Martin Lechner of Mobilizy demos Wikitudes new javascript interface

Brendan Scully stands unfazed

Blair McIntyre of Georgia Tech demos Nerd Herder

Housesteads Roman Fort is the remains of an auxiliary fort on Hadrian's Wall, at Housesteads, Northumberland, England, south of Broomlee Lough. The fort was built in stone around AD 124, soon after the construction of the wall began in AD 122 when the area was part of the Roman province of Britannia. Its name has been variously given as Vercovicium, Borcovicus, Borcovicium, and Velurtion. The 18th-century farmhouse Housesteads gives the modern name. The site is owned by the National Trust and is in the care of English Heritage. Finds can be seen at the site, in the museum at Chesters, and in the Great North Museum: Hancock in Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Hadrian's Wall was begun in AD 122. A fort was built in stone at the Housesteads Roman Fort site around AD 124 overlying the original Broad Wall foundation and Turret 36B, about two miles north east of an existing fort at Vindolanda. The fort was repaired and rebuilt several times, its northern defences being particularly prone to collapse. A substantial civil settlement (vicus) existed to the south, outside the fort, and some of the stone foundations can still be seen, including the so-called "Murder House", where two skeletons were found beneath an apparently newly-laid floor when excavated.

 

In the 2nd century AD, the garrison consisted of an unknown double-sized auxiliary infantry cohort and a detachment of legionaries from Legio II Augusta. In the 3rd century, it comprised Cohors I Tungrorum, augmented by the numerus Hnaudifridi and the Cuneus Frisiorum, a Frisian cavalry unit, cuneus referring to a wedge formation. The Tungrians were still there in the 4th century, according to the Notitia Dignitatum. By 409 AD the Romans had withdrawn.

  

The northern granary at Vercovicium, looking east. The pillars supported a raised floor to keep food dry and free from vermin. They are not part of a hypocaust.

 

The latrines at Housesteads on Hadrian's Wall, hygienically placed at the lowest corner of the fort. The water tank at left still has original lead sealing between its slabs.

Most other early forts straddle the Wall and therefore protrude into barbarian territory. It is also unusual for Britain in that it has no running water supply and is dependent upon rainwater collection (for which purpose there is a series of large stone-lined tanks around the periphery of the defences). It also has one of the best-preserved stone latrines in Roman Britain.

 

The name of the fort has been given as Borcovicus, Borcovicium, and Velurtion. An inscription found at Housesteads with the letters VER, is believed to be short for Ver(covicianorum) – the letters ver being interchangeable with bor in later Latin. The name of the 18th-century farmhouse of Housesteads provides the modern name.

 

The site is now owned by the National Trust and is currently in the care of English Heritage. Finds from Vercovicium can be seen in the site museum, in the museum at Chesters, and in the Great North Museum: Hancock in Newcastle upon Tyne.

 

Housesteads is a former farm whose lands include the ruins of the fort. In 1604 Hugh Nixon, "Stealer of cattle and receiver of stolen goods", became the tenant of Housesteads farm. From 1663, Housesteads was the home of the Armstrongs, a notorious family of Border Reivers. Nicholas Armstrong bought the farm in 1692, only to have to sell it again in 1694 to Thomas Gibson of Hexham for the sum of £485. They remained as tenants. They were a well-known band of horse thieves and cattle rustlers who used the old fort as a place to hold the stolen horses and cattle. They traded as far afield as Aberdeen and the south of England. At one time every male member of the family was said to have been a 'broken man', formally outlawed by English or Scottish authorities. Nicholas was hanged in 1704, and his brothers fled to America. The Armstrongs lived in a typical 16th-century defensive bastle house of two storeys: the ground floor for livestock and the upper level for living quarters. Its ruins remain built up against the south gate of the Roman fort, with external stone steps and narrow loop windows. A corn-drying kiln was inserted into the gate's guard chamber in the 17th century.

 

In 1698, the farm had been sold to Thomas Gibson who turned the land around the fort to agriculture and thus ploughed up numerous Roman artefacts. The 17th-century bastle house was replaced by a farmhouse located over the Roman hospital, which was sketched by William Stukeley in 1725. Throughout the 18th century Housesteads was farmed by a single tenant farming family. Since Hodgson recorded the presence of William Magnay as the tenant during that period this fixes the tenure. In particular, the well (thought to be Roman) was documented as having actually been built by William, and used by the family as a bath. Interest in the fort increased in the 19th century, particularly after the farm was purchased by the amateur historian John Clayton in 1838, to add to his collection of Roman Wall farms. The Roman site was cleared of later buildings by Clayton, and the present farmhouse built about 1860. John Maurice Clayton attempted to auction the fort in 1929. It did not reach its reserve and was donated to the National Trust in 1930. The farm was later owned by the Trevelyans who gave the land for the site museum.

 

Roman Britain was the territory that became the Roman province of Britannia after the Roman conquest of Britain, consisting of a large part of the island of Great Britain. The occupation lasted from AD 43 to AD 410.

 

Julius Caesar invaded Britain in 55 and 54 BC as part of his Gallic Wars. According to Caesar, the Britons had been overrun or culturally assimilated by the Belgae during the British Iron Age and had been aiding Caesar's enemies. The Belgae were the only Celtic tribe to cross the sea into Britain, for to all other Celtic tribes this land was unknown. He received tribute, installed the friendly king Mandubracius over the Trinovantes, and returned to Gaul. Planned invasions under Augustus were called off in 34, 27, and 25 BC. In 40 AD, Caligula assembled 200,000 men at the Channel on the continent, only to have them gather seashells (musculi) according to Suetonius, perhaps as a symbolic gesture to proclaim Caligula's victory over the sea. Three years later, Claudius directed four legions to invade Britain and restore the exiled king Verica over the Atrebates. The Romans defeated the Catuvellauni, and then organized their conquests as the province of Britain. By 47 AD, the Romans held the lands southeast of the Fosse Way. Control over Wales was delayed by reverses and the effects of Boudica's uprising, but the Romans expanded steadily northward.

 

The conquest of Britain continued under command of Gnaeus Julius Agricola (77–84), who expanded the Roman Empire as far as Caledonia. In mid-84 AD, Agricola faced the armies of the Caledonians, led by Calgacus, at the Battle of Mons Graupius. Battle casualties were estimated by Tacitus to be upwards of 10,000 on the Caledonian side and about 360 on the Roman side. The bloodbath at Mons Graupius concluded the forty-year conquest of Britain, a period that possibly saw between 100,000 and 250,000 Britons killed. In the context of pre-industrial warfare and of a total population of Britain of c. 2 million, these are very high figures.

 

Under the 2nd-century emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, two walls were built to defend the Roman province from the Caledonians, whose realms in the Scottish Highlands were never controlled. Around 197 AD, the Severan Reforms divided Britain into two provinces: Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. During the Diocletian Reforms, at the end of the 3rd century, Britannia was divided into four provinces under the direction of a vicarius, who administered the Diocese of the Britains. A fifth province, Valentia, is attested in the later 4th century. For much of the later period of the Roman occupation, Britannia was subject to barbarian invasions and often came under the control of imperial usurpers and imperial pretenders. The final Roman withdrawal from Britain occurred around 410; the native kingdoms are considered to have formed Sub-Roman Britain after that.

 

Following the conquest of the Britons, a distinctive Romano-British culture emerged as the Romans introduced improved agriculture, urban planning, industrial production, and architecture. The Roman goddess Britannia became the female personification of Britain. After the initial invasions, Roman historians generally only mention Britain in passing. Thus, most present knowledge derives from archaeological investigations and occasional epigraphic evidence lauding the Britannic achievements of an emperor. Roman citizens settled in Britain from many parts of the Empire.

 

History

Britain was known to the Classical world. The Greeks, the Phoenicians and the Carthaginians traded for Cornish tin in the 4th century BC. The Greeks referred to the Cassiterides, or "tin islands", and placed them near the west coast of Europe. The Carthaginian sailor Himilco is said to have visited the island in the 6th or 5th century BC and the Greek explorer Pytheas in the 4th. It was regarded as a place of mystery, with some writers refusing to believe it existed.

 

The first direct Roman contact was when Julius Caesar undertook two expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, as part of his conquest of Gaul, believing the Britons were helping the Gallic resistance. The first expedition was more a reconnaissance than a full invasion and gained a foothold on the coast of Kent but was unable to advance further because of storm damage to the ships and a lack of cavalry. Despite the military failure, it was a political success, with the Roman Senate declaring a 20-day public holiday in Rome to honour the unprecedented achievement of obtaining hostages from Britain and defeating Belgic tribes on returning to the continent.

 

The second invasion involved a substantially larger force and Caesar coerced or invited many of the native Celtic tribes to pay tribute and give hostages in return for peace. A friendly local king, Mandubracius, was installed, and his rival, Cassivellaunus, was brought to terms. Hostages were taken, but historians disagree over whether any tribute was paid after Caesar returned to Gaul.

 

Caesar conquered no territory and left no troops behind, but he established clients and brought Britain into Rome's sphere of influence. Augustus planned invasions in 34, 27 and 25 BC, but circumstances were never favourable, and the relationship between Britain and Rome settled into one of diplomacy and trade. Strabo, writing late in Augustus's reign, claimed that taxes on trade brought in more annual revenue than any conquest could. Archaeology shows that there was an increase in imported luxury goods in southeastern Britain. Strabo also mentions British kings who sent embassies to Augustus, and Augustus's own Res Gestae refers to two British kings he received as refugees. When some of Tiberius's ships were carried to Britain in a storm during his campaigns in Germany in 16 AD, they came back with tales of monsters.

 

Rome appears to have encouraged a balance of power in southern Britain, supporting two powerful kingdoms: the Catuvellauni, ruled by the descendants of Tasciovanus, and the Atrebates, ruled by the descendants of Commius. This policy was followed until 39 or 40 AD, when Caligula received an exiled member of the Catuvellaunian dynasty and planned an invasion of Britain that collapsed in farcical circumstances before it left Gaul. When Claudius successfully invaded in 43 AD, it was in aid of another fugitive British ruler, Verica of the Atrebates.

 

Roman invasion

The invasion force in 43 AD was led by Aulus Plautius,[26] but it is unclear how many legions were sent. The Legio II Augusta, commanded by future emperor Vespasian, was the only one directly attested to have taken part. The Legio IX Hispana, the XIV Gemina (later styled Martia Victrix) and the XX (later styled Valeria Victrix) are known to have served during the Boudican Revolt of 60/61, and were probably there since the initial invasion. This is not certain because the Roman army was flexible, with units being moved around whenever necessary. The IX Hispana may have been permanently stationed, with records showing it at Eboracum (York) in 71 and on a building inscription there dated 108, before being destroyed in the east of the Empire, possibly during the Bar Kokhba revolt.

 

The invasion was delayed by a troop mutiny until an imperial freedman persuaded them to overcome their fear of crossing the Ocean and campaigning beyond the limits of the known world. They sailed in three divisions, and probably landed at Richborough in Kent; at least part of the force may have landed near Fishbourne, West Sussex.

 

The Catuvellauni and their allies were defeated in two battles: the first, assuming a Richborough landing, on the river Medway, the second on the river Thames. One of their leaders, Togodumnus, was killed, but his brother Caratacus survived to continue resistance elsewhere. Plautius halted at the Thames and sent for Claudius, who arrived with reinforcements, including artillery and elephants, for the final march to the Catuvellaunian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester). Vespasian subdued the southwest, Cogidubnus was set up as a friendly king of several territories, and treaties were made with tribes outside direct Roman control.

 

Establishment of Roman rule

After capturing the south of the island, the Romans turned their attention to what is now Wales. The Silures, Ordovices and Deceangli remained implacably opposed to the invaders and for the first few decades were the focus of Roman military attention, despite occasional minor revolts among Roman allies like the Brigantes and the Iceni. The Silures were led by Caratacus, and he carried out an effective guerrilla campaign against Governor Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Ostorius lured Caratacus into a set-piece battle and defeated him. The British leader sought refuge among the Brigantes, but their queen, Cartimandua, proved her loyalty by surrendering him to the Romans. He was brought as a captive to Rome, where a dignified speech he made during Claudius's triumph persuaded the emperor to spare his life. The Silures were still not pacified, and Cartimandua's ex-husband Venutius replaced Caratacus as the most prominent leader of British resistance.

 

On Nero's accession, Roman Britain extended as far north as Lindum. Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, the conqueror of Mauretania (modern day Algeria and Morocco), then became governor of Britain, and in 60 and 61 he moved against Mona (Anglesey) to settle accounts with Druidism once and for all. Paulinus led his army across the Menai Strait and massacred the Druids and burnt their sacred groves.

 

While Paulinus was campaigning in Mona, the southeast of Britain rose in revolt under the leadership of Boudica. She was the widow of the recently deceased king of the Iceni, Prasutagus. The Roman historian Tacitus reports that Prasutagus had left a will leaving half his kingdom to Nero in the hope that the remainder would be left untouched. He was wrong. When his will was enforced, Rome[clarification needed] responded by violently seizing the tribe's lands in full. Boudica protested. In consequence, Rome[clarification needed] punished her and her daughters by flogging and rape. In response, the Iceni, joined by the Trinovantes, destroyed the Roman colony at Camulodunum (Colchester) and routed the part of the IXth Legion that was sent to relieve it. Paulinus rode to London (then called Londinium), the rebels' next target, but concluded it could not be defended. Abandoned, it was destroyed, as was Verulamium (St. Albans). Between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed in the three cities. But Paulinus regrouped with two of the three legions still available to him, chose a battlefield, and, despite being outnumbered by more than twenty to one, defeated the rebels in the Battle of Watling Street. Boudica died not long afterwards, by self-administered poison or by illness. During this time, the Emperor Nero considered withdrawing Roman forces from Britain altogether.

 

There was further turmoil in 69, the "Year of the Four Emperors". As civil war raged in Rome, weak governors were unable to control the legions in Britain, and Venutius of the Brigantes seized his chance. The Romans had previously defended Cartimandua against him, but this time were unable to do so. Cartimandua was evacuated, and Venutius was left in control of the north of the country. After Vespasian secured the empire, his first two appointments as governor, Quintus Petillius Cerialis and Sextus Julius Frontinus, took on the task of subduing the Brigantes and Silures respectively.[38] Frontinus extended Roman rule to all of South Wales, and initiated exploitation of the mineral resources, such as the gold mines at Dolaucothi.

 

In the following years, the Romans conquered more of the island, increasing the size of Roman Britain. Governor Gnaeus Julius Agricola, father-in-law to the historian Tacitus, conquered the Ordovices in 78. With the XX Valeria Victrix legion, Agricola defeated the Caledonians in 84 at the Battle of Mons Graupius, in north-east Scotland. This was the high-water mark of Roman territory in Britain: shortly after his victory, Agricola was recalled from Britain back to Rome, and the Romans initially retired to a more defensible line along the Forth–Clyde isthmus, freeing soldiers badly needed along other frontiers.

 

For much of the history of Roman Britain, a large number of soldiers were garrisoned on the island. This required that the emperor station a trusted senior man as governor of the province. As a result, many future emperors served as governors or legates in this province, including Vespasian, Pertinax, and Gordian I.

