View allAll Photos Tagged decolonize
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Favi pro 2, Thu Apr 17, 2014, 7:27:46 AM, 8C, 5254x7734, (398+170), 100%, Default Settin, 1/25 s, R55.0, G44.2, B84.9
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Maya Angelou (/ˈmaɪ.ə ˈændʒəloʊ/;[1][2] born Marguerite Ann Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American author and poet. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, and several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning more than fifty years. She received dozens of awards and over thirty honorary doctoral degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of seventeen, and brought her international recognition and acclaim.
She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult, including fry cook, prostitute, night-club dancer and performer, cast-member of the opera Porgy and Bess, coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the days of decolonization. She was an actor, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. Since 1982, she taught at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where she holds the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies. She was active in the Civil Rights movement, and worked with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Since the 1990s she made around eighty appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.
With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson of black people and women, and her works have been considered a defense of black culture. Although attempts have been made to ban her books from some US libraries, her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide. Angelou's major works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics have characterized them as autobiographies. She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre. Her books center on themes such as racism, identity, family, and travel. Angelou is best known for her autobiographies, but she is also an established poet, although her poems have received mixed reviews.
Life and career
Early years
Marguerite Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and a navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer.[3][note 1] Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite "Maya," derived from "My" or "Mya Sister."[4] When Angelou was three, and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous marriage"[5] ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone by train to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In "an astonishing exception"[6] to the harsh economics of African-Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because "she made wise and honest investments".[3][note 2]
And Angelou's life has certainly been a full one: from the hardscrabble Depression era South to pimp, prostitute, supper-club chanteuse, performer in Porgy and Bess, coordinator for Martin Luther King Jr.'s Southern Christian Leadership Conference, journalist in Egypt and Ghana in the heady days of decolonization, comrade of Malcolm X, eyewitness to the Watts riots. She knew King and Malcolm, Billie Holiday and Abbey Lincoln.
Reviewer John McWhorter, The New Republic (McWhorter, p. 36)
To know her life story is to simultaneously wonder what on earth you have been doing with your own life and feel glad that you didn't have to go through half the things she has.
The Guardian writer Gary Younge, 2009[8]
Four years later, the children's father "came to Stamps without warning"[9] and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother, who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered, probably by Angelou's uncles.[citation needed] Angelou became mute for almost five years,[10] believing, as she stated, "I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone ..."[11] According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her.[12]
Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother.[13] Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family, Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, and James Weldon Johnson, authors that would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, and Jessie Fauset.[14][15][16] When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again; she had since moved to Oakland, California. During World War II, she attended George Washington High School while studying dance and drama on a scholarship at the California Labor School. Before graduating, she worked as the first black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco.[17] Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson).[18][19]
Angelou's second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name, recounts her life from age 17 to 19 and "depicts a single mother's slide down the social ladder into poverty and crime."[20] Angelou worked as "the front woman/business manager for prostitutes,"[21] restaurant cook, and prostitute. She moved through a series of relationships, occupations, and cities as she attempted to raise her son without job training or advanced education.[22]
Adulthood and early career: 1951–61
Angelou's first album, Miss Calypso, produced in 1957, was made possible due to the popularity of her nightclub act.
In 1951, Angelou married Greek electrician, former sailor, and aspiring musician Tosh Angelos despite the condemnation of interracial relationships at the time and the disapproval of her mother.[23][24][note 3] She took modern dance classes during this time, and met dancers and choreographers Alvin Ailey and Ruth Beckford. Angelou and Ailey formed a dance team, calling themselves "Al and Rita", and performed Modern Dance at fraternal black organizations throughout San Francisco, but never became successful.[26] Angelou, her new husband, and her son moved to New York City so that she could study African dance with Trinidadian dancer Pearl Primus, but they returned to San Francisco a year later.[27]
After Angelou's marriage ended in 1954, she danced professionally in clubs around San Francisco, including the nightclub The Purple Onion, where she sang and danced calypso music.[28] Up to that point she went by the name of "Marguerite Johnson", or "Rita", but at the strong suggestion of her managers and supporters at The Purple Onion she changed her professional name to "Maya Angelou", a "distinctive name"[29] that set her apart and captured the feel of her Calypso dance performances. During 1954 and 1955 Angelou toured Europe with a production of the opera Porgy and Bess. She began her practice of learning the language of every country she visited, and in a few years she gained proficiency in several languages.[30] In 1957, riding on the popularity of calypso, Angelou recorded her first album, Miss Calypso, which was reissued as a CD in 1996.[26][31][32] She appeared in an off-Broadway review that inspired the film Calypso Heat Wave, in which Angelou sang and performed her own compositions.[31][note 4][note 5]
Angelou met novelist James O. Killens in 1959, and at his urging, moved to New York to concentrate on her writing career. She joined the Harlem Writers Guild, where she met several major African-American authors, including John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, and Julian Mayfield, and was published for the first time.[34] In 1960, after meeting civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and hearing him speak, she and Killens organized "the legendary"[35] Cabaret for Freedom to benefit the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and she was named SCLC's Northern Coordinator. According to scholar Lyman B. Hagen, her contributions to civil rights as a fundraiser and SCLC organizer were successful and "eminently effective".[36] Angelou also began her pro-Castro and anti-apartheid activism during this time.[37]
Africa to Caged Bird: 1961–69
View of Accra, Ghana from above.
Most of Angelou's time in Africa was spent in Accra, Ghana, shown here in 2008.
In 1961, Angelou performed in Jean Genet's The Blacks, along with Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett, Godfrey Cambridge, and Cicely Tyson.[38] That year she met South African freedom fighter Vusumzi Make; they never officially married.[39] She and her son Guy moved to Cairo with Make where Angelou worked as an associate editor at the weekly English-language newspaper The Arab Observer.[40][41] In 1962 her relationship with Make ended, and she and Guy moved to Accra, Ghana, he to attend college, but he was seriously injured in an automobile accident.[note 6] Angelou remained in Accra for his recovery and ended up staying there until 1965. She became an administrator at the University of Ghana, and was active in the African-American expatriate community.[43] She was a feature editor for The African Review,[44] a freelance writer for the Ghanaian Times, wrote and broadcast for Radio Ghana, and worked and performed for Ghana's National Theatre. She performed in a revival of The Blacks in Geneva and Berlin.[45]
In Accra, she became close friends with Malcolm X during his visit in the early 1960s.[note 7] Angelou returned to the U.S. in 1965 to help him build a new civil rights organization, the Organization of Afro-American Unity; he was assassinated shortly afterward. Devastated and adrift, she joined her brother in Hawaii, where she resumed her singing career, and then moved back to Los Angeles to focus on her writing career. She worked as a market researcher in Watts and witnessed the riots in the summer of 1965. She acted in and wrote plays, and returned to New York in 1967. She met her lifelong friend Rosa Guy and renewed her friendship with James Baldwin, whom she had met in Paris in the 1950s and called "my brother", during this time.[47] Her friend Jerry Purcell provided Angelou with a stipend to support her writing.[48]
Angelou's friend James Baldwin was instrumental in the publication of her first autobiography.
