Sponsored images from 
View allAll Photos Tagged development
At the Community Activity Center on Camp Casey May 29, civilians and Soldiers of the U.S. Army Garrison Red Cloud and Area I attend a professional development session geared especially to those in leadership positions. The audience of 145 leaders heard briefings on a range of topics that included customer service, mentoring subordinates, administrative and maintenance matters, and leadership itself. Speakers included Col. John M. Scott, Commander, USAG Red Cloud and Area I, and other garrison officials. The afternoon was capped by an indoor supper of hot dogs and hamburgers.
Hopeful future resident Stan Griffiths and Community Relations Worker Ian Jennings at Pannel Croft in Newtown, Birmingham.
This is along the North Bound Major Deegan right before the Stew Leonard's exit. There used to be many trees and one day it was all gone, except for this one building.
At the Community Activity Center on Camp Casey May 29, civilians and Soldiers of the U.S. Army Garrison Red Cloud and Area I attend a professional development session geared especially to those in leadership positions. The audience of 145 leaders heard briefings on a range of topics that included customer service, mentoring subordinates, administrative and maintenance matters, and leadership itself. Speakers included Col. John M. Scott, Commander, USAG Red Cloud and Area I, and other garrison officials. The afternoon was capped by an indoor supper of hot dogs and hamburgers.
We are the leading Web Development Company in South Africa that specializing in custom website design & development, mobile app development. Hire the best Web developer’s team without any hassle. We build custom web applications which address our client's unique needs.
Visit Us techway.co.za/
Notices from Cosmur, Haringey Council's contractors, on the damaged cladding of Haringey Law Centre.
Improvement to the small Holcombe Road Market was among the "12 in 2012" pledges made by Haringey Council Leadership.
To be fair, hardly any of the twelve "pledges" had much real substance. Some were taking credit for other organisations' projects. Some were vague upbeat PR fluff.
However the idea of improving and possibly extending the tiny market - two small stalls - had been around for some years. And at least to residents like me, seemed a good idea.
So it was disappointing when the timescale kept slipping. Disappointment felt not least by the two long established family businesses. Represented by Bob Thompson the fishmonger and Dave and Andy Hall the greengrocers.
In November 2016 the revamped market was finally open.
Will any lessons be learned by the so-called leaders of Haringey Council? In my personal view that's not entirely impossible. But neither is it likely. There's little evidence of any real learning culture.
computer generated view of the new residential development in sistiana
by Paola Bassanese Energya www.energya.co.uk
FuGenX Technologies Pvt Ltd. Mobile Application Development, iPhone Application Development, iPad Application Development, Android Application Development, Blackberry Application Development, Mobile Game Development, iPhone Application Development Los Angeles, UK,USA, London,California,Toronto,Los Angeles, San Francisco, Dallas, New York, Bangalore, India , iPhone Apps Development Company India,iPhone Application Development San Francisco, iPhone Application Development Dallas, iPhone Application Development California, iPhone Application Development Toronto Canada
Dr. James Demas, Associate Professor of Biology and Physics at St. Olaf College, speaks to trainees in Neurobiology. The event was supported by funding from The Graduate School's Professional Development Grant.
Plan’s response to the 2004 tsunami was focused on rebuilding survivor’s lives and communities. Child Care Centers were set up in order to provide children with a place to recover psychologically. By allowing the children to express themselves in creative ways such as painting and drawing they are given an outlet which acts as healing.
Another section of this new eastern downtown housing development. The old Clock Tower is in the background to put it into physical perspective for those of you familiar with the city. I liked these buildings best among them.
These are at Dunstable Park, by the small footbridge on Dog Kennel Walk.
dunstabelle.blogspot.co.uk/2012/03/waste-of-money-busway....
An interesting development of severe dementia is the brain's return to childlike behavior. When she noticed me taking her picture, she began to laugh and hide behind the photo.
