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The Chola Empire
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The Chola dynasty (Tamil: சோழர் குலம் [ˈt͡ʃoːɻə]) was a Tamil dynasty which was one of the longest-ruling in some parts of southern India. The earliest datable references to this Hindu dynasty are in inscriptions from the 3rd century BC left by Asoka, a northern ruler; the dynasty continued to reign over varying territory until the 13th century AD.
The heartland of the Cholas was the fertile valley of the Kaveri River, but they ruled a significantly larger area at the height of their power from the later half of the 9th century till the beginning of the 13th century. The whole country south of the Tungabhadra was united and held as one state for a period of two centuries and more. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his son Rajendra Chola I, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-east Asia. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the celebrated expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the overthrow after an unprecedented naval war of the maritime empire of Srivijaya, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. During the period 1010–1200, the Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the south to as far north as the banks of the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. Rajaraja Chola conquered peninsular South India, annexed parts of what is now Sri Lanka and occupied the islands of the Maldives. Rajendra Chola sent a victorious expedition to North India that touched the river Ganges and defeated the Pala ruler of Pataliputra, Mahipala. He also successfully invaded kingdoms of the Malay Archipelago. The Chola dynasty went into decline at the beginning of the 13th century with the rise of the Pandyas, who ultimately caused their downfall.
The Cholas left a lasting legacy. Their patronage of Tamil literature and their zeal in building temples have resulted in some great works of Tamil literature and architecture.The Chola kings were avid builders and envisioned the temples in their kingdoms not only as places of worship but also as centres of economic activity.They pioneered a centralised form of government and established a disciplined bureaucracy.
The Chola Art
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The period of the imperial Cholas (c. 850 CE - 1250 CE) was an age of continuous improvement and refinement of the Dravidian art and architecture. They utilised their prodigious wealth earned through their extensive conquests in building long-lasting stone temples and exquisite bronze sculptures. Most of these still stand proudly articulating those glorious days.
The Chola period is also remarkable for its sculptures and bronzes. Among the existing specimens in the various museums of the world and in the temples of South India may be seen many fine figures of Siva in various forms, Vishnu and his consort Lakshmi, Siva saints and many more. Though conforming generally to the iconographic conventions established by long tradition, the sculptor worked in great freedom in the eleventh and the twelfth centuries and the sculptures and bronzes show classic grace, grandeur and perfect taste. The best example of this can be seen in the form of Nataraja the Divine Dancer.
While the stone sculptures and the inner sanctum image empowering the temple remained immovable, changing religious concepts during the 10th century demanded that the deities take part in a variety of public roles similar to those of a human monarch. As a result, large bronze images were created to be carried outside the temple to participate in daily rituals, processions, and temple festivals. The round lugs and holes found on the bases of many of these sculptures are for the poles that were used to carry the heavy images. Admired for the sensuous depiction of the figure and the detailed treatment of their clothing and jewelry,
Although bronze casting has a long history in south India, a much larger and a much greater number of bronze sculptures were cast during the Chola period than before, further attesting to the importance of bronze sculpture during this period. It should be noted that when in worship, these images are covered in silk cloths, garlands, and jewels, and would not appear as they do outside a religious context. Decorating the bronzes in this way is a tradition at least a thousand years old as such decorations are referred to in 10th-century Chola inscriptions.
Hundreds of Chola bronzes have been smuggled out of India and have found their way into the private museums of art-collectors.
Chola period bronzes were created using the lost wax technique. It is known in artistic terms as "Cire Perdue". The Sanskrit Shilpa texts call it the Madhu Uchchishtta Vidhana.
Beeswax and kungilium (a type of camphor) are mixed with a little oil and kneaded well. The figure is sculpted from this mixture fashioning all the minute details. This is the wax model original.
The entire figure is then coated with clay made from termite hills until the mould is of a necessary thickness. Then the whole thing is dried and fired in an oven with cow-dung cakes. The wax model melts and flows out, while some of it vapourises.
The metal alloy of bronze is melted and poured into the empty clay-mould. This particular bronze alloy is known as Pancha Loham. When the metal has filled all crevices and has settled and hardened and cooled, the mould is broken off. The bronze figure thus obtained is then cleaned, finer details are added, blemishes are removed, smoothened, and polished well. Hence each bronze icon is unique and the mould cannot be used to create copies.
