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Bituminous Membranes: These are typically made from a mix of bitumen and other materials, providing excellent waterproofing properties. They are commonly used on roofs, balconies, and basements.
Self-adhesive Membranes: These membranes come with a sticky backing that allows for easy application without the need for additional adhesives. They are often used in areas like shower enclosures, wet rooms, and other damp spaces.
Liquid Waterproofing Membranes: These are applied as a liquid and form a continuous, seamless waterproofing layer when cured. They are suitable for irregularly shaped or complex surfaces.
PVC or TPO Membranes: These synthetic membranes are highly durable and often used in roofing applications, especially for flat roofs.
Since product offerings and companies' statuses can change over time, I recommend visiting Kodex Australia's official website or contacting their representatives to get the most up-to-date information about their current range of waterproofing membranes and any specific products that may suit your needs.
Additionally, when using any waterproofing membranes, it's essential to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and ensure proper installation to achieve effective and long-lasting waterproofing protection. If you're not familiar with the application process or have a complex waterproofing project, it's advisable to seek the assistance of professionals with experience in waterproofing installations.
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Polyurethane Waterproofing Membrane
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Polyurethane waterproofing membrane is a type of liquid-applied waterproofing material used to create a seamless and durable barrier against water and moisture. It is commonly used in various construction applications to protect buildings, structures, and surfaces from water ingress and potential damage.
Polyurethane waterproofing membranes offer several advantages, including:
Flexibility: Polyurethane is a flexible material, allowing it to accommodate movement and minor substrate shifts without cracking or compromising its waterproofing properties.
Seamless Application: It is applied as a liquid, which allows for a seamless and continuous waterproofing layer to be formed, ensuring there are no joints or seams where water could potentially penetrate.
Adhesion: Polyurethane membranes have excellent adhesion properties to various substrates, such as concrete, metal, wood, and other building materials.
UV Resistance: Some polyurethane membranes are formulated to be UV-resistant, making them suitable for exposed applications like roofs and balconies.
Chemical Resistance: Polyurethane waterproofing membranes are often resistant to a wide range of chemicals, which enhances their durability and longevity.
Fast Curing: They typically cure relatively quickly, enabling faster installation and project completion.
Polyurethane waterproofing membranes can be used in various applications, such as:
Roofs and terraces
Balconies and decks
Basements and foundations
Wet rooms and bathrooms
Planter boxes and garden areas
Tunnels and underground structures
It's important to note that the effectiveness and performance of polyurethane waterproofing membranes depend on proper surface preparation and application. Following the manufacturer's guidelines and recommendations is crucial to ensure the best results. Additionally, for complex or large-scale waterproofing projects, it is advisable to seek professional assistance from experienced waterproofing contractors to ensure a successful and long-lasting installation.
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Sealants and Waterproofing Solutions in Australia
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As of my last update in September 2021, Australia had a wide range of suppliers and manufacturers offering sealants and waterproofing solutions for various applications. These companies catered to both residential and commercial markets, providing products to protect buildings, structures, and surfaces from water damage.
Some well-known sealants and waterproofing solution providers in Australia included:
Sika Australia: Sika is a global company that offers a comprehensive range of sealants, adhesives, and waterproofing products for construction, industrial, automotive, and other applications.
Bostik Australia: Bostik is a leading adhesive and sealant manufacturer with a wide range of products for construction, industrial, and consumer markets, including waterproofing solutions.
Tremco Australia: Tremco is known for its high-performance sealants and waterproofing systems designed for commercial and industrial applications.
Dulux Australia: Dulux provides a variety of waterproofing solutions, including membrane coatings and sealants, for roofs, walls, and other surfaces.
Parchem Construction Supplies: Parchem offers a diverse range of construction chemicals, including sealants and waterproofing solutions, for builders, contractors, and DIY enthusiasts.
Gripset Industries: Gripset specializes in innovative waterproofing and protective coatings for various construction projects, ranging from residential to infrastructure.
Ardex Australia: Ardex provides a range of construction chemicals, including sealants and waterproofing products, for professionals in the building industry.
These are just a few examples, and there are many other suppliers and manufacturers across Australia providing sealants and waterproofing solutions. When selecting a product or supplier, it's crucial to consider the specific requirements of your project, the type of surface or material you need to protect, and the environmental conditions the product will be exposed to.
Always research the reputation, customer reviews, and technical specifications of the products and consult with professionals or the suppliers themselves to ensure you choose the most suitable sealants and waterproofing solutions for your particular needs. Additionally, check for any updates or new offerings since my last update in September 2021, as the industry may have evolved or introduced new products and technologies.
