View allAll Photos Tagged bituminous
Structural polish in semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds are structurally tilted, which occurred during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
Shown above is an outcrop of the Langhorne Coal. At this site, the unit is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The rank is semi-anthracite coal, which results from very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
The surface facing the viewer is smooth and polished, the result of shearing (= fault movement) in incompetent rocks. Such surfaces are called "structural polish". High polish can also occur on some bedrock-smoothed glacial surfaces.
Stratigraphy: lowermost upper member, Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
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Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of England. (~7.3 centimeters across at its widest)
Cannel is an odd variety of coal. It doesn’t have the look and feel of ordinary coal ranks such as lignite, bituminous, and anthracite. Cannel coals are low-density (lightweight for their size), as all coals are, but are surprisingly tight and solid - they hold up to natural weathering pretty well, considering they’re coals. They tend to have a satiny or velvety luster, are not sooty to the touch, and frequently have conchoidal fracture (smooth & curved fracture surfaces). Cannel coals lack the well-developed horizontal bedding & laminations seen in lignites and bituminous coals.
Not surprisingly, the differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted as having formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
The sample seen here is from the Wigan area of England. Cannel coal has been mined in the area for many centuries.
Stratigraphy: unrecorded / undisclosed Pennsylvanian-aged unit ("Upper Carboniferous")
Location: unrecorded / undisclosed locality at or near the town of Wigan, west of Manchester, England
This coal is from Walker County, AL. I stopped by a pit today that is being operated by the Haley Brothers Coal Co. and got this shot of there stockpile. The shot is a composite of four individual shots. I used Hugin to stitch them.
Two colliers take on cargoes of bituminous coal from the Norfolk and Western Railways Pier 6 at Norfolk, VA.
c.1969
For more information or additional images, please contact 202-586-5251.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This partly exposed World War Two Stanton air raid shelter, is positioned on a chicken farm so access is restricted. It is not registered on the Defence of Britain Database. Not sure why it is located here, but the site is roughly positioned halfway between RAF Wendling and RAF Attlebridge airfields.
Manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks Co Ltd in Ilkeston, Derbyshire (the iron connection is in the mould pattern) was the World War Two Stanton Air Raid Shelter. A segment shelter made by the former workshop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the Air Ministry.
Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost, of which any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments usually for 50 personnel. The segments were 20 inches wide, a pair of them formed an arch 7 feet high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment.
Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by vehicles was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, covered with earth and turf, sometimes a suitably brick lined entrance and concrete steps if required, escape hatch at the opposite end. These bolted together air raid shelters afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.
Information sourced from - andersonshelters.org.uk/other-shelters/stanton-shelters/
The Meigs Creek Coal is a bituminous coal horizon in the Upper Pennsylvanian Monongahela Group of eastern Ohio. The specimen seen here is a gradational contact sample from the top of the coal bed (= black) to the base of the overlying nonmarine limestone (an intraclastic or peloidal limestone) (= dark gray).
Stratigraphy: uppermost Meigs Creek Coal (also known as the Sewickley Coal), Monongahela Group, Virgilian Series, upper Upper Pennsylvanian
Locality: near the base of the Narrows Run North outcrop - roadcut on the western side of Route 7, just north of Narrows Run (an east-flowing tributary of the Ohio River), northeastern York Township, southeastern Belmont County, Ohio, USA (39° 54’ 25.94” North latitude, 80° 48’ 36.73” West longitude)
LeakBarrier EasyBase is a premium, SBS modified, glass fiber reinforced, self-adhesive modified bituminous base sheet for use in most low slope and steep slope roof system applications. LeakBarrier EasyBase is a perfect alternative to the application of roofing using conventional application methods of torching, hot asphalt mopping, or using cold applied adhesives.
Usage
LeakBarrier EasyBase is designed as base sheet for self-adhering membrane systems. EasyBase is also an ideal base sheet for torch, hot mop and cold applied conventional applications.
Features and Benefits
•Multiple uses as base sheet for self-adhered, torched, hot mopped and cold applied applications.
•No specific tools required. Clean, easy to handle, peel and stick self-adhering application.
•No fumes during application, eliminating odors caused by adhesives and hot asphalt.
•30-40% quicker installation than conventional application.
•Ultraviolet resistant polyolefinic film surface.
•Glass fiber reinforcement ensures exceptional dimensional stability.
•Meets and/or exceeds the applicable sections of ASTM D 6163 and ASTM D 1970 specifications.
•30 day exposure limit.
•Miami-Dade County Approved NOA No. 07-0917.04 and 07-0917.05.
•Florida Building Code Approved - FL 9487.1.
•Texas Department of Insurance Approval RC-152.