The forms of Chola bronzes are very plastic. They are devoid of intricate ornaments and designs. They are very expressive. There is grace, elegance, beauty, and above all else - life. By means of the facial expressions and gestures or mudras and the pose, we can imagine the surroundings of the figure of the god or goddess; what instrument or weapon he or she is holding; what he or she is leaning on; and what he or she is doing or about to do.
There is a pose called Rishabaandhika pose. We see Siva standing with one leg crossed over to the other side, across the other leg . We see that the way His arm is flexed and raised, it is resting on something. The way that His body is tilted suggests that He is leaning on something. In this scenario, Siva is leaning on his bull-vahana, Nandhi, on whose shoulders He is resting His arm.
The most famous of all the bronze icons is that of Nataraja.The symbolism presents Siva as lord of the cosmic dance of creation and destruction. He is active, yet aloof, like the gods on the Parthenon Frieze. Surrounding Siva, a circle of flames represents the universe, whose fire is held in Shiva's left rear palm. His left front arm crosses his chest, the hand pointing in "elephant trunk" position (gaja hasta) to his upraised left foot, which signifies liberation. His right foot tramples the dwarf Apasmara, who represents ignorance.
Siva's right front hand is raised in the "fear-not" gesture of benediction (abhaya mudra), while his right rear hand holds a drum with which he beats the measure of the dance. The snake, an emblem of Siva, curls around his arm. His hair holds the crescent moon - another emblem - and a small image of Ganges, the river-goddess whose precipitous fall from heaven to earth is broken by Siva's matted locks.
In 1931, Chola frescoes were discovered within the circumambulatory corridor of the Brihadisvara Temple, by S.K.Govindasamy, a professor at the Annamalai University. These are the first Chola paintings discovered. The passage of the corridor is dark and the walls on either side are covered with two layers of paintings from floor to ceiling.
Researchers have discovered the technique used in these frescoes. A smooth batter of limestone mixture is applied over the stones, which took two to three days to set. Within that short span, such large paintings were painted with natural organic pigments.
During the Nayak period, the Chola paintings were painted over. The Chola frescos lying underneath have an ardent spirit of saivism is expressed in them. They probably synchronised with the completion of the temple by Rajaraja Chola.
Munich.
More cake! This time with a lemon creme and chocolate filling. Unbelievably good.
I'm starting to feel slightly fatted.
I'm also starting to feel very loved by my colleagues.
I never paid water tanks the attention they deserve before Darling mentioned them to me. He has such a wonderful idea in mind for quite some time regarding these tanks.
To my surprise I saw this huge one near my office today! So while his lovely project is on hold, I decided to dedicate him this shot as a reminder of his incredible talent and my constant being in awe of him...
♥
Cassie flies away, and then flies back... "Wait a minute, wait a minute... You... When you woke me up, your face was beaten down, like, crazy! Did... Did we discover a new power?" Jen asks... "I... I guess so?" Mysitc replies... "Well, anyways, who I was calling... Jennifer Dares, I would like to introduce you to...
~Scarecrow
If I re-route my commute I can pass Great Central Railway's northern engine shed. This is the view over the road bridge wall. I've inadvertently become a train enthusiast (but not a very good one).
Tornado is here for re-commissioning works. There seems to be a lot going today. The man with the long white beard is from Hitachi - if Tornado is to be used on the mainline it needs all the latest safety systems.
The wall on the road bridge is quite high you have to stand on tip-toes to see below, To get these kind of photos I have to hold the camera at arms length and just point vaguely in the direction. The results are usually more than acceptable.
On the tripod is a Nanlux light used for photography.
More info on Tornado here:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornado
My experimentation with Cherry Blossom continues.
The previous shot was taken the day before, I was wearing a pink patterned dress I'd found the perfect set of Cherry Blossom trees, and got permission to use them, and then- there I was.
I can tell you the shoot itself did not just come together as I expected it would. I just couldn't get it right, it wasn't really making any sense- the location was there, I was ready, I had all my kit ready- but I was getting nothing.