From the series "Documenting Dementia"
My Grandmother has slowly developed Dementia over the last few years. It is now classified as severe dementia, (Alzheimer's without the official brain scan). She began keeping herself entertained with card games. These cards can be found throughout her home, in all kinds of different arrangements, in every drawer, corner, and crevasse. I began documenting these games with my camera because of my fascination with the way the brain (and my grandma) subconsciously copes with this terrible disease. These games make perfect sense to Grandma, and she can sit and play the same game for hours.
Golden Quarter is a business district in the 1st district of Vienna. The Golden Quarter comprises the two buildings "Am Hof 2 (At the Court)" and the court Tuchlaubenhof, is delimited by Steindl alley, Tuchlauben and Bogner alley till "Am Hof" and encloses the Seitzer alley. This complex was stylistically and thematically combined and represents a vital revitalization project for the inner city of Vienna.
There are 11,500 square meters of retail space on the ground floor and first floor of the Golden Quarter, while the middle storeys in the Tuchlaubenhof building are home to downtown offices (9,500 square meters) and luxury apartments are located on the top floors.
Right next to the shopping streets Kohlmarkt (Coal Market) and Graben (Ditch) the flagship stores of international luxury brands can be found. The mixed use has always been an essential principle in the development of these blocks, which is still valid today. Also retained were their formal differentiation in architecture and the idea of a visible and uniform ensemble with metropolitan aspirations.
Tuchlauben 3 to 7A
At the area of today's Tuchlauben, the Bogner alley, the Seitzer alley and the Steindl alley roads were built very early. The Tuchlauben road goes back to a Roman road in the area of the Porta decumana of the Roman camp Vindobona. Today's route then more or less did already exist in the early 13th century. Thus the Bogner alley was called "strata gladiatorum" ("Schwertfürbenstraße") in 1262, when artisans used to make swords. From the 14th century onwards, the name "Bognergasse" or "Under the Bognern", which hints at bow-making, became familiar.
The Seitzer alley was called around 1300 and also in 1511 "Kurbauner street", named after the Kurbaunern, who produced arbalest spans. It was not until the 18th century that the name Seitzer alley prevailed, which derived from the "Seitzerhof (court)". This court was from 1335 to 1782 abbey court of the Charterhouse Mauerbach, which got its name after the Slovenian town of Seitz, from where the Charterhouse had been settled. However, the division of the block was only created since the 17th century in their partly still visible today baselines. The former "Hochholzerhof (court)" (Tuchlauben 5) was built in the early 17th century, its facade is dated 1719. The court was named after the butcher who lived here around 1555.
The "Tuchlaubenhof" (formerly "Seitzerhof", Tuchlauben 7-7a) joined the "Hochholzerhof". This deep street court between Tuchlauben, Steindl alley and Seitzer alley has a passage that connects the Tuchlauben with the Seitzer alley. From 1838 to 1840, Friedrich Stache built a complex with a glass-roofed passage, which took over the function of the previous building and was already designed for mixed use with shops and restaurants and can be considered the first "bazaar" of Vienna. This public passage was covered with glass, which ensured the illumination of the adjacent interior spaces. From 1909 there was a renewed development according to plans of the architects Alfred Teller and Emmerich Spielmann, whereby the old building lines remained as well as the passage and the mixed use. Teller and Spielmann decided for the then very progressive reinforced concrete construction. After damage during the Second World War and its repair, the "Tuchlaubenhof" was extensively adapted in the 3rd quarter of the 20th century for partial use by the "Arbeiterbank (workers' bank)" located in the adjacent building (Seitzergasse 2-4).
The house Seitzer alley 2-4 was, as the youngest house of the group, built from 1922 to the plans of the architect Adolf Oberländer and was intended from the beginning on for a mixed banking and residential use - on the ground floor auditorium and rooms for customer traffic, in the mezzanine and in 1st floor offices. Due to the moving in of the "Arbeiterbank" (forerunner of today's BAWAG) founded in 1912 by Karl Renner as a credit union of Austrian workers' associations and redesigned in 1922, the reinforced concrete construction in the interior was adapted accordingly. The façade, with its neoclassical details along the Seitzer alley, which was redesigned on the ground floor and mezzanine in the last quarter of the 20th century, was also affected by renovations.
