar, Topping the mountain crests like crowns of snow. Their silence hangs so heavy in the air That thoughts are stifled. "Then huddling crowds, who carry spears, hasten across the changing scene. Sunsets fade from rose to grey, and clouds scud across the sky. "For a long time the land I saw when hearing Beethoven was unpeopled; hills, plains, ruined towers, churches by the sea. After a time I saw far off a little company of spearmen ride away across the plain. But now the clanging sea is strong with the salt of the lashing spray and full of elemental life; the riders of the waves, the Queen of Tides, who carries in her hand the pearl-like moon, and bubbles gleaming on the inky wave. "Often when hearing Bach I hear bells ringing in the sky, rung by whirling cords held in the hands of maidens dressed in brown. There is a rare freshness in the air, like morning on a mountain-top, with opal-coloured mists that chase each other fast across the scene. "Chopin brings night ; gardens where mystery and dread lurk under every bush, but joy and passion throb within the air, and the cold moon bewitches all the scene. There is a garden that I often see, with moonlight glistening on the vine-leaves, and drooping roses with pale petals fluttering down, tall, misty trees and purple sky, and lovers wandering there. A drawing of that garden I have shown to several people and asked them if they could play the music that I heard when I drew it. They have all, without any hesitation, played the same. I do not know the name, but— well, I know the music of that place."
Talkin Tarn Country Park Brampton Cumbria
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Carlisle City Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country. Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen
Tübingen is a traditional university town in central Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated 30 km (19 mi) south of the state capital, Stuttgart, on a ridge between the Neckar and Ammer rivers. As of 2014 about one in three people living in Tübingen is a student.
Source: de.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCbingen
Tübingen (in the Swabian dialect Diebenga , official name university town Tübingen ) is a university town in the center of Baden-Württemberg . It is located on the Neckar River about 30 kilometers south of Stuttgart . The city is the seat of the district of Tübingen and the same government district and was from 1947 to 1952 state capital of Württemberg-Hohenzollern . It belongs to the Neckar-Alb region and to the European metropolitan region of Stuttgart . Together with the eastern neighbor city Reutlingen makes it one of the 14 major centers of the country. Since April 1, 1956 Tübingen is a large district town . As the 12th largest city in Baden-Württemberg , Tübingen has about 87,000 inhabitants (May 2016) and has the lowest average age of any German city (39.1 years on 31 December 2015). Tübingen is behind Ludwigsburg and Esslingen am Neckar, the third largest city center in Baden-Württemberg.
With the founded in 1477 Eberhard Karls University , the city is one of the oldest German university cities . Urban life is strongly influenced by the approximately 26,150 students (as of summer semester 2018).
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neckar
The Neckar is a 362-kilometre-long (225 mi) river in Germany, mainly flowing through the southwestern state of Baden-Württemberg, with a short section through Hesse. The Neckar is a major right tributary of the Rhine. Rising in the Black Forest near Villingen-Schwenningen in the Schwenninger Moos conservation area at a height of 706 m (2,316 ft) above sea level, it passes through Rottweil, Rottenburg am Neckar, Kilchberg, Tübingen, Wernau, Nürtingen, Plochingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, Marbach, Heilbronn and Heidelberg, before discharging into the Rhine at Mannheim, at 95 m (312 ft) above sea level.
From Plochingen to Stuttgart the Neckar valley is densely populated and industrialised, with several well-known companies, e.g. Daimler AG (the maker of Mercedes Benz cars) and Mahle GmbH being located there. Between Stuttgart and Lauffen the Neckar cuts a scenic, meandering, and in many places steep-sided, valley into fossiliferous Triassic limestones and Pleistocene travertine. Along the Neckar's valley in the Odenwald hills many castles can be found, including Hornberg Castle and Guttenberg Castle in Haßmersheim; the now-mothballed Obrigheim Nuclear Power Plant and the active Neckarwestheim Nuclear Power Plant are also located there. After passing Heidelberg, the Neckar discharges on average 145 m3/s (5,100 cu ft/s) of water into the Rhine, making the Neckar its 4th largest tributary, and the 10th largest river in Germany. From about 1100 Black Forest timber was rafted downstream as far as Holland, for use in shipyards.
The name Neckar might be derived from Nicarus and Neccarus from Celtic Nikros, meaning wild water or wild fellow. The grammatical gender of the name in German is masculine (Der Neckar).