In 1968, Martin Luther King asked Angelou to organize a march. She agreed, but "postpones again",[35] and in what Gillespie calls "a macabre twist of fate",[49] he was assassinated on her 40th birthday (April 4).[note 8] Devastated again, she was encouraged out of her depression by her friend James Baldwin. As Gillespie states, "If 1968 was a year of great pain, loss, and sadness, it was also the year when America first witnessed the breadth and depth of Maya Angelou's spirit and creative genius".[49] Despite almost no experience, she wrote, produced, and narrated "Blacks, Blues, Black!", a ten-part series of documentaries about the connection between blues music and black Americans' African heritage and what Angelou called the "Africanisms still current in the U.S."[51] for National Educational Television, the precursor of PBS. Also in 1968, inspired at a dinner party she attended with Baldwin, cartoonist Jules Feiffer, and his wife Judy, and challenged by Random House editor Robert Loomis, she wrote her first autobiography, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, published in 1969, which brought her international recognition and acclaim.[52]
Later career
Angelou's Georgia, Georgia, produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, the first screenplay written by a black woman,[53] was released in 1972. She also wrote the film's soundtrack, despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie.[54][note 9] Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of Germaine Greer, Paul du Feu, in San Francisco in 1973.[note 10] In the next ten years, as Gillespie has stated, "She had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime".[56] She worked as a composer, writing for singer Roberta Flack and composing movie scores. She wrote articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies and poetry, produced plays, and was named visiting professors of several colleges and universities. She was "a reluctant actor",[57] and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away. In 1977 Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots. She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world.[58]
In the late 1970s, Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore, Maryland; Angelou would later become Winfrey's close friend and mentor.[59][note 11] In 1981, Angelou and du Feu divorced. She returned to the southern United States in 1981, where she accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.[61] From that point on, she considered herself "a teacher who writes".[62] Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing.[63]
Maya Angelou speaking at a rally for Barack Obama, 2008
In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.[64] Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadened her appeal "across racial, economic, and educational boundaries".[65] The recording of the poem was awarded a Grammy Award.[66] In June 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem",[67] entitled "A Brave and Startling Truth", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996, Down in the Delta, which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes.[68] Since the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit[64] in a customized tour bus, something she continued into her eighties.[69][70] In 2000, she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark, including greeting cards and decorative household items.[71][72] Over thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story, she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven, in 2002.[73] In 2013, at the age of 85, she published the seventh autobiography in her series, Mom & Me & Mom, which focused on her relationship with her mother.[74]
Angelou campaigned for Senator Hillary Clinton in the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries.[75][76] When Clinton's campaign ended, Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama,[50] who won the election and became the first African American president of the United States. She stated, "We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism".[77] In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem.[78] They consisted of over 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King, fan mail, and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis.[79]
Death
Angelou was found dead by her caretaker on the morning of May 28, 2014.[80] She had reportedly been in bad health and had canceled recent scheduled appearances.[81][82]
Personal life
I make writing as much a part of my life as I do eating or listening to music.
Maya Angelou, 1999[83]
I also wear a hat or a very tightly pulled head tie when I write. I suppose I hope by doing that I will keep my brains from seeping out of my scalp and running in great gray blobs down my neck, into my ears, and over my face.
Maya Angelou, 1984[84]
Nothing so frightens me as writing, but nothing so satisfies me. It's like a swimmer in the [English] Channel: you face the stingrays and waves and cold and grease, and finally you reach the other shore, and you put your foot on the ground—Aaaahhhh!
Maya Angelou, 1989[85]
Evidence suggests that Angelou was partially descended from the Mende people of West Africa.[86][note 12] A 2008 PBS documentary found that Angelou's maternal great-grandmother Mary Lee, who had been emancipated after the Civil War, became pregnant by her former white owner, John Savin. Savin forced Lee to sign a false statement accusing another man of being the father of her child. After indicting Savin for forcing Lee to commit perjury, and despite discovering that Savin was the father, a jury found him not guilty. Lee was sent to the Clinton County poorhouse in Missouri with her daughter, Marguerite Baxter, who became Angelou's grandmother. Angelou described Lee as "that poor little Black girl, physically and mentally bruised."[88]
The details of Angelou's life described in her seven autobiographies and in numerous interviews, speeches, and articles tended to be inconsistent. Critic Mary Jane Lupton has explained that when Angelou spoke about her life, she did so eloquently but informally and "with no time chart in front of her".[89] For example, she was married at least twice, but never clarified the number of times she has been married, "for fear of sounding frivolous";[69] according to her autobiographies and to Gillespie, she married Tosh Angelos in 1951 and Paul du Feu in 1973, and began her relationship with Vusumzi Make in 1961, but never formally married him. Angelou had one son Guy, whose birth was described in her first autobiography, one grandson, and two great-grandchildren,[90] and according to Gillespie, a large group of friends and extended family.[note 13] Angelou's mother Vivian Baxter and brother Bailey Johnson, Jr., both of whom were important figures in her life and her books, have died; her mother in 1991 and her brother in 2000 after a series of strokes.[91][note 14] In 1981, the mother of her son Guy's child disappeared with Angelou's grandson; it took eight years to find him.[92][note 15] In 2009, the gossip website TMZ erroneously reported that Angelou had been hospitalized in Los Angeles although she was alive and well in St. Louis, which resulted in rumors of her death and according to Angelou, concern with her friends and family worldwide.[8]
Although she did not earn a university degree, according to Gillespie it was Angelou's preference that she be called "Dr. Angelou" by people outside of her family and close friends. As of 2008, she owned two homes in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and a "lordly brownstone"[8] in Harlem, full of her "growing library"[94] of books she collected throughout her life, artwork collected over the span of many decades, and well-stocked kitchens. Younge has reported that in her Harlem home resides several African wall hangings and Angelou's collection of paintings, including ones of several jazz trumpeters, a watercolor of Rosa Parks, and a Faith Ringgold work entitled "Maya's Quilt Of Life".[8] According to Gillespie, she hosted several celebrations per year at her main residence in Winston-Salem, including Thanksgiving;[95] "her skill in the kitchen is the stuff of legend—from haute cuisine to down-home comfort food".[70] She combined her cooking and writing skills in her 2004 book Hallelujah! The Welcome Table, which featured 73 recipes, many of which she learned from her grandmother and mother, accompanied by 28 vignettes.[96] She followed up with her second cookbook, Great Food, All Day Long: Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart in 2010, which focused on weight loss and portion control.[97]