 

Roman military organisation in the north

In 84 AD

In 84 AD

 

In 155 AD

In 155 AD

 

Hadrian's Wall, and Antonine Wall

There is no historical source describing the decades that followed Agricola's recall. Even the name of his replacement is unknown. Archaeology has shown that some Roman forts south of the Forth–Clyde isthmus were rebuilt and enlarged; others appear to have been abandoned. By 87 the frontier had been consolidated on the Stanegate. Roman coins and pottery have been found circulating at native settlement sites in the Scottish Lowlands in the years before 100, indicating growing Romanisation. Some of the most important sources for this era are the writing tablets from the fort at Vindolanda in Northumberland, mostly dating to 90–110. These tablets provide evidence for the operation of a Roman fort at the edge of the Roman Empire, where officers' wives maintained polite society while merchants, hauliers and military personnel kept the fort operational and supplied.

 

Around 105 there appears to have been a serious setback at the hands of the tribes of the Picts: several Roman forts were destroyed by fire, with human remains and damaged armour at Trimontium (at modern Newstead, in SE Scotland) indicating hostilities at least at that site.[citation needed] There is also circumstantial evidence that auxiliary reinforcements were sent from Germany, and an unnamed British war of the period is mentioned on the gravestone of a tribune of Cyrene. Trajan's Dacian Wars may have led to troop reductions in the area or even total withdrawal followed by slighting of the forts by the Picts rather than an unrecorded military defeat. The Romans were also in the habit of destroying their own forts during an orderly withdrawal, in order to deny resources to an enemy. In either case, the frontier probably moved south to the line of the Stanegate at the Solway–Tyne isthmus around this time.

 

A new crisis occurred at the beginning of Hadrian's reign): a rising in the north which was suppressed by Quintus Pompeius Falco. When Hadrian reached Britannia on his famous tour of the Roman provinces around 120, he directed an extensive defensive wall, known to posterity as Hadrian's Wall, to be built close to the line of the Stanegate frontier. Hadrian appointed Aulus Platorius Nepos as governor to undertake this work who brought the Legio VI Victrix legion with him from Germania Inferior. This replaced the famous Legio IX Hispana, whose disappearance has been much discussed. Archaeology indicates considerable political instability in Scotland during the first half of the 2nd century, and the shifting frontier at this time should be seen in this context.

 

In the reign of Antoninus Pius (138–161) the Hadrianic border was briefly extended north to the Forth–Clyde isthmus, where the Antonine Wall was built around 142 following the military reoccupation of the Scottish lowlands by a new governor, Quintus Lollius Urbicus.

 

The first Antonine occupation of Scotland ended as a result of a further crisis in 155–157, when the Brigantes revolted. With limited options to despatch reinforcements, the Romans moved their troops south, and this rising was suppressed by Governor Gnaeus Julius Verus. Within a year the Antonine Wall was recaptured, but by 163 or 164 it was abandoned. The second occupation was probably connected with Antoninus's undertakings to protect the Votadini or his pride in enlarging the empire, since the retreat to the Hadrianic frontier occurred not long after his death when a more objective strategic assessment of the benefits of the Antonine Wall could be made. The Romans did not entirely withdraw from Scotland at this time: the large fort at Newstead was maintained along with seven smaller outposts until at least 180.

 

During the twenty-year period following the reversion of the frontier to Hadrian's Wall in 163/4, Rome was concerned with continental issues, primarily problems in the Danubian provinces. Increasing numbers of hoards of buried coins in Britain at this time indicate that peace was not entirely achieved. Sufficient Roman silver has been found in Scotland to suggest more than ordinary trade, and it is likely that the Romans were reinforcing treaty agreements by paying tribute to their implacable enemies, the Picts.

 

In 175, a large force of Sarmatian cavalry, consisting of 5,500 men, arrived in Britannia, probably to reinforce troops fighting unrecorded uprisings. In 180, Hadrian's Wall was breached by the Picts and the commanding officer or governor was killed there in what Cassius Dio described as the most serious war of the reign of Commodus. Ulpius Marcellus was sent as replacement governor and by 184 he had won a new peace, only to be faced with a mutiny from his own troops. Unhappy with Marcellus's strictness, they tried to elect a legate named Priscus as usurper governor; he refused, but Marcellus was lucky to leave the province alive. The Roman army in Britannia continued its insubordination: they sent a delegation of 1,500 to Rome to demand the execution of Tigidius Perennis, a Praetorian prefect who they felt had earlier wronged them by posting lowly equites to legate ranks in Britannia. Commodus met the party outside Rome and agreed to have Perennis killed, but this only made them feel more secure in their mutiny.

 

The future emperor Pertinax (lived 126–193) was sent to Britannia to quell the mutiny and was initially successful in regaining control, but a riot broke out among the troops. Pertinax was attacked and left for dead, and asked to be recalled to Rome, where he briefly succeeded Commodus as emperor in 192.

 

3rd century

The death of Commodus put into motion a series of events which eventually led to civil war. Following the short reign of Pertinax, several rivals for the emperorship emerged, including Septimius Severus and Clodius Albinus. The latter was the new governor of Britannia, and had seemingly won the natives over after their earlier rebellions; he also controlled three legions, making him a potentially significant claimant. His sometime rival Severus promised him the title of Caesar in return for Albinus's support against Pescennius Niger in the east. Once Niger was neutralised, Severus turned on his ally in Britannia; it is likely that Albinus saw he would be the next target and was already preparing for war.

 

Albinus crossed to Gaul in 195, where the provinces were also sympathetic to him, and set up at Lugdunum. Severus arrived in February 196, and the ensuing battle was decisive. Albinus came close to victory, but Severus's reinforcements won the day, and the British governor committed suicide. Severus soon purged Albinus's sympathisers and perhaps confiscated large tracts of land in Britain as punishment. Albinus had demonstrated the major problem posed by Roman Britain. In order to maintain security, the province required the presence of three legions, but command of these forces provided an ideal power base for ambitious rivals. Deploying those legions elsewhere would strip the island of its garrison, leaving the province defenceless against uprisings by the native Celtic tribes and against invasion by the Picts and Scots.

 

The traditional view is that northern Britain descended into anarchy during Albinus's absence. Cassius Dio records that the new Governor, Virius Lupus, was obliged to buy peace from a fractious northern tribe known as the Maeatae. The succession of militarily distinguished governors who were subsequently appointed suggests that enemies of Rome were posing a difficult challenge, and Lucius Alfenus Senecio's report to Rome in 207 describes barbarians "rebelling, over-running the land, taking loot and creating destruction". In order to rebel, of course, one must be a subject – the Maeatae clearly did not consider themselves such. Senecio requested either reinforcements or an Imperial expedition, and Severus chose the latter, despite being 62 years old. Archaeological evidence shows that Senecio had been rebuilding the defences of Hadrian's Wall and the forts beyond it, and Severus's arrival in Britain prompted the enemy tribes to sue for peace immediately. The emperor had not come all that way to leave without a victory, and it is likely that he wished to provide his teenage sons Caracalla and Geta with first-hand experience of controlling a hostile barbarian land.

 

Northern campaigns, 208–211

An invasion of Caledonia led by Severus and probably numbering around 20,000 troops moved north in 208 or 209, crossing the Wall and passing through eastern Scotland on a route similar to that used by Agricola. Harried by punishing guerrilla raids by the northern tribes and slowed by an unforgiving terrain, Severus was unable to meet the Caledonians on a battlefield. The emperor's forces pushed north as far as the River Tay, but little appears to have been achieved by the invasion, as peace treaties were signed with the Caledonians. By 210 Severus had returned to York, and the frontier had once again become Hadrian's Wall. He assumed the title Britannicus but the title meant little with regard to the unconquered north, which clearly remained outside the authority of the Empire. Almost immediately, another northern tribe, the Maeatae, went to war. Caracalla left with a punitive expedition, but by the following year his ailing father had died and he and his brother left the province to press their claim to the throne.

 

As one of his last acts, Severus tried to solve the problem of powerful and rebellious governors in Britain by dividing the province into Britannia Superior and Britannia Inferior. This kept the potential for rebellion in check for almost a century. Historical sources provide little information on the following decades, a period known as the Long Peace. Even so, the number of buried hoards found from this period rises, suggesting continuing unrest. A string of forts were built along the coast of southern Britain to control piracy; and over the following hundred years they increased in number, becoming the Saxon Shore Forts.

 

During the middle of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire was convulsed by barbarian invasions, rebellions and new imperial pretenders. Britannia apparently avoided these troubles, but increasing inflation had its economic effect. In 259 a so-called Gallic Empire was established when Postumus rebelled against Gallienus. Britannia was part of this until 274 when Aurelian reunited the empire.

 

Around the year 280, a half-British officer named Bonosus was in command of the Roman's Rhenish fleet when the Germans managed to burn it at anchor. To avoid punishment, he proclaimed himself emperor at Colonia Agrippina (Cologne) but was crushed by Marcus Aurelius Probus. Soon afterwards, an unnamed governor of one of the British provinces also attempted an uprising. Probus put it down by sending irregular troops of Vandals and Burgundians across the Channel.

 

The Carausian Revolt led to a short-lived Britannic Empire from 286 to 296. Carausius was a Menapian naval commander of the Britannic fleet; he revolted upon learning of a death sentence ordered by the emperor Maximian on charges of having abetted Frankish and Saxon pirates and having embezzled recovered treasure. He consolidated control over all the provinces of Britain and some of northern Gaul while Maximian dealt with other uprisings. An invasion in 288 failed to unseat him and an uneasy peace ensued, with Carausius issuing coins and inviting official recognition. In 293, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus launched a second offensive, besieging the rebel port of Gesoriacum (Boulogne-sur-Mer) by land and sea. After it fell, Constantius attacked Carausius's other Gallic holdings and Frankish allies and Carausius was usurped by his treasurer, Allectus. Julius Asclepiodotus landed an invasion fleet near Southampton and defeated Allectus in a land battle.

 

Diocletian's reforms

As part of Diocletian's reforms, the provinces of Roman Britain were organized as a diocese governed by a vicarius under a praetorian prefect who, from 318 to 331, was Junius Bassus who was based at Augusta Treverorum (Trier).

 

The vicarius was based at Londinium as the principal city of the diocese. Londinium and Eboracum continued as provincial capitals and the territory was divided up into smaller provinces for administrative efficiency.

 

Civilian and military authority of a province was no longer exercised by one official and the governor was stripped of military command which was handed over to the Dux Britanniarum by 314. The governor of a province assumed more financial duties (the procurators of the Treasury ministry were slowly phased out in the first three decades of the 4th century). The Dux was commander of the troops of the Northern Region, primarily along Hadrian's Wall and his responsibilities included protection of the frontier. He had significant autonomy due in part to the distance from his superiors.

 

The tasks of the vicarius were to control and coordinate the activities of governors; monitor but not interfere with the daily functioning of the Treasury and Crown Estates, which had their own administrative infrastructure; and act as the regional quartermaster-general of the armed forces. In short, as the sole civilian official with superior authority, he had general oversight of the administration, as well as direct control, while not absolute, over governors who were part of the prefecture; the other two fiscal departments were not.

 

The early-4th-century Verona List, the late-4th-century work of Sextus Rufus, and the early-5th-century List of Offices and work of Polemius Silvius all list four provinces by some variation of the names Britannia I, Britannia II, Maxima Caesariensis, and Flavia Caesariensis; all of these seem to have initially been directed by a governor (praeses) of equestrian rank. The 5th-century sources list a fifth province named Valentia and give its governor and Maxima's a consular rank. Ammianus mentions Valentia as well, describing its creation by Count Theodosius in 369 after the quelling of the Great Conspiracy. Ammianus considered it a re-creation of a formerly lost province, leading some to think there had been an earlier fifth province under another name (may be the enigmatic "Vespasiana"), and leading others to place Valentia beyond Hadrian's Wall, in the territory abandoned south of the Antonine Wall.

 

Reconstructions of the provinces and provincial capitals during this period partially rely on ecclesiastical records. On the assumption that the early bishoprics mimicked the imperial hierarchy, scholars use the list of bishops for the 314 Council of Arles. The list is patently corrupt: the British delegation is given as including a Bishop "Eborius" of Eboracum and two bishops "from Londinium" (one de civitate Londinensi and the other de civitate colonia Londinensium). The error is variously emended: Bishop Ussher proposed Colonia, Selden Col. or Colon. Camalodun., and Spelman Colonia Cameloduni (all various names of Colchester); Gale and Bingham offered colonia Lindi and Henry Colonia Lindum (both Lincoln); and Bishop Stillingfleet and Francis Thackeray read it as a scribal error of Civ. Col. Londin. for an original Civ. Col. Leg. II (Caerleon). On the basis of the Verona List, the priest and deacon who accompanied the bishops in some manuscripts are ascribed to the fourth province.

 

In the 12th century, Gerald of Wales described the supposedly metropolitan sees of the early British church established by the legendary SS Fagan and "Duvian". He placed Britannia Prima in Wales and western England with its capital at "Urbs Legionum" (Caerleon); Britannia Secunda in Kent and southern England with its capital at "Dorobernia" (Canterbury); Flavia in Mercia and central England with its capital at "Lundonia" (London); "Maximia" in northern England with its capital at Eboracum (York); and Valentia in "Albania which is now Scotland" with its capital at St Andrews. Modern scholars generally dispute the last: some place Valentia at or beyond Hadrian's Wall but St Andrews is beyond even the Antonine Wall and Gerald seems to have simply been supporting the antiquity of its church for political reasons.

 

A common modern reconstruction places the consular province of Maxima at Londinium, on the basis of its status as the seat of the diocesan vicarius; places Prima in the west according to Gerald's traditional account but moves its capital to Corinium of the Dobunni (Cirencester) on the basis of an artifact recovered there referring to Lucius Septimius, a provincial rector; places Flavia north of Maxima, with its capital placed at Lindum Colonia (Lincoln) to match one emendation of the bishops list from Arles;[d] and places Secunda in the north with its capital at Eboracum (York). Valentia is placed variously in northern Wales around Deva (Chester); beside Hadrian's Wall around Luguvalium (Carlisle); and between the walls along Dere Street.

 

4th century

Emperor Constantius returned to Britain in 306, despite his poor health, with an army aiming to invade northern Britain, the provincial defences having been rebuilt in the preceding years. Little is known of his campaigns with scant archaeological evidence, but fragmentary historical sources suggest he reached the far north of Britain and won a major battle in early summer before returning south. His son Constantine (later Constantine the Great) spent a year in northern Britain at his father's side, campaigning against the Picts beyond Hadrian's Wall in the summer and autumn. Constantius died in York in July 306 with his son at his side. Constantine then successfully used Britain as the starting point of his march to the imperial throne, unlike the earlier usurper, Albinus.

 

In the middle of the century, the province was loyal for a few years to the usurper Magnentius, who succeeded Constans following the latter's death. After the defeat and death of Magnentius in the Battle of Mons Seleucus in 353, Constantius II dispatched his chief imperial notary Paulus Catena to Britain to hunt down Magnentius's supporters. The investigation deteriorated into a witch-hunt, which forced the vicarius Flavius Martinus to intervene. When Paulus retaliated by accusing Martinus of treason, the vicarius attacked Paulus with a sword, with the aim of assassinating him, but in the end he committed suicide.

 

As the 4th century progressed, there were increasing attacks from the Saxons in the east and the Scoti (Irish) in the west. A series of forts had been built, starting around 280, to defend the coasts, but these preparations were not enough when, in 367, a general assault of Saxons, Picts, Scoti and Attacotti, combined with apparent dissension in the garrison on Hadrian's Wall, left Roman Britain prostrate. The invaders overwhelmed the entire western and northern regions of Britannia and the cities were sacked. This crisis, sometimes called the Barbarian Conspiracy or the Great Conspiracy, was settled by Count Theodosius from 368 with a string of military and civil reforms. Theodosius crossed from Bononia (Boulogne-sur-Mer) and marched on Londinium where he began to deal with the invaders and made his base.[ An amnesty was promised to deserters which enabled Theodosius to regarrison abandoned forts. By the end of the year Hadrian's Wall was retaken and order returned. Considerable reorganization was undertaken in Britain, including the creation of a new province named Valentia, probably to better address the state of the far north. A new Dux Britanniarum was appointed, Dulcitius, with Civilis to head a new civilian administration.

