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I can't remember where or when I first heard about Nunhead Cemetery, but it has been on my list of places to visit.
Then a couple of weeks ago, a friend visited and took some shots, so put it front and centre in my mind. So, when I realised I had to take a week off, going to Nunhead was upmost in my plans.
And for some reason, I thought that going by train, on the slow train from Ashford, would be the best use of our time.
I say our time, as Jools had the day off too.
So, plans were made and timetables studied, and so we would leave Dover on the 08:52 train to Charing Cross, but getting out at Sevenoaks.
It was a bright morning, but was soon to cloud over. But no rain.
Which was nice.
We had breakfast and loaded the car at quarter past eight, driving into what counts as rush hour traffic around here, into Dover and finding a place to park on one of the narrow, steep streets overlooking the station.
I then hed to negotiate with lady in the ticket office about whether a journey could be broken on the outward or inbound leg. I have always thought it the outbound, and indeed have done so in the past, she said inbound only.
In the end she sold me a ticket and said it wouldn't be her fault.
In fact, it was my fault for wanting to take the slow train up and fast train back. But, hey ho.
We waiting for the slow train, watching the High Speed service leave before us, as travelling on that would have meant us paying double as it arrives in London five minutes before ten, thus making it a peak service. Had it arrived six minutes later, would be an off peak.
Sigh.
Anyway, our train rolled in, so we got our seats and prepared for the 90 minute journey into deepest, darkest Kent. Or Sevenoaks as we call it.
The train filled up as we got nearer London, until we reached Sevenoaks and so we got off as more got on. We crossed over to the far platform for the Thameslink service, but there was confusions, the display was showing the 10:52 cancelled, and that being the next planned departure, but the 10:22, as leaving after, but operating.
A train pulled in, so we got in to see where it would go. It was the 10:22 after all, so all good.
The train trundled along the Darent Valley, past places I knew through churches and/or orchids, until we crossed the M25 and into that London.
I can see for miles and miles We passed through places I have never heard of, parts of the urban sprawl of SE London: Swanley, St Mary Cray, Bromley, all of which are technically in Kent, and each having at least one parish church. Which could mean some urban crawling at some point, but I don't think I will do these historical Kent churches, as they are now London boroughs.
Two hundred and seventy six We arrived at Nunhead, and being just gone 11, were hungry. I knew from GSV there was a café, so we sought it out, and both ordered a medium breakfast and a brew.
Even though this is a few miles from the centre of London, traffic passed outside, sometimes an ambulance or police car with sirens blaring and lights flashing. Houses packed so close together than the selection of wheelie bins made the pavement almost impassable, especially as the London Plane Trees were so mature so that they took half the path.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London After eating up, we made our way through a modern housing estate, through a passageway and found ourselves outside the cemetery.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London Nunhead was one of the "magnificent seven" cemeteries built in the 1840s to find places to bury the city's dead when the churchyards near the centre of the city were full.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London Nunhead is perhaps the least known, and the Victorian part has gotten overgrown, with nature reclaiming the land, with graves and monuments covered in plants and ivy.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London It all makes for fine photography, but also a reminder that in death, we are all equal, as the grand tombs and memorials are claimed by nature now, or partially damaged at a time when it was even more wild than it is now.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London We walked to the ruined chapel, locked, sadly, then up and round a rad, lined with grand tombs and memorials, some at alarming angles due to tree roots.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London We stopped at a bench, and tried to spot the parakeets in the trees above. We could hear them, but not see them.
All Saints Cemetery, Nunhead, Southwark, London We had seen enough, so walked back down tot eh gate, through the estate to the station. We caught a train to Blackfriars, which as it neared the river, weaved through buildings and over roads, passing so close to some flats that I could have reached out and knocked on their windows as we went by.
At Blackfriars we crossed to the other platform to catch a train to Luton, going just two stops up the line, under The City to St Pancras.
We had a 50 minute wait, so I got us a coffee and some honey roast peanuts, so we sat on a bench and watched people passing by, all in a hurry and most carrying luggage.
It's funny, that from the same station you can catch trains to Dover and other places in Kent, Nottingham, Derby and other places in the midlands, trains to Brighton, Gatwick and Luton Airports, Cambridge, as well as Paris and Brussels. Quite an amazing place, and a wide selection of people and passengers.
We went up to the platforms above to wait for our train to come in, delays meant there was a shortage of platforms, so as soon as the Margate train left, some 15 minutes late, ours came in, filled up and we slipped back out, into the tunnel under London to Stratford, then out to Dagenham to Dartford, under the river into Kent.
Phew.
We arrived back in Dover at twenty to four, walked to the car and drive back home, getting back at just on the hour, time for Steve on the wireless.
As usual, we were pooped.
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Nunhead Cemetery is one of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries in London, England. It is perhaps the least famous and celebrated of them.[1] The cemetery is located in Nunhead in the London Borough of Southwark and was originally known as All Saints' Cemetery. Nunhead Cemetery was consecrated in 1840 and opened by the London Cemetery Company.[2] It is a Local Nature Reserve.
Consecrated in 1840, with an Anglican chapel designed by Thomas Little, it is one of the Magnificent Seven Victorian cemeteries established in a ring around what were then the outskirts of London. The first burial was of Charles Abbott, a 101-year-old Ipswich grocer; the last burial was of a volunteer soldier who became a canon of Lahore Cathedral.[5] The first grave in Nunhead was dug in October 1840. The average annual number of burials over the ten years 1868–1878 was 1685: 1350 in the consecrated, and 335 in the unconsecrated ground.[6]
In the cemetery were reinterred remains removed, in 1867 and 1933, from the site of the demolished St Christopher le Stocks church in the City of London.
The cemetery contains examples of the imposing monuments to the most eminent citizens of the day, which contrast sharply with the small, simple headstones marking common or public burials. By the middle of the 20th century the cemetery was nearly full, and so was abandoned by the United Cemetery Company. With the ensuing neglect, the cemetery gradually changed from lawn to meadow and eventually to woodland. It is now a Local Nature Reserve and Site of Metropolitan Importance for wildlife, populated with songbirds, woodpeckers and tawny owls. A lack of care and cash surrendered the graves to the ravages of nature and vandalism, but in the early 1980s the Friends of Nunhead Cemetery was formed to renovate and protect the cemetery.
The cemetery was reopened in May 2001 after an extensive restoration project funded by Southwark Council and the Heritage Lottery Fund. Fifty memorials were restored along with the Anglican Chapel.
Notable burials
Robert Abel, 1857–1936, England test cricketer
George John Bennett, 1800–1879, English Shakespearian actor
William Brough, 1826–1870, writer and playwright
Joseph Lemuel Chester, 1821–1882, American genealogist, poet and editor
Bryan Donkin, 1768–1855, engineer who developed a paper-making machine and food-canning process
Edward John Eliot, 1782–1863, Peninsular War soldier
Vincent Figgins, 1766–1844, typefounder
Sir Charles Fox, 1810–1874, civil and railway engineer
Jenny Hill, 1848–1896, music hall performer
Sir Polydore de Keyser, 1832–1898, lawyer and Roman Catholic Lord Mayor of London
Sir George Livesey, 1834–1908, engineer, industrialist and philanthropist
Cicely Nott, 1832–1900, singer and actress
John Proctor, 1836–1914, artist, illustrator and cartoonist
Charles Rolls, 1799–1885, engraver
Thomas Tilling, 1825–1893, bus tycoon
Alfred Vance, 1839–1888, English music hall performer
At 52 acres, Nunhead is the second largest of the Magnificent Seven cemeteries. Views across London include St Paul's Cathedral.[7]
The Victorian part of the cemetery is currently in a poor state of repair, being best described as an elegant wilderness; locals like to call it a nature reserve. Many areas of the cemetery are fairly overgrown with vines, as visible in newer tourist photos. Numerous tombstones lean to the side. Although the Friends of Nunhead Cemetery are doing their best to restore some parts of the cemetery it is badly in need of care and funding. It is about 52 acres (210,000 m2) and is a popular place to walk.
The lodges and monumental entrance were designed by James Bunstone Bunning. There is an obelisk, the "Scottish Political Martyrs Memorial", the second monument (the other is in Edinburgh) dedicated to the leaders of the Friends of the People Society, popularly called the Scottish Martyrs, including Thomas Muir, Maurice Margarot, and Thomas Fyshe Palmer, who were transported to Australia in 1794. It was erected by Radical MP Joseph Hume in 1837. It is immediately on the right on Dissenters Road, when entering through the North Gate.