Beginning with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou used the same "writing ritual"[16] for many years. She would wake early in the morning and check into a hotel room, where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls. She would write on legal pads while lying on the bed, with only a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, and the Bible, and would leave by the early afternoon. She would average 10–12 pages of written material a day, which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening.[98][note 16] Angelou went through this process to "enchant" herself, and as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation, "relive the agony, the anguish, the Sturm und Drang."[100] She placed herself back in the time she wrote about, even traumatic experiences like her rape in Caged Bird, in order to "tell the human truth"[100] about her life. Angelou stated that she played cards in order to get to that place of enchantment and in order to access her memories more effectively. She stated, "It may take an hour to get into it, but once I'm in it—ha! It's so delicious!"[100] She did not find the process cathartic; rather, she found relief in "telling the truth".[100]
Works
Main article: List of Maya Angelou works
Angelou wrote a total of seven autobiographies. According to scholar Mary Jane Lupton, Angelou's third autobiography Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas marked the first time a well-known African American autobiographer had written a third volume about her life.[101] Her books "stretch over time and place", from Arkansas to Africa and back to the U.S., and take place from the beginnings of World War II to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.[102] She published her seventh autobiography Mom & Me & Mom in 2013, at the age of 85.[103] Critics have tended to judge Angelou's subsequent autobiographies "in light of the first",[104] with Caged Bird receiving the highest praise. Angelou wrote five collections of essays, which writer Hilton Als called her "wisdom books" and "homilies strung together with autobiographical texts".[35] Angelou used the same editor throughout her writing career, Robert Loomis, an executive editor at Random House; he retired in 2011[105] and has been called "one of publishing's hall of fame editors."[106] Angelou said regarding Loomis: "We have a relationship that's kind of famous among publishers".[107]
All my work, my life, everything I do is about survival, not just bare, awful, plodding survival, but survival with grace and faith. While one may encounter many defeats, one must not be defeated.
Maya Angelou[108]
Angelou's long and extensive career also includes poetry, plays, screenplays for television and film, directing, acting, and public speaking. She is a prolific writer of poetry; her volume Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie (1971) was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize, and she was chosen by President Bill Clinton to recite her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" during his inauguration in 1993.[64][109]
Angelou's successful acting career included roles in numerous plays, films, and television programs, including her appearance in the television mini-series Roots in 1977. Her screenplay, Georgia, Georgia (1972), was the first original script by a black woman to be produced and she was the first African American woman to direct a major motion picture, Down in the Delta, in 1998.[68] Since the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit,[64] something she continued into her eighties.[69][70]
Chronology of autobiographies
I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969): Up to 1944 (age 17)
Gather Together in My Name (1974): 1944–1948
Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry Like Christmas (1976): 1949–1955
The Heart of a Woman (1981): 1957–1962
All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986): 1962–1965
A Song Flung Up to Heaven (2002): 1965–1968
Mom & Me & Mom (2013): overview
Reception and legacy
Influence
President Barack Obama presenting Angelou with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, 2011
When I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings was published in 1969, Angelou was hailed as a new kind of memoirist, one of the first African American women who was able to publicly discuss her personal life. According to scholar Hilton Als, up to that point, black female writers were marginalized to the point that they were unable to present themselves as central characters in the literature they wrote.[35] Scholar John McWhorter agreed, seeing Angelou's works, which he called "tracts", as "apologetic writing". He placed Angelou in the tradition of African-American literature as a defense of black culture, which he called "a literary manifestation of the imperative that reigned in the black scholarship of the period".[110] Writer Julian Mayfield, who called Caged Bird "a work of art that eludes description",[35] argued that Angelou's autobiographies set a precedent not only for other black women writers, but for African American autobiography as a whole. Als said that Caged Bird marked one of the first times that a black autobiographer could, as he put it, "write about blackness from the inside, without apology or defense".[35] Through the writing of her autobiography, Angelou became recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for blacks and women.[111] It made her "without a doubt, ... America's most visible black woman autobiographer",[111] and "a major autobiographical voice of the time".[112] As writer Gary Younge said, "Probably more than almost any other writer alive, Angelou's life literally is her work".[69]
Author Hilton Als said that although Caged Bird helped increase black feminist writings in the 1970s, its success had less to do with its originality than with "its resonance in the prevailing Zeitgeist",[35] or the time in which it was written, at the end of the American Civil Rights movement. Als also claimed that Angelou's writings, more interested in self-revelation than in politics or feminism, has freed other female writers to "open themselves up without shame to the eyes of the world".[35] Angelou critic Joanne M. Braxton stated that Caged Bird was "perhaps the most aesthetically pleasing" autobiography written by an African-American woman in its era.[111]
Critical reception
Reviewer Elsie B. Washington, most likely due to President Clinton's choice of Angelou to recite her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at his 1993 inauguration, has called Angelou "the black woman's poet laureate".[113] Sales of the paperback version of her books and poetry rose by 300–600% the week after Angelou's recitation. Random House, which published the poem later that year, had to reprint 400,000 copies of all her books to keep up with the demand. They sold more of her books in January 1993 than they did in all of 1992, accounting for a 1200% increase.[114] Angelou famously said, in response to criticism regarding using the details of her life in her work, "I agree with Balzac and 19th-century writers, black and white, who say, 'I write for money'".[69] Younge, speaking after the publication of Angelou's third book of essays, Letter to My Daughter (2008), has said, "For the last couple of decades she has merged her various talents into a kind of performance art—issuing a message of personal and social uplift by blending poetry, song and conversation".[8]
Angelou's books, especially I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, have been criticized by many parents, causing their removal from school curricula and library shelves. According to the National Coalition Against Censorship, parents and schools have objected to Caged Bird's depictions of lesbianism, premarital cohabitation, pornography, and violence.[115] Some have been critical of the book's sexually explicit scenes, use of language, and irreverent religious depictions.[116] Caged Bird appeared third on the American Library Association (ALA) list of the 100 Most Frequently Challenged Books of 1990–2000 and sixth on the ALA's 2000–2009 list.[117][118]
Awards and honors
Main article: List of honors received by Maya Angelou
Angelou was honored by universities, literary organizations, government agencies, and special interest groups. Her honors included a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her book of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie,[109] a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Away, and three Grammys for her spoken word albums.[119][120] She served on two presidential committees,[104][121] and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2000,[122] the Lincoln Medal in 2008,[123] and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011.[124] Angelou was awarded over thirty honorary degrees.[58]
Uses in education