 

Another imperial usurper, Magnus Maximus, raised the standard of revolt at Segontium (Caernarfon) in north Wales in 383, and crossed the English Channel. Maximus held much of the western empire, and fought a successful campaign against the Picts and Scots around 384. His continental exploits required troops from Britain, and it appears that forts at Chester and elsewhere were abandoned in this period, triggering raids and settlement in north Wales by the Irish. His rule was ended in 388, but not all the British troops may have returned: the Empire's military resources were stretched to the limit along the Rhine and Danube. Around 396 there were more barbarian incursions into Britain. Stilicho led a punitive expedition. It seems peace was restored by 399, and it is likely that no further garrisoning was ordered; by 401 more troops were withdrawn, to assist in the war against Alaric I.

 

End of Roman rule

The traditional view of historians, informed by the work of Michael Rostovtzeff, was of a widespread economic decline at the beginning of the 5th century. Consistent archaeological evidence has told another story, and the accepted view is undergoing re-evaluation. Some features are agreed: more opulent but fewer urban houses, an end to new public building and some abandonment of existing ones, with the exception of defensive structures, and the widespread formation of "dark earth" deposits indicating increased horticulture within urban precincts. Turning over the basilica at Silchester to industrial uses in the late 3rd century, doubtless officially condoned, marks an early stage in the de-urbanisation of Roman Britain.

 

The abandonment of some sites is now believed to be later than had been thought. Many buildings changed use but were not destroyed. There was a growing number of barbarian attacks, but these targeted vulnerable rural settlements rather than towns. Some villas such as Chedworth, Great Casterton in Rutland and Hucclecote in Gloucestershire had new mosaic floors laid around this time, suggesting that economic problems may have been limited and patchy. Many suffered some decay before being abandoned in the 5th century; the story of Saint Patrick indicates that villas were still occupied until at least 430. Exceptionally, new buildings were still going up in this period in Verulamium and Cirencester. Some urban centres, for example Canterbury, Cirencester, Wroxeter, Winchester and Gloucester, remained active during the 5th and 6th centuries, surrounded by large farming estates.

 

Urban life had generally grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the 4th century, and coins minted between 378 and 388 are very rare, indicating a likely combination of economic decline, diminishing numbers of troops, problems with the payment of soldiers and officials or with unstable conditions during the usurpation of Magnus Maximus 383–87. Coinage circulation increased during the 390s, but never attained the levels of earlier decades. Copper coins are very rare after 402, though minted silver and gold coins from hoards indicate they were still present in the province even if they were not being spent. By 407 there were very few new Roman coins going into circulation, and by 430 it is likely that coinage as a medium of exchange had been abandoned. Mass-produced wheel thrown pottery ended at approximately the same time; the rich continued to use metal and glass vessels, while the poor made do with humble "grey ware" or resorted to leather or wooden containers.

 

Sub-Roman Britain

Towards the end of the 4th century Roman rule in Britain came under increasing pressure from barbarian attacks. Apparently, there were not enough troops to mount an effective defence. After elevating two disappointing usurpers, the army chose a soldier, Constantine III, to become emperor in 407. He crossed to Gaul but was defeated by Honorius; it is unclear how many troops remained or ever returned, or whether a commander-in-chief in Britain was ever reappointed. A Saxon incursion in 408 was apparently repelled by the Britons, and in 409 Zosimus records that the natives expelled the Roman civilian administration. Zosimus may be referring to the Bacaudic rebellion of the Breton inhabitants of Armorica since he describes how, in the aftermath of the revolt, all of Armorica and the rest of Gaul followed the example of the Brettaniai. A letter from Emperor Honorius in 410 has traditionally been seen as rejecting a British appeal for help, but it may have been addressed to Bruttium or Bologna. With the imperial layers of the military and civil government gone, administration and justice fell to municipal authorities, and local warlords gradually emerged all over Britain, still utilizing Romano-British ideals and conventions. Historian Stuart Laycock has investigated this process and emphasised elements of continuity from the British tribes in the pre-Roman and Roman periods, through to the native post-Roman kingdoms.

 

In British tradition, pagan Saxons were invited by Vortigern to assist in fighting the Picts, Scoti, and Déisi. (Germanic migration into Roman Britannia may have begun much earlier. There is recorded evidence, for example, of Germanic auxiliaries supporting the legions in Britain in the 1st and 2nd centuries.) The new arrivals rebelled, plunging the country into a series of wars that eventually led to the Saxon occupation of Lowland Britain by 600. Around this time, many Britons fled to Brittany (hence its name), Galicia and probably Ireland. A significant date in sub-Roman Britain is the Groans of the Britons, an unanswered appeal to Aetius, leading general of the western Empire, for assistance against Saxon invasion in 446. Another is the Battle of Deorham in 577, after which the significant cities of Bath, Cirencester and Gloucester fell and the Saxons reached the western sea.

 

Historians generally reject the historicity of King Arthur, who is supposed to have resisted the Anglo-Saxon conquest according to later medieval legends.

 

Trade

During the Roman period Britain's continental trade was principally directed across the Southern North Sea and Eastern Channel, focusing on the narrow Strait of Dover, with more limited links via the Atlantic seaways. The most important British ports were London and Richborough, whilst the continental ports most heavily engaged in trade with Britain were Boulogne and the sites of Domburg and Colijnsplaat at the mouth of the river Scheldt. During the Late Roman period it is likely that the shore forts played some role in continental trade alongside their defensive functions.

 

Exports to Britain included: coin; pottery, particularly red-gloss terra sigillata (samian ware) from southern, central and eastern Gaul, as well as various other wares from Gaul and the Rhine provinces; olive oil from southern Spain in amphorae; wine from Gaul in amphorae and barrels; salted fish products from the western Mediterranean and Brittany in barrels and amphorae; preserved olives from southern Spain in amphorae; lava quern-stones from Mayen on the middle Rhine; glass; and some agricultural products. Britain's exports are harder to detect archaeologically, but will have included metals, such as silver and gold and some lead, iron and copper. Other exports probably included agricultural products, oysters and salt, whilst large quantities of coin would have been re-exported back to the continent as well.

 

These products moved as a result of private trade and also through payments and contracts established by the Roman state to support its military forces and officials on the island, as well as through state taxation and extraction of resources. Up until the mid-3rd century, the Roman state's payments appear to have been unbalanced, with far more products sent to Britain, to support its large military force (which had reached c. 53,000 by the mid-2nd century), than were extracted from the island.

 

It has been argued that Roman Britain's continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state's desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports. Evidence has been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain's continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards. This has been linked to the economic impact of contemporary Empire-wide crises: the Antonine Plague and the Marcomannic Wars.

 

From the mid-3rd century onwards, Britain no longer received such a wide range and extensive quantity of foreign imports as it did during the earlier part of the Roman period; vast quantities of coin from continental mints reached the island, whilst there is historical evidence for the export of large amounts of British grain to the continent during the mid-4th century. During the latter part of the Roman period British agricultural products, paid for by both the Roman state and by private consumers, clearly played an important role in supporting the military garrisons and urban centres of the northwestern continental Empire. This came about as a result of the rapid decline in the size of the British garrison from the mid-3rd century onwards (thus freeing up more goods for export), and because of 'Germanic' incursions across the Rhine, which appear to have reduced rural settlement and agricultural output in northern Gaul.

 

Economy

Mineral extraction sites such as the Dolaucothi gold mine were probably first worked by the Roman army from c. 75, and at some later stage passed to civilian operators. The mine developed as a series of opencast workings, mainly by the use of hydraulic mining methods. They are described by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History in great detail. Essentially, water supplied by aqueducts was used to prospect for ore veins by stripping away soil to reveal the bedrock. If veins were present, they were attacked using fire-setting and the ore removed for comminution. The dust was washed in a small stream of water and the heavy gold dust and gold nuggets collected in riffles. The diagram at right shows how Dolaucothi developed from c. 75 through to the 1st century. When opencast work was no longer feasible, tunnels were driven to follow the veins. The evidence from the site shows advanced technology probably under the control of army engineers.

 

The Wealden ironworking zone, the lead and silver mines of the Mendip Hills and the tin mines of Cornwall seem to have been private enterprises leased from the government for a fee. Mining had long been practised in Britain (see Grimes Graves), but the Romans introduced new technical knowledge and large-scale industrial production to revolutionise the industry. It included hydraulic mining to prospect for ore by removing overburden as well as work alluvial deposits. The water needed for such large-scale operations was supplied by one or more aqueducts, those surviving at Dolaucothi being especially impressive. Many prospecting areas were in dangerous, upland country, and, although mineral exploitation was presumably one of the main reasons for the Roman invasion, it had to wait until these areas were subdued.

 

By the 3rd and 4th centuries, small towns could often be found near villas. In these towns, villa owners and small-scale farmers could obtain specialist tools. Lowland Britain in the 4th century was agriculturally prosperous enough to export grain to the continent. This prosperity lay behind the blossoming of villa building and decoration that occurred between AD 300 and 350.

 

Britain's cities also consumed Roman-style pottery and other goods, and were centres through which goods could be distributed elsewhere. At Wroxeter in Shropshire, stock smashed into a gutter during a 2nd-century fire reveals that Gaulish samian ware was being sold alongside mixing bowls from the Mancetter-Hartshill industry of the West Midlands. Roman designs were most popular, but rural craftsmen still produced items derived from the Iron Age La Tène artistic traditions. Britain was home to much gold, which attracted Roman invaders. By the 3rd century, Britain's economy was diverse and well established, with commerce extending into the non-Romanised north.

 

Government

Further information: Governors of Roman Britain, Roman client kingdoms in Britain, and Roman auxiliaries in Britain

Under the Roman Empire, administration of peaceful provinces was ultimately the remit of the Senate, but those, like Britain, that required permanent garrisons, were placed under the Emperor's control. In practice imperial provinces were run by resident governors who were members of the Senate and had held the consulship. These men were carefully selected, often having strong records of military success and administrative ability. In Britain, a governor's role was primarily military, but numerous other tasks were also his responsibility, such as maintaining diplomatic relations with local client kings, building roads, ensuring the public courier system functioned, supervising the civitates and acting as a judge in important legal cases. When not campaigning, he would travel the province hearing complaints and recruiting new troops.

 

To assist him in legal matters he had an adviser, the legatus juridicus, and those in Britain appear to have been distinguished lawyers perhaps because of the challenge of incorporating tribes into the imperial system and devising a workable method of taxing them. Financial administration was dealt with by a procurator with junior posts for each tax-raising power. Each legion in Britain had a commander who answered to the governor and, in time of war, probably directly ruled troublesome districts. Each of these commands carried a tour of duty of two to three years in different provinces. Below these posts was a network of administrative managers covering intelligence gathering, sending reports to Rome, organising military supplies and dealing with prisoners. A staff of seconded soldiers provided clerical services.

 

Colchester was probably the earliest capital of Roman Britain, but it was soon eclipsed by London with its strong mercantile connections. The different forms of municipal organisation in Britannia were known as civitas (which were subdivided, amongst other forms, into colonies such as York, Colchester, Gloucester and Lincoln and municipalities such as Verulamium), and were each governed by a senate of local landowners, whether Brythonic or Roman, who elected magistrates concerning judicial and civic affairs. The various civitates sent representatives to a yearly provincial council in order to profess loyalty to the Roman state, to send direct petitions to the Emperor in times of extraordinary need, and to worship the imperial cult.

 

Demographics

Roman Britain had an estimated population between 2.8 million and 3 million people at the end of the second century. At the end of the fourth century, it had an estimated population of 3.6 million people, of whom 125,000 consisted of the Roman army and their families and dependents.[80] The urban population of Roman Britain was about 240,000 people at the end of the fourth century. The capital city of Londinium is estimated to have had a population of about 60,000 people. Londinium was an ethnically diverse city with inhabitants from the Roman Empire, including natives of Britannia, continental Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa. There was also cultural diversity in other Roman-British towns, which were sustained by considerable migration, from Britannia and other Roman territories, including continental Europe, Roman Syria, the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa. In a study conducted in 2012, around 45 percent of sites investigated dating from the Roman period had at least one individual of North African origin.

 

Town and country

During their occupation of Britain the Romans founded a number of important settlements, many of which survive. The towns suffered attrition in the later 4th century, when public building ceased and some were abandoned to private uses. Place names survived the deurbanised Sub-Roman and early Anglo-Saxon periods, and historiography has been at pains to signal the expected survivals, but archaeology shows that a bare handful of Roman towns were continuously occupied. According to S.T. Loseby, the very idea of a town as a centre of power and administration was reintroduced to England by the Roman Christianising mission to Canterbury, and its urban revival was delayed to the 10th century.

 

Roman towns can be broadly grouped in two categories. Civitates, "public towns" were formally laid out on a grid plan, and their role in imperial administration occasioned the construction of public buildings. The much more numerous category of vici, "small towns" grew on informal plans, often round a camp or at a ford or crossroads; some were not small, others were scarcely urban, some not even defended by a wall, the characteristic feature of a place of any importance.

 

Cities and towns which have Roman origins, or were extensively developed by them are listed with their Latin names in brackets; civitates are marked C

 

Alcester (Alauna)

Alchester

Aldborough, North Yorkshire (Isurium Brigantum) C

Bath (Aquae Sulis) C

Brough (Petuaria) C

Buxton (Aquae Arnemetiae)

Caerleon (Isca Augusta) C

Caernarfon (Segontium) C

Caerwent (Venta Silurum) C

Caister-on-Sea C

Canterbury (Durovernum Cantiacorum) C

Carlisle (Luguvalium) C

Carmarthen (Moridunum) C

Chelmsford (Caesaromagus)

Chester (Deva Victrix) C

Chester-le-Street (Concangis)

Chichester (Noviomagus Reginorum) C

Cirencester (Corinium) C

Colchester (Camulodunum) C

Corbridge (Coria) C

Dorchester (Durnovaria) C

Dover (Portus Dubris)

Exeter (Isca Dumnoniorum) C

Gloucester (Glevum) C

Great Chesterford (the name of this vicus is unknown)

Ilchester (Lindinis) C

Leicester (Ratae Corieltauvorum) C

Lincoln (Lindum Colonia) C

London (Londinium) C

Manchester (Mamucium) C

Newcastle upon Tyne (Pons Aelius)

Northwich (Condate)

St Albans (Verulamium) C

Silchester (Calleva Atrebatum) C

Towcester (Lactodurum)

Whitchurch (Mediolanum) C

Winchester (Venta Belgarum) C

Wroxeter (Viroconium Cornoviorum) C

York (Eboracum) C

 

Religion

The druids, the Celtic priestly caste who were believed to originate in Britain, were outlawed by Claudius, and in 61 they vainly defended their sacred groves from destruction by the Romans on the island of Mona (Anglesey). Under Roman rule the Britons continued to worship native Celtic deities, such as Ancasta, but often conflated with their Roman equivalents, like Mars Rigonemetos at Nettleham.

 

The degree to which earlier native beliefs survived is difficult to gauge precisely. Certain European ritual traits such as the significance of the number 3, the importance of the head and of water sources such as springs remain in the archaeological record, but the differences in the votive offerings made at the baths at Bath, Somerset, before and after the Roman conquest suggest that continuity was only partial. Worship of the Roman emperor is widely recorded, especially at military sites. The founding of a Roman temple to Claudius at Camulodunum was one of the impositions that led to the revolt of Boudica. By the 3rd century, Pagans Hill Roman Temple in Somerset was able to exist peaceably and it did so into the 5th century.

