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University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Fossiliferous limestone in the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA.
The Pottsville Group is a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession in eastern Ohio that contains nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The two blocks at center & above-and-left of center are hard, marine fossiliferous limestone. Weathered surfaces are light colored; crack surfaces show black micrite with matrix-supported, light-colored fossils (usually crinoid stem columnals and brachiopod shells). These float pieces are from the Poverty Run Limestone, which outcrops in very few places.
The black talus surrounding the limestone block are pieces of weathered bituminous coal, derived from the Vandusen Coal bed, which occurs just below the Poverty Run Limestone.
Stratigraphy: Poverty Run Limestone, lower Pottsville Group, upper Morrowan Stage, upper Lower Pennsylvanian
Locality: Irish Ridge East Outcrop - roadcut along the northern side of the eastbound entrance ramp from Rt. 60 to Rt. 16 (southeastern portion of Rt. 16-Rt. 60 interchange), north-northwest of the towns of Trinway & Dresden, northern Cass Township, northwestern Muskingum County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 09’ 13.56” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 29.37” West longitude)
I didn't ever manage to go the the International, and I didn't even manage to see everything at the Ian Potter Centre. What I did see, though, was very good. The most impressive and interesting exhibit I saw there was a collection by an Australian artist named John Davis. [Picture 13]
This piece was called Nomad. He made it entirely of twigs, cotton thread, calico, and bituminous paint. Most of his later works are done with these materials, and he had a particular obsession with the fish. I found the whole exhibit really spoke to me on some level and I spent the most time there.
I also spent some time looking at an exhibit of contemperary Australian artists, and a collection from a wealthy Melbourne man named Joseph Brown. He had a huge collection of Melbourne related art, including some from Arthur Streeton, who is fast beconing a favorite of mine.
Coal is one of the most important economic minerals in the world. Bituminous coal or black coal is a relatively soft coal containing a tar-like substance called bitumen. It is of higher quality than lignite but of poorer quality than anthracite. Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and sub metamorphic compression of plant material. Vast forest and swamps once covered much of West Virginia during what geologists call the Carboniferous Period (Pennsylvanian 323-290 million years ago). Coal is the official State Rock of West Virginia.
These ovens are used for measuring the effect of heat and air on a moving film of semi-solid bituminous materials.
For more or get this Product Click on -
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Manufactured by the Stanton Ironworks Co Ltd in Ilkeston, Derbyshire (the iron connection is in the mould pattern) was the WWII Stanton Air Raid Shelter. A segment shelter made by the former workshop producing spun-concrete lighting columns ceased production and turned over to concrete air-raid shelters, of which 100,000 tons were manufactured, principally for the air ministry.
Reinforced concrete proved an ideal material for air-raid shelters, being strong and resistant to shock with no deterioration with the passing of time. This type of segment shelter was of simple design and of low cost, of which any length of shelter could be built up from the pre-cast steel reinforced concrete segments usually for 50 personnel. The segments were 20 inches wide, a pair of them formed an arch 7ft high and transverse struts were provided to ensure rigidity. These fitted into longitudinal bearers which were grooved to receive the foot of each segment. Each pair of segments was bolted together at the apex of the arch and each segment was also bolted to its neighbour, the joints being sealed with a bituminous compound. The convenient handling of these segments enabled them to be transported onto sites where close access by motor lorry was not possible. Partly buried in the ground, covered with earth/turf, sometimes a suitably brick lined entrance and concrete steps if required, escape hatch at the opposite end. These bolted together air raid shelters afforded safe protection against blast and splinters.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Looking northward at the warehouse's southwestern and southeastern elevations.
What at first glance may seem an uninteresting, utilitarian structure is in fact one of the Windy City's most delightful expressions of architectural noncontextuality—a concept I'm always willing to admire, praise, and promote. As will become apparent in the photos that follow, the Reebie Warehouse boldly dares to relate to nothing whatsoever around it, and not even to itself.
To really appreciate the salutary incongruity present here, you need to lower your gaze to the first story of the building's Clark Street facade. It was there that, at the request of the original owners, designer George S. Kingsley provided something rarely seen in storage warehouses, at least since the Ptolemaic Dynasty: a whopping dose of Ancient Egyptian design motifs.