Angelou's autobiographies have been used in narrative and multicultural approaches in teacher education. Jocelyn A. Glazier, a professor at George Washington University, has trained teachers how to "talk about race" in their classrooms with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and Gather Together in My Name. According to Glazier, Angelou's use of understatement, self-mockery, humor, and irony have led readers of Angelou's autobiographies unsure of what she left out and how they should respond to the events Angelou described. Angelou's depictions of her experiences of racism has forced white readers to explore their feelings about race and their own "privileged status". Glazier found that although critics have focused on where Angelou fits within the genre of African-American autobiography and on her literary techniques, readers have tended to react to her storytelling with "surprise, particularly when [they] enter the text with certain expectations about the genre of autobiography".[125]
Educator Daniel Challener, in his 1997 book, Stories of Resilience in Childhood, analyzed the events in Caged Bird to illustrate resiliency in children. Challener argued that Angelou's book has provided a "useful framework" for exploring the obstacles many children like have Maya faced and how communities have helped them succeed.[126] Psychologist Chris Boyatzis has reported using Caged Bird to supplement scientific theory and research in the instruction of child development topics such as the development of self-concept and self-esteem, ego resilience, industry versus inferiority, effects of abuse, parenting styles, sibling and friendship relations, gender issues, cognitive development, puberty, and identity formation in adolescence. He found the book a "highly effective" tool for providing real-life examples of these psychological concepts.[127]
Poetry
Main article: Poetry of Maya Angelou
Although Angelou is best known for her seven autobiographies, she was also been a prolific and successful poet. She was called "the black woman's poet laureate", and her poems have been called the anthems of African Americans.[113] Angelou studied and began writing poetry at a young age, and used poetry and other great literature to cope with her rape as a young girl, as described in Caged Bird.[14] According to scholar Yasmin Y. DeGout, literature also affected Angelou's sensibilities as the poet and writer she became, especially the "liberating discourse that would evolve in her own poetic canon".[128]
Many critics consider Angelou's autobiographies more important than her poetry.[129] Although her books have been best-sellers, her poetry has not been perceived as seriously her prose and has been understudied.[3] Her poems were more interesting when she recited and performed them, and many critics emphasized the public aspect of her poetry.[130] Angelou's lack of critical acclaim has been attributed to both the public nature of many of her poems and to Angelou's popular success, and to critics' preferences for poetry as a written form rather than a verbal, performed one.[131] Burr has countered Angelou's critics by condemning them for not taking into account Angelou's larger purposes in her writing: "to be representative rather than individual, authoritative rather than confessional".[132]
Style and genre in autobiographies
Main article: Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies
Angelou's use of fiction-writing techniques such as dialogue, characterization, and development of theme, setting, plot, and language has often resulted in the placement of her books into the genre of autobiographical fiction.[133] As feminist scholar Maria Lauret state, Angelou made a deliberate attempt in her books to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre.[134] Scholar Mary Jane Lupton argues that all of Angelou's autobiographies conform to the genre's standard structure: they are written by a single author, they are chronological, and they contain elements of character, technique, and theme.[135] Angelou recognizes that there are fictional aspects to her books; Lupton agrees, stating that Angelou tended to "diverge from the conventional notion of autobiography as truth",[136] which parallels the conventions of much of African-American autobiography written during the abolitionist period of U.S. history, when as both Lupton and African-American scholar Crispin Sartwell put it, the truth was censored out of the need for self-protection.[136][137] Scholar Lyman B. Hagen places Angelou in the long tradition of African-American autobiography, but claims that Angelou created a unique interpretation of the autobiographical form.[138]
According to African American literature scholar Pierre A. Walker, the challenge for much of the history of African-American literature was that its authors have had to confirm its status as literature before they could accomplish their political goals, which was why Angelou's editor Robert Loomis was able to dare her into writing Caged Bird by challenging her to write an autobiography that could be considered "high art".[139] Angelou acknowledged that she followed the slave narrative tradition of "speaking in the first-person singular talking about the first-person plural, always saying I meaning 'we'".[104] Scholar John McWhorter calls Angelou's books "tracts"[110] that defend African-American culture and fight negative stereotypes. According to McWhorter, Angelou structured her books, which to him seem to be written more for children than for adults, to support her defense of black culture. McWhorter sees Angelou as she depicts herself in her autobiographies "as a kind of stand-in figure for the black American in Troubled Times".[110] Although McWhorter views Angelou's works as dated, he recognizes that "she has helped to pave the way for contemporary black writers who are able to enjoy the luxury of being merely individuals, no longer representatives of the race, only themselves.[140] Scholar Lynn Z. Bloom compares Angelou's works to the writings of Frederick Douglass, stating that both fulfilled the same purpose: to describe black culture and to interpret it for their wider, white audiences.[141]
According to scholar Sondra O'Neale, although Angelou's poetry can be placed within the African-American oral tradition, her prose "follows classic technique in nonpoetic Western forms".[142] O'Neale states that although Angelou avoided using a "monolithic black language",[143] she accomplished, through direct dialogue, what O'Neale calls a "more expected ghetto expressiveness".[143] McWhorter finds both the language Angelou used in her autobiographies and the people she depicted unrealistic, resulting in a separation between her and her audience. As McWhorter states, "I have never read autobiographical writing where I had such a hard time summoning a sense of how the subject talks, or a sense of who the subject really is".[144] McWhorter asserts, for example, that key figures in Angelou's books, like herself, her son Guy, and mother Vivian do not speak as one would expect, and that their speech is "cleaned up" for her readers.[145] Guy, for example, represents the young black male, while Vivian represents the idealized mother figure, and the stiff language they use, as well as the language in Angelou's text, is intended to prove that blacks can competently use standard English.[146]
McWhorter recognizes that much of the reason for Angelou's style was the "apologetic" nature of her writing.[110] When Angelou wrote Caged Bird at the end of the 1960s, one of the necessary and accepted features of literature at the time was "organic unity", and one of her goals was to create a book that satisfied that criteria.[139] The events in her books were episodic and crafted like a series of short stories, but their arrangements did not follow a strict chronology. Instead, they were placed to emphasize the themes of her books, which include racism, identity, family, and travel. English literature scholar Valerie Sayers has asserted that "Angelou's poetry and prose are similar". They both rely on her "direct voice", which alternates steady rhythms with syncopated patterns and uses similes and metaphors (e.g., the caged bird).[147] According to Hagen, Angelou's works were influenced by both conventional literary and the oral traditions of the African-American community. For example, she referenced over 100 literary characters throughout her books and poetry.[148] In addition, she used the elements of blues music, including the act of testimony when speaking of one's life and struggles, ironic understatement, and the use of natural metaphors, rhythms, and intonations.[149] Angelou, instead of depending upon plot, used personal and historical events to shape her books.[150]
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
On the University of Chicago campus is the Seminary Co-op Bookstore. This bookstore is in the basement of the old seminary in this Hyde Park neighborhood, and had one of the more varied selections of books I've ever seen.