A memorial commemorates nine Sea Scouts who died in the Leysdown Tragedy off the Isle of Sheppey in 1912, including Percy Baden Powell Huxford aged 12 (named after, but not related to, Lord Baden Powell). The original memorial, designed by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott, was erected in 1914.[8] Most of this was removed after vandalism, and only the base remains.[9] The present replacement memorial was erected in 1992, on the initiative of the Friends of Nunhead Cemetery.
First World War CWGC Australian plot
There are a large number of First and Second World War war graves in the cemetery, the greater proportion (592 graves) being Commonwealth service burials from the former war. Most of those are concentrated between three war graves plots: the United Kingdom plot (Square 89), holding 266 graves, the Australian plot which holds 23 graves, and the Canadian plot (Square 52) which holds 36 graves, including burials of South African and New Zealand servicemen. Those buried in the UK plot and in individual graves outside the three plots are, because of not being marked by headstones, listed by name on a Screen Wall memorial inside the cemetery's main entrance. A second Screen Wall lists 110 Commonwealth service personnel of the Second World War who are buried in another war graves plot (Square 5), and elsewhere whose graves could not be marked by headstones. There is also a Belgian war grave of the First World War
Met up with my fellow Flickrites Marko, Gwen, Dugi, James and Simon on Saturday morning for what turned out to be a pleasant and warm, though photographically uninteresting morning! Not a cloud in the sky as this shot shows.
In actual fact I'm quite pleased with this shot as I managed to get the water motion I wanted, despite the high contrast due to the cloudless sky. A ND 1.2 allowed me to stretch the exposure time a little and a bit of judicious raw processing pulled out the foreground after cropping a bit tighter.
I actually cloned out two tiny clouds as they were a distraction agains the simple sky.
EOS 1000D / Sigma 10-20mm / Hitech 0.9 SE and 1.2 ND
...
...
...
BANG
BANG
BANG
"Where the hell are you, you over grown fish tank fodder!"
BANG
"Come on! Get out here! You may have got my boys, but you won't get your slimy hands on me!"
...
Well, this is a suprise. Who would of thought being arrested could be so fun?
"Get out! NOW!"
Well if he insists...
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Lizard moves from #111, by police boat to #118 Ryker's Island, placing Kingpin and his men in peril.
As has happened many times before, this encounter took place after I had accepted that my photo walk was not going to result in any encounters. I have learned that such walks need to be enjoyed on their own terms and should not be experienced with a sense of frustration. I turn my eye to other subjects and enjoy the combination of exercise and discovery. This time I entered Toronto’s City Hall and took some photos of the building.
Proceeding up University Avenue I recalled a street portrait I had made on the covered walkway in front of a bank at the corner of Dundas Street at least a year ago. Just then, this man caught my eye. In fact, it was his eyes that caught my eye. They seemed penetrating. He was standing with his wife and I stopped to make my introduction and my request. I told him I thought he would make a very good portrait and showed him my card. He was agreeable. I checked with his wife that she wouldn’t mind a slight delay in their day but he explained she doesn’t speak English. Meet Erno. (When I looked it up later, I discovered that the name Erno stems from Finnish and Hungarian and in English is Ernest.)
I invited the two of them up three or four stairs and showed Erno where to stand and gave my usual request that he simply look into the lens of my camera. I took a few exposures and was struck by the way his intense eyes were mirrored by his serious expression. His wife was standing behind me and she spoke to him and he cracked a smile. She must have been telling him he looked too serious. In the end, I felt this serious expression best revealed Erno as I experienced him – intense and serious, yet friendly.
Erno came to Canada from Hungary twenty years ago. “Did you speak English when you came?” I asked. “No. Well, yes and no.” When I asked how long his wife has been in Canada he said “One year.” When I asked how they met he told me “She was my first love many years ago. We rediscovered each other recently through Facebook.” I said it sounded like a nice love story. “So now you will be her English teacher?” He nodded. Erno works as an auto body technician. His biggest challenge in life? “Changing countries.” I can only imagine how challenging that must be, learning a new language and culture. Erno’s message to the project? “Never give up.” I couldn’t help thinking he was making reference to his relationship with Brigitta which took so many years to come to fruition.
I asked if they wanted a portrait together and Brigitta indicated yes. Erno either wasn’t sure of his email or didn’t have one but Brigitta typed hers into my cell phone notes so I could send them their photos.
Thank you Erno and Brigitta for participating in my Human Family photography project. May you have many happy years together in Canada.
This is my 466th submission to The Human Family Group on Flickr.
You can view more street portraits and stories by visiting The Human Family.
Als je toch aan het rotzooien bent ;-)
Eerst even checken hoe lang het duurt voor het seinbeeld wisseld. Dacht aan 30 sec. genoeg te hebben.
Dan het juiste moment van indrukken bepalen. Helaas klapte de spiegel net neer voordat ook groen in beeld kwam.
Dat gaan we nog eens proberen.
How to greate a weird signal?
Just set your'e camera on 30 sec and wait for the right moment.
To bad the green came to slow en the shutter was already closed.
Try it next time
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
Clarence L. "Kelly" Johnson, vice president of engineering and research at Lockheed's Skunk Works, visited USAF air bases across South Korea in November 1951 to speak with fighter pilots about what they wanted and needed in a fighter aircraft. At the time, the American pilots were confronting the MiG-15 with North American F-86 Sabres, and many felt that the MiGs were superior to the larger and more complex American design. The pilots requested a small and simple aircraft with excellent performance, especially high speed and altitude capabilities. Armed with this information, Johnson immediately started the design of such an aircraft on his return to the United States.
Work started in March 1952. In order to achieve the desired performance, Lockheed chose a small and simple aircraft, weighing in at 12,000 lb (5,400 kg) with a single powerful engine. The engine chosen was the new General Electric J79 turbojet, an engine of dramatically improved performance in comparison with contemporary designs. The small L-246 design remained essentially identical to the Model 083 Starfighter as eventually delivered.
Johnson presented the design to the Air Force on 5 November 1952, and work progressed quickly, with a mock-up ready for inspection at the end of April, and work starting on two prototypes that summer. The first prototype was completed by early 1954 and first flew on 4 March at Edwards AFB. The total time from contract to first flight was less than one year.
The first YF-104A flew on 17 February 1956 and, with the other 16 trial aircraft, were soon carrying out equipment evaluation and flight tests. Lockheed made several improvements to the aircraft throughout the testing period, including strengthening the airframe, adding a ventral fin to improve directional stability at supersonic speed, and installing a boundary layer control system (BLCS) to reduce landing speed. Problems were encountered with the J79 afterburner; further delays were caused by the need to add AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. On 28 January 1958, the first production F-104A to enter service was delivered.
Even though the F-104 saw only limited use by the USAF, later versions, tailored to a fighter bomber role and intended for overseas sales, were more prolific. This was in particular the F-104G, which became the Starfighter's main version, a total of 1,127 F-104Gs were produced under license by Canadair and a consortium of European companies that included Messerschmitt/MBB, Fiat, Fokker, and SABCA.
The F-104G differed considerably from earlier versions. It featured strengthened fuselage, wing, and empennage structures; a larger vertical fin with fully powered rudder as used on the earlier two-seat versions; fully powered brakes, new anti-skid system, and larger tires; revised flaps for improved combat maneuvering; a larger braking chute. Upgraded avionics included an Autonetics NASARR F15A-41B multi-mode radar with air-to-air, ground-mapping, contour-mapping, and terrain-avoidance modes, as well as the Litton LN-3 Inertial Navigation System, the first on a production fighter.
Germany was among the first foreign operators of the F-104G variant. As a side note, a widespread misconception was and still is that the "G" explicitly stood for "Germany". But that was not the case and pure incidence, it was just the next free letter, even though Germany had a major influence on the aircraft's concept and equipment. The German Air Force and Navy used a large number of F-104G aircraft for interception, reconnaissance and fighter bomber roles. In total, Germany operated 916 Starfighters, becoming the type's biggest operator in the world. Beyond the single seat fighter bombers, Germany also bought and initially 30 F-104F two-seat aircraft and then 137 TF-104G trainers. Most went to the Luftwaffe and a total of 151 Starfighters was allocated to the Marineflieger units.
The introduction of this highly technical aircraft type to a newly reformed German air force was fraught with problems. Many were of technical nature, but there were other sources of problems, too. For instance, after WWII, many pilots and ground crews had settled into civilian jobs and had not kept pace with military and technological developments. Newly recruited/re-activated pilots were just being sent on short "refresher" courses in slow and benign-handling first-generation jet aircraft or trained on piston-driven types. Ground crews were similarly employed with minimal training and experience, which was one consequence of a conscripted military with high turnover of service personnel. Operating in poor northwest European weather conditions (vastly unlike the fair-weather training conditions at Luke AFB in Arizona) and flying low at high speed over hilly terrain, a great many Starfighter accidents were attributed to controlled flight into terrain (CFIT). German Air Force and Navy losses with the type totaled 110 pilots, around half of them naval officers.