This remarkable Roaring-Twenties riff on pharaonic magnificence, breathtaking in its cognitive dissonance, was executed in polychrome terra-cotta crafted twenty blocks to the west, in Chicago's Northwestern works.
Northwestern's base material was derived from Pennsylvanian-subperiod (Upper Carboniferous) underclays and marine shales unearthed in the bituminous-coal mines of the Illinois Basin, and then shipped up to the big city by rail.
The pictures that follow will concentrate, at considerably closer range, on the wonderful terra-cotta cladding that was produced from this 300-Ma-old material.
For more on this site, see my book Chicago in Stone and Clay, described at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501765063/chicago-i...
And to see the other photos and descriptions of this series, visit my Terra-Cottology album.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
WINGUM PLUS H20
"just in time before Hurricane Sandy...;)"
WINGUM PLUS H2O is a coloured waterproofing water-based liquid membrane based on modified resins of high quality and reinforced by synthetic fibers. It assures great resistance to backwater, aging and U.V. rays. It has been formulated also for difficult waterproofing even on big surfaces and to assure great durability. It can be applied on surfaces subject to trampling and on concrete, ceramic, natural stone materials, brickworks, bituminous membranes, fiber-cement, woods, metal sheds also oxidisable and bricks. It’s ideal to waterproof flat and walkable roofs, terraces and balconies made of natural stones or ceramic, for restoration and protection of bituminous membranes. On surfaces subject to strong strains or elastic tensions, or in order to uniform the layer of irregular floors or tiles, it can be reinforced by WIN TECHNO MAT.
DSC_4959: Found on the beach at Joggins, Nova Scotia.
At the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESO World Heritage Site.
A big part of the local economy in the 1800s, but now defunct.
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
Oskaloosa is a city in and the county seat of Mahaska County, Iowa, United States. The population was 11,463 in the 2010 census, an increase from 10,938 in the 2000 census.
In the 1880s, over a million tons of bituminous coal was mined in the area from 38 mines. The first mine in the area was opened shortly after 1853 by Robert Seevers, who in 1853 drove a drift into a 4-foot coalbed in an exposed creek bank east of town. Initially, coal was mined entirely for local consumption, but with the arrival of the railroads, coal from the region was shipped widely. By 1887, the report of the state mine inspector listed 11 coal mines in and around Oskaloosa. The coal output of Mahaska County surpassed that of all other Iowa counties by 1895, by which time, the output had reached over a million tons per year. In 1911, coal mining was reported to be the primary industry in the region. In 1914, the Carbon Block Coal Company of Centerville produced over 100,000 tons of coal, ranking among the top 24 coal producers in the state.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskaloosa,_Iowa
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Custom colored Wausau Tile slabs on a bituminous setting bed with Techniseal NexGel polymeric sand. The stone wall is imported Italian granite stone slabs custom fabricated for the site.
Looking at a portion of the entranceway of the building's eastern, lake-facing, South Michigan Avenue elevation.
So here at last we have a close-in view of the white-glazed terra-cotta sections manufactured from Pennsylvanian (Upper Carboniferous) underclays and shales by Chicago's own Northwestern works.
Like ashlar blocks, they are set between joints of mortar, but unlike them they're fireproof, remarkably light in weight, and secured at the back with metal fasteners. And because they could be molded in exquisite detail by Northwestern's staff of master craftsmen, the cladding units embodied even the wildest flights of a designer's fancy.
The light weight ensured that terra-cotta sections were easier to manipulate and less costly to ship. And, as noted in Part 1, they could be cleaned much more easily—a fact that made the erection of white skyscrapers in the Age of Bituminous Coal Burning much less of a folly to propose to image-conscious developers.
But while turn-of-the-century architects had all sorts of reasons for preferring terra-cotta to rock, the fact remains that no material mounted on a building exterior in a continental climate can be expected to survive the onslaught of precipitation, air pollution, and temperature extremes for more than a few fleeting decades.
This point can be easily ascertained if you scrutinize this image under high magnification. You'll find plenty of places where the very thin layer of ceramic glaze has chipped or spalled away to reveal the bisque, the fired-clay base material.
For more on this site, see my book Chicago in Stone and Clay, described at www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501765063/chicago-i...
And to see the other photos and descriptions of this series, visit my Terra-Cottology album.