You want African literature? They have it.
You want Latin literature? They have it.
You want great science reference books? They have them.
You want the classics? They have tons of them.
They have bookstore keys taped to the wall so you can find your way around these mazes of books. Literally mazes. There are tables, small racks, shelves, and just stacks of books sitting everywhere. The friendly and knowledgable staff will help you find the exact title you're looking for ... even if you can't remember exactly what that is.
I left with...
The American Game: Capitalism, Decolonization, World Domination, and Baseball, by John D. Kelly
The Palm Wine Drinkard, by Amos Tutuola
My Life in the Bush of Ghosts, by Amos Tutuola
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
No DAPL, Berlin November 2016
Protest-Kundgebung gegen die DAPL (Dakota Access Pipeline) vor der US-Botschaft in der Clayallee 170 am 16. November 2016 mit rund 40 Teilnehmer*innen.
Die Veranstaltung war Teil des International Day of Action (Nov 15 #NoDAPL Day of Action at Army Corps of Engineers), zu dem das Indigenous Environmental Network aufgerufen hatte. Sie fand in berlin am 16. November statt, da an diesem Tag US-Präsident Obama Berlin besucht.
Die Dakota Access Pipeline (kurz: DAPL), auch Bakken Pipeline genannt, ist eine im Bau befindliche Erdölpipeline zwischen der erdölreichen Bakken-Formation in North Dakota und dem Pipelineknotenpunkt Patoka in Illinois. Die Pipeline soll eine Länge von 1.880 km haben und durch die US-Bundesstaaten North Dakota, South Dakota und Iowa bis nach Illinois führen. Ihr Bau wird von US-weiten Protesten begleitet und wurde mehrmals gerichtlich gestoppt.
Initiator des rund 3,8 Milliarden US-Dollar teuren Projekt ist der Pipelinebetreiber Energy Transfer Partners.
Dabei werden 200 Wasserläufe überquert ( "water-crossings" ). Vor allem im Gebiet des sich aus einem weit verzweigten Netz von Zuflüssen speisenden Missouri River verläuft die Pipeline durch eine große Flusslandschaft.
Der Protest gegen die Dakota Access Pipeline ist eine der größten Umweltbewegungen der 2000er Jahre in den USA. Der Protest führte zur größten Zusammenkunft von Indianer Nordamerikas seit 1920.
Die Sioux von Standing Rock wehren sich gegen den Bau der Pipeline über Grabstätten und heiligem Land ihrer Vorfahren. Viele ihrer Grabstätten und heilige Orte wurden bereits zerstört, weitere Zerstörungen wurden angekündigt…
Seit Ende August 2016 kamen immer mehr Menschen in das Gebiet von Cannon Ball südlich von Bismarck, um den Kampf der Standing Rock Sioux Nation gegen die Pipeline zu unterstützen. Im September 2016 lebten rund 3000 Menschen im "Red Warrior Camp" am Zusammenfluss des Missouri und des Cannonball Rivers.
© B. Sauer-Diete/bsd-photo-archiv
Summit Spartan
a/c R, 5 Squadron, Nigerian Air Force
Kananga, Democratic Republic of Congo, March 1962
Personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef
Amid the campaigns for decolonization that swept Africa in the 1950s, the Free Belgium government occupying the Belgium Congo reluctantly agreed to a process leading to independence. As the 1 July 1960 date for the creation of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) approached, the Belgium elites conspired with Katangan separatists, the Second Portuguese Republic, Rhodesia and South Africa to create the breakaway State of Katanga. Rich in minerals, including copper and cobalt, Katanga held the economic key to the DRC’s success. As Katanga had powerful foriegn backers (who thwarted UN action), and the DRC few capable supporters, a war lasting several years ensued.
As the Belgium authorities prepared for the DRC’s independence, they stripped the military of the Belgium Congo of its assets. Tanks, artillery, trucks, Canberra bombers and F-100D/F Super Sabres were sold to the Portuguese. The Congolese Air Force (Force Aérienne Congolaise, or FAC) was let with some twin-engined transports, a few light planes and 7 F4U-5 Corsair fighter-bombers. The Corsairs were surplus USMC/USN examples, maintained by Summit Aviation. Summit was founded in 1947 by a group of former USMC aviators. With experience at maintaining surplus military aircraft, in 1954 the company won a contract to refurbish and sustain 20 F4U-5 Corsairs for delivery to the Free Belgium government for counter-insurgency operations. In early 1960, as the US government realised that the Belgiums were leaving the soon-to-be independent DRC with a dangerously small combat capacity, Summit was contracted to deliver and support 20 more Corsairs to the incoming government. These aircraft were of Summit’s own version of the Corsair, the Spartan. First flown in 1958, the Spartan was built from surplus F4U-5 airframes and featured a beefed-up structure, contemporary tactical avionics and optional wingtip fuel tanks. In 1960, Summit tested and marketed kits for adapting the Spartan to all-weather/night operations, adding bolt-on exhaust anti-glare shields and a radar to the port wingtip pod with weather, surface mapping and terrain avoidance modes. Spartans were sold to El Salvador and Honduras (both without the tip tanks), Indonesia, Nicaragua (without tip tanks), Nigeria and the DRC.