One general contributing factor to the high attrition rate was the operational assignment of the F-104 in German service: it was mainly used as a (nuclear strike) fighter-bomber, flying at low altitude underneath enemy radar and using landscape clutter as passive radar defense, as opposed to the original design of a high-speed, high-altitude fighter/interceptor. In addition to the different and demanding mission profiles, the installation of additional avionic equipment in the F-104G version, such as the inertial navigation system, added distraction to the pilot and additional weight that further hampered the flying abilities of the plane. In contemporary German magazine articles highlighting the Starfighter safety problems, the aircraft was portrayed as "overburdened" with technology, which was considered a latent overstrain on the aircrews. Furthermore, many losses in naval service were attributed to the Starfighter’s lack of safety margin through a twin-engine design like the contemporary Blackburn Buccaneer, which had been the German navy air arm’s favored type. But due to political reasons (primarily the outlook to produce the Starfighter in Southern Germany in license), the Marine had to accept and make do with the Starfighter, even if it was totally unsuited for the air arm's mission profile.
Erich Hartmann, the world's top-scoring fighter ace from WWII, commanded one of Germany's first (post-war) jet fighter-equipped squadrons and deemed the F-104 to be an unsafe aircraft with poor handling characteristics for aerial combat. To the dismay of his superiors, Hartmann judged the fighter unfit for Luftwaffe use even before its introduction.
In 1966 Johannes Steinhoff took over command of the Luftwaffe and grounded the entire Luftwaffe and Bundesmarine F-104 fleet until he was satisfied that the persistent problems had been resolved or at least reduced to an acceptable level. One measure to improve the situation was that some Starfighters were modified to carry a flight data recorder or "black box" which could give an indication of the probable cause of an accident. In later years, the German Starfighters’ safety record improved, although a new problem of structural failure of the wings emerged: original fatigue calculations had not taken into account the high number of g-force loading cycles that the German F-104 fleet was experiencing through their mission profiles, and many airframes were returned to the depot for wing replacement or outright retirement.
The German F-104Gs served primarily in the strike role as part of the Western nuclear deterrent strategy, some of these dedicated nuclear strike Starfighters even had their M61 gun replaced by an additional fuel tank for deeper penetration missions. However, some units close to the German borders, e.g. Jagdgeschwader (JG) 71 in Wittmundhafen (East Frisia) as well as JG 74 in Neuburg (Bavaria), operated the Starfighter as a true interceptor on QRA duty. From 1980 onwards, these dedicated F-104Gs received a new air superiority camouflage, consisting of three shades of grey in an integral wraparound scheme, together with smaller, subdued national markings. This livery was officially called “Norm 82” and unofficially “Alberich”, after the secretive guardian of the Nibelung's treasure. A similar wraparound paint scheme, tailored to low-level operations and consisting of two greens and black (called Norm 83), was soon applied to the fighter bombers and the RF-104 fleet, too, as well as to the Luftwaffe’s young Tornado IDS fleet.
However, the Luftwaffe’s F-104Gs were at that time already about to be gradually replaced, esp. in the interceptor role, by the more capable and reliable F-4F Phantom II, a process that lasted well into the mid-Eighties due to a lagging modernization program for the Phantoms. The Luftwaffe’s fighter bombers and recce Starfighters were replaced by the MRCA Tornado and RF-4E Phantoms. In naval service the Starfighters soldiered on for a little longer until they were also replaced by the MRCA Tornado – eventually, the Marineflieger units received a two engine aircraft type that was suitable for their kind of missions.
In the course of the ongoing withdrawal, a lot of German aircraft with sufficiently enough flying hours left were transferred to other NATO partners like Norway, Greece, Turkey and Italy, and two were sold to the NASA. One specific Starfighter was furthermore modified into a CCV (Control-Configured Vehicle) experimental aircraft under control of the German Industry, paving the way to aerodynamically unstable aircraft like the Eurofighter/Typhoon. The last operational German F-104 made its farewell flight on 22. Mai 1991, and the type’s final flight worldwide was in Italy in October 2004.
General characteristics:
Crew: 1
Length: 54 ft 8 in (16.66 m)
Wingspan: 21 ft 9 in (6.63 m)
Height: 13 ft 6 in (4.11 m)
Wing area: 196.1 ft² (18.22 m²)
Airfoil: Biconvex 3.36 % root and tip
Empty weight: 14,000 lb (6,350 kg)
Max takeoff weight: 29,027 lb (13,166 kg)
Powerplant:
1× General Electric J79 afterburning turbojet,
10,000 lbf (44 kN) thrust dry, 15,600 lbf (69 kN) with afterburner
Performance:
Maximum speed: 1,528 mph (2,459 km/h, 1,328 kn)
Maximum speed: Mach 2
Combat range: 420 mi (680 km, 360 nmi)
Ferry range: 1,630 mi (2,620 km, 1,420 nmi)
Service ceiling: 50,000 ft (15,000 m)
Rate of climb: 48,000 ft/min (240 m/s) initially
Lift-to-drag: 9.2
Wing loading: 105 lb/ft² (510 kg/m²)
Thrust/weight: 0.54 with max. takeoff weight (0.76 loaded)
Armament:
1× 20 mm (0.787 in) M61A1 Vulcan six-barreled Gatling cannon, 725 rounds
7× hardpoints with a capacity of 4,000 lb (1,800 kg), including up to four AIM-9 Sidewinder, (nuclear)
bombs, guided and unguided missiles, or other stores like drop tanks or recce pods
The kit and its assembly:
A relatively simple what-if project – based on the question how a German F-104 interceptor might have looked like, had it been operated for a longer time to see the Luftwaffe’s low-viz era from 1981 onwards. In service, the Luftwaffe F-104Gs started in NMF and then carried the Norm 64 scheme, the well-known splinter scheme in grey and olive drab. Towards the end of their career the fighter bombers and recce planes received the Norm 83 wraparound scheme in green and black, but by that time no dedicated interceptors were operational anymore, so I stretched the background story a little.
The model is the very nice Italeri F-104G/S model, which is based on the ESCI molds from the Eighties, but it comes with recessed engravings and an extra sprue that contains additional drop tanks and an Orpheus camera pod. The kit also includes a pair of Sidewinders with launch rails for the wing tips as well as the ventral “catamaran” twin rail, which was frequently used by German Starfighters because the wing tips were almost constantly occupied with tanks.
Fit and detail is good – the kit is IMHO very good value for the money. There are just some light sinkholes on the fuselage behind the locator pins, the fit of the separate tail section is mediocre and calls for PSR, and the thin and very clear canopy is just a single piece – for open display, you have to cut it by yourself.
Since the model would become a standard Luftwaffe F-104G, just with a fictional livery, the kit was built OOB. The only change I made are drooped flaps, and the air brakes were mounted in open position.
The ordnance (wing tip tanks plus the ventral missiles) was taken from the kit, reflecting the typical German interceptor configuration: the wing tips were frequently occupied with tanks, sometimes even together with another pair of drop tanks under the wings, so that any missile had to go under the fuselage. The instructions for the ventral catamaran launch rails are BTW wrong – they tell the builder to mount the launch rails onto the twin carrier upside down! Correctly, the carrier’s curvature should lie flush on the fuselage, with no distance at all. When mounted as proposed, the Sidewinders come very close to the ground and the whole installation looks pretty goofy! I slightly modified the catamaran launch rail with some thin styrene profile strips as spacers, and the missiles themselves, AIM-9Bs, were replaced with more modern and delicate AIM-9Js from a Hasegawa air-to-air weapons set. Around the hull, some small blade antennae, a dorsal rotating warning light and an angle-of-attack sensor were added.
Painting and markings:
The exotic livery is what defined this what-if build, and the paint scheme was actually inspired by a real world benchmark: some Dornier Do-28D Skyservants of the German Marineflieger received, late in their career, a wraparound scheme in three shades of grey, namely RAL 7030 (Steingrau), 7000 (Fehgrau) and 7012 (Basaltgrau). I thought that this would work pretty well for an F-104G interceptor that operates at medium to high altitudes, certainly better than the relatively dark Norm 64 splinter scheme or the Norm 83 low-altitude pattern.