The southern tip of the complex, with the address Tuchlauben 3, is outstanding both in terms of its architecture and its prominent location. The building was erected in 1909/10, also according to the plans of the architects Alfred Teller and Emmerich Spielmann. Due to the retraction of the former construction line, the place-like intersection space that still exists today forms the optical conclusion of the Kohlmarkt.
The dome of St. Michael's Gate on one side and the Golden Quarter on the other, therefore, have always formed an important urban axis. The building was listed as a historical monument in 1984.
In 2007, the Signa Group acquired the building complex Tuchlauben 3 to 7A and in the years 2010 to 2015 carried out a general renovation and various alterations. This resulted in retail and office space as well as luxury apartments on the top floors.
Goldenes Quartier ist ein Geschäftsviertel im 1. Gemeindebezirk Wiens. Das Goldene Quartier umfasst die beiden Gebäude „Am Hof 2“ sowie den Tuchlaubenhof, wird von Steindlgasse, Tuchlauben und Bognergasse bis zu „Am Hof“ begrenzt und umschließt die Seitzergasse. Dieser Komplex wurde stilistisch wie thematisch zusammengefasst und stellt ein für die Wiener Innenstadt wesentliches Revitalisierungsprojekt dar.
Auf den Erdgeschossflächen sowie auf der ersten Ebene des Goldenen Quartiers befinden sich 11.500 Quadratmeter Einzelhandelsflächen, die mittleren Geschosse im Gebäude des „Tuchlaubenhof“ beherbergen Innenstadtbüros (9.500 Quadratmeter), und in den obersten Stockwerken befinden Luxuswohnungen.
Direkt neben den Einkaufsstraßen Kohlmarkt und Graben finden sich die Flagship-Stores internationaler Luxusmarken. Die gemischte Nutzung war bei der Bebauung dieser Häuserblöcke immer schon ein wesentliches Prinzip, das bis heute Gültigkeit hat. Ebenfalls beibehalten wurden deren formale Differenzierung in der Architektur sowie die Idee eines sichtbaren und einheitlichen Ensembles mit großstädtischem Anspruch.
Tuchlauben 3 bis 7A
Auf dem Areal der heutigen Tuchlauben, der Bognergasse, der Seitzergasse und der Steindlgasse wurden sehr früh Straßen angelegt. Der Straßenzug Tuchlauben geht auf eine römerzeitliche Straße in der Gegend der Porta decumana des Römerlagers Vindobona zurück. Die heutige Wegeführung bestand dann mehr oder weniger bereits im frühen 13. Jahrhundert. So hieß die Bognergasse 1262 „strata gladiatorum“ („Schwertfürbenstraße“), saßen hier doch Handwerker, die Schwerter herstellten. Ab dem 14. Jahrhundert wurde die auf die Bogenherstellung hindeutende Bezeichnung „Bognergasse“ beziehungsweise „Unter den Bognern“ geläufig.
Die Seitzergasse hieß um 1300 und auch noch 1511 „Kurbaunerstraße“, benannt nach den Kurbaunern, die Armbrustspannen herstellten. Erst im 18. Jahrhundert setzt sich der Name Seitzergasse durch, der sich vom „Seitzerhof“ ableitete. Dieser Hof war 1335 bis 1782 Stiftshof der Kartause Mauerbach, der seinen Namen nach dem slowenischen Ort Seitz bekam, von wo aus die Kartause besiedelt worden war. Die Aufteilung des Blockes war jedoch erst seit dem 17. Jahrhundert in ihren zum Teil auch heute noch sichtbaren Grundlinien angelegt. Der ehemalige „Hochholzerhof“ (Tuchlauben 5) wurde im frühen 17. Jahrhundert erbaut, seine Fassade ist datiert mit 1719. Der Hof wurde nach dem Metzger benannt, der hier um 1555 gewohnt hat.