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Best Bedroom Paint Colors 2023
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As of my last update in September 2021, I don't have access to information about trends or specific developments that occurred after that date, including the "best" bedroom paint colors for 2023. However, I can provide some general tips and ideas that might help you choose bedroom paint colors based on timeless design principles. Keep in mind that color preferences can be highly subjective, and it's important to choose colors that resonate with your personal style and create a comfortable atmosphere.
Neutral Tones: Neutrals like soft grays, warm beiges, and creamy whites are classic choices for bedroom walls. These colors provide a calming and versatile backdrop that can be easily paired with various decor styles and accent colors.
Soft Blues: Soft shades of blue can create a serene and tranquil atmosphere in a bedroom. Light blues or muted aquas can evoke a sense of calm and relaxation.
Soothing Greens: Soft greens, such as sage or muted mint, can bring a touch of nature indoors and create a refreshing and peaceful environment.
Warm Earth Tones: Earthy colors like warm terracottas, soft browns, and muted oranges can create a cozy and inviting feel in a bedroom.
Lavender and Mauve: These gentle, light purples can add a touch of elegance and femininity to a bedroom without being overly bold.
Blush and Soft Pinks: Light blush or pale pink shades can create a delicate and soothing ambiance, particularly in bedrooms with a romantic or vintage aesthetic.
Deep Grays and Charcoal: For a more dramatic and modern look, consider using deep gray or charcoal tones. These colors can add depth and sophistication to the space.
Subtle Yellows: Soft, muted yellows can infuse a bedroom with a sunny and cheerful vibe. Opt for pale yellows to avoid overwhelming the space.
Whites with Warm Undertones: If you prefer a clean and bright look, consider whites with warm undertones like off-whites or ivory shades. These can prevent the space from feeling too sterile.
When choosing a bedroom paint color, consider factors such as the amount of natural light the room receives, the size of the room, your personal style preferences, and any existing furniture or decor you plan to use. It's also a good idea to test a small area with the chosen color before fully committing to painting the entire room. Ultimately, the best color is one that makes you feel relaxed and comfortable in your bedroom.
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Bathroom waterproofing
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Bathroom waterproofing is a critical process in construction and renovation that involves applying materials and techniques to prevent water from penetrating the walls, floors, and other surfaces of a bathroom. Proper waterproofing is essential to prevent water damage, mold growth, and structural deterioration over time.
Here's a general overview of the steps involved in bathroom waterproofing:
Surface Preparation: Before applying any waterproofing material, the surfaces of the bathroom, including walls, floors, and shower enclosures, need to be properly cleaned, leveled, and repaired if necessary.
Selecting Waterproofing Products: There are various waterproofing products available, including liquid-applied membranes, sheet membranes, and waterproofing paints. The choice depends on factors such as the substrate, the type of bathroom (shower, wet room, etc.), and personal preferences.
Applying Waterproofing Membrane: This is a crucial step. The waterproofing membrane is either painted or adhered to the surfaces. It forms a continuous, watertight barrier that prevents water from seeping into the underlying structures. The corners, joints, and seams need special attention to ensure no gaps exist.
Drainage and Slope: In shower areas, it's essential to ensure proper drainage and slope to direct water toward the drain. This prevents water from pooling and stagnating, which could lead to leaks over time.
Sealing Penetrations: All pipe and fixture penetrations in the bathroom (such as faucets, showerheads, and drains) should be carefully sealed to prevent water from getting behind the walls or floors.
Curing and Drying: Depending on the type of waterproofing material used, there might be a curing period before the bathroom can be used. It's crucial to follow the manufacturer's guidelines for curing times.
Tile Installation: Once the waterproofing is complete and dry, tiles can be installed over the membrane. Proper tile installation is also essential to maintaining the waterproofing integrity. Grout lines should be properly sealed.
Finishing Touches: After the tiles are in place, reattach fixtures, such as faucets, showerheads, and other accessories, following proper sealing procedures.
Bathroom waterproofing is a job that requires attention to detail and proper adherence to manufacturer's guidelines. For complex projects or for those without experience in waterproofing, it's advisable to hire professional contractors who specialize in bathroom waterproofing to ensure the job is done correctly and to prevent any future water-related issues.
Remember that building codes and regulations might vary by location, so it's important to ensure that the waterproofing work aligns with local requirements.