The camouflage pattern was simply adopted from the Starfighter’s Norm 83 scheme, just the colors were exchanged. The kit was painted with acrylic paints from Revell, since the authentic tones were readily available, namely 75, 57 and 77. As a disrupting detail I gave the wing tip tanks the old Norm 64 colors: uniform Gelboliv from above (RAL 6014, Revell 42), Silbergrau underneath (RAL 7001, Humbrol’s 127 comes pretty close), and bright RAL 2005 dayglo orange markings, the latter created with TL Modellbau decal sheet material for clean edges and an even finish.
The cockpit interior was painted in standard medium grey (Humbrol 140, Dark Gull Grey), the landing gear including the wells became aluminum (Humbrol 56), the interior of the air intakes was painted with bright matt aluminum metallizer (Humbrol 27001) with black anti-icing devices in the edges and the shock cones. The radome was painted with very light grey (Humbrol 196, RAL 7035), the dark green anti-glare panel is a decal from the OOB sheet.
The model received a standard black ink washing and some panel post-shading (with Testors 2133 Russian Fulcrum Grey, Humbrol 128 FS 36320 and Humbrol 156 FS 36173) in an attempt to even out the very different shades of grey. The result does not look bad, pretty worn and weathered (like many German Starfighters), even though the paint scheme reminds a lot of the Hellenic "Ghost" scheme from the late F-4Es and the current F-16s?
The decals for the subdued Luftwaffe markings were puzzled together from various sources. The stencils were mostly taken from the kit’s exhaustive and sharply printed sheet. Tactical codes (“26+40” is in the real Starfighter range, but this specific code was AFAIK never allocated), iron crosses and the small JG 71 emblems come from TL Modellbau aftermarket sheets. Finally, after some light soot stains around the gun port, the afterburner and some air outlets along the fuselage with graphite, the model was sealed with matt acrylic varnish.
A simple affair, since the (nice) kit was built OOB and the only really fictional aspect of this model is its livery. But the resulting aircraft looks good, the all-grey wraparound scheme suits the slender F-104 well and makes an interceptor role quite believable. Would probably also look good on a German Eurofighter? Certainly more interesting than the real world all-blue-grey scheme.
In the beauty pics the scheme also appears to be quite effective over open water, too, so that the application to the Marineflieger Do-28Ds made sense. However, for the real-world Starfighter, this idea came a couple of years too late.
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic ,is the second largest country in South America, constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations, though Mexico, Colombia and Spain are more populous.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentina claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It also claims a part of Antarctica, overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, though all claims were suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina today is one of the G-20 major economies.
Etymology
The name is derived from the Latin argentum (silver), which comes from the Ancient Greek ἀργήντος (argēntos), gen. of ἀργήεις (argēeis), "white, shining". Αργεντινός (argentinos) was an ancient Greek adjective meaning "silvery".The first use of the name Argentina can be traced to the early 16th century voyages of the Spanish and Portuguese conquerors to the Río de la Plata ("Silver River").
History
The earliest evidence of humans in Argentina is in Patagonia (Piedra Museo, Santa Cruz) and dates from 11,000 BC (Huarpes, Diaguitas and Sanavirones, among others). The Inca Empire, under King Pachacutec, invaded and conquered present-day northwestern Argentina in 1480, integrating it into a region called Collasuyu; the Guaraní developed a culture based on yuca, sweet potato and yerba maté. The central and southern areas (Pampas and Patagonia) were dominated by nomadic cultures, the most populous among them being the Mapuches
European explorers arrived in 1516. Spain established the Viceroyalty of Peru in 1542 encompassing all its holdings in South America, and established a permanent colony at Buenos Aires in 1580 as part of the dependency of Río de la Plata. In 1776 this dependency was elevated to a viceroyalty which shifted trade from Lima to Buenos Aires.
The area was largely a country of Spanish immigrants and their descendants, known as criollos, and others of native cultures and of descendants of African slaves, present in significant numbers. A third of Colonial-era settlers gathered in Buenos Aires and other cities, others living on the pampas as gauchos, for instance. Indigenous peoples inhabited much of the rest of Argentina. The British invaded twice between 1806 and 1807, as part of the Napoleonic Wars when Spain was an ally of France, but both invasions were repelled.
On 25 May 1810, after the rumors of the Napoleonic overthrow of Ferdinand VII were confirmed, the citizens of Buenos Aires created the First Government Junta (May Revolution). Two nations emerged in the former viceroyalty: the United Provinces of South America (1810) and the Liga Federal (1815). Other provinces delayed the formation of a unified state because of differences between autonomist and centralist parties; Paraguay seceded, declaring independence in 1811.
Between 1814 and 1817, General José de San Martín led a military campaign aimed at making independence a reality. San Martín and his regiment crossed the Andes in 1817 to defeat royalist forces in Chile and Perú, thus securing independence. The Congress of Tucumán gathered on 9 July 1816 and finally issued a formal Declaration of Independence from Spain. The Liga Federal was crushed in 1820 by the combined forces of the United Provinces and Portuguese-ruled colonial Brazil, and its provinces were absorbed into the United Provinces of South America. Bolivia declared independence in 1825, and Uruguay was created in 1828 as a result of a truce following the Argentina-Brazil War. The controversial truce led to the rise of Buenos Aires provincial governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, who, as a federalist, exercised a reign of terror and kept the fragile confederation together.
The centralist Unitarios and the Federales maintained an internecine conflict until Rosas' 1852 overthrow after the Platine War, and to help prevent future struggle during the tenuous times that followed, a Constitution was promulgated in 1853. The constitution, drafted by legal scholar Juan Bautista Alberdi, was defended by Franciscan Friar Mamerto Esquiú and endured through difficult early years. National unity was reinforced when Paraguayan dictator López attacked Argentina and Brazil in 1865, resulting in the War of the Triple Alliance, which left more than 300,000 dead and devastated Paraguay.
Geography
The total surface area (excluding the Antarctic claim) is 2,766,891.2 km2 (1,068,302.7 sq mi), of which 30,200 km2 (11,700 sq mi) (1.1%) is water. Argentina is about 3,900 km (2,400 mi) long from north to south, and 1,400 km (870 mi) from east to west (maximum values). There are four major regions: the fertile central plains of the Pampas, source of Argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling, oil-rich southern plateau of Patagonia including Tierra del Fuego; the subtropical northern flats of the Gran Chaco, and the rugged Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile.
The highest point above sea level is in Mendoza province at Cerro Aconcagua (6,962 m (22,841 ft)), also the highest point in the Southern and Western Hemisphere. The lowest point is Laguna del Carbón in Santa Cruz province, -105 m (−344 ft) below sea level. This is also the lowest point in South America. The geographic center of the country is in south-central La Pampa province. The easternmost continental point is northeast of Bernardo de Irigoyen, Misiones,(26°15′S 53°38′W / 26.25°S 53.633°W / -26.25; -53.633 (Argentina's easternmost continental point)) the westernmost in the Mariano Moreno Range in Santa Cruz province.(49°33′S 73°35′W / 49.55°S 73.583°W / -49.55; -73.583 (Argentina's westernmost point)) The northernmost point is at the confluence of the Grande de San Juan and Mojinete rivers in Jujuy province,(21°46′S 66°13′W / 21.767°S 66.217°W / -21.767; -66.217 (Argentina's northernmost point)) and the southernmost is Cape San Pío in Tierra del Fuego. (55°03′S 66°31′W / 55.05°S 66.517°W / -55.05; -66.517 (Argentina's southernmost point))
The major rivers are the Paraná (the largest), the Pilcomayo, Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Río Negro, Salado and the Uruguay. The Paraná and the Uruguay join to form the Río de la Plata estuary, before reaching the Atlantic. Regionally important rivers are the Atuel and Mendoza in the homonymous province, the Chubut in Patagonia, the Río Grande in Jujuy and the San Francisco River in Salta.
There are several large lakes including Argentino and Viedma in Santa Cruz, Nahuel Huapi between Río Negro and Neuquén, Fagnano in Tierra del Fuego, and Colhué Huapi and Musters in Chubut. Lake Buenos Aires and O'Higgins/San Martín Lake are shared with Chile. Mar Chiquita, Córdoba, is the largest salt water lake in the country. There are numerous reservoirs created by dams. Argentina features various hot springs, such as Termas de Río Hondo with temperatures between 65°C and 89°C.
The largest oil spill in fresh water was caused by a Shell Petroleum tanker in the Río de la Plata, off Magdalena, on January 15, 1999, polluting the environment, drinking water, and local wildlife.