I realised at the end of the hour, I needed to go back the next day and try again. My dress didn't look right, it was too garish, the pose was all wrong, I just looked clunky.
This image is as a result of the next day shooting. I'm not massively thrilled with this one either, but I did reach some conclusions- when shooting a portrait, the subject is important and the subject has to be the person (or me), if the location becomes the focus, then the subject is in direct competition with it and the whole frame becomes confusing. I've seen photographers who manage to make models look elegant in ballgowns in front of the blossom but I know this is not my aesthetic at all and could only be done in an ironic way which still wouldn't really be strong enough to work.
It's a bit like Christmas Trees, every year I consider doing a Christmas Tree shot- like people used to do back with film cameras, where I stand in front of it- but every year I don't because I just look clunky and it all feels awkward- the only one that ever worked was the ironic one where I posed as the Wicked Witch of the West.
My conclusions are- the location has to be a clear backdrop and if the subject is interacting with it, then the story needs to be clear or at least strong in terms of composition. Without that balance it's always going to be a fight within the frame.
I've gone heavy with the edit on this to try and emulate the flatness of a film image.
Continuing to create a sample board of value and key-stoning for my online workshop - to be filmed next month.
Mexican Smalti value mixes from front to back
- Light, med-light, med-dark, dark
Continuing.....more to do, but wanted to see it up...amazing how it gives you some distance when you are working. May go back to more blue or go forward with more glazes.
Continuing the comedy duo theme.
Gareth Hale and Norman Pace did a sketch as two thick doorman called "Da Management" this is the best I could find on you tube
Continuing a series of experimental photos with a Kodak No. 1A Autographic Jr. (circa 1917). All settings are mentioned as they appear on the camera. If you are lost, I suggest starting with the first photo in the corresponding album.
I'd love to know where my cameras have been in their long history - the things they've seen, the people that used them - but I don't think they ever climbed the Rockies. So when I had the opportunity to visit Colorado, I thought it would be fun to take them to the highest point I could think of. Kodak in the Rockies! And now it makes me happy to know that my Autographic has finally seen the beauty of the American frontier.
Ilford 124 was a perfect speed film to really capture the details in the trees, and the rocks.
Shutter: 100
Focus: 100ft
Aperture: 64
Ilford 124
Golden Half, Ferrania Solaris 200 (exp. 11/08)
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Da hilft nur Farbe und die Erinnerung daran, dass es mal besser war. Rechts ist noch relativ weit oben, links sind wir unten am Friedhof angekommen. / The right one is from above, the left one shows the cemetery of Cofete. It's on the beach!
Continue in prayer
"Continue in prayer, and watch in the same with thanksgiving." [Colossians 4:2]
It is interesting to remark how large a portion of Sacred Writ is occupied with the subject of prayer, either in furnishing examples, enforcing precepts, or pronouncing promises. We scarcely open the Bible before we read, “Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord;” and just as we are about to close the volume, the “Amen” of an earnest supplication meets our ear. Instances are plentiful. Here we find a wrestling Jacob—there a Daniel who prayed three times a day—and a David who with all his heart called upon his God. On the mountain we see Elias; in the dungeon Paul and Silas. We have multitudes of commands, and myriads of promises. What does this teach us, but the sacred importance and necessity of prayer? We may be certain that whatever God has made prominent in his Word, he intended to be conspicuous in our lives. If He has said much about prayer, it is because He knows we have much need of it. So deep are our necessities, that until we are in Heaven we must not cease to pray. Do you want nothing? Then, I fear you do not know your poverty. Have you no mercy to ask of God? Then, may the Lord’s mercy show you His misery! A prayerless soul is a Christless soul. Prayer is the lisping of the believing infant, the shout of the fighting believer, the requiem of the dying saint falling asleep in Jesus. It is the breath, the watchword, the comfort, the strength, the honour of a Christian. If you be a child of God, you will seek your Father’s face, and live in your Father’s love. Pray that this year you may be holy, humble, zealous, and patient; have closer communion with Christ, and enter oftener into the banqueting-house of his love. Pray that you may be an example and a blessing to others, and that you may live more to the glory of your Master. "Continue in prayer" Hallelujah, God bless
continuing in the marble vein (sorry about the inadvertent pun)
11/19.......oh, how weird-- the set-up shot fell off explore but this one went on.... #392 for 11/15
I prepared it for coming artwork competition. The hamster looks a bit agressive aiming at the dragonfly with carrot))))
Btw, dragonflies bite! Did you know? :D
Star Tours: The Adventures Continue (advertised in some promotional materials as Star Tours 3-D) is an attraction located at Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World and Disneyland Park at the Disneyland Resort. It is also set to open at Tokyo Disneyland on May 7, 2013. Set in the fictional Star Wars universe, The Adventures Continue updates the two parks' original Star Tours attractions. Whereas Star Tours took place after the events of Return of the Jedi, The Adventures Continue is set earlier in the film series' timeline, between the events of Revenge of the Sith and A New Hope. The attraction opened on May 20, 2011 at Disney's Hollywood Studios, and on June 3, 2011 at Disneyland.