Cannel coal from the Pennsylvanian of Ohio, USA. (8.3 cm across at its widest)
Cannel coal is a scarce, fossil spore-rich variety of coal - it is hard and weathering-resistant, has a velvety to satiny luster, little to no stratification, and a conchoidal fracture. The differences in physical characterstics between cannel coal and other ranks of coal (lignite, bituminous, anthracite) are due to the organic matter content. Cannel coals are composed principally of fossil spores (sporinite phytoclasts). Garden-variety coals are composed principally of a mix of altered fragmented plant debris that was originally woody tissue, leaves, bark, fungi, and spores. Cannel coals are generally interpreted to have formed in pond, lagoon, or channel facies within a larger coal swamp setting.
This eastern Ohio sample is from the Bedford Coal in the Pottsville Group, a Pennsylvanian-aged cyclothemic succession containing nonmarine shales, marine shales, siltstones, sandstones, coals, marine limestones, and chert ("flint"). The lower Pottsville dates to the late Early Pennsylvanian. The upper part dates to the early Middle Pennsylvanian. The Lower-Middle Pennsylvanian boundary is apparently somewhere near the Boggs Member (?).
The Bedford Coal occurs just below the Upper Mercer Limestone, which is often a flint-dominated interval. Lithologically, the Bedford ranges from carbonaceous shale to argillaceous coal to bituminous coal to cannel coal. The cannel coal in the Bedford was targeted for mining in the 1800s as a source of fuel. It was particularly useful in the manufacture of kerosene, an illuminating fuel. After the petroleum industry started in the 1860s, production of kerosene from cannel coal essentially ceased.
The sample shown above is not high-quality cannel.
Stratigraphy: Bedford Coal, upper Pottsville Group, Atokan Stage, lower Middle Pennsylvanian
Locality: Tunnel Hill North Portal Outcrop (= Noland Tunnel's northern portal), ~1.75 air miles north-northeast of the town of Tunnel Hill, western Coshocton County, eastern Ohio, USA (~40° 16’ 33.27” North latitude, ~82° 01’ 53.04” West longitude)
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For more info. on cannel coal in general, see:
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Sign reads:
HOUSTON-LEON COUNTY COAL COMPANY
The Houston County Coal and Manufacturing Company was formed in 1900 for the purpose of mining lignite. Near this site, a slope mine was opened and a company town named Wootters was established. Company founders were A. H. Wootters, D.A. Nunn, G.O King, and Eli Elkins; John Legory joined as a principal partner in 1906.
The early years of the company were difficult, as a market had to be found for lignite, a substance between peat and bituminous coal. Lignite was sold to power plants, gins, and other facilities in East Texas. In 1907 land was purchased in Leon, Limestone, and Freestone counties, and additional mines were established in Evansville in Leon county. To reflect this expansion, the company name was changed to the Houston-Leon County Coal Company.
During its peak years from 1916 to 1925, the company employed about 200 people. The miners represented a diverse mixture of cultures; some were recruited as they arrived on foreign vessels in Galveston.
In 1932, the company was dissolved when natural gas changed the fuel market in Texas. Though stockholders maintained diverse real estate holdings in the area. The lignite rights were retained by the owners, many of whom are descendants of the original stockholders.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
We, Corro Care Industries have been established in the year 1982 and are having our works and Registered Office at Vatva, Ahmedabad. Initially we were in the business of manufacturing all types of Acid Resisting Mortar and taking Turn-Key Projects for Acid Resisting Bricks / Tiles Linings. These products are being used widely in Chemical / Pharmaceutical / Petrochemical / Agro chemicals / Textiles and Fertilizer Industries who are using certain Chemicals which are prone to corrode M.S. / R.C.C., Storage Tanks, Vessels etc. We have successfully taken up the challenge of saving the Plant and Machinery of Chemical and other Industries from corrosion.
Corro Care Industries
Plote No: 4718, Phase IV,
Vatva,
Ahmedabad - 382445,
India.
Phone:
+91 - 79 - 25841705
+91 - 79 - 40083047
This is a Mississippian-Pennsylvanian boundary section in eastern Ohio. At most sites in North America, the boundary is a significant unconformity - it's actually a megasequence boundary (Sloss sequence boundary) between the Absaroka Megasequence (above) and the Kaskaskia Megasequence (below). The boundary is along the middle of the photo.