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sealants waterproofing
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Sealants and waterproofing are integral components of construction and maintenance processes aimed at preventing water infiltration and ensuring the integrity of various structures. Here's a brief overview of sealants and waterproofing:
Sealants:
Sealants are materials used to fill gaps, joints, seams, and cracks in surfaces. They are designed to create an airtight or watertight seal, depending on the application. Sealants are versatile and can be used in a wide range of contexts, including construction, automotive, and manufacturing.
In construction, sealants are often used for purposes such as:
Weatherproofing: Sealants are applied around windows, doors, and other openings to prevent drafts, water infiltration, and energy loss.
Expansion Joints: Sealants are used in expansion joints to accommodate the movement of building materials caused by temperature changes or settling.
Interior and Exterior Joints: Sealants are used in joints between different building materials to prevent moisture penetration, air leakage, and potential structural damage.
Waterproofing:
Waterproofing is the process of making a structure or surface resistant to the penetration of water. Waterproofing measures are crucial to prevent water damage, mold growth, and deterioration of building materials. Waterproofing is commonly employed in areas prone to water exposure, such as basements, bathrooms, roofs, and balconies.
There are various methods of waterproofing, including:
Membrane Waterproofing: Liquid-applied or sheet membranes are used to create a waterproof barrier on surfaces. These membranes are designed to withstand water pressure and movement.
Cementitious Waterproofing: This involves applying cement-based coatings or mixes to provide a water-resistant layer. It's often used for concrete structures and surfaces.
Bituminous Waterproofing: Bitumen-based materials are used to create a waterproof layer. These materials are commonly used for roofing and below-ground waterproofing.
Crystalline Waterproofing: Special additives are used in concrete to fill gaps and pores, making it impermeable to water.
Injection Waterproofing: This method involves injecting a waterproof material into cracks and voids in concrete to seal them against water penetration.
Both sealants and waterproofing are crucial for maintaining the structural integrity and longevity of buildings. The selection of specific products and methods depends on factors such as the type of structure, its intended use, environmental conditions, and local building codes. It's important to follow manufacturer recommendations and consider consulting with professionals when performing sealing and waterproofing tasks to ensure optimal results.
Contact Information
Durotech Industries, 14 Essex Street Minto NSW 2566 Australia
02 9603 1177
sales@durotechindustries.com.au
www.durotechindustries.com.au/category/water-based-waterp...
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This conveyer belt moves coal from the bituminous coal mines at Black Mesa to the tower next to the highway. From here it's loaded onto a train that brings it to the Navajo Generating Station outside Page, Arizona. Anyone ever read the Monkey Wrench Gang by Edward Abbey? Both the conveyer and the train were sabotaged by Hayduke & Co.
Coal-mining operations began in Thurber in 1886 and reached a peak around 1920, when the town had a population of approximately 8,000 to 10,000, from more than a dozen nationalities, though Italians, Poles, and Mexicans predominated. At the peak, Thurber was one of the largest bituminous coal-mining towns in Texas. Established as a company town, the mining operations in Thurber were unionized in 1903 and Thurber became the first totally closed shop town in the country.[2] The Texas and Pacific Coal Company was not owned by the Texas and Pacific Railway, but it lay near its line and provided the trains of that company with much fuel. The Texas and Pacific Coal Company created a subsidiary company, Texas Pacific Mercantile and Manufacturing Company, to operate its mercantile operation, with company-run retail outlets like the grocery, dry goods, hardware, and drug stores, as well as saloons and other establishments.[3]
The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the southern half of the United States. By 1920, conversion of locomotives from coal to oil reduced demand and lowered prices and miners left the area through the 1920s. The Texas and Pacific Coal company was instrumental in discovering oil in the Ranger, Texas, area, as part of the Texas Oil Boom; the company re-branded itself the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company, and, eventually, the Texas Pacific Oil Company
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
1020-8113-13
The Magee Mine was in operation from 1908 until 1954 by the Westmoreland Coal Company. In 1914 Magee had the largest individual mine output in the entire Ninth Bituminous Coal District (which covered all of Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties) with more than 700,000 tons produced that year. They employed 500 men inside the mine alone.
Today, the Magee Mine remains forgotten by most as nature takes her back.
Loft conversions are a great way to add valuable space to your home. They focus on space maximisation and storage. Be it an additional bedroom suite, a kitchen, kid’s room or a bathroom; you can upgrade your living pattern with a loft conversion. You should always consult the professionals for a loft conversion in Beckenham like Lordans Loft for a guaranteed outcome.