Nigeria, independent from the Free British government since 1955, was the DRC’s main foreign supporter. In October 1960, the Portugese moved troops into Katanga from neighbouring Angola to protect the road and railway line through which most of Katanga’s mineral export flowed. Nigeria responded by sending its own troops and establishing a training and advisory mission to the DRC. In February 1961 the FAC, supported by Summit, and the Nigerian Air Force (NAF) aided by the privately owned Nigerian Aviation (NA) company, established the Spartan Wing at Kinshasa/N'Djili Air Base. A joint wing, it included the FAC’s 3 Squadron (largely manned by foriegn personnel) and the NAF’s 5 Squadron, both flying Spartans. From here, the Spartan Wing deployed detachments to airfields closer to Katanga. The Spartan Wing performed counter-insurgency roles, including convoy escort, road and rail interdiction and close air support. Other NAF support came in the form of airlift capacity and a squadron of F-86H Sabres for air superiority (these Sabres later being donated to the FAC).
By March 1961, the joint FAC/NAF airpower projected over Katanga had gained air superiority. Katanga’s Lockheed AT-33A fighters that had been supplied by the Portugese had mostly been destroyed. Without air defence, the FAC/NAF interdiction effort had forced Katanga’s mining-related road and rail traffic into the hours of darkness. To keep the pressure on, the Nigerians converted 12 of their Spartans with Summit’s night combat kits and deployed these to the DRC in August. That same month, Portuguese F-100Ds began air defence patrols over Katanga and from November ex-South African F-86F Sabres were supplied to the Katangan Air Force. Although the daylight hours were now contested, most of Katanga’s mining exports continued to be transported at night.
The Spartan depicted here was the personal mount of Flt Lt Sebastian Osigwef, of 5 Squadron NAF. It was photographed at the Kananga in June 1962. It carries 88 mission symbols, the 12 yellow bombs denoting daylight combat sorties and the 66 with red interiors are for nocturnal attack missions generated after the aircraft was adapted for night operations. The Redwing text and Native North American illustration relate to Rodd Redwing. The fastest gun in Hollywood, Redwing was an actor and gun, knife and whip instructor to the stars. When Flt Lt Osigwef aced the gunnery and bombing results during training, a Summit Aviation instructor likened him to Redwing and the moniker stuck. As an aside, although Redwing claimed to be Native American, his real name was Roderick Rajpurkaii Jr. and he was born in India.
The aircraft is armed with 4 wing-mounted 20mm cannon, 4 of Mk82 bombs, 2 pods of Orenda Purple Rain 68mm rockets and a pair of locally produced Passendale bombs. The Passendale was designed during the Belgium occupation and named after a Belgium cheese which features many small holes. A combined-effects weapon, it’s core explosive was a brand of commercially available propane tank. This was surrounded by white phosphorus embedded with ball bearings. Its aerodynamic shell featured aluminium fins, nose and rear units and a steel centre barrel that was internally grooved to promote fragmentation. The Passendale was judged to be useful against personnel and soft-skinned transport targets, including trucks and railway rolling stock.
After the Spartan, Summit would go on to make COIN conversions of the North American T-28 Nomad trainer as the AT-28D, T-28D and T-28D-5 Trojan. In the 1970s the company produced the Summit Sentry, using surplus USAF Cessna O-2 Skymasters to create a series of STOL capable COIN, FAC and ISR platforms for export customers. Nigerian Aviation would go on to be Summit’s key African industrial partner, NA also producing COIN conversions of the T-28 as the Nigerian Aviation Fennec. During the 1960s and ‘70s, NA produced several indiginuous light aircraft and trainer designs that were moderately successful in the export market.
Hawker Sea Hawk (1951-on) Engine Rolls-Royce Nene 101 centrifugal flow turbojet engine.
Production 542
AIRCRAFT SET
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/albums/72157626970256152
Designed by Sydney Camm the Hawker Sea Hawk is a single-seat jet day-fighter of the Fleet Air Arm built by Hawker Aircraft and its sister company, Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft.The first production Sea Hawk was the F 1, which first flew in 1951, entered service two years later with 806 Squadron, first based at Brawdy, then transferred to HMS Eagle. All Sea Hawks were in service by the mid-1950s and eventually over 500 were built. In 1956, shortly after the termination of the Sea Hawk production line, the Federal Republic of Germany placed an order for 64 aircraft to equipe the West German Navy. The Netherlands placed an order for 30 aircraft, as the Sea Hawk Mk 50, a ground-attack variant for the Royal Netherlands Navy, externally similar to the Royal Navy aircraft, differing in its use of a Philips-built ultra high frequency (UHF) radio. The last export customer was India which ordered 24 new Sea Hawks and 12 refurbished ex-FAA Mk 6s in 1959, the last remaining in service until 1983.
Sea Hawks from HMS Eagle and two each aboard the light fleet carriers HMS Albion and HMS Bulwark. saw extensive action during the Suez Crisis (1956). Dutch Sea Hawks operating of air craft carriers were deployed in Indonesia during decolonization, Indian Sea Hawks saw action during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.
This Sea Hawk WH969 was delivered to the Royal Navy in 1954 serving with 898 Squadron (1954-58) aboard HMS Albion in the Mediterranean before joiining 811 Squadron on HMS Albion and 806 Squadron RNAS Lossiemouth and later HMS Eagle until 1958. Between 1964-76 she was stationed with the School of Aircraft Handling at Culdrose before tranfer to Duxford
Many thanks for a fantabulous
45,444,538 views
Shot 23:09:2015 at the Imperial War Museum, Duxford, Cambridgeshire - Ref 110-532
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Still being inspired.... from Roger.
Now have our own copy….
Garbett and Goulding 1971 and 1979
from two books "Lancaster at War" and " Lancaster at War 2"
published by aIn Allan Ltd.
from Gemini AI
what did the world do at the end of the war?
The world reacted to the end of World War II with a mix of jubilation, relief, and a somber understanding of the immense cost of the conflict. Here's a breakdown of some key responses:
Celebrations and Relief:
Widespread Joy: News of the surrenders (first Germany in May 1945, then Japan in August 1945) sparked massive celebrations in Allied countries. People filled the streets,embracing and cheering, marking the end of years of hardship, anxiety, and loss.
Return of Soldiers: The end of the war meant the return of soldiers to their home countries. This was a joyous occasion for families and communities, although it was also a period of readjustment for many veterans.