An den „Hochholzerhof“ schloss der „Tuchlaubenhof“ (vormals „Seitzerhof“, Tuchlauben 7–7a) an. Dieser tiefe Straßenhof zwischen Tuchlauben, Steindl- und Seitzergasse verfügt über einen Durchgang, der die Tuchlauben mit der Seitzergasse verbindet. 1838 bis 1840 errichtete Friedrich Stache hier eine Anlage mit einer glasüberdachten Passage, welche die Durchhausfunktion des Vorgängerbaus übernahm und mit Geschäften und Lokalen bereits für eine gemischte Nutzung konzipiert war und als erster „Basar“ Wiens gelten kann. Diese öffentlich zugängliche Passage war mit Glas überdacht, wodurch die Belichtung der angrenzenden innenliegenden Räume gewährleistet war. Ab 1909 kam es zu einer neuerlichen Überbauung nach Plänen der Architekten Alfred Teller und Emmerich Spielmann, wobei die alten Baufluchtlinien ebenso erhalten blieben wie die Passage und die gemischte Nutzung. Teller und Spielmann entschlossen sich für die damals sehr fortschrittliche Eisenbetonbauweise. Nach Schäden während des Zweiten Weltkrieges und deren Reparatur wurde der „Tuchlaubenhof“ im 3. Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts für die teilweise Nutzung durch die im Nebenhaus (Seitzergasse 2–4) ansässige „Arbeiterbank“ im Inneren umfangreich adaptiert.
Das Haus Seitzergasse 2–4 wurde, als jüngstes Haus der Gruppe, ab 1922 nach Plänen des Architekten Adolf Oberländer errichtet und war von Beginn an für eine gemischte Bank- und Wohnnutzung vorgesehen – im Erdgeschoß Kassensaal und Räume für den Kundenverkehr, im Mezzanin und im 1. Stock Büros. Durch den Einzug der 1912 durch Karl Renner als Kreditverband österreichischer Arbeitervereine gegründeten und 1922 neu konzipierten „Arbeiterbank“ (Vorläuferin der heutigen BAWAG) im Jahr 1930 wurde der Eisenbetonbau im Inneren entsprechend adaptiert. Von Umbauten war auch die Fassade mit ihren neoklassizistischen Details entlang der Seitzergasse betroffen, die im letzten Viertel des 20. Jahrhunderts im Erdgeschoß und Mezzaninbereich neu gestaltet wurde.
Sowohl als architektonisch als auch durch seinen prominenten Standort herausragend zeigt sich die Südspitze des Komplexes mit der Adresse Tuchlauben 3. Das Gebäude wurde 1909/10 ebenfalls nach Plänen der Architekten Alfred Teller und Emmerich Spielmann errichtet. Durch die Zurücknahme der ehemaligen Baulinie entstand der bis heute bestehende platzartige Kreuzungsraum, der einen optischen Abschluss des Kohlmarktes bildet.
Die Kuppel des Michaelertores auf der einen Seite und das Goldene Quartier auf der anderen bilden also seit jeher eine städtebaulich wichtige Achse. Das Gebäude wurde 1984 unter Denkmalschutz gestellt.
Im Jahr 2007 erwarb die Signa-Gruppe den Gebäudekomplex Tuchlauben 3 bis 7A und führte in den Jahren 2010 bis 2015 eine Generalsanierung und diverse Umbauarbeiten durch. Es entstanden Einzelhandels- und Büroflächen sowie Luxuswohnungen in den obersten Stockwerken.
This public forum, held on 28 November 2017, focused on findings and policy lessons stemming from recent research on inequality in Mozambique, with the ultimate aim of promoting innovative policies for inclusive growth.
The programme was build on research presented at the conference on poverty and inequality in Mozambique taking place on 27 November 2017.
On June 29, 2016, Lieutenant Governor Kathy Hochul was briefed on and then toured economic development projects in Tarrytown with Senate Democratic Leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins and Mayor Drew Fixell.