The 4,665 km (2,899 mi) long Atlantic coast has been a popular local vacation area for over a century, and varies between areas of sand dunes and cliffs. The continental platform is unusually wide; this shallow area of the Atlantic is called the Argentine Sea. The waters are rich in fisheries and possibly hold important hydrocarbon energy resources. The two major ocean currents affecting the coast are the warm Brazil Current and the cold Falkland Current. Because of the unevenness of the coastal landmass, the two currents alternate in their influence on climate and do not allow temperatures to fall evenly with higher latitude. The southern coast of Tierra del Fuego forms the north shore of the Drake Passage.
Oficial name:
República Argentina
Independence:
May Revolution 25 May 1810
- Declared 9 July 1816
- Recognized 1821 (by Spain)
Area:
2.780.092 km2
Inhabitants:
40.090.000
Languages:
Aymara, Central [ayr] Classification: Aymaran
Chiripá [nhd] Alternate names: Tsiripá, Txiripá, Nhandeva, Ñandeva, Apytare. Dialects: Apapocuva. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I
Chorote, Iyojwa'ja [crt] 800 (1982 Drayson). Northeast Salta Province. Alternate names: Choroti, Yofuaha, Eklenjuy. Dialects: A distinct language from Iyo'wujwa Chorote (Drayson). Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Chorote, Iyo'wujwa [crq] 1,500 in Argentina. 50% monolinguals. Population total all countries: 2,008. In Argentina they are mixed with the Iyojwa'ja Chorote. No more than a couple of families in Bolivia. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: Choroti, Manjuy, Manjui. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Guaraní, Mbyá [gun] 3,000 in Argentina (2002 Dooley). Northeast Argentina. Alternate names: Mbua, Eastern Argentina Guaraní, Mbyá. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I
Guaraní, Western Argentine [gui] 15,000 in Argentina. Jujuy, Salta. Alternate names: Eastern Bolivian Guaraní, "Chawuncu", "Chiriguano". Dialects: Chané, Izoceño (Izocenyo, Isocenio). Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I
Kaiwá [kgk] 512 in Argentina. Northeast Argentina. Alternate names: Caingua, Caiwá, Kayova. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Subgroup I
Mapudungun [arn] 100,000 in Argentina (2000). Provinces of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut, Buenos Aires, La Pampa. Alternate names: Araucano, Maputongo, Mapuche, Mapudungu. Dialects: Pehuenche. Classification: Araucanian
Mocoví [moc] 4,525 (2000 WCD). South Chaco, northeast Santa Fe. Alternate names: Mocobí, Mbocobí. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Guaicuruan
Nivaclé [cag] 200 in Argentina. Salta Province, northeast. Alternate names: Ashlushlay, "Chulupi", "Churupi", "Chulupie", "Chulupe". Dialects: Forest Nivaclé, River Nivaclé. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Ona [ona] 1 to 3 (1991 Adelaar). Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego. Also formerly in Chile. Alternate names: Aona, Selknam, Shelknam. Classification: Chon Nearly extinct.
Pilagá [plg] 2,000 (1991 UBS). Along the valleys of the Bermejo and Pilcomayo rivers in central and western Formosa Province, also Chaco and Salta provinces. Alternate names: Pilaca. Dialects: Toba-Pilagá (Toba del Oeste, Sombrero Negro), Chaco Pilagá (Toba Sur). Intelligibility between the dialects needs investigation. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Guaicuruan
Puelche [pue] 5 or 6. Pampas. Alternate names: Gennaken, Pampa, Northern Tehuelche. Classification: Language Isolate Nearly extinct.
Quechua, South Bolivian [quh] 855,000 in Argentina. Population includes 200,000 temporary laborers, about 100,000 looking for work, 500,000 living in Buenos Aires (1971 F. Hicks). Possibly 70,000 in Salta Province. Buenos Aires, some working on docks. Some in Salta Province. Alternate names: Central Bolivian Quechua. Dialects: Northwest Jujuy (Colla). Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C
Quichua, Santiago del Estero [qus] 60,000 (2000 SIL). Ethnic population: 60,000. Santiago del Estero Province, north central Argentina, Departments of Figueroa, Moreno, Robles, Sarmiento, Brigadier J. F. Ibarra, San Martín, Silipica, Loreto, Atamisqui, Avellaneda, Salavina, Quebrachos, Mitre, Aguirre, some in southeast Salta Province, western Taboada Department along the Salado River, and Buenos Aires. Alternate names: Santiagueño Quichua. Dialects: Different from Bolivian (lexical similarity 81%) or other Quechua (P. Landerman SIL 1968). Classification: Quechuan, Quechua II, C
Spanish [spa] 33,000,000 in Argentina (1995). Classification: Indo-European, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian
Tapieté [tpj] 100 in Argentina. Northeast, Tartagal, 1 village. Alternate names: Guarayo, Guasurangue, Tirumbae, Yanaigua, Ñanagua. Classification: Tupi, Tupi-Guarani, Guarani I
Tehuelche [teh] 4 (2000 W. Adelaar). Ethnic population: 200 (2000 W. Adelaar). Patagonia. Alternate names: Aoniken, Gunua-Kena, Gununa-Kena, Inaquen. Classification: Chon Nearly extinct
Toba [tob] 19,810 in Argentina (2000 WCD). Population total all countries: 20,656. Eastern Formosa Province and Chaco Province. Also spoken in Bolivia, Paraguay. Alternate names: Chaco Sur, Qom, Toba Qom, Toba Sur. Dialects: Southeast Toba, Northern Toba. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Guaicuruan
Vilela [vil] 20 (1981 Buckwalter). Resistencia, east central Chaco Province near Paraguay border. Classification: Lule-Vilela Nearly extinct.
Welsh [cym] 25,000 in Argentina (1998 A. Leaver). Patagonia, Chubut Territory. Dialects: Patagonian Welsh. Classification: Indo-European, Celtic, Insular, Brythonic
Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay [mzh] 15,000 (1999). Northern, Pilcomayo River area. Alternate names: "Mataco" Güisnay, Güisnay, "Mataco" Pilcomayo, "Mataco". Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Wichí Lhamtés Nocten [mtp] 100 in Argentina. Northern border down to Tartagal. Alternate names: "Mataco" Nocten, Nocten, Noctenes, Oktenai. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz [wlv] 25,000 in Argentina (1991 UBS). Northern area: Chaco, Formosa, Salta, Jujuy. Generally west of Toba, along upper Bermejo River Valley and Pilcomayo River. Also spoken in Bolivia. Alternate names: "Mataco" Vejoz, Vejos. Dialects: Bermejo Vejoz. Not intelligible with other Chaco languages. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Mataco
Extinct languages
Abipon [axb] Extinct. Classification: Mataco-Guaicuru, Guaicuruan
Chané [caj] Extinct. Salta Province. Dialects: Some have equated this name with 'Guana' (Kaskiha) of Paraguay of Mascoian affiliation, or Terena of Brazil of Arawakan affiliation, but they are distinct. Classification: Arawakan, Unclassified
Capital city:
Buenos Aires
Meaning of the country name:
From the Latin argentum, meaning "silver". Early Spanish and Portuguese traders used the region's Rio de la Plata or "Silver River" to transport silver and other treasures from Peru to the Atlantic. The land around the terminal downstream stations became known as Argentina – "Land of Silver".
Description Flag:
The national flag of Argentina dates from 1812. It is a triband, composed of three equally wide horizontal bands coloured light blue, white and light blue. In 1818, a yellow Sun of May was added to the center.
The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag (Spanish: Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia)
The Sun is modeled after the symbol of Inti, the Incan god of the Sun.
Coat of arms:
The Coat of Arms of Argentina was established in its current form in 1944, but has its origins in the seal of the Sovereign General Assembly of 1813, though there is no known decree or any other type of order or authorisation ordering its specific use. It is supposed, however, that this symbol was chosen quickly because of the existence of a decree signed on February 22, sealed with that seal. The first mention of it in a public document dates to March 12th of that same year, in which it is stated that this seal had to be used by the executive power, that is, the second triumvirate. On April 13th the National Assembly coined the new silver and gold coins, each with the seal of the Assembly on the reverse, in that way what started as a seal became a national coat of arms. On April 27th the Coat of Arms becomes a National Emblem. The decree states also that the Coat of Arms should not be used in flags, though Belgrano ordered to paint the Coat of Arms over the flag he gave to the city of Jujuy. Moreover, during the Argentine War of Independence, most flags had the Coat of Arms.
Motto:
"In Union and Freedom"
National Anthem: Argentine National Anthem
Oíd, mortales, el grito sagrado:
"¡Libertad, libertad, libertad!"
Oíd el ruido de rotas cadenas,
ved en trono a la noble igualdad.
Ya su trono dignísimo abrieron
las Provincias Unidas del Sud
y los libres del mundo responden:
"Al gran pueblo argentino, ¡salud!