Common Design Considerations
The most important segments that you should pay attention to during the conversion of the loft include the following –
Ceiling height
Services
Access
Lighting issues
Planning permission
Building regulations and development rights
Is Your Property Suitable for a Loft Conversion?
Not all lofts of the house are suitable for conversion. You should ask the experts to conduct a brief survey before proceeding –
Roof structure – Check whether the roof has a traditional cut rafter, whether it is a purlin roof or a trussed roof.
Height- You should check if there is enough height in the loft. The minimum height for any loft should be between 2.2 to 2.4 metres. The maximum height allowance is 2.4 to 2.6 metres.
Space – Does the loft have enough space to accommodate your requirements?
Chimney service – These elements do not pass through the loft, and hence they do not require moving.
Felt – Your house roof will have felts under the tiles. It can also be weather tight. With felts, there is black bituminous paper under the battens and tiles. Most of the modern houses have felt.
lordansloftsuk.blogspot.com/2021/07/everything-you-need-t...
Kaymoor, is the site of an abandoned coal mine, coal processing plant and coal town near Fayetteville, West Virginia. The town site is located in the New River Gorge at Kaymoor Bottom. The mine exploited the New River Coalfield's Sewell Seam of "smokeless" low-volatile bituminous coal. (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Moor)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
WATERGUARD MEMBRANE APP G : Is a high quality, APP (Attactic PolyPropylene) modified bituminous torch-on membrane used for tanking and waterproofing of substructure and superstructure areas in buildings and civil engineering projects, implemented in big industrial structures, in commercial centres and also in big residentials which require high quality waterproofing system. Available in rolls of 10m (length) x 1m (width).
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
1020-8120-13
The Magee Mine was in operation from 1908 until 1954 by the Westmoreland Coal Company. In 1914 Magee had the largest individual mine output in the entire Ninth Bituminous Coal District (which covered all of Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties) with more than 700,000 tons produced that year. They employed 500 men inside the mine alone.
Today, the Magee Mine remains forgotten by most as nature takes her back.
Relief of a Gift Bearer
Achaemenid Empire, Persepolis, from the Palace of Darius or Xerxes, c. 490-470 B. C.
Bituminous limestone
The fabled city of Persepolis is today a complex of ruins, dating back 2,500 years to Iran's Achaemenid Period. This exquisitely carved Persian relief sculpture is from the fabled city, located in modern Iran, shows the head and shoulders of a bearded Persian offering-bearer in profile. he wears the typical pleated bashlyk, one piece of cloth wrapped around the head, chin, and neck. Curls of his beard, mustache, and hair peek from under the headdress.
The relief dates to one of the great periods of Iranian civilization when the kings of the Achaemenid dynasty established an empire that brought stability, prosperity, and a flourishing civilization to the Near East. This monarchy prospered for over 200 years (550-330 B.C. ) until its downfall at the hands of Alexander the Great. The architecture of the magnificent Achaemenid palaces was distinguished by sculpted stonework relief decorations such as this example.
1020-8094-13
The Magee Mine was in operation from 1908 until 1954 by the Westmoreland Coal Company. In 1914 Magee had the largest individual mine output in the entire Ninth Bituminous Coal District (which covered all of Fayette, Westmoreland and Allegheny Counties) with more than 700,000 tons produced that year. They employed 500 men inside the mine alone.
Today, the Magee Mine remains forgotten by most as nature takes her back.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Cottage Hill (Dan Hanna Farm)
Postmark 1910
Pictured is the coach barn at Cottage Hill Farm.
Cottage Hill Farm was the summer home, as he termed it, of Dan Hanna. Hanna was the son of Cleveland businessman, U.S. Senator, and presidential kingmaker Marcus (Mark) Hanna, and the grandson of Daniel Pomeroy Rhodes. Both the Hanna and Rhodes families made sizeable fortunes from iron, bituminous coal, and railroads. The younger Hanna was a partner in his father's business; he also tried to revive two failing Cleveland newspapers, without long-term success. In the process, though, he built a notable Cleveland building, the Ledger Building, which still stands.