 

Pagan religious practices were supported by priests, represented in Britain by votive deposits of priestly regalia such as chain crowns from West Stow and Willingham Fen.

 

Eastern cults such as Mithraism also grew in popularity towards the end of the occupation. The London Mithraeum is one example of the popularity of mystery religions among the soldiery. Temples to Mithras also exist in military contexts at Vindobala on Hadrian's Wall (the Rudchester Mithraeum) and at Segontium in Roman Wales (the Caernarfon Mithraeum).

 

Christianity

It is not clear when or how Christianity came to Britain. A 2nd-century "word square" has been discovered in Mamucium, the Roman settlement of Manchester. It consists of an anagram of PATER NOSTER carved on a piece of amphora. There has been discussion by academics whether the "word square" is a Christian artefact, but if it is, it is one of the earliest examples of early Christianity in Britain. The earliest confirmed written evidence for Christianity in Britain is a statement by Tertullian, c. 200 AD, in which he described "all the limits of the Spains, and the diverse nations of the Gauls, and the haunts of the Britons, inaccessible to the Romans, but subjugated to Christ". Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. Small timber churches are suggested at Lincoln and Silchester and baptismal fonts have been found at Icklingham and the Saxon Shore Fort at Richborough. The Icklingham font is made of lead, and visible in the British Museum. A Roman Christian graveyard exists at the same site in Icklingham. A possible Roman 4th-century church and associated burial ground was also discovered at Butt Road on the south-west outskirts of Colchester during the construction of the new police station there, overlying an earlier pagan cemetery. The Water Newton Treasure is a hoard of Christian silver church plate from the early 4th century and the Roman villas at Lullingstone and Hinton St Mary contained Christian wall paintings and mosaics respectively. A large 4th-century cemetery at Poundbury with its east–west oriented burials and lack of grave goods has been interpreted as an early Christian burial ground, although such burial rites were also becoming increasingly common in pagan contexts during the period.

 

The Church in Britain seems to have developed the customary diocesan system, as evidenced from the records of the Council of Arles in Gaul in 314: represented at the council were bishops from thirty-five sees from Europe and North Africa, including three bishops from Britain, Eborius of York, Restitutus of London, and Adelphius, possibly a bishop of Lincoln. No other early sees are documented, and the material remains of early church structures are far to seek. The existence of a church in the forum courtyard of Lincoln and the martyrium of Saint Alban on the outskirts of Roman Verulamium are exceptional. Alban, the first British Christian martyr and by far the most prominent, is believed to have died in the early 4th century (some date him in the middle 3rd century), followed by Saints Julius and Aaron of Isca Augusta. Christianity was legalised in the Roman Empire by Constantine I in 313. Theodosius I made Christianity the state religion of the empire in 391, and by the 5th century it was well established. One belief labelled a heresy by the church authorities — Pelagianism — was originated by a British monk teaching in Rome: Pelagius lived c. 354 to c. 420/440.

 

A letter found on a lead tablet in Bath, Somerset, datable to c. 363, had been widely publicised as documentary evidence regarding the state of Christianity in Britain during Roman times. According to its first translator, it was written in Wroxeter by a Christian man called Vinisius to a Christian woman called Nigra, and was claimed as the first epigraphic record of Christianity in Britain. This translation of the letter was apparently based on grave paleographical errors, and the text has nothing to do with Christianity, and in fact relates to pagan rituals.

 

Environmental changes

The Romans introduced a number of species to Britain, including possibly the now-rare Roman nettle (Urtica pilulifera), said to have been used by soldiers to warm their arms and legs, and the edible snail Helix pomatia. There is also some evidence they may have introduced rabbits, but of the smaller southern mediterranean type. The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) prevalent in modern Britain is assumed to have been introduced from the continent after the Norman invasion of 1066. Box (Buxus sempervirens) is rarely recorded before the Roman period, but becomes a common find in towns and villas

 

Legacy

During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads which continued to be used in later centuries and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and wastewater systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London (Londinium), Manchester (Mamucium) and York (Eboracum), were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left.

 

Unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire, the current majority language is not a Romance language, or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants. The British language at the time of the invasion was Common Brittonic, and remained so after the Romans withdrew. It later split into regional languages, notably Cumbric, Cornish, Breton and Welsh. Examination of these languages suggests some 800 Latin words were incorporated into Common Brittonic (see Brittonic languages). The current majority language, English, is based on the languages of the Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe

Auggies judges panel. From left to right: Vernor Vinge, Will Wright, Bruce Sterling, Jaron Lanier

The Google Glass concept-video that was missing so far: the screensaver moment. For those occasions when you're not skydiving, not sharing pictures of your dog nor being called by Steve.

 

youtu.be/pFhrLCK3WcY

Offers and deals in 3D Augmented Reality

Ein Konzept für Augmented Reality bei Autos von Mercedes

 

notebookaktuell.de/

VI

INSTALAÇÕES | INSTALLATIONS

 

Ali Miharbi - Movie Mirrors - Estados Unidos | United States

Anne Save de Beaurecueil + Franklin Lee / Equipe SUBdV (Victor Sardenberg, André Romitelli, Lucas de Sardi & Fabrício G. de Oliveira) - High Low - Brasil | Brazil

Annica Cuppetelli & Cristobal Mendoza - Nervous Structure - Estados Unidos | United States

Ben Jack - Elucidating Feedback - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand

Eric Siu - in collaboration with the member of Ishikawa Komuro Laboratory, University of Tokyo, Yoshihiro Watanabe, Ohno Hiroaki & Takeoka Hideki - Body Hack 1.0 - Japão | Japan

Hye Yeon Nam - Please Smile - Estados Unidos | United States

Joon Y. Moon - Augmented Shadow - Coréia do Sul | South Korea

Julian Palacz - algorithmic search for Love - Áustria | Austria

Juliana Mori - timeLandscape - wool rhythms - Brasil | Brazil

Karina Smigla-Bobinski - ADA - analoge interactive kinetic sculpture - Polônia e Alemanha | Poland and Germany

Kimchi & Chips - Link - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Kimchi & Chips - Journey: Seoul - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Lars Lundehave Hansen - Spiderbytes - Alemanha | Germany

Lawrence Malstaf - Nemo Observatorium 02002 - Bélgica | Belgium

Matt Roberts - Waves - Estados Unidos | United States

Ryoichi Kurokawa - rheo: 5 horizons - Bélgica | Belgium

Yujiro Kabutoya & Kazushi Mukaiyama - IJIROS - Japão | Japan

 

HIPERSÔNICA | HYPERSONICA PERFORMANCE

 

Alfredo Ciannameo - Ionesis - sonic plasma - Holanda | Netherlands

André Rangel, Anne-Kathrin Siegel & Fernando Alçada - SynDyn - Portugal | Portugal

Eduardo Nespoli, Projeto Aquarpa (Thiago Salas Gomes, Lucas Almeida, Flavio Jacon de Vasconcelos & Leandro Pereira Souza) - Mnemorfoses - Brasil | Brazil

Eduardo Patrício - Zin - Brasil | Brazil

Euphorie - França | France

Giuliano Obici - Concerto para Lanhouse - Brasil | Brazil

Nicolas Maigret - Pure Data read as pure data - França | France

 

HIPERSÔNICA | HYPERSONICA SCREENING

 

Alison Clifford & Graeme Truslove - Substratum - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Fernando Velázquez - auto-retrato - Brasil | Brazil

Fernando Velázquez - the mindscapes suite - Brasil | Brazil

Jaap: Harriet Payer & Jorge Esquivelzeta - Cyberspace Photsynthesis - México | Mexico

Jaap: Harriet Payer & Jorge Esquivelzeta - Dog's Eye View - México | Mexico

Paul O Donoghue aka Ocusonic - Phasing Waves - Irlanda | Ireland

Warsaw Electronic Festival 2010: Przemyslaw Moskal - Digital Sculptures for Analog Sounds - Estados Unidos | United States

 

HIPERSÔNICA PARTICIPANTES | HYPERSONICA PARTICIPANTS

 

Alvaro X - Dead in DUMP - Brasil | Brazil

Bernhard Loibner - Unidentified Musical Subject - Áustria | Austria

Claudio Parodi - The things that are missing - Itália | Italy

CLEBER GAZANA | SIMPLE.NORMAL - F. WILL I DREAM? - Brasil | Brazil

DANIEL GAZANA - NOSOCÔMIO - Brasil | Brazil

Joaquin Cofreces - Hamoni Lapude Anan ( "we used to make canoes" in yaghan language) - Argentina | Argentina

The Tiny Orchestra - Time Wounds All Heels - Canadá | Canada

Juan Pablo Amato - Duo Encaprichado en alisar rugosidades mentales - Argentina | Argentina

Mauro Ceolin - Spore's Ytubesoundscape and his wildlife - Itália | Italy

Panayiotis KOKORAS - Magic - Grécia | Greece

FaoBeat - Beat'nTime / Lift'nBeat - Brasil | Brazil

Philip Mantione - Fabrics - Estados Unidos | United States

Music For Installations - Braindamage - Bélgica | Belgium

RINALDO SANTOS - MUSICONTOS - Brasil | Brazil

Sergio Cajado - Constatações Urbanas - Passado, Presente e Futuro - Brasil | Brazil

Sergio Granada Moreno - Digital Rainbow (2009) - Colombia | Colombia

Sol Rezza - Preguntas - Questions - México | Mexico

 

MÍDIA ARTE | MEDIA ART

 

A. Bill Miller - gridSol-precomps - Estados Unidos | United States

A. Bill Miller - gridSol-altar1 - Estados Unidos | United States

Aaron Oldenburg - After - Estados Unidos | United States

Agam (A.) Andreas - La Resocialista Internacional - Holanda | Netherlands

alan bigelow - This Is Not A Poem - Estados Unidos | United States

Alcione Godoy, Camillo Louvise, Bruno Azzolini, Rafael Araujo, Rodolfo Rossi, Marina Maia & Vinicius Nakamura - Hipercepção - Brasil | Brazil

Alex Hetherington - Linda Fratianne - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Anders Weberg - P2P ART - The aesthetics of ephemerality - Suécia | Sweden

Anders Weberg - JE SUIS PÈRE ET MON PÈRE EST PÈRE I'm a Father and my Father is a Father - Suécia | Sweden

Anders Weberg - Expose Yourself - Suécia | Sweden

Anstey/Pape: Josephine Anstey & Dave Pape - Mrs. Squandertime - Estados Unidos | United States

Balam Soto - Self Portrait Videos - Estados Unidos | United States

Bárbara de Azevedo - VIDEO ESTADO SIMULACRO CINEMATOGRÁFICO - Brasil | Brazil

Ben Baker-Smith - Infinite Glitch - Estados Unidos | United States

Brit Bunkley - Pardox of Plenty - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand

Brit Bunkley - Up River Blues - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand

Brit Bunkley - Springfield Paradox - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand

Bruno Xavier, Fabiane Zambon, Felipe van Deursen, Frederico Di Giacomo & Kleyson Barbosa (Equipe principal) | Ana Freitas, Ana Prado, André Sirangelo, Alisson Lima, André Maciel, Alexandre Versignassi, Dalton Soares, Daniel Apolinario, Douglas Kawazu, Emiliano Urbim, Érica Georgino, Leandro Spett, Gil Beyruth, Gustavo Frota, Marina Motomura, Maurício Horta, Rafael Kenski, Renata Aguiar & Simone Yamamoto (Parceiros e colaboradores) - Newsgames da Superinteressante - Brasil | Brazil

charly.gr - peronismo (spam) - Argentina | Argentina

charly.gr - Joan - Argentina | Argentina

Chen, I-Chun - Measuring Distance Between the Self and Others - Taiwan | Taiwan

chiara passa - the virtual prigione - Itália | Italy

Christopher Otto - PXLPNT - Estados Unidos | United States

Cleber Gazana / Daniel Gazana - UNTITLED - Brasil | Brazil

Daniel Duda - Araucaria angustifolia - Brasil | Brazil

David Muth - 1 C A a 01x - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

David Sullivan - Fugitive Emissions - Estados Unidos | United States

Doron Golan - Waking Quad - Israel | Israel

Douglas de Paula - Interfaces Predatórias / Plundering Interfaces - Brasil | Brazil

Elétrico: Ludmila Pimentel, Carolina Frinhani & Bruna Spoladore - Experimento de Corpo - Brasil | Brazil

Grupo Vertigem: Juliana Rodrigues, Natalia Santana & Ygor Ferreira - Downtown 2.0 - Brasil | Brazil

Jarbas Agnelli - Birds on the Wires - Brasil | Brazil

Jason Nelson - Sydney's Sibera - Austrália | Australia

Jessica Barness - Common Sounds: Positive Elements, Negative Spaces - Estados Unidos | United States

Joana Moll & Heliodoro Santos - THE TEXAS BORDER - Espanha | Spain

jody zellen - Lines of Life - Estados Unidos | United States

Jorn Ebner - (L'ultimo turista) - Alemanha | Germany

jtwine - ONSPEED - Estados Unidos | United States

Kenji Kojima - RGB Music News - Estados Unidos | United States

kinema ikon: calin man - kinema ikon - Romênia | Romania

Leyla Rodriguez & Cristian Straub - Isle Of Lox "The face" - Alemanha | Germany

Luca Holland - rain.html - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Luis Henrique Rodrigues - Internet Series - Brasil | Brazil

Luiz Gustavo Ferreira Zanotello - N.A.V.E - Brasil | Brazil

MALYSSE - THE BIOPERVERSITY PROJECT #1 - Brasil | Brazil

Matt Frieburghaus - Song - Estados Unidos | United States

mchrbn - Afghan War Diary - Suíça | Switzerland

Members: Aymeric Mansoux, Dave Griffiths and Marloes de Valk - Naked on Pluto - Holanda | Netherlands

Michael Takeo Magruder - Data Flower (Prototype I) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Nagasaki Archive Committee: Hidenori Watanave, Tomoyuki Torisu, Ryo Osera & others - Nagasaki Archive - Japão | Japan

Nanette Wylde - MettaVerse - Estados Unidos | United States

Nicholas Economos - Apophenia - Estados Unidos | United States

Nicholas Knouf - Journal of Journal Performance Studies (JJPS) - Estados Unidos | United States

Nurit Bar-Shai - FUJI spaces and other places - Estados Unidos | United States

Osvaldo cibils- everything breathes - Itália | Italy

Owen Eric Wood - Return - Canadá | Canada

Paolo Cirio - Drowning NYC - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Quayola - Strata Series - Bélgica | Belgium

rachelmauricio - [[o]] - Brasil | Brazil

rachelmauricio - 3Y - Brasil | Brazil

rachelmauricio - ldj8jbl - Brasil | Brazil

Rayelle Niemann & Erik Dettwiler - www.citysharing.ch - Suíça | Switzerland

Remco Roes - Everything in between - Bélgica | Belgium

rage - Impermanência Formal - Brasil | Brazil

Representa Corisco: Vj Eletroman - Representa Corisco - Espanha | Spain

Richard J O'Callaghan - 'thechildrenswar' - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Rodrigo Mello - Faces - Brasil | Brazil

Rosa Menkman - Collapse of PAL - Holanda | Netherlands

Santiago Ortiz - Impure - Espanha | Spain

seryozha kOtsun - Synesthesiograph - Rússia | Russia

Stuart Pound - Green Water Dragon - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Stuart Pound - Time Code - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