Continuing my Southern Arizona Adventure 2024 with a stop in Tumacacori National Historic Park. This is stage 4 of 9. I'm glad I visited. I think I got some decent photos. I don’t plan on revisiting anytime soon. Unlike Disneyland, once here is enough. Unless you come for some of the special Tribal events.
This is the side view looking west at the east wall.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumac%C3%A1cori_National_Historical...
Tumacácori National Historical Park is located in the upper Santa Cruz River Valley in Santa Cruz County, southern Arizona. The park consists of 360 acres (1.5 km2) in three separate units.[4] The park protects the ruins of three Spanish mission communities, two of which are National Historic Landmark sites. It also contains the landmark 1937 Tumacácori Museum building, also a National Historic Landmark.
Tumacácori National Historical Park is located in the upper Santa Cruz River Valley in Santa Cruz County, southern Arizona. The park consists of 360 acres (1.5 km2) in three separate units.[4] The park protects the ruins of three Spanish mission communities, two of which are National Historic Landmark sites. It also contains the landmark 1937 Tumacácori Museum building, also a National Historic Landmark.
After the Pima rebellion of 1751, the mission was moved to the present site on the west side of the Santa Cruz River and renamed San José de Tumacácori.[6] By 1848, the mission was abandoned and began falling into severe disrepair. In 1854 it became a part of the U.S. Arizona Territory, after the Gadsden Purchase.
Restoration and stabilization efforts began in 1908 when the site was declared Tumacácori National Monument by President Theodore Roosevelt. In 1990 it became part of the new Tumacácori National Historical Park.[6]
home.nps.gov/tuma/learn/historyculture/tumacacori.htm
The meaning of the name "Tumacácori" is lost in history; however, there are some things that are known about the word. It's the English version of a Spanish version of an O'odham word or words which were what the O'odham residents told Kino that they called this place when he arrived and attempted to record it, but we don't know what they actually were trying to say to him. Visit the Frequently Asked Questions for more depth on this subject.
Father Kino established Tumacacori as a mission in January 1691, one day before Guevavi, making it the oldest mission site in what is now Arizona. For many years it was a visita or visiting station of the mission headquarters at Guevavi. During most of those years, it was located on the east side of the Santa Cruz River and was called San Cayetano de Tumacacori. Services were held in a small adobe structure built by the Pima inhabitants of the village. After the Pima rebellion of 1751, the mission was moved to the present site on the west side of the river and renamed San Jose de Tumacacori. Here the first actual church edifice was built.
Haiku thoughts:
Ruins in the sun,
Mission whispers of the past,
Heritage preserved.
Southern Arizona Adventure 2024
whats going through your head? - nature stuff, magic, trans-humanist prophesy, self replicating bio-technical nano-synthetic forms, cybernetic organisms, miscellaneous heads, space armor, goblins, extra terrestrial humanoids, insectoids, reptilians and such...
#Jon Boam #Drawing
Continuing our theme of Zephyr's Favorite Things, we now showcase her servant's bells. Zephyr loves her bells. She uses them to summon a human whenever she wants something.