Reconstruction and Recovery:
Devastation in Europe and Asia: Many parts of Europe and Asia lay in ruins. Cities were bombed, infrastructure was destroyed, and economies were shattered. The immediate focus was on providing humanitarian aid, rebuilding infrastructure, and restarting economies.
The Marshall Plan: The United States launched the Marshall Plan, a massive economic aid program to help rebuild European economies. This was crucial in preventing further instability and fostering recovery.
Political and Geopolitical Shifts:
Emergence of Superpowers: The war significantly altered the global balance of power. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers, leading to a period of geopolitical tension known as the Cold War.
Formation of the United Nations: In 1945, the United Nations was established with the goal of preventing future global conflicts through international cooperation and diplomacy.
Decolonization: The war weakened European colonial powers, contributing to the rise of independence movements in Asia and Africa.
Dealing with the Aftermath:
Nuremberg Trials: The Nuremberg trials were held to bring Nazi leaders to justice for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. This set a precedent for international criminal law.
Coming to Terms with the Holocaust: The full extent of the Holocaust was revealed after the war, shocking the world and leading to a greater understanding of the horrors of genocide.
A Desire for Peace:
"Never Again": The immense suffering caused by the war led to a widespread desire to prevent future global conflicts. This sentiment was reflected in the formation of the United Nations and other international efforts to promote peace and cooperation.
In summary, the end of World War II was met with widespread celebration and relief, but also marked the beginning of a long process of recovery, reconstruction, and dealing with the political and social consequences of the conflict. 1 The world was forever changed by the war, and its aftermath shaped the course of the 20th century. 2
1.
The End of World War II 1945 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
2.
How the legacy of the Second World War shaped the modern world | Imperial War Museums
Sources and related content
The End of World War II 1945 | The National WWII Museum | New Orleans
Europe in ruins in the aftermath of the Second World War - Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009) - CVCE
The Reconstruction of Europe - EU Learning - Carleton University
carleton.ca
Marshall Plan (1948) | National
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
So once they all are free - what do we do then? At least Canada doesn't really have any colonies - so we are fine in that respect.
Set 3, Thu Apr 17, 2014, 8:38:15 AM, 8C, 5254x7818, (488+144), 100%, Default Settin, 1/25 s, R55.0, G44.2, B84.9
Indigenous People's Day - October 12, 2020
Mission San Rafael Arcángel
San Rafael, California
On Indigenous People's Day, local native Coast Miwoks and allies rallied in front of the statue of Junípero Serra at Saint Raphael’s Catholic Church in Marin County, CA, calling for the removal of the statue and acknowledgment of Serra's brutal legacy. After numerous impassioned speeches, the statue was covered with red paint and ropes were used to pull the statue down. Similar actions had been taken across the state and country in recent months in a push to end the practice of glorifying brutal colonizers and proponents of slavery.
Serra was a Spanish Franciscan priest who is credited with establishing and overseeing the California Mission system that brutally enslaved the thriving native populations that had inhabited the land for thousands of years. The Spanish missions not only stole indigenous lands but sought to erase native languages and cultures. During this period (l769-1834), 37,000 California natives died at missions as a result of disease, starvation, overwork or mistreatment. Despite this history, statues honoring Junípero Serra have been erected all over California, and over considerable protest, Pope Francis conferred sainthood on Serra on September 23, 2015.
Following the toppling of this statue, 5 people were charged with felony vandalism at the request of the church (which also unsuccessfully sought a charge of 'hate crime'). 4 women identify as indigenous and 2 as baptized in the Catholic church.
----
From the rally:
Lucina Vidauri, Coast Miwok descendent, spoke at the rally, “Serra’s life mission was to convert the California natives. The entire [California Mission] system was designed to convert native populations. That meant imprisonment, enslavement and murder. And this guy was the leader of it all. Indigenous customs and traditions were banned from this very mission. [...] They were not allowed to speak their language, they were not allowed to speak their traditions, they were not allowed to do their traditional ways. They were made ‘civilized’. Right here in this church. There was a lot of tragedy.”
Dean Houghlin, Coast Miwok descendent and chair of the Coast Miwok Tribal Council of Marin: “Why does this colonization and this genocide continue with this statue that represents the enslavement, the murder, the child abuse, the desecration of our ancestor’s bones, the desecration of our land. [...] So I ask you again to please stand with us, with me and my relatives, my family, the descendants of the people that were enslaved here and that actually built this mission. [...] To change this so it doesn’t continue. So that we can heal. So all of us can have a sense of possibility. A sense of compassion for each other. This is not the Coast Miwok tradition to dishonor life.”
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
War veteran Eugene Bullard is beaten by policemen during a riot sponsored by Joint Veterans Council of Peekskill, N.Y. where concert-goers were attacked at a scheduled Paul Robeson concert there August 27, 1949.
The concert, organized as a benefit for the Civil Rights Congress, was scheduled to take place on August 27 in Lakeland Acres, just north of Peekskill. Before Robeson arrived, a mob of locals attacked concert-goers with baseball bats and rocks.
This was in the period where the second Red Scare was sweeping the country. The trial of 11 Communist Party leaders was well underway and moves to expel communist-led or influenced unions from the CIO had already begun.
Though Robeson had performed in Peekskill before without incident, the climate had changed.
In recent years Robeson had been increasingly vocal against the Ku Klux Klan and other forces of white supremacy, both domestically and internationally.
Robeson specifically made a transformation from someone who was primarily a singer into a political persona with a vocal support for the decolonization of Africa, anti-Jim Crow legislation, and peace with the USSR.
Robeson had also appeared before the House Committee on Un-American Activities to oppose a bill that would require communists to register as foreign agents
The local police arrived hours later and did little to intervene sometimes joining in the rioting. Thirteen people were seriously injured, Robeson was lynched in effigy and a cross seen burning on an adjacent hillside.
The rioters formed a phalanx on the one road leading to the grounds and forced concert-goers who attempted to leave the venue to run a gauntlet.
Robeson drove with Helen Rosen, a Peekskill resident, and two others to the concert site and saw marauding groups of young people, a burning cross on a nearby hill and a jeering crowd throwing rocks and chanting "Dirty Commie" and "Dirty Kikes."
Robeson made more than one attempt to get out of the car and confront the mob but was restrained by his friends.
The Joint Veterans Council of Peekskill refused to admit any involvement, describing its activities as a "protest parade... held without disorder and... perfectly disbanded."
Peekskill police officials said the picnic grounds had been outside their jurisdiction; a state police spokesman said there had never been a request for state troopers.