TAMURA YUICHIRO - NIGHTLESS - Japão | Japan

TOMMY PALLOTTA: Submarine Channel - Collapsus: The Energy Risk Conspiracy - Holanda | Netherlands

Vladimir Todorovic - The Snail on the Slope - Singapura | Singapore

Vladimir Todorovic - Silica-esc - Singapura | Singapore

 

MAQUINEMA | MACHINIMA

 

André Lopes aka spyvspy aeon - Clockwork - Brasil e Portugal | Brazil and Portugal

André Lopes aka spyvspy aeon & slimgirlfat - MooN - Brasil e Portugal | Brazil and Portugal

Bernard Capitaine aka Iono Allen - Fears - França | France

Bernard Capitaine aka Iono Allen - Fusion - França | France

BobE Schism - Love Is Sometimes Colder Than Ice - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

C.-D. Schulz aka Rohan Fermi - 9 - Alemanha | Germany

C.-D. Schulz aka Rohan Fermi - Order in chaos - Alemanha | Germany

Chat Noir Studios: Sherwin Liu & Kate Lee - Death in Venice - Estados Unidos | United States

Chat Noir Studios: Sherwin Liu & Kate Lee - Incubus - Estados Unidos | United States

David Griffiths aka nebogeo - Missile Command - Finlândia | Finland

Evan Meaney - The Well of Representation - Estados Unidos | United States

Gottfried Haider - Hidden in plain sight - Áustria | Austria

Harrison Heller aka Nefarious Guy & Amorphous Blob Productions - Clockwise: Part 1 - Estados Unidos | United States

Harrison Heller aka Nefarious Guy & Amorphous Blob Productions - Stop, Rewind - Estados Unidos | United States

Henry Gwiazda - history - Estados Unidos | United States

Henry Gwiazda - infectious - Estados Unidos | United States

Iain Friar aka IceAxe - Trichophagia - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Jun Falkenstein, Ben Covi, Brad Mitchell & Pete Terrill - The Lake - Estados Unidos | United States

Kerria Seabrooke & Paul Jannicola - Tiny Nation - Estados Unidos | United States

LES RICHES DOUANIERS: Gilles RICHARD & Fabrice ZOLL - The Lonely Migrant - França | France

Nonsense Studio: Drozhzhin, TimaGoofy, ultraviolet, ElGrandeBigB, Radiated & Takuhatsu - Johnny Cash - God's gonna cut you down - Finlândia | Finland

Pierre Gaudillere, Thomas Van Lissum, Oliver Delbos, Audrey Le Roy & Jonnathan Mutton - Unheimliche - França | France

Piotr Kopik - Psychosomatic rebuilders animation #002 - Polônia | Polland

Piotr Kopik - Psychosomatic rebuilders emoticons machinima - Polônia | Polland

Pooky Amsterdam, Draxtor Despres & Samuel's Dream - I'm Too Busy To Date Your Avatar! - Estados Unidos | United States

Saskia Boddeke aka Rose Borchovski - Lost in counting - Holanda | Netherlands

Saskia Boddeke aka Rose Borchovski - WHY IS THERE SOMETHING? Part 5: Greek Myth, The Battle of the Gods - Holanda | Netherlands

Saskia Boddeke aka Rose Borchovski - WHY IS THERE SOMETHING? Part 6: Israel Myth, The punishment - Holanda | Netherlands

Tom Jantol - Dear Fairy - Croácia | Croatia

Tom Jantol - Duel (Part) - Croácia | Croatia

Tom Jantol - The Remake - Croácia | Croatia

Tony Bannan aka ammopreviz - Selfish Gene - Austrália | Australia

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom - Ctrl-Alt-Del - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom - Dagon - HP Lovecraft - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Tutsy Navarathna - My familiar dream - Índia | India

 

DOCUMENTA

 

Garry Shepherd – Global Shuffle - Austrália | Australia

Jim Haverkamp e Brett Ingram – Armor of God – Estados Unidos | United States

Khaled D. Ramadan – Psychic-Dentity - Dinamarca | Denmark

Lucius C. Kuert – Project 798, New Art In New China – China | China

Teilo Vallacott e J.A. Molinari – Altered_Egos – Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Vincenzo Lombardo – The VEP Project – Itália | Italy

Watch Mojo - A História do Daft Punk – Canadá | Canada

 

FILE ANIMA+

 

8-Bits Team: Valere Amirault, Jean Delaunay, Sarah Laufer & Benjamin Mattern - 8-Bits - França | France

Alan Becker - Animator Vs Animation - Estados Unidos | United States

Alessandro Novelli - The Alphabet - Itália | Italy

Alexander Gellner - 1 Minute Puberty - Alemanha | Germany

Andrew Huang - The Gloaming - Estados Unidos | United States

Ben Thomas & Leo Bridle - Train of Thought - Inglaterra | England

Birdo Studio: Luciana Eguti & Paulo Muppet - Bonequinha do Papai - Brasil | Brazil

Birdo Studio: Luciana Eguti & Paulo Muppet - Caixa - Brasil | Brazil

Birdo Studio: Luciana Eguti, Paulo Muppet & Allan Sieber - Animadores - Brasil | Brazil

Birdo Studio: Luciana Eguti, Paulo Muppet & Jimmy Leroy - Pequeno Cidadão - Brasil | Brazil

Brendan Angelides & Cyriak Harris - Eskmo - Estados Unidos | United States

Christopher Alender - Eye of The Storm - Estados Unidos | United States

Coala Filmes: Cesar Cabral - Dossiê Rê Bordosa - Brasil | Brazil

Dante Zaballa & Matias Vigliano - The Head - Argentina | Argentina

David O’Reilly - Please Say Something - Irlanda e Alemanha | Ireland and Germany

David O’Reilly - The External World - Irlanda e Alemanha | Ireland and Germany

David Wilson - Japanese Popstars “Let Go” - Inglaterra | England

Dominik Käser, Martin-Sebastian Senn, Mario Deuss, Niloy J. Mitra & Mark Pauly - Silhouettes of Jazz - Estados Unidos | United States

Esteban Diácono - Ólafur Arnalds - Ljósið - Argentina | Argentina

Fábio Yamagi & Denis Kamioka ‘Cisma’ - Photocopy Romance - Brasil | Brazil

Fernando Sanches - Xixi no Banho - Brasil | Brazil

Gabrielle Lissot, Pierre Lippens, Laurent Jaffier & Nicolas Deprez - Tous Des Monstres (All Monsters) - França | France

Guilherme Marcondes - Tyger - Brasil | Brazil

Guillermo Madoz - Head Honcho - Argentina | Argentina

Hi-Sim - Jump - Inglaterra | England

Home de Caramel - Alone Together - Espanha | Spain

Jasmin Lai - Brave - Estados Unidos e Tailândia | United States and Thailand

Jason Wishnow - Oedipus - Inglaterra | England

Jean-Paul Frenay - Artificial Paradise, Inc - Bélgica e França | Belgium and France

Joanna Lurie - Tree’s Migration - França | France

Joaquin Baldwin - Sebastian's Voodoo - Estados Unidos | United States

Joaquin Baldwin - The Windmill Farmer - Estados Unidos | United States

Ken Turner - TIM - Canadá | Canada

Lee Tao - Seedling - Canadá / Canada

Lemeh42 - Wool & Water - Itália / Italy

Leszek Plichta - Dreammaker - Polônia e Alemanha | Polland and Germany

Malcolm Sutherland - Bout - Canadá | Canada

Malcolm Sutherland - Umbra - Canadá | Canada

Marc Silver - There Are No Others - Inglaterra | England

Marlies van der wel - Protest Flatness - Holanda | Netherlands

Martin Piana - LUMI - Argentina | Argentina

Martin Woutisseth - Stanley Kubrick, a filmography - França | France

Matatoro Team: Mauro Carraro, Raphaël Calamote & Jérémy Pasquet - Matatoro - França | France

Matthias Hoegg - August - Inglaterra | England

Matthias Hoegg - Thrusday - Inglaterra | England

Max Hattler - SPIN - Inglaterra | England

Meindbender Animation Studio - The Pirate - Suécia | Sweden

Michael Paul Young - The Interpretation - Estados Unidos | United States

Michal Socha - Chick - Polônia | Polland

Michal Socha - Koncert - Polônia | Polland

Mr McFly - Baseball - França | France

MUSCLEBEAVER: Tobias Knipf & Andreas Kronbeck - How your money works - Alemanha | Germany

Napatsawan Chirayukool - What makes your day? - Tailândia e Inglaterra | Thailand and England

Pahnl - Nowhere near here - Inglaterra | England

Peppermelon TV - Advanced Beauty - Inglaterra e Estados Unidos | England and Unites States

Peppermelon TV - First - Inglaterra e Estados Unidos | England and Unites States

Peppermelon TV - Target - Friends with you - Inglaterra e Estados Unidos | England and Unites States

Robert Seidel - Vellum - Alemanha | Germany

Rogier van der Zwaag Nobody Beats The Drum - Grindin - Holanda | Netherlands

Ross Phillips - 5 Second Projects ( Ballons) - Inglaterra | England

Ross Phillips - 5 Second Projects ( Reverse) - Inglaterra | England

Sasha Belyaev - The Rite of Youth - Letônia | Latvia

Scott Pagano - Pororoca - Estados Unidos | United States

Scott Pagano - Trust In The 'M' Machine - Estados Unidos | United States

Serene Teh - Parkour - Cingapura | Singapore

Stephen Irwin - Black Dog's Progress - Inglaterra | England

Stephen Irwin - Horse Glue - Inglaterra | England

Sylvain Marc - Cocotte Minute - França | France

Sylvain Marc - Fertilizer Soup - França | France

Tanya Aydostian - L'autre - França | France

Taylor Price - Hunt - Canadá e Estados Unidos | Canada and United States

Treat Studios - E4 - Inglaterra | England

Veronika Obertová - Viliam - Eslováquia | Slovakia

Wesley Rodrigues - Pinga com Saquê - Brasil | Brazil

Zach Cohen - The Chair Not Taken - Itália | Italy

Andrew Ruhemann & Shaun Tan - The Lost Thing - Austrália / Australia

Animatório - Neomorphus - Brasil | Brazil

Bertrand Bey & Pierre Ducos - La Détente - França | France

Birdo Studio: Luciana Eguti, Paulo Muppet & Amir Admoni - Monkey Joy - Brasil | Brazil

Coala Filmes: Cesar Cabral - Tempestade - Brasil | Brazil

Fábio Yamaji - O Divino, de repente - Brasil | Brazil

Max Loubaresse, Marc Bouyer & Anthony Vivien - Salesman Pete - França | France

 

GAMES

 

Adam Saltsman & Danny Baranowsky - Canabalt - Estados Unidos | United States

Alex May & Rudolf Kremers - Eufloria - Reino Unido

| United Kingdom

Alexander Bruce - Hazard: The Journey of Life - Austrália | Australia

Binary Tweed - Clover: a Curious Tale - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Cats in the Sky - Cargo Delivery - Brasil | Brazil

Christoffer Hedborg - Toys - Suécia | Sweden

Colibri Games - The Tiny Bang Story - Rússia | Russia

Edmund McMillen & Tommy Refenes - Super Meat Boy - Estados Unidos | United States

ENJMIN - Paper Plane - França | France

Evan Blaster - Infinite Blank - Estados Unidos | United States

Frictional Games - Amnesia: The Dark Decent - Suécia | Sweden

Gaijin Games - BIT TRIP BEAT - Estados Unidos | United States

Kiaran Ritchie, Jasmine Ritchie & Francisco Furtado - Beep Game - Canadá | Canada

Mark Essen - "Nidhogg" - Estados Unidos | United States

Mediatronic - Monsters Probably Stole My Princess - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Nicklas Nygren - Saira - Suécia | Sweden

Paolo Pedercini / Molleindustria - "Every Day The Same Dream" - Estados Unidos e Itália | United States and Italy

Richard E Flanagan / Phosfiend Systems - FRACT - Canadá | Canada

Spaces of Play - Spirits - Alemanha | Germany

State of Play Games - Lume - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

Tales of Tales - The Path - Bélgica | Belgium

 

FILE TABLET

 

Aircord: Toshiyuki Hashimoto, Masato Tsutsui & Koichiro Mori – REFLECTION – Japão | Japan

Alex Komarov & Sergey Rachok – ACCORDION – Estados Unidos e Rússia | United States and Russia

Cruz-Diez Foundation - CRUZ-DIEZ "INTERACTIVE CHROMATIC RANDOM EXPERIENCE" – Venezuela | Venezuela

Fingerlab: Antoine Lepoutre & Aurélien Potier – MULTIPONG – França | France

Jason Waters – SPIROGROW – Estados Unidos | United States

Jay Silver & Eric Rosenbaum - SINGING FINGERS – Estados Unidos | United States

Nate Murray & TJ Fuller - IPAD GAME FOR CATS - Estados Unidos | United States

Pavel Doichev - ART IN MOTION – Estados Unidos | United States

Pavel Doichev - LINE ART – Estados Unidos | United StatesPavel Doichev – TESLA – Estados Unidos | United States

Rob Fielding – MUGICIAN – Estados Unidos | United States

RunSwimFly - Richard Harrison – GLOOP - Austrália | Australia

Scott Snibbe – ANTOGRAPH (ou MYRMEGRAPH) – Estados Unidos | United States

Scott Snibbe – BUBBLE HARP – Estados Unidos | United States

Scott Snibbe – GRAVILUX – Estados Unidos | United States

Scott Snibbe – OSCILLOSCOOP – Estados Unidos | United States

Scott Snibbe – TRIPOLAR – Estados Unidos | United States

Smule - MAGIC FIDDLE – Estados Unidos | United States

Spaces of Play: Mattias Ljungstrom, Marek Plichta, Andreas Zecher & Martin Strak – SPIRITS – Alemanha | Germany

Ted Davis - TEXT2IMAGE – Estados Unidos | United States

Typotheque / Resolume - DANCE WRITER – Estados Unidos | United States

 

WORKSHOP

 

Workshop Fiesp - AA School: Franklin Lee, Robert Stuart Smith (Kokkugia), Anne Save de Beaurecueil (SUBdV), Sandro Tubertini (Environmental Engineering Agency, BDSP), Thiago Mundim, Ernesto Bueno, Arthur Mamou-Mani, Arya Safavi, Yoojin Kim & Victor Sardenberg

Parametric Architecture - Reino Unido | United Kingdom

kitkat "augmented reality" chocolate bar

other side

www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/4998195200/

Augmented Reality at LEGO Atlantis webpage.

an effective marketplace AR app in the form of FYIAR. It is an immersive experience AR app that provides an efficient platform for brands to engage their customers and generate effective B2C leads. www.fyiar.com/

The Pokémon universe was inspired by the hobby of insect collecting, a popular pastime enjoyed by Pokémon creator Satoshi Tajiri as a child.

 

Pokémon GO is a location-based, augmented reality mobile game. As of 11 July, 2016 it has an estimated 7.5 million downloads in the United States, and was the fastest game to top the App Store charts. By 12 July, 2016 average daily usage of the app on Android devices exceeded Snapchat, Tinder, Instagram, and Facebook.

 

Pokémon GO - Insecta Edition is a complete fabrication. There are however an estimated 5.5 million real insects, which exist in the real world. Go catch 'em!