When Zephyr and her sister were puppies, we taught them to ring bells to let us know when they needed out. In many ways, the bells have worked wonderfully. Zephyr does in fact ring them to let us know she needs out. Or that she simply wants out. Or that she wants attention. She learned long ago that ringing the bells brought a human, so she will ring them, then wander into another room expecting us to follow and adore her. Or she will ring them when she is out of water. Or, more recently, she will ring them at 3:00 am when she wants to come upstairs to sleep on our bed but wants "an escort" going up the stairs (because of her arthritis). We have often said that she considers us her servants, her butlers, and these are the bells that summon us to her service.
She has bells on the other side of the door as well, to let us know when she needs (or wants) to come inside. Zephyr adores her bells and uses them often. You can see where she has banged up the wall by bashing the bells.
And appropriately, she is currently ringing the bells, looking for a butler to let her out :)
Continuing the theme of 80's retro horror, I decided to turn my old HDR's of the downtown skyline into an illustrative effect used in many old movie posters.
Also used iStockPhoto for the Zombie :)
NYC Skyline: www.flickr.com/photos/aleksivic/2129092453/sizes/l/in/set...
iStockPhoto: www.istockphoto.com/stock-photo-10546001-zombie-girl.php
Continuing with the series, this "Rainbow Fountain" is one of the 13 fountains found in Lima's "Circuito Mágico del Agua" fountain complex.
The fountains feature computer-controlled systems so the lighting, music and jet nozzles are all in beautiful synchronization.
Continuing my Southern Arizona Adventure 2024 with a visit to Bisbee Arizona. This is stage 6 of 9.
This is an outdoor display of mining equipment at the Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum. Bisbee is a very walkable town. This was working mining equipment, now it is a art on public display. Bisbee is a very walkable town.
You Haven’t Seen Bisbee Until You’ve Seen the Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum
With a history deserving of National Landmark status, it’s only fitting that Bisbee’s past be captured and reflected in a museum like no other. The Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum takes you and your family back in time to the days of the Arizona Territory, telling the story of a copper-mining town’s role in the industrialization of America, a history of your grandparents’ generation. An Affiliate of the Smithsonian Institution, the Museum offers an interactive trip back in time for the whole family. The American Industrial revolution not fun to learn about? Think again! Why copper? Find out! The Museum offers the stories of how people reacted to family and social issues through the last 125 years and how their responses helped shape the city, the state, and the nation.
www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g31171-d214388-Revi...
This museum, one of the Smithsonian Institution's only rural branches, documents the history of Bisbee's mining days as well as the town's contribution to the country's industrialization. Located in the town's main plaza, Bisbee Mining & Historical Museum is a must-visit for anyone interested in mining and minerals. It features a remarkable mineral display as well as photographic exhibits, and you can also peruse riveting sections that illuminate the nuances of daily life in the copper mines.
www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g31171-d214388-Revi...
A small, but informative and interesting museum that is a local affiliate of the Smithsonian. Lots of information about Bisbee during its copper mining heyday. DON'T SKIP THE 2nd FLOOR! it's a beautiful mineralogical display of the variety of ores from the mines around Bisbee. - Jake S. Alexandria, VA.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona
Bisbee is a city[5] in and the county seat of Cochise County[6] in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is 92 miles (148 km) southeast of Tucson and 11 miles (18 km) north of the Mexican border.
Bisbee was founded as a copper, gold, and silver mining town in 1880, and named in honor of Judge DeWitt Bisbee, one of the financial backers of the adjacent Copper Queen Mine.
Today, the historic city of Bisbee is known as "Old Bisbee" and is home to a thriving downtown cultural scene. This area is noted for its architecture, including Victorian-style houses and an elegant Art Deco county courthouse. Because its plan was laid out to a pedestrian scale before the automobile, Old Bisbee is compact and walkable. The town's hilly terrain is exemplified by the old four-story high school; each floor has a ground-level entrance.
Natural vegetation around Bisbee has a semi-desert appearance with shrubby acacia, oak and the like, along with cacti, grass, ocotillo and yucca. The town itself is much more luxuriant with large trees such as native cypress, sycamore and cottonwood plus the introduced ailanthus and Old World cypresses, cedars and pines. Palms are capable of growing tall, but are not reliably hardy. At least one mature blue spruce may be seen.