The farm is located at 5555 Newton Falls Road, just east of Ravenna. The first construction on the house was completed by Edmund B. Bostwick, in either 1817 or 1834 (reports differ), but he never lived in it. After a few changes in ownership, Sophia Lord Rhodes, the wife of Daniel Pomeroy Rhodes, acquired the property in 1860. Daniel Rhodes was the vice president of the Western Reserve Horse Breeders' Association, and used the property for breeding racehorses. Dan Hanna purchased the property from his grandparends in the first decade of the 20th Century, added considerably more land, and expanded the house into a 19,345 square foot mansion. Supposedly a few of the walls in the expanded mansion were brought from Buckingham Palace. He owned nine other farms in the area, all of which are now within the confines of the former Ravenna Arsenal, now Camp James A. Garfield.
During his time in Portage County, Hanna undertook numerous projects, few of which were as successful as he might have hoped. He built the largest barn in Ohio at Cottage Hill in 1909, but it burned to the ground two years later. The coach barn pictured here was a replacement for that barn. He attempted to rescue the perennially troubled Ravenna fair, but pulled out over a business dispute. He initiated a campaign to build better roads in the county, but his plans were ultimately rejected, although a few roads were built as a result. He also championed scientific farming, particularly in breeding livestock. His most lasting contribution was probably providing significant funding for Ravenna's Immaculate Conception school.
After WWI, Hanna divested himself of his Portage County properties. He died in 1921 at his 168-acre estate in Ossining, New York. The Ravenna property then passed to one of his four ex-wives, Mary Stuart Hanna.
Much later, in the late 1950s, the Cottage Hill estate became the short-lived Silver Spur Ranch country club. Later still, it was a survivalist center. Since the 1990s, successive owners have done various repairs and renovations. The house sold again for $950,000 in August, 2021.
Sources:
GFR
RR
Portage County Regional Planning Commission walking tours of Ravenna Historic Structures (Other Historical ), at storymaps.arcgis.com
Maria McGinnis, "The first mansion in Portage County can be yours for $1.25 million," in The Portager, October 16, 2020
Probably another giant specimen of the ammonite Phylloceras heterophyllum, in the Bituminous Shales of the Whitby Mudstone Formation.
First Mining of Pittsburgh Coal
This State's bituminous coal industry was born about 1760 on Coal Hill, now Mt. Washington. Here the Pittsburgh coal bed was mined to supply Fort Pitt. This was eventually to be judged the most valuable individual mineral deposit in the U.S.
Bes (747–332 BC)
Egypt, wood
This magical sculpture depicts the god Bes protecting Horus as a child. Notice the faded hieroglyphs on the back. Pouring water over the words unleashed their power.
Zoëga’s comments on the underside of the accompanying drawing show that he exchanged technical information about the object with scholars in England: ‘British Museum. Sycamore wood, covered with a bituminous substance like pitch, above which the hieroglyphs are painted in yellow.’ The sculpture had been part of the British Museum’s collection since 1785.
[British Museum]
Taken in the Exhibition
Hieroglyphs: Unlocking Ancient Egypt
(October 2022 - February 2023)
For centuries, life in ancient Egypt was a mystery.
We could only glimpse into this hidden world, until the discovery of the Rosetta Stone provided the key to decoding hieroglyphs, allowing us to read this ancient script. The breakthrough expanded our understanding of human history by some 3,000 years.
Marking 200 years since the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphs, this major exhibition took visitors through the trials and hard work that preceded, and the revelations that followed, this ground-breaking moment.
Hieroglyphs were not just beautiful symbols, they represented a living, spoken language. From romantic poetry and international treaties, to shopping lists and tax returns, the hieroglyphic inscriptions and ancient handwriting in this exhibition revealed stories that are fantastically varied. As well as an unshakeable belief in the power of the pharaohs and the promise of the afterlife, ancient Egyptians enjoyed good food, writing letters and making jokes.
The show charted the race to decipherment, from initial efforts by medieval Arab travellers and Renaissance scholars to more focussed progress by French scholar Jean-François Champollion (1790–1832) and England’s Thomas Young (1773–1829). The Rosetta Stone, discovered in 1799, with its decree written in hieroglyphs, demotic and the known language of ancient Greek, provided the key to decoding the ancient signs. The results of the 1822 breakthrough proved staggering.
Using inscriptions on the very objects that Champollion and other scholars studied, this immersive exhibition helped visitors to unlock one of the world’s oldest civilisations.
[British Museum]
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
The coal obtained from the mines of Indonesia is known to be one of the most refined quality coals, and that too is available in abundance there. This is confirmed by the fact that Indonesia provides about 40% of the world’s coal requirement. The Indonesian coal bears very high calorific values and belongs mainly to bituminous or sub-Bituminous coal. These categories of coals are known to possess low moisture and hence provide high return value on money.