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

The First Chechen War (also known as the First Chechen Сampaign, First Russian-Chechen war, or, from Russian point of view, as “Armed conflict in the Chechen Republic and on bordering territories of the Russian Federation”), was a rebellion by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation, fought from December 1994 to August 1996. After the initial campaign of 1994–1995, culminating in the devastating Battle of Grozny, Russian federal forces attempted to seize control of the mountainous area of Chechnya but were set back by Chechen guerrilla warfare and raids on the flatlands despite Russia's overwhelming advantages in firepower, manpower, weaponry, artillery, combat vehicles, airstrikes and air support. The resulting widespread demoralization of federal forces and the almost universal opposition of the Russian public to the conflict led Boris Yeltsin's government to declare a ceasefire with the Chechens in 1996 and sign a peace treaty a year later.

 

The conflict started in 1991, when Chechnya declared, in the wake of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, independence and was named the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. According to some sources, from 1991 to 1994, tens of thousands of people of non-Chechen ethnicity (mostly Russians, Ukrainians and Armenians) left the republic amidst reports of violence and discrimination against the non-Chechen population. Other sources do not identify displacement as a significant factor in the events of the period, instead focusing on the deteriorating domestic situation within Chechnya, the aggressive politics of the Chechen President, Dzhokhar Dudayev, and the domestic political ambitions of Russian President Boris Yeltsin.

 

On 11 December 1994, Russian forces launched a three-pronged ground attack towards Grozny. The main attack was temporarily halted by the deputy commander of the Russian Ground Forces, General Eduard Vorobyov, who then resigned in protest, stating that it was "a crime" to "send the army against its own people." Many in the Russian military and government opposed the war as well. Yeltsin's adviser on nationality affairs, Emil Pain, and Russia's Deputy Minister of Defense General Boris Gromov (esteemed commander of the Afghan War), also resigned in protest of the invasion ("It will be a bloodbath, another Afghanistan", Gromov said on television), as did General Boris Poliakov. More than 800 professional soldiers and officers refused to take part in the operation; of these, 83 were convicted by military courts and the rest were discharged. Later General Lev Rokhlin also refused to be decorated as a Hero of the Russian Federation for his part in the war.

 

The Chechen Air Force (as well as the republic's civilian aircraft fleet) at the time of the 1st Chechen War consisted of a small, mixed fleet of annexed former Soviet air force types that had been based on Chechen ground. The backbone of the “Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Air Force”, how it was officially called, were a handful L-39 Albatros, L-29 Delfin and MiG-21UM jet trainers, augmented by single specimen of full-fledged combat aircraft like the MiG-21 and Su-25. Even a single vintage MiG-17, until then used as an instructional airframe, was revived and became part of the Chechen Air Force!

However, many of these were not fit for sustained operations due to lack of service, spares, weapons and qualified pilots.

The few aircraft that could be brought into the air within the very first hours of the conflict only made minor impression on the Russian forces, rather acting as distractions than being effective combat units. A few air strikes were flown, but no air-to-air combat occurred. Beyond the poor condition, most of the Chechen military aircraft fleet was destroyed or damaged beyond repair in the air strikes that occurred on the first days of the conflict, which included massive attacks against Khankala air base and its infrastructure. Single machines that had been on missions at that time escaped and were able to land on other airfields, but they became unusable within a few days due to the lack of maintenance, fuel and ordnance.

 

Boris Yeltsin's cabinet's expectations of a quick surgical strike, quickly followed by Chechen capitulation and regime change, were misguided: Russia found itself in a quagmire almost instantly. The morale of the Russian troops, poorly prepared and not understanding why and even where they were being sent, was low from the beginning. Some Russian units resisted the order to advance, and in some cases, the troops sabotaged their own equipment. In Ingushetia, civilian protesters stopped the western column and set 30 military vehicles on fire, while about 70 conscripts deserted their units. Advance of the northern column was halted by the unexpected Chechen resistance at Dolinskoye and the Russian forces suffered their first serious losses. Deeper in Chechnya, a group of 50 Russian paratroopers surrendered to the local Chechen militia after being deployed by helicopters behind enemy lines and then abandoned.

 

Yeltsin ordered the Russian Army to show restraint, but it was neither prepared nor trained for this. Civilian losses quickly mounted, alienating the Chechen population and raising the hostility that they showed towards the Russian forces, even among those who initially supported the Russians' attempts to unseat Dudayev. Other problems occurred as Yeltsin sent in freshly trained conscripts from neighboring regions rather than regular soldiers. Highly mobile units of Chechen fighters inflicted severe losses on the ill-prepared and demoralized Russian troops. Although the Russian military command ordered to only attack designated targets, due to the lack of training and experience of Russian forces, they attacked random positions instead, turning into carpet bombing and indiscriminate barrages of rocket artillery, and causing enormous casualties among the Chechen and Russian civilian population.

On 29 December, in a rare instance of a Russian outright victory, the Russian airborne forces seized the military airfield next to Grozny and repelled a Chechen armored counterattack in the Battle of Khankala; the next objective was the city itself. With the Russians closing in on the capital, the Chechens began to hastily set up defensive fighting positions and grouped their forces in the city. Russian Army forces were commanded into Grozny in 1994 but, after two years of intense fighting, the Russian troops eventually withdrew from Chechnya under the Khasavyurt Accord. Chechnya preserved its de facto independence until the second war broke out in 1999.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 15.76 m (51 ft 7½ in) incl. pitot

Wingspan: 7.15 m (23 ft 6 in)

Height: 4.13 m (13 ft 6½ in)

Wing area: 23.0 m² (247.3 ft²)

Empty weight: 5,843 kg (12,870 lb)

Gross weight: 8,200 kg (18,060 lb)

Max. TOW: 9,400 kg (20,700 lb)

 

Powerplant:

1× Tumansky R-13-300 turbojet, rated at 40,30 kN (9,040 lbf) dry thrust

and 60,70 kN (13,650 lbf) with afterburner

 

Performance:

Maximum speed: 2,230 km/h (1,385 mph/1,205 kts) at 11.000 m

1,300 km/h (807 mph/702 kts) at sea level

Cruising speed: 1,200 km/h (745 mph/650 kts)

Landing speed: 350 km/h (217 mph/190 kts)

Range: (internal fuel) 1,210 km (751 miles)

Combat radius with two AAMs and three drop tanks: 465 ml (750 km)

Service ceiling: 19,000 m (62,200 ft)

Rate of climb: 180 m/s (35,375 ft/min)

Thrust-to-weight ratio: 1.03 maximum

 

Armament:

1x internal 23 mm GSh-23 cannon with 200 rounds

5x hardpoints for a wide range of ordnance of up to 2.870 lb (1.300 kg)

  

The kit and its assembly:

This rather simple what-if model had been on my idea list for some time, but the “Captured!” Group Build at whatifmodellers.com in late 2020 was a good occasion and motivation to take the idea to the hardware stage. This what-if model was originally inspired by a PrintScale aftermarket decal sheet for the Aero L-39 Albatros trainer. It contained markings for a lot of exotic operators, including Laos and Ghana, as well as markings for an aircraft of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Air Force from the early stages of the 1st Chechen War, actually a captured aircraft of the Russian Air Force. While the paint scheme was simple - a standard trainer livery, just with overpainted roundels and tactical markings - I found the historic context interesting. I did some legwork and tried to puzzle together the background of these markings, as well as the origins of the Chechen air force, in order to transfer it onto a different aircraft type.

 

In fact, much of the background given above is authentic (As far as I can tell, during such conflicts, there is always more than a single truth…), the Chechen makeshift air force was pretty small, consisting primarily of trainers, some helicopters and obsolete types (apparently, the single resurrected MiG-17 from storage was “real”!). AFAIK, no MiG-21 single seater was operated in Chechen colors, even though (at least) one MiG-21UM trainer carried Ichkerian roundels. However, all aircraft were destroyed on the ground within the first hours of the conflict, so that the air force did not play any role in the ongoing battles.

 

The basis of this build is the relatively new KP kit for the MiG-21MF/MA/R, which is apparently a low-budget re-boxing of the RV Aircraft kit without PE parts. Having some surplus MiG-21 kits at hand from a KP “Joy Pack” (with three complete MF/MA/R version kits, w/o decals), I decided to use one of them for a fictional Chechen Fishbed, an MF. This is/was actually an export version of the Fishbed (the MiG-21 SM, to be specific), but this variant was operated by the Soviet/Russian Air Force, too, alongside the more capable MiG-21bis, even though not in large scale. A Su-25 would have been another worthwhile choice, but I found the L-39 markings to be too small for this type, so the slender Fishbed was chosen, being a very common and therefore plausible type.

 

I had a trio “joy pack” sans decals stashed away some time ago and now is the occasion to build the first of these kits, and I built an MF from it, mostly OOB. So far, I am very impressed by the kit's details. The cockpit has a full tub, with side walls and consoles up to the canopy, rich detail everywhere (there is probably ANY rivet represented on the surface, finely recessed) and there are things like a free-standing shock cone, options for all air brakes to be built in opened position and even an opening for the air outlet in front of the windscreen. However, fit is not stellar, and any surface detail is a separate part. For instance, the small wing fences have to be glued into place - not that problem if they would fit... The fences are rectangular parts, and the wing surfaces are curved - that does not work. There are no locator pins for the wings, they have to be glued directly onto the fuselage flanks – a rather anachronistic approach. And the worst bummer is that the main landing gear wells are somehow located too far ahead - I am not certain how this blatant flaw on such a good model could find its way into the mold? Nevertheless, I am impressed by the many details and options of this kit, but feelings are ambiguous.

 

The kit was built OOB. I just gave it two pairs of bombs (a pair of FAB-250 bombs and two OFAB-100 fragmentation bombs) as ordnance from the scrap box (from a Kangnam Yak-38 and a KP Su-25). The Fishbeds from the Joy Pack come with drop tanks, some Atoll and Aphid AAMs and a pair of heavy unguided S-24 missiles, but I found none of these really suitable for a Chechen aircraft.

  

Painting and markings:

I used the L-39 from the PrintScale decal sheet as conceptual benchmark: a former Russian aircraft, captured and pressed into Chechen service on short notice. As such, the Fishbed received a typical Soviet/Russian disruptive four-tone, tactical “steppe” camouflage. A real-world MiG-21 was the benchmark for the pattern, I just replaced the colors. They became pale sand, medium brown, grass green and dark green, with blue undersides (Humbrol 121, 237, 150 and 75, respectively with 115 underneath).

 

The cockpit interior was painted in characteristic bright turquoise and medium grey, the landing gear became matt aluminum, with bright green wheel discs. The wells were painted with a mix of Humbrol 56 and 81, for a yellowish metallic grey. Humbrol 105 was used for the Fishbed’s typical di-electric fairings on nose, tail and ventral fin.

 

The kit received a light black ink wash and some post panel shading for a used/worn look, since the MiG-21 would in 1994 have already been a secondary line aircraft with many flying hours on the clock. The areas, where Red Stars and the tactical code had formerly been placed, were overpainted with fresh dark green (Humbrol 195) and light blue under the outer wings (Humbrol 89). The new operator’s markings were added on top of that: early Chechen roundels with a red star as background (which was later changed into green, probably in order to make the aircraft easier and clearer to distinguish, even though I have doubts about contrast on a camouflage background?) from the aforementioned PrintScale L-39 sheet. The large tactical code numbers come from a MiG-17 (Microscale sheet).

 

The slogan “Ӏожалла я маршо“ (Joƶalla ya marşo, “Death or Freedom”, after the Anthem of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria’s title which was written in 1992 and lasted until 2004) was painted manually with acrylic white and a fine brush. The handwritten style pragmatically suits the aircraft and its situation well. Cheesy and patriotic, but IMHO appropriate and just the detail that sets this Fishbed apart from a simple roundel rebadge.

 

Some areas were furthermore lightly wet-sanded, for an intentional makeshift and worn look. Finally, the model was sealed with matt acrylic varnish (Italeri) and I did some dry-brushing with aluminum on the leading edges and around the cockpit.

  

A relatively simple whif project, but I like the exotic touch of the Chechen markings – this fictional Fishbed looks pretty believable. I also like the “colorful” livery, despite being a camouflage scheme. However, I am not 100% sold on the relatively new KP/RV Aircraft kit. It looked so good in the box, and it is full of many minute details. But building it revealed some weaknesses and even lethal flaws, like the mispositioned/crippled main landing gear wells in the wings. There’s something fundamentally wrong. WTF?

 

____________________________________________________

 

Primaire présidentielle écologiste, série complète : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/sets/7215762989588...

 

Albums Écologie, Éducation, Société et Politiques : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...

 

Projets/Reportages Fondation Nicolas Hulot : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...

____________________________________________________

  

Web Chat avec Nicolas Hulot :

 

www.dailymotion.com/video/xjdvji_primaire-de-l-ecologie-c...

  

Primaire de l'écologie : faites le bon choix !

 

www.dailymotion.com/video/xj8q49_primaire-de-l-ecologie-f...

  

Primaire de l'écologie : mon message aux Ultramarins

 

www.dailymotion.com/video/xj8vo3_primaire-de-l-ecologie-m...

  

____________________________________________________

  

José Bové, pourquoi je voterai Nicolas Hulot :

  

Avant d’expliquer les raisons de mon vote à la primaire de l’écologie en faveur de Nicolas Hulot, il me semble important de vous donner un éclairage sur mon parcours. Veuillez m’excuser par avance de la longueur de ce billet, mais il me semble qu’une explication détaillée de mon processus de réflexion est nécessaire. La lecture de ce billet prend environ 5 minutes. Si vous voulez aller directement aux raisons de mon choix, c’est à la fin…

 

Je n’ai jamais été encarté ou militant dans un parti politique, cependant je prends la politique très au sérieux. Pour moi le droit de vote est l’un des plus beaux acquis de la Révolution Française, de même que la devise de notre République “Liberté - Égalité - Fraternité” qui malheureusement tend à disparaître à la fois des frontons des mairies et de la réalité de notre société…

 

Des milliers de personnes sont mortes en France et dans le Monde pour la défense de ces idéaux, pour que nous puissions vivre libres et ayons le pouvoir de donner notre avis. Ce fut le cas il y a peu en Tunisie et Egypte lors du “Printemps Arabe” et c’est encore le cas en ce moment-même en Libye, au Yemen, au Qatar, en Syrie … où des centaines de milliers de personnes risquent leur vie avec un courage immense pour obtenir enfin les droits dont nous jouissons naturellement depuis notre majorité.

 

Beaucoup trop de personnes à mon goût oublient tout cela en se réfugiant dans l’abstention…

 

Ainsi, j’ai toujours voté à toutes les élections depuis ma majorité en 1989. Je met l’intérêt général au dessus de mon intérêt particulier, ce qui est il me semble LA ligne de clivage gauche/droite. J’ai donc toujours voté à gauche, à la notable exception du 5 mai 2002, où j’ai voté Jacques Chirac, le plus à gauche des candidats en présence… J’ai voté PS jusqu’en 1999 et depuis les élections européennes de cette année-là, je vote écologiste, sauf en 2007 où j’ai “voté utile” comme tant d’autres, traumatisé par le souvenir du 21 avril 2002 et voulant faire barrage à Nicolas Sarkozy, avec le succès que l’on sait… Je m’en mords encore les doigts.

 

Comme Nicolas Hulot, je ne suis pas né écologiste, je le suis devenu. Bien que votant écologiste depuis 1999, c’est seulement en 2006 que j’ai réellement pris conscience de l’urgence écologique, à la vision du film d’Al Gore “Une vérité qui dérange” guillaumecastevert.tumblr.com/post/6836868565/le-prix-nob....