Haiku thoughts:
Dusty streets wind tight,
Colors spill from old brick walls,
Echoes of the past.
Southern Arizona Adventure 2024,
My last shot in Andalusia, but the trip continues with the return to home...
Mi última foto en Andalucía, pero el viaje continúa con el regreso a casa...
ENGLISH
La Alpujarra (sometimes Las Alpujarras) is a mountainous district in Southern Spain, which stretches south from the Sierra Nevada mountains near Granada in the autonomous region of Andalusia. The western part of the region lies in the province of Granada and the eastern part in the province of Almería. In older sources the name is sometimes spelled Alpuxarras; it may derive from Arabic al Busherat meaning "the grass-land".
The region consists principally of valleys which descend at right angles from the crest of the Sierra Nevada on the north, to the Sierras Almijara, Contraviesa and Gádor, which separate it from the Mediterranean Sea, to the south.
The region is one of great natural beauty. Because of a warm southerly climate combined with a reliable supply of water for irrigation from the rivers running off the Sierra Nevada, the valleys of the western Alpujarras are among the most fertile in Spain, though the steep nature of the terrain means that they can only be cultivated in small fields, so that many modern agricultural techniques are impractical. They contain a rich abundance of fruit trees, especially grape vines, oranges, lemons, persimmons, figs and almonds. The eastern Alpujarra, in the province of Almería, is more arid, but still highly attractive.
La Alpujarra was successively settled by Ibero-Celtic peoples, by the Romans, and by Visigoths before the Moorish conquest of southern Spain in the eighth century. The region was the last refuge of the Moors, who were allowed to remain there for nearly 150 years after the fall of Granada in 1492. Following the Morisco Revolt of 1568, the Moorish population was forced from the region after the Moriscos used it as a military base. By order of the Spanish crown, two Moorish families were required to remain in each village in order to demonstrate to the new inhabitants, introduced from northern Spain, the workings of the terracing and irrigation systems on which the district's agriculture depends.
The influence of the Moorish population can be seen in the agriculture, the distinct cubic architecture (reminiscent of Berber architecture in Morocco's Atlas Mountains) the local cuisine, the local carpet weaving, and the numerous Arabic placenames.
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpujarras
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CASTELLANO
La Alpujarra (o Las Alpujarras) es una comarca de Andalucía, en el sur de España. Incluye parte de la provincia de Granada y parte de la provincia de Almería, en las faldas de la ladera sur de Sierra Nevada.
En textos antiguos a veces la región es denominada alpujarras, nombre que deriva del término árabe al Busherat (al-bugscharra), que podría traducirse como "la Tierra de hierba" o "la Tierra de pastos". Pedro Antonio de Alarcón, que viajó por la comarca y escribió un libro, publicado en 1874, da, además de esta versión del nombre, cuatro más. Citando a Luis de Mármol, Alarcón dice que la palabra viene de la voz árabe "abuxarra" que, siempre según Alarcón, quiere decir "la rencillosa, la pendenciera". El mismo Alarcón da una segunda hipótesis del origen del nombre, que toma del arabista Miguel Lafuente Alcántara, quien añade que la palabra árabe "abuxarra" también significa "indomable". Una tercera opinión del origen del nombre procede de los arabistas ingleses Romey y Sacy quienes, basándose en los testimonios del historiador árabe Suar el-Kaicí, consideran que la palabra Alpujarra viene de la voz arábiga "Albordjela" que significa "la fortificada". Finalmente, Alarcón menciona la opinión del historiador francés Simonet que sugiere que puede proceder del nombre "Albuxarrat" que Simonet traduce por "La Sierra Blanca" o Sierra Nevada.
La región consiste principalmente en una serie de valles que descienden en ángulo recto desde las cumbres de Sierra Nevada en el Norte, a la Sierra de la Contraviesa y Sierra de Gádor, las cuales la separan del Mar Mediterráneo, al sur.