Deals Gateway (ONE SE8) Development by Burwell Deakins Architects Ltd. Photography by Joas Souza | Architectural and Aerial Photographer (www.joasphotographer.com)
GOVERNOR TOMBLIN ANNOUNCES FIRST PHASE OF HOBET PROJECT
Development sites identified and plans for road construction underway
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (May 12, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today announced the first phase of the Hobet project is underway, including preliminary site development plans and the release of a Division of Highways request for qualification (RFQ) for the design and construction of an access road.
"After announcing the Hobet project during my State of the State address in January, I have worked tirelessly to move this project forward, because the people of southern West Virginia and our entire state deserve to see it become a reality," Gov. Tomblin said. "Today, I'm proud of the steps we have taken to launch the first phase of this project, establishing a clear path forward that will ensure it reaches its full potential, helping to diversify our state's economy and provide new opportunities to those who have called this region home for generations."
With the help of Marshall University's Center for Environmental Geotechnical and Applied Sciences, mapping of the site has been completed to provide a more accurate representation of the size and scope of the project. In its entirety, the Hobet property includes more than 12,000 acres of land. Mapping has also helped the team identify prospective sites for strategic development moving forward. In the coming weeks, West Virginia University will launch an industry-specific site analysis to determine the best uses for prospective development.
The West Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) recently released an RFQ for the design and construction of an access road to the site. The route will include a new 2.6-mile road, heading west from U.S. Route 119 and W.Va. Route 3 to the existing haul road north of Danville in Boone County. The road will provide access to the Phase I development area, covering nearly 4,000 acres west of Corridor G. The DOH plans to award a contract in October 2016, and construction is slated to begin March 2017. The state has submitted a federal transportation grant application to fund this new stretch of four-lane road.
Local utility companies have identified existing utility lines, and the state continues to develop plans to extend water, sewer and fiber infrastructure to the site. Costs will be determined as part of the DOT bid process.
The project has received support from local landowners, and final negotiations are underway. Land titles will be transferred to the West Virginia Economic Development Authority. The state continues to work to secure necessary land titles and outline the next phases of development for the property. The state also continues to pursue additional federal funds to support the Hobet project, help diversify the state's economy and support local community projects.
GOVERNOR TOMBLIN ANNOUNCES FIRST PHASE OF HOBET PROJECT
Development sites identified and plans for road construction underway
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (May 12, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today announced the first phase of the Hobet project is underway, including preliminary site development plans and the release of a Division of Highways request for qualification (RFQ) for the design and construction of an access road.
"After announcing the Hobet project during my State of the State address in January, I have worked tirelessly to move this project forward, because the people of southern West Virginia and our entire state deserve to see it become a reality," Gov. Tomblin said. "Today, I'm proud of the steps we have taken to launch the first phase of this project, establishing a clear path forward that will ensure it reaches its full potential, helping to diversify our state's economy and provide new opportunities to those who have called this region home for generations."
With the help of Marshall University's Center for Environmental Geotechnical and Applied Sciences, mapping of the site has been completed to provide a more accurate representation of the size and scope of the project. In its entirety, the Hobet property includes more than 12,000 acres of land. Mapping has also helped the team identify prospective sites for strategic development moving forward. In the coming weeks, West Virginia University will launch an industry-specific site analysis to determine the best uses for prospective development.
The West Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) recently released an RFQ for the design and construction of an access road to the site. The route will include a new 2.6-mile road, heading west from U.S. Route 119 and W.Va. Route 3 to the existing haul road north of Danville in Boone County. The road will provide access to the Phase I development area, covering nearly 4,000 acres west of Corridor G. The DOH plans to award a contract in October 2016, and construction is slated to begin March 2017. The state has submitted a federal transportation grant application to fund this new stretch of four-lane road.
Local utility companies have identified existing utility lines, and the state continues to develop plans to extend water, sewer and fiber infrastructure to the site. Costs will be determined as part of the DOT bid process.
The project has received support from local landowners, and final negotiations are underway. Land titles will be transferred to the West Virginia Economic Development Authority. The state continues to work to secure necessary land titles and outline the next phases of development for the property. The state also continues to pursue additional federal funds to support the Hobet project, help diversify the state's economy and support local community projects.