 

Ce processus de prise de conscience est plus ou moins long selon les individus, leur parcours, leur mode de vie et leur métier. Pour ma part, travaillant à l’époque dans l’aéronautique à l’international, je prenais l’avion par obligation professionnelle presque comme la plupart des gens prennent le métro… Et jusqu’en 2006, cela ne m’a posé aucun problème de conscience. Ce n’est plus du tout le cas depuis… et d’ailleurs je ne prends quasiment plus l’avion.

 

L’autre déclencheur de ma prise de conscience a été l’excellent bouquin de Jean-Marc Jeancovici & Alain Grandjean, “Le plein s’il vous plaît” blog.guillaumecastevert.net/post/6837041508/le-plein-sil-...

Si vous devez ne lire qu’un livre traitant de l’écologie, ce serait celui-là. Ce livre m’a fait “tomber de l’armoire” sur le problème de l’énergie : TOUTE notre société actuelle est basée sur une énergie abondante et bon marché. Comme l’énergie se raréfie (le pic du pétrole a été atteint en 2006 vient d’annoncer l’AIE) et son prix va augmenter dramatiquement, c’est tout notre modèle de société qui est à revoir.

 

Ces quelques constats sont connus des personnes qui votent à la primaire de l’écologie. Ils sont inconnus ou niés par l’immense majorité de nos concitoyens.

 

J’essaie à ma mesure de faire changer les choses, d’abord en m’appliquant à moi-même les principes écologiques, qui sont bons pour le climat, le moral … et le portefeuille. Ainsi j’ai intégralement isolé ma maison l’an dernier, mis une cheminée pour le chauffage l’hiver et des ventilateurs de plafond pour l’été. Elle est si bien isolée que même lorsqu’il a fait 40° lundi dernier, il faisait seulement 25° dans la maison, pas besoin de mettre en marche les ventilateurs.

 

Je n’ai plus de voiture depuis 2010, j’utilise lorsque j’en ai vraiment besoin (1 à 2 fois par mois) une voiture en autopartage, service fourni sur Bordeaux par la coopérative AutoCool : www.autocool.fr/ dont j’ai été élu président l’an dernier. Le reste du temps, je me déplace à vélo (la plupart du temps) et en tram ou bus lorsqu’il pleut.

 

Je milite au sein de l’association taca www.taca.asso.fr/, qui lutte contre le changement climatique proposant la taxe carbone avec redistribution taca.asso-web.com/33+une-taxe-carbone.html et en faisant de la sensibilisation auprès du public : pièce de théâtre “Facteur 4”, exposition de panneaux expliquant comment réduire facilement son empreinte carbone de 10% taca.asso-web.com/galerie-107-itineraire-climatique.html , ciné-débat (projection jeudi dernier du film “Age Of Stupid” guillaumecastevert.tumblr.com/post/6980915234/the-age-of-...

 

Je parle à ma famille et mes amis de l’urgence écologique. J’ai fait circuler une dizaine d’exemplaires du livre “Le plein s’il vous plait”, pour susciter le débat et amorcer cette nécessaire prise de conscience. J’envoi des dizaines de messages d’information sur le changement climatique par courriel et sur les réseaux sociaux, je me suis inscrit sur Twitter récemment et je retweete un maximum d’informations pertinentes, majoritairement sur le changement climatique qui est LE sujet majeur. Je reprends le fil de ce blog en essayant de poster des informations pertinentes et argumentées, car les sujets écologiques sont complexes et ne peuvent pas être traités en 2 minutes au journal télévisé… et de toute façon je ne passe pas à la télé et c’est bien comme ça.

 

Mais tout cela ne suffit pas…

 

Si vous vous apprêtez à voter aux primaires de l’écologie, vous connaissez certainement ce sentiment de prêcher dans le désert, d’être regardé avec curiosité et écouté avec politesse mais au fond d’être considéré comme un témoin de Jéhovah, un type un peu illuminé qui doit avoir pris un sacré coup de soleil sur la tête pour croire que la fin du monde tel que nous le connaissons est proche…

 

Et pourtant… Sur tous les sujets majeurs, les écologistes ont eu raison avant tout le monde. Prenez René Dumont en 1974 qui montre un verre d’eau en expliquant que bientôt les peuples se battrons pour son accès. Nous y sommes. Prenez la question du nucléaire, cette absurdité technologique qui génère des déchets hautement toxiques dont on ne sait toujours pas quoi faire plus de 50 ans après avoir démarré le process, et dont on nous dit que le risque est quasi nul mais qui a déjà vécu 3 accidents majeurs en 30 ans. Prenez le pétrole, ressource fossile disponible en quantités limitées que tout le monde sauf les écologistes croit qu’on pourra consommer éternellement… Et enfin prenez le changement climatique, LE sujet qui détermine tous les autres (environnemental, économique et social), ça fait des années que les pionniers prêchent dans un quasi désert et commencent seulement à être un peu entendus.

 

Pourquoi cette clairvoyance? Les écologistes ne sont pas plus intelligents que les autres. Tout simplement ils prennent en compte dans leurs réflexions un aspect ignoré par tous les autres : le long terme.

 

Donc, puisque les actions individuelles sont nécessaires mais pas suffisantes,puisqu’à ma petite échelle j’ai le sentiment de ne pas faire avancer la prise de conscience aussi vite qu’il nous est imposé par la rapidité, taca.asso-web.com/99+2010-annee-record-de-temperature.html et la violence taca.asso-web.com/105+images-chocs-de-2010.html> du changement climatique, puisque face au plus gros problème qu’ait jamais eu à affronter l’humanité, il faut une véritable révolution qui remette à plat l’ensemble du système de fonctionnement de la société www.storyofstuff.com/international/ , puisque la crise mondiale que nous vivons n’est pas uniquement financière, mais écologique, sociale, économique, en bref systémique, puisque dans la société française il est un rendez-vous unique pour pouvoir débattre des sujets de société et avoir un éclairage médiatique intense sur les programmes portés par les différents candidats, puisque ce rendez-vous est l’élection présidentielle de 2012 et qu’il peut être un extraordinaire catalyseur pour obtenir enfin une prise de conscience de la société sur les enjeux écologiques, le temps de l’écologie politique est venu.

 

J’ai donc décidé de participer à la primaire de l’écologie , à ma connaissance le premier exercice de ce genre en France de véritable démocratie participative, ouvert à toutes celles et tous ceux qui qui approuvent la charte des verts mondiaux et le préambule des statuts d’Europe Ecologie, Les Verts. Il s’agit d’un processus démocratique passionnant et grâce aux technologies modernes, extrêmement interactif : on peut regarder les vidéos des débats à toute heure, on peut poser des questions aux candidats par Twitter ou SMS, on peut faire circuler ses idées via les blogs et les réseaux sociaux. Et les votes blancs sont pris en compte dans les suffrages exprimés !!! Le programme d’EELV est connu et sera finalisé à l’automne avec les avis des militants et coopérateurs. Et il est enthousiasmant !!! Enfin une perspective réaliste de changer de système pour remettre la nature et l’humain au premier plan des priorités, devant le pouvoir de l’argent.

 

En m’inscrivant, je n’avais pas d’idée sur la personne pour laquelle j’allais voter. Je connaissais bien sur Eva Joly et Nicolas Hulot, les 2 candidats les plus médiatiques. Je connaissais aussi un peu Stéphane Lhomme, que j’avais croisé à un débat sur le nucléaire au cinéma Utopia de Bordeaux guillaumecastevert.tumblr.com/post/6836959804/le-cinema-u.... Je n’avais jamais entendu parler d’Henri Stoll.

 

Mais j’étais sur d’une chose : je voterai pour la personne qui serait la plus à même d’obtenir le meilleur score à l’élection présidentielle.

 

Pour pouvoir peser dans le débat, faire avancer les idées écologistes et pouvoir négocier la bataille des législatives en position de force. Pour moi, il n’y a aucun autre objectif.

 

Afin de faire mon choix en toute connaissance de cause, j’ai demandé leur avis et leurs raisons, à des amis militants ou coopérateurs comme moi, sur la personne pour laquelle ils allaient voter. Certains m’ont conseillé Eva Joly, d’autres Nicolas Hulot. Je me suis abonné aux comptes Twitter des différents candidats et j’ai lu en direct ce qu’ils avaient à dire. J’ai consulté leurs sites web.

 

J’ai surtout regardé intégralement les 3 débats du premier tour, pensant que ça allait être un peu rébarbatif, comme la plupart des débats politiques. Au contraire, j’ai découvert un processus passionnant, avec des débats très majoritairement emprunts de respect mutuel et 4 personnalités aux parcours très différents, chacun représentatif d’une sensibilité intéressante et qui fait d’EELV un écosystème fort d’une grande biodiversité.

 

J’ai revu Stéphane Lhomme et sa conviction farouchement anti-nucléaire qui m’avait remué lors du débat au cinéma Utopia. J’avoue que ce soir-là, j’étais presque sorti de la salle moins anti-nucléaire qu’en y entrant, tellement il était extrémiste et simpliste dans ses prises de positions et j’avais trouvé son attitude très contre-productive. C’est la même impression qui ressort à l’issue des débats de la primaire, où il a grossit le trait parfois jusqu’à la caricature. En tant qu’écologiste, je le rejoignait sur la plupart des sujets, mais je n’imagine pas vraiment qu’il aurait pu convaincre au delà d’un cercle d’initiés.

 

J’ai découvert Henri Stoll et j’ai grandement apprécié ses interventions et la force de son engagement au quotidien pour faire changer le monde concrètement, du local au global. J’ai apprécié son humour, empreint d’autodérision et sa cravate en bois… Mais il ne m’a pas semblé le mieux placé pour élargir l’électorat d’EELV. Il représente l’image d’Epinal qu’on se fait des écologistes, un type sympa mais un peu trop original pour être vraiment sérieux et franchement vous n’allez pas lui confier les clés de la France, non?

 

J’ai revu Eva Joly, rencontrée à Bègles le 17 mars lorsqu’elle était venue soutenir la campagne des écologistes aux élections cantonales. C’est une femme de conviction et de caractère, dont le parcours parle pour elle en termes de sincérité et d’engagement. Elle est profondément Européenne car Franco-Norvégienne, c’est une femme, et rien que pour le symbole extrêmement fort, je pourrai voter pour elle.

 

Mais j’ai été déçu par ses prestations lors des débats. Je l’ai trouvée souvent hésitante et moins convaincante que j’aurais souhaité. Bien sur, en tant qu’écologiste j’adhère à 100% de son discours, mais je me suis mis dans la peau d’une personne à convaincre et je ne la vois pas arriver à convertir quelqu’un qui pourrait voter Front National par dépit du système ou un abstentionniste qui ne croit plus en rien. C’est entièrement subjectif j’avoue, mais c’est ainsi que fonctionne une campagne présidentielle : sur des impressions, des images, des petites phrases. Par ailleurs, elle a beaucoup plus parlé de sujets classiques de gauche (économie, social, solidarité) et beaucoup moins de changement climatique. Bien sur, si elle est désignée candidate à l’issue de la primaire, je la soutiendrai sans aucune hésitation et je ferai campagne pour elle et le programme d’EELV. Mais je ne pense pas qu’elle pourrait atteindre un score important.

 

Et enfin, j’ai vu et entendu Nicolas Hulot qui m’a paru le mieux à même d’enfin porter l’écologie politique à un score important et de faire pénétrer les idées écologistes profondément au sein de la société française. Je suis aussi allé le rencontrer le 22 juin au théâtre du Pont-Tournant à Bordeaux, pour son dernier meeting de campagne du 1er tour et il y a achevé me convaincre qu’il est le meilleur candidat possible. Il possède toutes les qualités suivantes : c’est un véritable écologiste, de longue date. Cela fait plus de 20 ans qu’il agit concrètement au sein de sa fondation pour faire changer le monde. C’est un engagement différent de l’engagement politique, mais tout aussi important, il a mis en place un comité de veille écologique afin d’avoir des informations en toute indépendance sur l’état de l’environnement. Des membres de ce comité ont pu publier des ouvrages de vulgarisation extrêmement importants pour la prise de conscience, comme “Le plein s’il vous plait” (déjà cité, mais tellement percutant), il a sensibilisé à l’amour de la nature des millions de personnes à travers son émission Ushuaia. Qu’on le veuille ou non, la télévision a été le grand média du siècle dernier et l’immense majorité des électeurs d’aujourd’hui le connaissent.

 

La notoriété est un atout dans une campagne présidentielle si personnalisée, il a mobilisé des centaines de milliers de personnes avec le défi pour la Terre, première campagne médiatique de masse en 2005-2007 pour amener la prise de conscience écologique, il a imposé le pacte écologique www.fondation-nature-homme.org/extras/archives-pacte/, signé par près de 750 000 français et mis l’écologie au devant des priorités de la campagne 2007, il a participé au Grenelle de l’Environnement , qui aurait pu être un immense pas en avant si 80% des décrets d’application n’étaient toujours pas bloqués par Nicolas Sarkozy. Il en a d’ailleurs claqué la porte lorsqu’il s’est avéré que notre girouette présidentielle avait encore une fois retourné sa veste, il n’est pas obtus. Par exemple, sur la question du nucléaire, il a longtemps considéré, comme moi, que comme le changement climatique était le problème majeur, on pouvait peut-être considérer le nucléaire comme une partie de la solution. C’est un sujet complexe et ça pouvait être pris comme un moindre mal. En s’informant, en creusant le sujet et avec la catastrophe de Fukushima, il a clairement pris partie pour la sortie du nucléaire. Je comprends tout à fait son changement d’état d’esprit sur cette question, j’ai évolué de la même manière depuis un an, et la plupart des Français sont en train d’évoluer dans la même direction sur le sujet, il est le seul des 4 candidats à avoir réellement parlé du changement climatique en connaissant son sujet. Il est le seul à avoir parlé de la taxe carbone, la mesure qui permettrait de résoudre le problème de l’énergie. Je pourrais voter pour lui sur ce seul point, étant donné qu’il s’agit pour moi du plus important des sujet, celui qui détermine tous les autres, il est extrêmement pédagogue, ce dont on va avoir grandement besoin dans une campagne médiatique fortement réductrice et où les journalistes demandent de synthétiser en 2 minutes les problèmes les plus complexes, il a une éloquence impressionnante, toute en restant très accessible. Il donne l’impression aux gens à qui il parle d’être intelligents.

 

Il fait honneur à la nature humaine, tout le contraire de notre président actuel, il a la capacité à recruter des électeurs au delà du cercle des écologistes convaincus, au delà de la gauche, vers tous les déçus de la politique, il est extrêmement à l’aise devant les caméras, face aux journalistes et lors des débats. C’est un point très important encore une fois car l’image compte autant que le discours. Faites le test : coupez le son et regardez la prestation des candidats : qui vous paraît le plus convainquant ?

 

Enfin, il a du CHARISME. Peut-être la plus importante de toutes ses qualités. Cet énorme plus qui peut faire basculer une élection, car les gens ont envie de voter pour lui et de donner de leur temps pour cette cause. Regardez l’élection de Barack Obama guillaumecastevert.tumblr.com/post/6837408273/barack-obam..., elle s’est jouée à ça.

 

Voilà, maintenant l’heure du choix a sonné. Eva Joly a beaucoup de qualités, mais Nicolas Hulot en a plus. Si pour vous l’important est qu’EELV fasse le meilleur score à l’élection présidentielle, vous connaissez mon avis.

  

EELV www.eelv.fr/ est à un carrefour décisif. Ce mouvement passionnant peut retomber dans ses travers anciens, à parler à un petit cercle d’initiés convaincus. Il a pour devise “Pourquoi faire simple quand on peut faire compliqué ?”

www.chez-soann.com/ecologie-politique/eelv-pourquoi-faire...