Al gran pueblo argentino, ¡salud!"
Y los libres del mundo responden:
"Al gran pueblo argentino, ¡salud!"
Estribillo
Sean eternos los laureles
que supimos conseguir,
que supimos conseguir.
Coronados de gloria vivamos...
¡o juremos con gloria morir!,
¡o juremos con gloria morir!,
¡o juremos con gloria morir!
English
Mortals! Hear the sacred cry:
"Freedom, freedom, freedom!"
Hear the noise of broken chains,
see the noble Equality enthroned.
The United Provinces of the South
have now opened their very honorable throne.
And the free people of the world reply:
"We salute the great people of Argentina!"
"We salute the great people of Argentina!"
And the free people of the world reply:
"We salute the great people of Argentina!"
Chorus
May the laurels be eternal
that we knew how to win,
that we knew how to win.
Let us live crowned with glory...
or swear to die gloriously!
Or swear to die gloriously!
Or swear to die gloriously!
Internet Page: www.welcomeargentina.com
Argentina in diferent languages
eng | cat | ces | cos | dan | eus | fao | hau | hrv | ina | ita | jav | kin | lat | lin | lit | lld | nor | oci | por | ron | run | slv | sme | spa | srd | swe | tpi | vor: Argentina
bos | crh | kaa | tuk | uzb: Argentina / Аргентина
afr | lim | nld: Argentinië
deu | ltz | nds: Argentinien / Argentinien
hun | isl | slk: Argentína
ast | glg: Arxentina
dsb | hsb: Argentinska
est | fin: Argentiina
ind | msa: Argentina / ارڬينتينا
arg: Archentina
aze: Argentina / Арҝентина
bam: Arazantini
bre: Arc’hantina
cor: Arghantina
cym: Ariannin
epo: Argentino
fra: Argentine
frp: Argentena
fry: Argentynje
fur: Argjentine
gla: An Argantain
gle: An Airgintín / An Airgintín
glv: Yn Argenteen
hat: Ajantin
ibo: Ajentina; Ajentain
jnf: Argentinne
kmr: Arjantîn / Аржантин / ئارژانتین; Ergêntînî / Әргентини / ئەرگێنتینی
kur: Erjentîn / ئەرژەنتین; Arjantîn / ئارژانتین
lav: Argentīna
mlg: Arzantinina
mlt: Arġentina
mol: Argentina / Арӂентина
nrm: Ergentène
pol: Argentyna
que: Arhintina
rmy: Arxentina / आर्ख़ेन्तिना
roh: Argentinia
rup: Arghentina
scn: Argintina
slo: Argentinia / Аргентиниа
smg: Argentėna
smo: Atenitina
som: Arjentiina
sqi: Argjentina
swa: Ajentina
szl: Argyntyna
tet: Arjentina
tgl: Arhentina
ton: ʻAsenitina
tur: Arjantin
vie: Á Căn Đình; Ác-hen-ti-na
vol: Largäntän
wln: Årdjintene
wol: Arsantin
zza: Arcantin
abq | alt | che | chm | kir | kjh | kom | krc | kum | mkd | rus | tyv | udm: Аргентина (Argentina)
bak | srp | tat: Аргентина / Argentina
bel: Аргенціна / Arhiencina; Аргентына / Arhientyna; Аргэнтына / Arhentyna
bul: Аржентина (Aržentina)
chv: Аргентинӑ (Argentină)
kaz: Аргентина / Argentïna / ارگەنتينا
kbd: Аргентинэ (Argentină)
mon: Аргентин (Argentin)
oss: Аргентинӕ (Argentinä)
tgk: Аргентина / ارگنتینه / Argentina
ukr: Арґентина (Argentyna)
ara: الأرجنتين (al-Arǧantīn)
ckb: ئەرجەنتین / Ercentîn
fas: آرژانتین (Āržāntīn)
prs: ارجنتین (Arjantīn)
pus: ارجنټين (Arjanṫīn); ارجنتاين (Arjantāyn)
uig: ئارگېنتىنا / Argéntina / Аргентина
urd: ارجنٹینا (Arjanṫīnā); ارجینٹینا (Arjenṫīnā); ارجنٹائن (Arjanṫāʾin); آرجنٹین (Ārjanṫīn)
div: އާރްޖެންޓީނާ (Ārjenṫīnā)
heb: ארגנטינה (Argenṭînah)
lad: ארג'ינטינה / Ardjentina
yid: אַרגענטינע (Argentine)
amh: አርጀንቲና (Ărjäntina); አርጀንቲን (Ărjäntin)
ell-dhi: Αργεντινή (Argentinī́)
ell-kat: Ἀργεντινή (Argentinī́)
hye: Արգենտինա (Argentina)
kat: არგენტინა (Argentina)
hin: अर्जेंटीना (Arjeṁṭīnā); आर्जन्टिना (Ārjanṭinā); अर्जेंटाइन (Arjeṁṭāin); आर्जेन्टीना (Ārjenṭīnā)
mar: आर्जन्टिना (Ārjanṭinā)
ben: আর্জেন্টিনা (Ārjenṭinā); আর্জেণ্টাইনা (Ārjeṇṭāinā)
guj: આર્જંટિના (Ārjaṁṭinā)
pan: ਅਰਜਨਟੀਨਾ (Arjanṭīnā)
kan: ಅರ್ಜೆಂಟೀನ (Arjeṁṭīna)
mal: അര്ജന്റീന (Arjanṟīna)
tam: ஆர்ஜென்டீனா (Ārjeṉṭīṉā); அர்ஜென்டினா (Arjeṉṭiṉā)
tel: అర్జెంటీనా (Arjeṁṭīnā)
zho: 阿根廷 (Āgēntíng)
yue: 阿根廷 (Agàntìhng)
jpn: アルゼンティン (Aruzentin); アルゼンチン (Aruzenchin)
kor: 아르헨티나 (Areuhentina)
bod: ཨར་གེན་ཐིན་ (Ar.gen.tʰin.)
dzo: ཨར་ཇེན་ཊི་ན་ (Ar.jen.ṭi.na.)
mya: အာဂ္ယင္တီးနား (Ajĩtìnà)
tha: อาร์เจนตินา (Ā[r]čēntinā)
lao: ອາກຊັງຕີນ (Āksâṅtīn)
khm: អាហ្សង់ទីន (Āhsăṅtīn)
The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin, Ufford, Suffolk
Upper Ufford is a pleasant place, and known well enough in Suffolk. Pretty much an extension northwards of Woodbridge and Melton, it is a prosperous community, convenient without being suburban. Ufford Park Hotel is an enjoyable venue in to attend professional courses and conferences, and the former St Audrey's mental hospital grounds across the road are now picturesque with luxury flats and houses. And I am told that the Ufford Park golf course is good, too, for those who like that kind of thing.
But as I say, that Ufford is really just an extension of Melton. In fact, there is another Ufford. It is in the valley below, more than a mile away along narrow lanes and set in deep countryside beside the Deben, sits Lower Ufford. To reach it, you follow ways so rarely used that grass grows up the middle. You pass old Melton church, redundant since the 19th century, but still in use for occasional exhibitions and performances, and once home to the seven sacrament font that is now in the plain 19th century building up in the main village. Eventually, the lane widens, and you come into the single street of a pretty, tiny hamlet, the church tower hidden from you by old cottages and houses. In one direction, the lane to Bromeswell takes you past Lower Ufford's delicious little pub, the White Lion. A stalwart survivor among fast disappearing English country pubs, the beer still comes out of barrels and the bar is like a kitchen. I cannot think that a visit to Ufford should be undertaken without at least a pint there. And, at the other end of the street, set back in a close between cottages, sits the Assumption, its 14th century tower facing the street, a classic Suffolk moment.
The dedication was once that of hundreds of East Anglian churches, transformed to 'St Mary' by the Reformation and centuries of disuse before the 19th century revival, but revived both here and at Haughley near Stowmarket. In late medieval times, it coincided with the height of the harvest, and in those days East Anglia was Our Lady's Dowry, intensely Catholic, intimately Marian.
The Assumption was almost certainly not the original dedication of this church. There was a church here for centuries before the late middle ages, and although there are no traces of any pre-Conquest building, the apse of an early-Norman church has been discovered under the floor of the north side of the chancel. The current chancel has a late Norman doorway, although it has been substantially rebuilt since, and in any case the great glories of Ufford are all 15th century. Perhaps the most dramatic is the porch, one of Suffolk's best, covered in flushwork and intriguing carvings.