GOVERNOR TOMBLIN ANNOUNCES FIRST PHASE OF HOBET PROJECT
Development sites identified and plans for road construction underway
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (May 12, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today announced the first phase of the Hobet project is underway, including preliminary site development plans and the release of a Division of Highways request for qualification (RFQ) for the design and construction of an access road.
"After announcing the Hobet project during my State of the State address in January, I have worked tirelessly to move this project forward, because the people of southern West Virginia and our entire state deserve to see it become a reality," Gov. Tomblin said. "Today, I'm proud of the steps we have taken to launch the first phase of this project, establishing a clear path forward that will ensure it reaches its full potential, helping to diversify our state's economy and provide new opportunities to those who have called this region home for generations."
With the help of Marshall University's Center for Environmental Geotechnical and Applied Sciences, mapping of the site has been completed to provide a more accurate representation of the size and scope of the project. In its entirety, the Hobet property includes more than 12,000 acres of land. Mapping has also helped the team identify prospective sites for strategic development moving forward. In the coming weeks, West Virginia University will launch an industry-specific site analysis to determine the best uses for prospective development.
The West Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) recently released an RFQ for the design and construction of an access road to the site. The route will include a new 2.6-mile road, heading west from U.S. Route 119 and W.Va. Route 3 to the existing haul road north of Danville in Boone County. The road will provide access to the Phase I development area, covering nearly 4,000 acres west of Corridor G. The DOH plans to award a contract in October 2016, and construction is slated to begin March 2017. The state has submitted a federal transportation grant application to fund this new stretch of four-lane road.
Local utility companies have identified existing utility lines, and the state continues to develop plans to extend water, sewer and fiber infrastructure to the site. Costs will be determined as part of the DOT bid process.
The project has received support from local landowners, and final negotiations are underway. Land titles will be transferred to the West Virginia Economic Development Authority. The state continues to work to secure necessary land titles and outline the next phases of development for the property. The state also continues to pursue additional federal funds to support the Hobet project, help diversify the state's economy and support local community projects.
Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”
GOVERNOR TOMBLIN ANNOUNCES FIRST PHASE OF HOBET PROJECT
Development sites identified and plans for road construction underway
CHARLESTON, W.Va. (May 12, 2016) - Gov. Earl Ray Tomblin today announced the first phase of the Hobet project is underway, including preliminary site development plans and the release of a Division of Highways request for qualification (RFQ) for the design and construction of an access road.
"After announcing the Hobet project during my State of the State address in January, I have worked tirelessly to move this project forward, because the people of southern West Virginia and our entire state deserve to see it become a reality," Gov. Tomblin said. "Today, I'm proud of the steps we have taken to launch the first phase of this project, establishing a clear path forward that will ensure it reaches its full potential, helping to diversify our state's economy and provide new opportunities to those who have called this region home for generations."
With the help of Marshall University's Center for Environmental Geotechnical and Applied Sciences, mapping of the site has been completed to provide a more accurate representation of the size and scope of the project. In its entirety, the Hobet property includes more than 12,000 acres of land. Mapping has also helped the team identify prospective sites for strategic development moving forward. In the coming weeks, West Virginia University will launch an industry-specific site analysis to determine the best uses for prospective development.
The West Virginia Department of Transportation (DOT) recently released an RFQ for the design and construction of an access road to the site. The route will include a new 2.6-mile road, heading west from U.S. Route 119 and W.Va. Route 3 to the existing haul road north of Danville in Boone County. The road will provide access to the Phase I development area, covering nearly 4,000 acres west of Corridor G. The DOH plans to award a contract in October 2016, and construction is slated to begin March 2017. The state has submitted a federal transportation grant application to fund this new stretch of four-lane road.
Local utility companies have identified existing utility lines, and the state continues to develop plans to extend water, sewer and fiber infrastructure to the site. Costs will be determined as part of the DOT bid process.