The cliff-forming unit in the middle and upper parts of the picture is a quartzose sandstone that represents the basal-preserved Pottsville Group at this locality. Mixed siliciclastics occur above. The sandstone unit is here interpreted to be the Massillon Sandstone, a variably-developed member in the lower to middle Pottsville Group.
Laterally at this site, a relatively thin bituminous coal horizon is present just below the sandstone. The identity of this coal bed is uncertain, but it may be the Quakertown Coal (or Number 2 Coal), or an unnamed coal, or the Wellston Coal (a name from Jackson County, Ohio). If the sandstone unit is misidentified (i.e., it's not the Massillon), it could be the Sharon Sandstone. If so, the underlying coal is the Sharon Coal.
The grayish rocks in the bottom half of the picture are siliciclastics of the Vinton Member, the uppermost of four members of the Logan Formation. The Vinton consists of marine mixed siliciclastics - principally shales, siltstones, and sandstones.
Stratigraphy: inferred Massillon Sandstone (lower Pottsville Group, upper Lower Pennsylvanian) over Vinton Member, (upper Logan Formation, Osagean Series, upper Lower Mississippian)
Locality: Trinway West 6 Outcrop - roadcut on the northwestern side of Rt. 16, 1.0 miles northeast of the Rt. 16-Old Riley Road intersection, northeast of the town of Frazeysburg & west of the town of Trinway, northwestern Muskingum County, Ohio, USA (40° 08' 41.54" North latitude, 82° 05' 06.18" West longitude)
Lat. 40° N.; Long. 80° W.
62-(6322)
BLAST FURNACE, PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA
The United States leads all other countries in the production of iron ore. It produces over one third of the ore of the world, or over 65,000,000 tons. Germany ranks second with over half this amount; the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ranks third with about one-fourth; and France ranks fourth with about one-fifth. Pittsburgh leads all other cities in the world in the manufacture of iron and steel.
This view shows a section of one of the great Pittsburgh plants. The iron ore is drawn up the tracks on the steep incline in the center of the view. You see two of the cars now climbing the grade. The contents of these cars are dropped into the big furnaces where the ore is heated to a great temperature by coke fires. This furnace is 85 feet high and 18 feet across its top. It is made of brick and cased with iron. The four drums to the right are huge stoves. These pump heated air into the furnace. You know fire will not burn without air. If cold air were turned into the furnace it would reduce the temperature. Engines drive this hot air into the furnace in great gusts or blasts, hence the name blast furnace. The pipe on the left side of the furnace is to carry off gases. The heat in this furnace must be as much as 2,500 F.
The manufacture of iron in the United States began first in Easton, Pennsylvania. Charcoal was used as a fuel in those days. Later it was learned that anthracite was a better fuel to smelt ore; and blast furnaces were located as near as possible to the hard coal fields. Still later it was learned that coke was even better than anthracite, for smelting purposes, and the iron business began to move from the hard coal fields in eastern Pennsylvania to the bituminous fields in western Pennsylvania where it is now centered.
University of Southampton Faculty of Engineering, Science and Mathematics,
School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, "Bituplaning: A Low Dry Friction Phenomenon of New Bituminous Road Surfaces" By John Charles Bullas BSc MSc MIAT MIHT FGS May 2007 Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Sandstone-coal-tonsteins in the Cretaceous of Wyoming, USA.
The outcrop seen here consists of Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks near the town of Superior, Wyoming. The unit at top is a quartzose sandstone of the basal Ericson Sandstone. Below the Ericson Sandstone is the uppermost Rock Springs Formation. The black layers are coals (hand samples indicate that these are apparently sub-bituminous coals) - this is the Rock Springs No. 5 Coal Bed. The thin, whitish-colored beds in the coal interval are soft claystones that were originally volcanic ash beds. They have been chemically altered as a result of deposition and burial in the acidic, reducing conditions of a coal swamp environment. Such altered volcanic ash beds are called tonsteins.
Stratigraphy: lower Ericson Sandstone over upper Rock Springs Formation, Upper Cretaceous
Locality: hairpin curve roadcut along Superior Cutoff Road, northeastern side of Horse Thief Canyon, east of the town of Superior, central Sweetwater County, southwestern Wyoming, USA (41° 45' 58.04" North latitude, 108° 56' 22.36" West longitude)