Ufford's graveyard is beautiful; wild and ancient. I wandered around for a while, spotting the curious blue crucifix to the east of the church, and reading old gravestones. One, to an early 19th century gardener at Ufford Hall, has his gardening equipment carved at the top. The church is secretive, hidden on all sides by venerable trees, difficult to photograph but lovely anyway. I stopped to look at it from the unfamiliar north-east; the Victorian schoolroom, now a vestry, juts out like a small cottage. I walked back around to the south side, where the gorgeous porch is like a small palace against the body of the church. I knew the church would be open, because it is every day. And then, through the porch, and down into the north aisle, into the cool, dim, creamy light.
On the afternoon of Wednesday, 21st August 1644, Ufford had a famous visitor, a man who entered the church in exactly the same way, a man who recorded the events of that day in his journal. There were several differences between his visit and the one that I was making, one of them crucial; he found the church locked. He was the Commissioner to the Earl of Manchester for the Imposition in the Eastern Association of the Parliamentary Ordinance for the Demolishing of Monuments of Idolatry, and his name was William Dowsing.
Dowsing was a kind of 17th century political commissar, travelling the eastern counties and enforcing government legislation. He was checking that local officials had carried out what they were meant to do, and that they believed in what they were doing. In effect, he was getting them to work and think in the new ways that the central government required. It wasn't really a witch hunt, although God knows such things did exist in abundance at that time. It was more as if an arm of the state extended and worked its fingers into even the tiniest and most remote parishes. Anyone working in the public sector in Britain in the early years of the 21st century will have come across people like Dowsing.
As a part of his job, Dowsing was an iconoclast, charged with ensuring that idolatrous images were excised from the churches of the region. He is a man blamed for a lot. In fact, virtually all the Catholic imagery in English churches had been destroyed by the Anglican reformers almost a hundred years before Dowsing came along. All that survived was that which was difficult to destroy - angels in the roofs, gable crosses, and the like - and that which was inconvenient to replace - primarily, stained glass. Otherwise, in the late 1540s the statues had been burnt, the bench ends smashed, the wallpaintings whitewashed, the roods hauled down and the fonts plastered over. I have lost count of the times I have been told by churchwardens, or read in church guides, that the hatchet job on the bench ends or the font in their church was the work of 'William Dowsing' or 'Oliver Cromwell'. In fact, this destruction was from a century earlier than William Dowsing. Sometimes, I have even been told this at churches which Dowsing demonstrably did not visit.
Dowsing's main targets included stained glass, which the pragmatic Anglican reformers had left alone because of the expense of replacing it, and crosses and angels, and chancel steps. We can deduce from Dowsing's journal which medieval imagery had survived for him to see, and that which had already been hidden - not, I hasten to add, because people wanted to 'save' Catholic images, but rather because this was an expedient way of getting rid of them. So, for example, Dowsing visited three churches during his progress through Suffolk which today have seven sacrament fonts, but Dowsing does not mention a single one of them in his journal; they had all been plastered over long ago.
In fact, Dowsing was not worried so much about medieval survivals. What concerned him more was overturning the reforms put in place by the ritualist Archbishop Laud in the 1630s. Laud had tried to restore the sacramental nature of the Church, primarily by putting the altar back in the chancel and building it up on raised steps. Laud had since been beheaded thanks to puritan popular opinion, but the evidence of his wickedness still filled the parish churches of England. The single order that Dowsing gave during his progress more than any other was that chancel steps should be levelled.
The 21st of August was a hot day, and Dowsing had much work to do. He had already visited the two Trimley churches, as well as Brightwell and Levington, that morning, and he had plans to reach Baylham on the other side of Ipswich before nightfall. Much to his frustration, he was delayed at Ufford for two hours by a dispute between the church wardens over whether or not to allow him access.
The thing was, he had been here before. Eight months earlier, as part of a routine visit, he had destroyed some Catholic images that were in stained glass, and prayer clauses in brass inscriptions, but had trusted the churchwardens to deal with a multitude of other sins, images that were beyond his reach without a ladder, or which would be too time-consuming. This was common practice - after all, the churchwardens of Suffolk were generally equally as puritan as Dowsing. It was assumed that people in such a position were supporters of the New Puritan project, especially in East Anglia. Dowsing rarely revisited churches. But, for some reason, he felt he had to come back here to make sure that his orders had been carried out.
Why was this? In retrospect, we can see that Ufford was one of less than half a dozen churches where the churchwardens were uncooperative. Elsewhere, at hundreds of other churches, the wardens welcomed Dowsing with open arms. And Dowsing only visited churches in the first place if it was thought there might be a problem, parishes with notorious 'scandalous ministers' - which is to say, theological liberals. Richard Lovekin, the Rector of Ufford, had been turned out of his living the previous year, although he survived to return when the Church of England was restored in 1660. But that was in the future. Something about his January visit told Dowsing that he needed to come back to Ufford.
Standing in the nave of the Assumption today, you can still see something that Dowsing saw, something which he must have seen in January, but which he doesn't mention until his second visit, in the entry in his journal for August 21st, which appears to be written in a passion. This is Ufford's most famous treasure, the great 15th century font cover.
It rises, six metres high, magnificent and stately, into the clerestory, enormous in its scale and presence. In all England, only the font cover at Southwold is taller. The cover is telescopic, and crocketting and arcading dances around it like waterfalls and forests. There are tiny niches, filled today with 19th century statues. At the top is a gilt pelican, plucking its breast.
Dowsing describes the font cover as glorious... like a pope's triple crown... but this is just anti-Catholic innuendo. The word glorious in the 17th century meant about the same as the word 'pretentious' means to us now - Dowsing was scoffing. But there was no reason for him to be offended by it. The Anglicans had destroyed all the statues in the niches a century before, and all that remained was the pelican at the top, pecking its breast to feed its chicks. Dowsing would have known that this was a Catholic image of the Sacrifice of the Mass, and would have disapproved. But he did not order the font cover to be destroyed. After all, the rest of the cover was harmless enough, apart from being a waste of good firewood, and the awkwardness of the Ufford churchwardens seems to have put him off following through. He never went back.
Certainly, there can have been no theological reason for the churchwardens to protect their font cover. I like to think that they looked after it simply because they knew it to be beautiful, and that they also knew it had been constructed by ordinary workmen of their parish two hundred years before, under the direction of some European master designer. They protected it because of local pride, and amen to that. The contemporary font beneath is of a type more familiar in Norfolk than Suffolk, with quatrefoils alternating with shields, and heads beneath the bowl.
While the font cover is extraordinary, and of national importance, it is one of just several medieval survivals in the nave of the Assumption. All around it are 15th century benches, with superbly characterful and imaginative images on their ends. The best is the bench with St Margaret and St Catherine on it. This was recently on display at the Victoria and Albert Museum as part of the Gothic exhibition. Other bench end figures include a long haired, haloed woman seated on a throne, which may well be a representation of the Mother of God Enthroned, and another which may be the Coronation of the Queen of Heaven. There is also a praying woman in a butterfly headdress, once one of a pair, and a man wearing what appears to be a bowler hat, although I expect it is a helmet of some kind. His beard is magnificent. There are also a number of finely carved animals.
High up in the chancel arch is an unusual survival, the crocketted rood beam that once supported the crucifix, flanked by the grieving Mary and John, with perhaps a tympanum behind depicting the last judgement. These are now all gone, of course, as is the rood loft that once stood in front of the beam and allowed access to it. But below, the dado of the screen survives, with twelve panels. Figures survive on the south side. They have not worn well. They are six female Saints: St Agnes, St Cecilia, St Agatha, St Faith, St Bridget and, uniquely in England, St Florence. Curiously, the head of this last has been, in recent years, surrounded by stars, in imitation of the later Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception. Presumably this was done in a fit of Anglo-catholic enthusiasm about a century ago.
The arrangement is similar to the south side of the screen at Westhall, and it may even be that the artist was the same. While there is no liturgical reason for having the female Saints on one side and, presumably, male Saints on the other, a similar arrangement exists on several Norfolk screens in the Dereham area.
Much of the character of the church today comes from it embracing, in the early years of the 20th century, Anglo-catholicism in full flood. As at Great Ryburgh in Norfolk, patronage ensured that this work was carried out to the very highest specification under the eye of the young Ninian Comper. Comper is an enthusiast's enthusiast, but I think he is at his best on a small scale like here and Ryburgh. His is the extraordinary war memorial window in the south aisle chapel, dedicated to St Leonard. It depicts Christ carrying his cross on the via dolorosa, but he is aided by a soldier in WWI uniform and, behind him, a sailor. The use of blues is very striking, as is the grain on the wood of the cross which, incidentally, can also be seen to the same effect on Comper's reredos at Ryburgh.