•UL classified (R13228) for use in class A and B roofs.
The Schuylkill River locally is a river running northwest to southeast in eastern Pennsylvania, which was improved by navigations into the Schuylkill Canal. Several of its tributaries drain major parts of the center-southern and easternmost Coal Regions in the state. It flows for 135 miles (217 km) from Pottsville to Philadelphia, where it joins the Delaware River as one of its largest tributaries.
In 1682 William Penn chose the left bank of the confluence upon which he founded the planned city of Philadelphia on lands purchased from the native Delaware nation. It is a designated Pennsylvania Scenic River, and its whole length was once part of the Delaware people's southern territories.
The river's watershed of about 2,000 sq mi (5,180 km2) lies entirely within the state of Pennsylvania, the upper portions in the Ridge-and-valley Appalachian Mountains where the folding of the mountain ridges metamorphically modified bituminous into widespread anthracite deposits located north of the Blue Mountain barrier ridge.
Millions of tons of coal from Pennsylvania’s Anthracite Coal Region flowed by waterway and rail into Philadelphia, once America's largest city, to feed the iron and steel industry.
The source of the Schuykill’s eastern branch is in lands now heavily mined situated one ridgeline south of Tuscarora Lake along a drainage divide from the Little Schuylkill about a mile east of the village of Tuscarora and about a mile west of Tamaqua, at Tuscarora Springs in Schuylkill County. Tuscarora Lake is one source of the Little Schuylkill River tributary.
The West Branch starts near Minersville and joins the eastern branch at the town of Schuylkill Haven. It then combines with the Little Schuylkill River downstream in the town of Port Clinton. The Tulpehocken Creek joins it at the western edge of Reading. Wissahickon Creek joins it in northwest Philadelphia. Other major tributaries include: Maiden Creek, Manatawny Creek, French Creek, and Perkiomen Creek.
The Schuylkill joins the Delaware at the site of the former Philadelphia Navy Yard, now the Philadelphia Naval Business Center, just northeast of Philadelphia International Airport.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schuylkill_River
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds were structurally tilted during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown above is the Langhorne Coal. Just below it (to the left) is a hard sandstone. Stratigraphically above the Langhorne Coal (to the right of it) is a mudshale-dominated interval.
At this site, the Langhorne Coal is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The unit contains semi-anthracite coal, which is the result of very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: uppermost lower member (= sandstone at left) & lowermost upper member (= coal + overlying shale), Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Special purpose plates are issued to heavy equipment or a truck with a special purpose. The uses of these plates are as follows: Category One: Heavy Equipment. Category Two: Truckcrane, Wrecker, Concrete Form Truck, Concrete Pumper Truck, Bituminous Distributor, Calcium Chloride Distributor, Full or Semi Full Flotation Applicator, Well Driller Tender Truck, Permanently Mounted Well Drilling Machine, Road Oiler, Water Tanker (Dust Controll Only), Building Mover. The pink sticker in the corner is a New Hampshire tax sticker. Seen in Wethersfield, Vermont.
SS400 Ice and Water Armor
LeakBarrier SS400 Ice and Water Armor is a self-adhesive modified bituminous roofing underlayment reinforced with a heavy weight fiberglass mat for use under tile, slate, and asphalt shingles. Glass fiber reinforcement on the upper surface provides enhanced skid resistant properties.
Usage
LeakBarrier SS400 Ice and Water Armor helps to protect a building’s deck or internal structure against leaks caused by ice and water damming and wind-driven rain. It is highly effective in critical roofing areas such as valleys, ridges, coping joints, chimneys, vents, dormers, skylights and low-slope sections.
Features and Benefits
Lightweight – Easy to carry and install
Skid resistant glass fiber surface provides improved footin
Split-back release film peels off for easy installation and handling.
30 day exposure limit.
Adheres directly to concrete, plywood, wood composition board, and gypsum sheathing.
Self-sealing around nails, preventing moisture penetration.
Packaged in paper wrappers. No bulky (empty) boxes to dispose of.
Meets ASTM D 1970.
Miami-Dade County Approval NOA No. 09-0824.06.
Florida Building Code FL 10450-R1.
A decent dependable guideline is to search for items produced using normal, sustainable materials just as items with reused content. Here is a short rundown of reasonable building items for your home redesign, sorted out by class.
Ground surface
Bamboo: Bamboo isn't a wood, however a quickly developing grass that is gathered underdeveloped conditions as a money crop. Bamboo develops to harvestable development on just around five years, making it a very eco-accommodating building material and gtec joint cement xtra.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
Semi-anthracite coal in the Mississippian of Virginia, USA.
This is the best outcrop anywhere of the only economically significant Mississippian-aged coal occurrence in the world. The beds were structurally tilted during the Allegheny Orogeny in the Pennsylvanian.