La región es de una enorme belleza natural. A causa de su clima suave combinado con una fuente fiable de agua para la irrigación de los ríos que descienden de Sierra Nevada, los valles de la Alpujarra disfrutan de un importante grado de fertilidad, si bien a causa de la naturaleza del terreno sólo pueden ser cultivados en pequeñas parcelas, por lo cual la técnicas modernas de agricultura no suelen ser viables. Abundan los árboles frutales, como naranjos, limoneros, caquis, manzanos, higueras, castaños, almendros, y los viñedos. La zona este de la Alpujarra, la almeriense, es más árida.
La Alpujarra fue sucesivamente colonizada por íberos y celtas, por la antigua Roma, y por visigodos, antes de la conquista musulmana del sur de España durante el siglo VIII; no obstante, el historiador árabe Ibn Ragid declara que la región no fue conquistada por los árabes debido a la aspereza de su territorio. Su colonización, por tanto, hubo de ser posterior y realizarse modo muy paulatino. La región fue el último refugio de los moriscos, a quienes se les permitió permanecer allí hasta mucho después de la caída del Reino Nazarí de Granada en 1492. Tras la revuelta morisca de 1568, (donde Aben Humeya, de nombre cristiano Fernando de Córdoba y Válor, se proclamó Rey de la Alpujarra) la población morisca fue expulsada de la región tras que ésta fuese usada como su base militar. Por orden de la corona española, se requirió que dos familias moriscas permaneciesen en cada villa para ayudar a los nuevos habitantes , introducidos desde el norte de España (fundamentalmente asturianos, gallegos y leoneses), la forma de trabajar las terrazas y los sistemas de irrigación de los que depende la agricultura de la región.
La influencia de la población morisca se puede observar, lógicamente, en la agricultura, la arquitectura cúbica (reminiscencias de la arquitectura bereber de las montañas marroquíes del Atlas), la cocina local, el tejido de alfombras y numerosos nombres de lugar de origen árabe.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpujarras
Mount Pocono, PA. June 2015.
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If you would like to use THIS picture in any sort of media elsewhere (such as newspaper or article), please send me a Flickrmail or send me an email at natehenderson6@gmail.com.
Continuing with my banner theme, this is the sort of image that just begs to be seen as a banner and tough to be anything else.
I used this as the banner for an Upper Canada Village Alight At Night blog entry about this time last year.
For those in the Toronto area, a heavily decorated house to see over the Christmas season is featured in this blog from a few years ago. Mr. DeSario's house at 165 Benjamin Boake Trail in Toronto is quite amazing!
Follow my travels and photographic adventures at: www.MegapixelTravel.com
90 degrees and hot sun out in the hayfield today! But another wagon load of hay made it to the barn.
This shot was taken two weeks ago, from the side of the road. The road department has since mowed down these delightful flowers [gripe, gripe]
Continuing to work through my shots from the Oregon Coast last week, still on vacation so the shots will be coming fast and furiously :)...
VIEW LARGE!
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Construction continues on the $49.5 million FOS Bulgaria Base Camp. The base camp is designed to house and train 2500 Soldiers. The facility will provide 77 permanent buildings – 23 barracks, 5 battalion, 1 brigade Headquarters, 6 company ops facilities. A Chapel, commissary, post office, movie theater, fitness center and much more. The FOS is expected to have a 20-year useful life. Construction is expected to be complete Nov. 2010. (US Army Corps of Engineers photo by Carol E. Davis)
Sydney Light Rail's testing through the city continues. I caught up with LRVs 015 & 016 in the vicinity of the Queen Victoria Building and Town Hall at lunchtime today. It was wet, very wet, hopefully the crowds enjoyed their first look at Sydney's new trams
Continuing with my Halloween 'costume' season I thought it was Snow White's turn. These photos are from the last time I wore this costume over a year ago and I never got around to posting them so maybe she needs to return at some point ;)
Cardigan, Moda International. Blouse, Newport News. Skirt, Talbots. Slingbacks, Linea Paolo.
I can’t believe it’s been two years. I never thought this project would go on this long – or that I’d be able to come up with a different outfit each work day. In fact, I never intended to avoid repetition at all. That just sort of happened along the way. The exception to the rule is my blogoversary, on which I wear the inaugural ensemble. I’m curious as to how many years it will continue to be wearable.