During the 19th century, traditional horse-drawn boats were replaced by steam-powered chain boats that used a 155 km (96 mi) long chain in the river to haul themselves upstream towing barges. After 1899 a railway made it possible to transport timber to the port of Heilbronn, limiting timber rafting to the lower part of the Neckar. Due to the construction of 11 locks, ships up to 1500 t could travel to Heilbronn in 1935.
By 1968 the last of 27 locks, at Deizisau, was completed, making the Neckar navigable for cargo ships about 200 kilometres (120 mi) upstream from Mannheim to the river port of Plochingen, at the confluence with the Fils, and where the Neckar bends, taking a northwesterly instead of a northeasterly course. Other important ports include Stuttgart and Heilbronn.
The river's course provides a popular route for cyclists, especially during the summer months. Its steep valley sides are used for vineyards, mainly for the cultivation of Trollinger, Lemberger, Kerner, Müller-Thurgau amongst other locally grown grape varieties..
The name "Neckar" was also given to the world's first motorboat made during the summer of 1886 by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach when their Standuhr (grandfather clock) petrol engine was tested on the river near Bad Cannstatt.
Talkin Tarn is a glacial lake and country park near Brampton, Cumbria, England. The lake is a kettle hole lake, formed 10,000 years ago by mass glacial action.
The name is of Brittonic origin. The Brittonic dialect known as Cumbric was formerly spoken in the area. The first element, tal, means "brow" or "end" in Brittonic and modern Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. The second element is unclear. It may come from the Brittonic word which appears in Welsh and Old Cornish as can ("white") and Breton as kann ("bland, brilliant"). Talkin may be a hill-name meaning "white brow".
'Tarn' is derived from Old Norse 'tjǫrn' and then Middle English 'terne' meaning 'small mountain pool' or 'small lake'.
Talkin Tarn Country Park is owned and maintained by Cumberland Council. It is home to the Boat House Tea Rooms, Brampton Sailing Club, and Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club. The profits from the Tea Rooms and the pay and display car parking are reinvested in the up keep and improvement of the site.
Rowing is an activity at Talkin Tarn. The rowing club, Talkin Tarn Amateur Rowing Club, celebrated its 150th anniversary in 2009. Rowing races were first held on Talkin Tarn in the 1850s, and the Rowing Club was formed in 1859 by local townsfolk, several descendants of whom still live in the area. It is the oldest rowing club in the North of England, with the exception of Tyne Rowing Club, and is the 14th oldest non-university club in the country.
Talkin Tarn Annual Regatta has grown considerably in recent years from a total entry of 20 in 1946 and 97 in 1988 to what it is today – very successful and one of the largest one-day regattas outside of London with total entries now in excess of 400.
On 9th November 1983 an Aerospatiale Gazelle Helicopter (reg G-SFTB) crashed into the tarn during a low level training flight from Carlisle Airport. The single occupant escaped the crash but the helicopter, once raised from the bottom, was damaged beyond repair.
Research on climate change carried out at Talkin Tarn was published in 2004.
Old buckles, stone axes, and urns have been found in the area.
#talkin #talkintarn #talkintarncountrypark
More photos of Talkin Tarn here: www.flickr.com/photos/davidambridge/albums/72157633050144969
The Bedouin ( /ˈbɛdʉ.ɪn/; from the Arabic badawī بَدَوِي, pl. badū بَدْو or badawiyyūn بَدَوِيُّون) are a part of a predominantly desert-dwelling Arabian genetic group traditionally divided into tribes or clans, known in Arabic as ʿašāʾir (عَشَائِر)..
Etymology
The term "Bedouin" derives from a plural form of the Arabic word badawī, as it is pronounced in colloquial dialects. The Arabic term badawī derives from the word bādiyah (بَادِية), which means semiarid desert (as opposed to ṣaḥrāʾ صَحْرَاء, which means very arid desert). The term "Bedouin" therefore means, "those in bādiyah" or "those in the desert".
History
Starting in the late nineteenth century, many Bedouin under British rule began to transit to a seminomadic life. In the 1950s and 1960s, large numbers of Bedouin throughout Midwest Asia started to leave the traditional, nomadic life to settle in the cities of Midwest Asia, especially as hot ranges have shrunk and populations have grown. For example, in Syria the Bedouin way of life effectively ended during a severe drought from 1958 to 1961, which forced many Bedouin to abandon herding for standard jobs. Similarly, governmental policies in Egypt and Israel, oil production in the Persian Gulf, as well as a desire for improved standards of living, effectively led most Bedouin to become settled citizens of various nations, rather than stateless nomadic herders. Governmental policies pressing the Bedouin have in some cases been executed in an attempt to provide service (schools, health-care, law enforcement and so on—see Chatty 1986 for examples), but in others have been based on the desire to seize land traditionally roved and controlled by the Bedouin. In recent years, the Bedouin have adopted the pastime of raising and breeding white doves.