The coal bed shown above is the Langhorne Coal. Just below it (to the left) is a hard sandstone. Stratigraphically above the Langhorne Coal (to the right of it) is a mudshale-dominated interval.
At this site, the Langhorne Coal is tectonically-thickened and sheared. The unit contains semi-anthracite coal, which is the result of very low grade metamorphism of bituminous coal. Adjacent beds (shales and sandstones) are not metamorphosed. The Langhorne Coal has been mined in the past.
Stratigraphy: uppermost lower member (= sandstone at left) & lowermost upper member (= coal + overlying shale), Price Formation, Osagean Stage, upper Lower Mississippian
Locality: roadcut on the eastern side of Rt. 100, western end of Cloyds Mountain, south of the town of Poplar Hill, Pulaski County, Valley Coalfield, southwestern Virginia, USA (= locality shown in figure 9 of Bartholomew & Brown, 1992) (37° 10' 42.39" North latitude, 80° 42' 48.48" West longitude)
----------------------
Some info. from:
Bartholomew, M.J. & K.E. Brown. 1992. The Valley Coalfield (Mississippian age) in Montgomery and Pulaski Counties, Virginia. Virginia Division of Mineral Resources Publication 124. 33 pp. 2 pls.
Gensel, P.G. & K.B. Pigg. 2010. An arborescent lycopsid from the Lower Carboniferous Price Formation, southwestern Virginia, USA and the problem of species delimitation. International Journal of Coal Geology 83: 132-145.
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is below the middle of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the middle and upper parts of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Just below the sandstone, in the shadowed overhang, is a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The light brownish-gray rocks in the bottom half of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
This area's coal deposits took millions of years to form & only a few years to mine, forever changing the surrounding valley.
Stored Energy
Essentially, we get coal from sunshine. Hundreds of millions of years ago, swampy forests covered different parts of the earth. Plants in these swamps thrived using energy from the sun. When they died, they created a layer of stored energy at the bottom of the swamp. Over time, dirt, rocks, & water covered & trapped the plant matter. Heat & pressure caused chemical & physical changes that eventually created coal.
Prospecting for Power
In the late 1890s, government explorers documented many varieties of coal deposits in the Matanuska Valley including lignite, subbituminous, bituminous, & anthracite. Most of the coal remained untouched until 1913-1914 when the U.S. Navy saw its value as a fuel source for the Pacific Fleet. By 1917, railroad tracks reached Chickaloon & over 45,000 short tons of coal shipped out of the Matanuska Valley that year.
Matanuska Mines
Government-operated & privately-owned mines employed hundreds of hard-working people. However, by 1922, the Navy began using diesel instead of coal & turned their mines over to the Alaska Engineering Commission to power the Alaska Railroad & local homes. Mining continued sporadically in the Matanuska Valley, mostly supporting nearby railroad & military operations. The energetic mining activity from 1914-1922 & subsequent strip mining left a lasting impression.
*The children of Evan Jones"
Sparky & Murry & Alabam
Pruit & Johnny the Lip
The jawbone champs of Wishbone hill,
They never know when to quit.
Their ferocious growls & hideous howls
Start at the dry house door
But are washed away at the end of the day
Down the drain of the shower floor.
The children of Evan Jones stanzas are from the poetry book
The Matanuska Bard's Alaskan Verses, 1996 by Bob Klem
LeakBarrier EasyBase is a premium, SBS modified, glass fiber reinforced, self-adhesive modified bituminous base sheet for use in most low slope and steep slope roof system applications. LeakBarrier EasyBase is a perfect alternative to the application of roofing using conventional application methods of torching, hot asphalt mopping, or using cold applied adhesives.
Usage
LeakBarrier EasyBase is designed as base sheet for self-adhering membrane systems. EasyBase is also an ideal base sheet for torch, hot mop and cold applied conventional applications.
Features and Benefits
•Multiple uses as base sheet for self-adhered, torched, hot mopped and cold applied applications.
•No specific tools required. Clean, easy to handle, peel and stick self-adhering application.
•No fumes during application, eliminating odors caused by adhesives and hot asphalt.
•30-40% quicker installation than conventional application.
•Ultraviolet resistant polyolefinic film surface.
•Glass fiber reinforcement ensures exceptional dimensional stability.
•Meets and/or exceeds the applicable sections of ASTM D 6163 and ASTM D 1970 specifications.
•30 day exposure limit.
•Miami-Dade County Approved NOA No. 07-0917.04 and 07-0917.05.
•Florida Building Code Approved - FL 9487.1.
•Texas Department of Insurance Approval RC-152.
•UL classified (R13228) for use in class A and B roofs.