Comper's other major window here is on the north side of the nave. This is a depiction of the Annunciation, although it is the figures above which are most extraordinary. They are two of the Ancient Greek sibyls, Erythrea and Cumana, who are associated with the foretelling of Christ. At the top is a stunning Holy Trinity in the East Anglian style. There are angels at the bottom, and all in all this window shows Comper at the height of his powers.
Stepping into the chancel, there is older glass - or, at least, what at first sight appears to be. Certainly, there are some curious roundels which are probably continental 17th century work, ironically from about the same time that Dowsing was here. They were probably acquired by collectors in the 19th century, and installed here by Victorians. The image of a woman seated among goats is curious, as though she might represent the season of spring or be an allegory of fertility, but she is usually identified as St Agnes. It is a pity this roundel has been spoiled by dripping cement or plaster. Another roundel depicts St Sebastian shot with arrows, and a third St Anthony praying to a cross in the desert. However, the images in 'medieval' glass in the east window are entirely modern, though done so well you might not know. A clue, of course, is that the main figures, St Mary Salome with the infants St James and St John on the left, and St Anne with the infant Virgin on the right, are wholly un-East Anglian in style. In fact, they are 19th century copies by Clayton & Bell of images at All Souls College, Oxford, installed here in the 1970s. I also think that the images of heads below may be modern, but the angel below St Anne is 15th century, and obviously East Anglian, as is St Stephen to the north.
High above, the ancient roofs with their sacred monograms are the ones that Dowsing saw, the ones that the 15th century builders gilt and painted to be beautiful to the glory of God - and, of course, to the glory of their patrons. Rich patronage survived the Reformation, and at the west end of the south aisle is the massive memorial to Sir Henry Wood, who died in 1671, eleven years after the end of the Commonwealth. It is monumental, the wreathed ox heads a severely classical motif. Wood, Mortlock tells us, was Treasurer to the Household of Queen Henrietta Maria.
There is so much to see in this wonderful church that, even visiting time and time again, there is always something new to see, or something old to see in a new way. It is, above all, a beautiful space, and although it no longer maintains its high Anglo-catholic worship tradition, it is is still kept in high liturgical style. It is at once a beautiful art object and a hallowed space, an organic touchstone, precious and powerful.
Further delays to the introduction of the Mk5 stock mean the Caledonian Sleeper Highlander still runs with the 'classic' 30-40 year old Mk3/Mk2 stock.
With all CAF-modified Class 92s now set to 1500v ETS to power the Mk5s, the hired-in Freightliner Class 90s are the resident traction on 1S25/1M16. One of the most used 90s on the beds over the past four years, 90046, hauls 1S25 through Hartford.
DB Cargo 66175 "Rail Riders Express" running 131 minutes late passes through Wadborough on the approach to Abbotswood Junction working the 6M11 23:04 Margam Terminal Complex to Round Oak. 31st May 2024
An extremely late Amtrak #22 winds through CP Wann and ducks under the old B&O style CPL signals in East Alton, IL on the UP Springfield Sub on July 5, 2015. The train was pulled by AMTK P42DC #196 and had departed St. Louis, MO over 10 hours late and as of the time of my posting this has still not yet arrived in Chicago.
The #40 oil burner locomotive sits on the rails waiting a water fillup at the "No Aqua" water tank at "Delay Junction" crossing at the Colorado Railroad Museum, This run was after we got our free ride in the Rico, mahogany appointed business car. I hope to post something of that swanky car. This is one of the antique narrow gauge engines at the Colorado Railroad Museum (an 1880s Baldwin Locomotive Works consolidation that was probably a std. gauge conversion) that recently spent time on the White Pass & Yukon and the Georgetown Loop. Take a close look at the drivers moved inside counterweights to 3 foot gauge. It is an oil burner and was loaded with oils early in the morning. Oil of any quality that would burn I assume. One of the volunteers reported it was from Central / South America as it had a "tropical" cab; ah, saves wear on #346. It has the Colorado Central painted on the tender but was probably never on their roster. Well, here it is with steam blasting from the the over-pressure release valve. They will need more water if it keeps blowing off steam. It would be a good idea to infect water into the boiler or quit feeding oil. The cylinder cocks are finally closed; I'd expect that everything is finally up to temp. According to the headlight and the dribble of steam behind the popoff valve. It looks like the CRRM has managed to get it operational.
Eddie and I spaced the Christmas Steamup this year but he found there was a "Black on Track" costume event upcoming. He really wanted to see this steam up. We are REALLY waiting for the RSG #20 to return for a steamup. Donate generously at the CRRM.That day will be shoulder to shoulder at the Colorado Railroad Museum; keep an eye on upcoming events on their web site. Outlanders could target Colorado trips with the expectations of hitting an event here in Golden. Someone will have already been here from your home town and/or country. These are the takes everyone is foaming at the mouth to see.
Outrageous light here for the bold early steam, IMHO. Steam is a winner in winter but the wind made it a blustery day. Are you ready for some steam? The first excursion was not quite full but is building on this blustery Saturday morning runby. The re-enactors are busy putting on a show now that we took our ride..
All Nippon Airways
----- AIRCRAFT INFO. -----
Registration: JA708A
Aircraft: Boeing 777-281(ER)
Maker: The Boeing Company
Serial No./ MSN: 28277
Delivery date: 10MAY2000
----- FLIGHT INFO. -----
Flight #: NH 820
Origin: MNL/RPLL (Manila Ninoy Aquino International Airport)
Destination: HND/RJTT(Tokyo Haneda International Airport)
Date: 19DEC2016
---------------------------
Gracias a un retraso de casi 4 horas, hoy se ha dejado ver con luz el 737 de FedEx (OO-TNN), el cual es operado por ASL Airlines Belgium en su habitual vuelo nocturno, Madrid - Lieja - Madrid.
Madrid Barajas 02/03/19.
The M1 was diverted to Hauptbahnhof during track works on Friedrichstraße. GT6N 1063 seen here working to Moabit, Lüneberger Straße. The temporary one track section through the actual tram stop area, needed because of delays to the completion of the roof over the platform.
Megtro riders patiently wait for a delayed train , on the Red Line of the Metrorail in Washington, DC.
Dutch Landscapes - Gelderland -
Even before the New Dutch Waterline was built, has The Spoel played a roll in Culemborg in world history. Upon the arrival of the French army in the winter of 1794-1795 here namely a gap in the dike designed to flood the area between Lek and Linge. Diefdijk kept the water in the west . This denomination was guarded with artillery in an earthen rampart or redoubt. The advance of the French is therefore indeed delayed. Later, the French have broken off the racks and plugged the hole in the dike.
Captured using Sync and Delay, with a microphone sensor and delay of 1.4 ms.
PC: Vincent T, Kiran W, Christina S, Anish P, for MIT 6.163 Fall 2015
Delayed 1E19 Edinburgh - London; each time I attempt to catch this loco on a suitable evening working, the train is delayed, and the shadows start pushing across before it arrives!!! Next time!
View for 4 hours on the ride home while we were delayed. I took this shot a couple times due to boredom. I liked the one with the BA plane in it because it reminded me of flying experiences that are the opposite of those experienced while flying United.
Denver Airport
Hasselblad 500 c/m
Zeiss 80mm 2.8 T*
Probably FujiPro 160, although it could be Portra 400
One of Dan Gurney's Eagles waiting for the race to begin.
Massive rainfall caused the 1997 CART race at Road America to start at 4:45pm. Half the spectators had already left at that time.
Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART)
1997 Texaco/Havoline200
Road America, Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin
August 17, 1997
www.speedcenter.com/archive/races97/14elkhart/index.html
World Copyright: Peter Burke
Tuguegarao Ilagan via DAU-SCTEX na delayed dahil sa L300 FB. Binangga kasi sa right side ng pic na to. Pakaliwa kasi yung Euro sinabayan pa, mejo nadisalign tuloy yung ilaw tapos may gasgas sa body.
at AH. Lacson St, Sampaloc
I ruined my reflection glass :'( but small sacrifices must be made!
Wondering how to take highspeed photos? The technique used for this kind of images is described in lesson 3 (freeze the motion with your flash) of my highspeed photography 101.
In Lektion 3 (Einfrieren von Bewegung mit dem Blitz) erklaere ich, wie man solche Highspeed Bilder erstellt.
Strobist: Setup picture
SB28: 1/16th power left behind "table", blue gel
SB28: 1/16th power right behind "table", magenta gel
Sony A550
Sony 100m
ISO 200, f8, 5 sec
WB: 5500K
Triggered with hiviz.com audio trigger and arduino for preflash delay (50ms)..
Highest position on explore: #81 on Sunday, December 12, 2010