The project has received support from local landowners, and final negotiations are underway. Land titles will be transferred to the West Virginia Economic Development Authority. The state continues to work to secure necessary land titles and outline the next phases of development for the property. The state also continues to pursue additional federal funds to support the Hobet project, help diversify the state's economy and support local community projects.
Photos available for media use. All photos should be attributed “Photo courtesy of Office of the Governor.”
DEVELOPMENT-CAMBODIA: Minority Languages Face Extinction
PHNOM PENH, Jan 13, 2010 (IPS) - One of Cambodia’s oldest languages – S’aoch – appears headed for extinction in the next decade. Other languages spoken by its minority people are lining up to take the place of the 6,000-year-old language in the most endangered category.
This is a character I started to develop, based on a drawing I did two years ago of a 'stretched' man on a watercolor moleskine notebook. (...)
Evento Inaugural y Capacitación: Espacios de Inclusión Digital y Bibliotecas para el Desarrollo
Inaugural Event and Training: Digital Inclusion Spaces and Libraries for Development
Kansas Cosmosphere
Korolev's Suborbital Plans Thwarted
Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau studied manned suborbital spacecraft starting in the late 1940s. In 1955, Korolev told students of the Bauman Higher Technical School that OKB-1 had five different plans for manned suborbital flight. The next year, three medical specialists volunteered for suborbital missions. Soviet military leaders insisted that work on missiles should take priority, Korolev had to abandon the project. Studies continued, however, and expanded to include manned orbital flight.
At about the same time, Korolev began work on unmanned satellites, including a military spy satellite with a cone-shaped reentry capsule. Cameras in the capsule would photograph objects on the ground (for example U.S. missile silos), then the capsule would drop out of orbit to return their exposed film to the Soviet Union.
East and Zenith
In May 1958, Korolev abandoned all plans for manned suborbital flights in favor of orbital flights in a space craft based on OKB-1's spy satellite design. In June, he decided that the manned capsule should be spherical and changed the spy satellite design to match. His engineers named the manned spacecraft Vostok ("East"). Vostok and the spy satellite would be two parts of one program, with Vostok taking priority.
This angered Soviet military men, who wanted Korolev to abandon his spaceflight dreams and build military space systems. Following the tremendous propaganda victories of the Sputniks, however, Korolev enjoyed Soviet leader Nikita Khruschev's support. In November 1958, the Council of Chief Designers gave Korolev the official go-ahead to favor Vostok over the spy satellite.
Korolev Slips From Favor
OKB-1 began building the first Vostok in December 1958, but Korolev did not receive permission to actually launch any Vostoks until May 22, 1959. The genius behind the Sputniks had begun to slowly fall from Khruschev's favor. The Kremlin combined authorization to launch Vostoks with orders to assign spy satellite development equal priority. The spy satellite version of Vostok was named Zenit ("Zenith"). In place of life support systems and an ejection seat, Zenit carried powerful telescopic cameras.
Korolev, however, stubbornly insisted on giving priority to his dreams. He launched a simplified Vostok spacecraft into orbit on May 15, 1960- the first time in history a prototype manned spacecraft reached space. The West called it Sputnik 4, but Korolev named it Korabl-Sputnik (Spaceship-Satellite) 1. He did not get around to launching a Zenit until December 1961, eight months after Gagarin's historic single orbit on Vostok 1 and four months after Titov's day-long Vostok 2 mission. The first Zenit failed to reach orbit.
Why the Secrecy?
The Soviet Union's first manned spacecraft, Vostok, used almost the same design as Zenit, its first spy satellite. Since it involved national security, the Zenit design was considered a state secret. Because of this, the manned Vostok design had to be kept hidden, too. Zenit-2
The Soviets and their successors, the Russians, have launched and recovered hundreds of Zenit spy satellites under the cover name Cosmos. The actual Vostok-type spacecraft capsule displayed here is in fact a Zenit spy satellite that flew into orbit in the 1980s. The Russians now offer these once-secret spaceships for sale to collectors and around the world.