The commander of Peekskill Post 274 of the American Legion stated: "Our objective was to prevent the Paul Robeson concert and I think our objective was reached."
Following the riot, protest meetings were held around the country including Washington, D.C. and another concert was organized for Peekskill.
The rescheduled September 4, 1949 concert itself was free from violence, though marred by the presence of a police helicopter overhead and the flushing out of at least one sniper's nest.
The concert was located on the grounds of the old Hollow Brook Golf Course in Cortlandt Manor, near the site of the original concert. Twenty thousand people showed up. Security was organized by the Communist Party and Communist dominated labor unions.
The men were directed by the Communist Party and some unions to form a line around the outer edge of the concert area and were sitting with Robeson on the stage.
They were there to fight any protestors who objected to Robeson's presence. They effectively kept the local police from the concert area. Robeson and the musicians performed without incident.
--description partially excerpted from Wikipedia
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsm8P6hXn
The photographer is unknown. The image source is unidentified, but likely a news service. It is housed at the D.C. Library Washington Star Collection © Washington Post.
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
The film "Concerning Violence" explored the battle for African decolonization using clips made by Swedish documentaries in the 1960s-1980s. It also featured rapper Lauryn Hill narrating Franz Fanon's seminal "Wretched of the Earth." This scene details the use of mass media for liberation, a point not lost on today's Black Lives Matter activists.
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
Rally and March starting at City Hall, marching to Joe Fresh to demand justice for Bangladeshi garment workers and ending at Little Norway Park in solidarity with striking workers at Porter (Queens Quay and Bathurst)
Videos: bit.ly/MayDayTOVids
More info with links: www.toronto.nooneisillegal.org/MayDay
Poster series imagining a Solidarity City: on.fb.me/12HV9DO
For seven years, you have marched on May Day to celebrate and invigorate migrant justice struggles in Toronto. On International Workers Day, we march to build a Solidarity City. Solidarity City is a unified struggle for: Respect for Indigenous Sovereignty, Status for All, an End to Imperialism and Environmental Destruction, an End to Austerity and Attacks on the Poor and Working class, continued resistance against Patriarchy, Racism, Ableism and Homophobia and Transphobia
Pipelines, tankers, mines, and so-called development projects are being forced onto the lands of Indigenous nations. Harper, like every Prime Minister who came before him, refuses to respect the sovereignty of Indigenous peoples and continues to neglect his treaty obligations, as seen in Omnibus Bill C-45. In the face of this and more, land defenders across Turtle Island continue to resist in powerful and inspiring ways. As we look towards an exciting summer of action and resistance fueled by the Idle No More movement, this May Day let us honor all ongoing decolonization struggles and commit to continuing our support for Indigenous sovereignty.
The past year has seen the implementation of C-31, dubbed the Refugee Exclusion Act, further criminalizing migrants and expanding the detention and deportation machine. Jason Kenney announced the creation of a designated countries of origin, a racist, two tiered system under which refugees get fewer rights based on their place of birth. This past November, many of us honored our communities and confronted Minister Kenney when he showed up in Toronto. On May 1st, let us take to the streets to build community alliances and resistance once again.
Exploitative temporary worker programs continue to expand and many migrant workers continue to meet deportation, injuries and in some cases death. Workers are being forced to pay thousands of dollars to get jobs in Canada for which entire families go in to debt, yet no provisions exist for status on landing. Since Harper came into power, over 72,000 people have been locked up in immigration detention. In December we rallied in solidarity with security certificate detainees Mohammad Mahjoub, Mohamed Harkat and Mahmoud Jaballah and all those locked up in immigration detention. This May Day let us take to the streets to end detentions and deportations and to call for freedom to move, freedom to stay and freedom to return!
On February 21st, Toronto City Hall reaffirmed its promise to providing services to residents without full immigration status. We will continue to build a Solidarity City where communities work together to ensure justice and dignity for all residents. The history of Access Without Fear in Toronto is a long one and on May Day let us march to celebrate our victories and commit to continued struggle.
In the face of austerity, climate destruction, colonial and capitalist wars and interventions here and across the world that push people out of their homes, let us fight for status for all. Status for All is the struggle for self-determination, just livelihood, housing, food, education, healthcare, childcare, shelter, justice and dignity for all people, with or without immigration status.
Coordinated by a coalition of community groups including Afghans United for Justice, AIDS ACTION NOW!, Anakbayan Toronto, Association of Part-Time Undergraduate Students (APUS), Camp Sis, Casa Salvador Allende, Cinema Politica, Coalition Against Israeli Apartheid (CAIA), Common Cause Toronto,Common Causes, CUPE local 1281,CUPE Local 4772, CUPE 3906 Executive, CUPE 3906 Political Action Committee, CUPE 4308, CUPE Ontario International Solidarity Committee, Educators for Peace and Justice, Faculty for Palestine (F4P), Grassroots Ontario Animal Liberation (GOAL) Network, Greater Toronto Workers' Assembly, Health for All, Independent Jewish Voices, Toronto, Injured Workers Action for Justice, International Alliance in Support of Workers in Iran, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network, Canada, International Socialists, Jane and Finch Action Against Poverty [JFAAP], Latin American and Caribbean Solidarity Network, Law Union of Ontario, maggie's: toronto sex workers action project, May 1st Movement, No One Is Illegal - Toronto,Ontario Coalition Against Poverty,OPIRG York, Refugees without Border, Revolutionary Women's Collective-women united against imperialism, Rhythms of Resistance - Toronto,Rising Tide Toronto, Socialist Action / Ligue pour l'Action socialiste. Socialist Party of Ontario,Socialist Project, Student Christian Movement, The Mining Injustice Solidarity Network, The Sanctuary Network, Student Christian Movement, Toronto Haiti Action Committee, Toronto New Socialists, Toronto Rape Crisis Centre/Multicultural Women Against Rape, Toronto Young New Democrats, Trans Film Series,United Food and Commercial Workers, Women's Coordinating Committe for a Free Wallmapu [Toronto], Workers' Action Centre, York Federation of Students, Local 68 Canadian Federation of Students and more. To endorse the event, fill out this form bit.ly/ZDRwKU
(standing, center) Sergio Osmeña, Manuel Roxas, Pedro Guevara, Benigno Aquino Sr. with the American legislators (seated) including Harry B. Hawes and Bronson Cutting.
The Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act was the first US law passed for the decolonization of the Philippines. It was the result of the OsRox Mission led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel Roxas.
(Photo from The National Library)