Society
A widely quoted Bedouin saying is "I against my brother, my brothers and I against my cousins, then my cousins and I against strangers". This saying signifies a hierarchy of loyalties based on proximity of kinship that runs from the nuclear family through the lineage, the tribe, and even, in principle at least, to an entire genetic or linguistic group (which is perceived to have a kinship basis). Disputes are settled, interests are pursued, and justice and order are maintained by means of this frame, according to an ethic of self-help and collective responsibility (Andersen 14). The individual family unit (known as a tent or bayt) typically consisted of three or four adults (a married couple plus siblings or parents) and any number of children.
When resources were plentiful, several tents would travel together as a goum. These groups were sometimes linked by patriarchal lineage, but were just as likely linked by marriage (new wives were especially likely to have close male relatives join them), acquaintance or even no clearly defined relation but a simple shared membership in the tribe.
The next scale of interaction within groups was the ibn ʿamm (cousin, or literally "son of an uncle") or descent group, commonly of three to five generations. These were often linked to goums, but where a goum would generally consist of people all with the same herd type, descent groups were frequently split up over several economic activities, thus allowing a degree of 'risk management'; should one group of members of a descent group suffer economically, the other members of the descent group would be able to support them. Whilst the phrase "descent group" suggests purely a lineage-based arrangement, in reality these groups were fluid and adapted their genealogies to take in new members.
The largest scale of tribal interactions is the tribe as a whole, led by a Sheikh (Arabic: شيخ šayḫ, literally, "elder"). The tribe often claims descent from one common ancestor—as mentioned above. This appears patrimonial but in reality new groups could have genealogies invented to tie them in to this ancestor. The tribal level is the level that mediated between the Bedouin and the outside governments and organizations.
Bedouin traditionally had strong honor codes, and traditional systems of justice dispensation in Bedouin society typically revolved around such codes. The bisha'a, or ordeal by fire, is a well-known Bedouin practice of lie detection. See also: Honor codes of the Bedouin, Bedouin systems of justice.
Bedouins in Israel
Prior to the 1948 Israeli Declaration of Independence, when the Negev became part of Israel, an estimated 65,000–90,000 Bedouins lived in the Negev. According to Encylopedia Judaica 15,000 Bedouin remained in the Negev after 1948, other sources put the number as low as 11,000.[3] An Israeli study in 1999 estimated a total Bedouin population in Israel of 170,000 for 1998, of which 110,000 in the Negev, 50,000 in the North and 10,000 in the "central region".[2] This figure may include Bedouins residing in Palestinian territories who do not hold Israeli citizenship; those who do are classified by Israel as Arab citizen of Israel. After 1948, some Negev Bedouins were displaced. The Jahalin tribe, for instance, lived in the Tel Arad region of the Negev prior to the 1950s. In the early 1950s, the Jahalin were among the tribes which, according to Emmanuel Marks, "moved or were removed by the military government."[4] They ended up in the so-called E1 area East of Jerusalem.
Successive Israeli administrations tried to urbanize Bedouins in the Negev. The fist Bedouin town, Tel as-Sabi or Tel Sheva, was founded in 1967. The largest, Rahat, had a population of 28,000 by 1998; by that time, about half of all Negev Bedouins lived in urban areas.[2] Approximately half of all Bedouins who are citizens of Israel live in so-called unrecognized villages.
The word "Fanous" (Fanos, Phanos and Fanoos in Egyptian dialects) is a term of Greek origin transliterated to "candle". It means 'light' or 'lantern'. It was historically used in its meaning of "the light of the world," and is a symbol of hope, as in "light in the darkness."
The traditional use of fanous as decorations associated with Ramadan is believed to have originated during the Fatimid Caliphate, primarily centered in Egypt, where tradition holds that the Caliph Al-Muizz Lideenillah was greeted by the Egyptian people holding lanterns to celebrate his arrival at Cairo during the holy month of Ramadan. Its use has now spread to almost all Muslim countries.
Source: Wikipedia