 

Ou bien il peut s’ouvrir à des millions de Français, qui ont perdu espoir dans la possibilité d’un changement. Qui pensent qu’il n’y a pas d’alternative au système actuel, “parce qu’on a toujours fait comme ça”… et qui ne demandent pas mieux qu’on leur expliquer la complexité du monde et qu’on leur montre que des solutions existent.

 

Si vous pensez que mon témoignage peut aider à convaincre de voter Nicolas Hulot, les abstentionnistes du 1er tour, les électeurs de Stéphane Lhomme, mais qui souhaitent surtout un bon score pour EELV, les électeurs d’Henri Stoll, les électeurs d’Eva Joly au 1er tour, mais qui pourraient changer d’avis devant mes modestes arguments, alors aidez-moi à faire passer ce message en le diffusant largement avant le 7 juillet, clôture des votes pour le 2ème tour.

 

____________________________________________________

 

Le film "Le Syndrome du Titanic" : vimeo.com/64741962

 

Le Syndrome du Titanic est un film documentaire réalisé en 2008 par Nicolas Hulot et Jean-Albert Lièvre, sorti le 7 octobre 2009

 

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Syndrome_du_Titanic

____________________________________________________

 

Le film "Une Vérité qui Dérange" : www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZ4izGzj9r0

 

Une vérité qui dérange (An Inconvenient Truth) est un documentaire américain de Davis Guggenheim sorti en 2006. Traitant du changement climatique, il est basé en grande partie sur une présentation multimédia que Al Gore, ancien vice-président des États-Unis et prix Nobel de la paix en 2007 (partagé avec le GIEC) a préparé pour sa campagne de sensibilisation sur le réchauffement planétaire

 

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_vérité_qui_dérange

 

____________________________________________________

  

Photographie de Sébastien Duhamel, professionnel de l’image : www.sebastien-duhamel.com/présentation-références/

 

Derniers sujets photos : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...

 

Classeurs photos : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections

 

Albums photos : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/sets/

 

Tournages : vimeo.com/137495739

 

www.dailymotion.com/user/Sebastien_Duhamel/1

 

___________________________________________________

 

Photo / Conditions : www.sebastien-duhamel.com/conditions-tarifs/

___________________________________________________

  

[NB] Les photos HD sont de 5610x3741 Px-300dpi et dans la base Flickr 700x467 Px-072dpi

Pour une visualisation optimale d’un album, placez la souris sur le bouton du centre en haut à droite de la fenêtre Flickr, puis cliquez sur le bouton

 

Pour une visualisation pleine écran cliquez sur la photo et flèches de direction du clavier.

 

Retour à la navigation :

 

Classeurs : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections

 

Albums : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/sets/

 

Galerie : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

DISCLAIMER

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

 

Some background

The Kawasaki Ki-121 was an experimental fighter aircraft that used a license-built (Kawasaki) DB 601 liquid-cooled engine, the Ha-40, augmented by a turbosupercharger. This was at that time an unusual choice because the majority of Japanese aircraft at that time used air-cooled radial engines.

 

The Ki-121 was designed by Takeo Doi and his deputy Shin Owada of Kawasaki Aircraft Industries (Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo K.K.) in 1942, who had already designed the Ki-60 and Ki-61 interceptors in 1940. The emphasis in the requirements was for a high speed and a good rate of climb, along with a cannon armament. This was in due response to a complete change from the usual IJAAF penchant for lightly armed, highly manoeuvrable fighters with lightweight structures, which proved to be unsatisfactory against heavy bombers and their escort fighters.

 

The first prototype of the Ki-121 emerged in March 1943 as a compact, all metal, stressed skin monoplane, bearing a strong resemblance to the Ki-61. Its tapered wings featured initially square wing tips and were built around a system of three spars; a Warren truss main spar and two auxiliary spars. The rear spar carried the split flaps and long, narrow chord ailerons, while the front spar incorporated the undercarriage pivot points. The undercarriage track was 3 metres (9 ft 10 in). The pilot's seat was mounted over the rear spar, the cockpit sported a bubble canopy, another innovative feature that allowed the pilot excellent view.

 

The first prototype was powered by an imported DB 601A-1 with a radial compressor, rated at 960 hp. This was soon replaced by an Aichi AE1 Atsuta 12 engine (a license-built, modified version of the DB 601) which was mated with a turbo supercharger, installed on the port fuselage side, right behind the engine block. This new engine put out 1.560 hp and drove a four-bladed propeller. This especially improved performance at greater heights.

Another innovative feature of the Ki-121 was the steam vapour cooling system for its engine, which had been successfully tested in parallel for the heavy Ki-64 fighter on a Ki-61 test bed. The system was installed in the outer wings. It effectively reduced drag and made an external radiator superfluous. The oil cooler was mounted under the engine (the first prototype sported a single radiator bath, which was later replaced by two drum coolers). A total fuel capacity of 550 l (121 Imp gal) was carried in self-sealing fuel tanks in the lower hull and inner wings, which could be augmented by 2 x 200 l (44 Imp gal) drop tanks under wing hardpoints.

 

The armament consisted of two synchronized, fuselage mounted 12.7 mm calibre Ho-103 machine guns which were set in a "staggered" configuration (the port weapon slightly further forward than that to starboard) just above and behind the engine. In the prototype, one German-made Mauser MG 151/20 20 mm cannon was housed in each wing, just outside of the landing gear wells and the propeller’s radius. The wing hardpoints could, alternatively to the drop tanks, carry a maximum bomb weight of 160kg each or unguided 60 lbs. air-to-air rockets.

 

From the start of flight testing it became apparent that the original design was seriously flawed in several key areas. The take-off run was unacceptably long, while in flight the aircraft displayed some directional instability, excessively heavy controls and poor control response. The spinning characteristics were described as 'dangerous' and the stalling speed was very high. On the positive side, the re-engined Ki-121 prototype showed an impressive top speed of 640 kilometres per hour (400 mph) and a very good rate of climb. Additionally, the cooling system worked well and reliably, only the oil cooler capacity had to be improved.

 

As a result the second prototype, which was still being built, was hurriedly modified in an attempt to mitigate some of the more undesirable traits. Some 100 kilograms (220 lb) was removed, primarily by replacing the MG 151 cannons with Ho-5 machine guns and through structural simplifications. The stabilizer areas were tremendously enlarged (both vertical and horizontal fins). Coupled with a slight increase in wing area to 16.80 m² (180.8 ft²) through rounded wing tip extensions this resulted in a slightly lower wing loading and better handling characteristics. Detail changes were also made to airframe sealing and to the contours of the oil cooler air intakes.

Flight tests carried on, and while most shortcomings could be ironed out, the modified prototypes still displayed most of the shortcomings, just to a lesser extent. The supercharged engine also caused teething troubles – maintenance requirements were high. By this time Kawasaki's Ki-100, which had also been designed as a dedicated interceptor as a Ki-61 derivate, was also beginning to show promise and the Koku Hombu selected this type in fulfilment of its requirements.

 

Nevertheless, the Ki-121 was approved by the Koku Hombu as 'Army Type 6 Fighter' because of its high speed. An order was placed for one additional prototype and eighteen pre-production aircraft with even more enlarged tail fins. These bore the designation Ki-121-I and were named "Hitofuki" (‘gust of wind’ or ‘blast’). A further version with enlarged wing span as a high altitude interceptor, the Ki-121-II, was also in the design stage, but did not become hardware. The use of 2 × 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-155 cannon in the wings was also envisioned.

 

The war's soon end however stopped the construction of further planes. The number of prototypes remained two, and twelve Ki-121-I pre-production aircraft with marginal improvements reached frontline squadrons in April 1945. It is not known if the Ki-121 was actively involved in homeland defence, it never received an allied code name - active planes will probably have been mistaken for Ki-61 fighters. Eventually, the Ki-121 did not progress any further. Its place was taken by the less complicated and more promising Ki-100 with a radial engine.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 8.90 m (29 ft 2 in)

Wingspan: 10.58 m (34 ft 9 in)

Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 16.80 m² (180.8 ft²)

Empty weight: 2.580 kg (5.690 lb)

Max. take-off weight: 3,900 kg (8,600 lb)

 

Maximum speed: 640 km/h (345 kn, 400 mph) at 7,500 m (24,600 ft)

Range: 950 km (515 nmi, 590 mi)

Service ceiling: 11,500 m (37,730 ft)

Time to 5,000 m altitude: 4 min 47 sec

Engine: 1 supercharged Aichi AE1T Atsuta 12 twelve-cylinder inverted vee liquid-cooled engine, rated at 1,560 hp for take-off, 1,340 hp at 2,100 m and 1,190 hp at 5,800 m.

 

Armament:

2 × 12.7 mm Ho-103 machine guns, 400 rpg, in the nose

2 × 20 mm Ho-5 cannon, 250 rpg, in the wings

Bombs: 2 × 160 kg (350 lb) bombs or 2 x 200 l (44 Imp gal) drop tanks on underwing hardpoints

  

The kit and its assembly

In case you are in doubt: this is a whiff! The fictional Ki-121 actually is an Italian Macchi C.205 'Veltro' (an Italeri kit). I settled on this machine since it can easily be mistaken for a Ki-61 – e. g. both planes used the same DB 601 engine, and originally I just wanted to create a colour version in Japanese markings. But with building progress, things turned more and more Frankenstein, so that only hull and wings are original.

 

Cosmetic surgery and replacement parts include:

 

● Bubble canopy from an A-1 Skyraider single seater (a bit large, took some putty work…)

● Rear fuselage section was lowered for the new bubble canopy

● Horizontal stabilizers from a DH.88 Comet

● Vertical stabilizer is the tip of a Ju 188 elevator

● New wheels on the original (though reversed) main landing gear struts

● Scratch-built, semi-recessed turbocharger on port side

● Relocating the original air intake to starboard, w/o the sand filter

● For-bladed propeller and spinner from a Spitfire Mk. XVI

● Wing hardpoints (empty, though, for the sake of the plane’s clear lines)

● The original C.205’s radiator bath was omitted

● Flaps were lowered/opened, with some interior details

 

No dramatic change was intended, since the C.205's lines are pretty elegant and IMHO match Kawasaki’s designs of the era, like the Ki-61 or Ki-64, well. The result is a compact machine, reminiscent of a heavily shrunk Blackburn Firebrand prototype?

  

Painting

Since the fictional history of the Ki-121 only saw a couple of fighters in uncertain front line use, I settled on a typical late IJAAF livery based on various sources and references: overall blank metal (Testor’s Metallizer Aluminium Plate #1401) with a black anti-glare panel (Humbrol 33), coupled with an improvised, dark green camouflage on the upper surfaces and some colourful squadron markings.

 

Cockpit interior surfaces were painted in ‘Aodake Iro’, simulated with a base of Aluminium (Humbrol 56) and a coat of translucent blue paint on top of that. The landing gear wells were painted in a mix of Humbrol 225 (Mid Stone) and 155 (Olive Drab), for a greenish tan colour.

 

Hinomaru and squadron emblems come from the scrap box. The blue markings are fictional, the red dragon head emblems come from an aftermarket decal sheet. They belong to the JASDF 105 Sqn, which flew Ki-61 from Aug.’44-Aug. ’45, so it is IMHO a potential/plausible user for the Ki-121-I. This sentai later switched to F-86D interceptors - and from these machines come the emblems.

 

Since the improvised camouflage easily chipped/weathered (no primer was applied), a slightly ratty look was intended. Hence, decals were already applied onto the aluminium base coat, after basic markings like the glare panel or the yellow identification marks (with Humbrol 69) on the wings’ leading edges had been painted. Then, Humbrol’s Maskol was dabbed onto certain areas with a toothbrush and a fine, stiff-bristled brush around markings and hinomaru.

On top of that, green mottles and streaks (Humbrol 159, Khaki Drab, as a simultaion of the IJAAF's "A.2 Olive Green" tone) were applied with a small brush. The idea was to create a hand-painted look, with aluminium shimmering through and many extra worn areas that show even more bare metal skin.

 

After rubbing the Maskol off, the metal surface was sealed with a semi-matte, water-based varnish, while the glare panel remained matte, as well as the propeller (spinner in Red Brown, Humbrol 160, blades in Testor’s ‘Rubber’, #1183). Worn look and details were augmented by a light wash with black ink and some light dry painting, e .g. for exhaust marks and gun smoke residues.

  

All in all, this small and rather simple model kit was built in a couple of days as a distraction from my major Venator conversion.

 

Augmented.

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

REFF is an augmented reality drug.

 

Or, better, it is a drug that augments reality.

 

Unexpectedly in pharmacies and supermarkets near you, really soon.

 

Get addicted, reinvent reality.

 

more info soon on

www.romaeuropa.org

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

This was the first ever-made 3D Hello Kitty and Sanrio characters with the Augmented Reality (AR) technology. Users simply stand in front of a camera with the marker card and they will then see on screen their face turned into Hello Kitty or other characters, depends on the market card that they have selected.

 

This was a project initiated by Sanrio Digital as a promotional campaign for Hello Kitty Online in Hong Kong. Dream Cortex designed the booth display and developed the AR Hello Kitty game.

 

If you would like to gather more information about this project, please find out our contact details from blog.dreamcortex.com.

Inglobe Technologies ---Tree by Arsenio Milagroso

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

The Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum hosted an exhibit and performance of REFF, RomaEuropa FakeFactory.

On show were the Augmented Reality Drug used by the REFF fake institution to promote a worldwide wave of reality reinvention for students, artists, cultural operators, activists and performers, the REFF map which shows all the events happening in the fake institution and all the works of the artists, architects, designers, hackers, activists and performers participating to REFF.

Doctor AR, the fake institution's augmented holistic health expert, explained to an audience in a state of beautiful amazement the benefits coming from the reinvention of reality through critical practices of worldwide, ubiquitous remix, mashup, re-enactment, plagiarism, turning the whole planet into an art performance.

The day at the Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum featured international projects such as Magmart Video Under Volcano, TOXIC Japanese Videoart, Focus Revolution and Glances Around Dump.

 

more info at:

www.artisopensource.net/2011/04/21/an-augmented-reality-d...

 

REFF RomaEuropa FakeFactory

www.romaeuropa.org

 

the Augmented Reality Drug:

www.artisopensource.net/2011/02/21/reff-augmented-reality...

 

REFF world map:

reff.romaeuropa.org

 

Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum

www.casoriacontemporaryartmuseum.com/

 

Magmart:

www.magmart.it/

Augmented Reality in the Classroom

Craig Knapp, College of New Jersey

With the help of Muzar.org and their partners, the City of Manor has placed a virtual 3-D Santa Claus on City Hall for your viewing pleasure. This virtual Santa Claus is visible from up to 3 miles away, and demonstrates the new augmented reality (AR) technologies being developed for mobile devices. Currently, it is only visible to individuals with an iPhone or Android-based mobile device. In order to view you must download the free Layar application from your app-store, and launch the Seasons Greetings Layer. If you have any questions about how to view, please e-mail innovations@cityofmanor.org. You can also send your family and friends an augmented reality greeting card at Muzar’s homepage at www.muzar.org.

  

The City of Manor and Manor Labs are currently working on bringing augmented reality technologies to a local government setting. For more information about how you can sponsor this research and developed, please e-mail innovations@cityofmanor.org.

 

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!

 

Some background

The Kawasaki Ki-121 was an experimental fighter aircraft that used a license-built (Kawasaki) DB 601 liquid-cooled engine, the Ha-40, augmented by a turbosupercharger. This was at that time an unusual choice because the majority of Japanese aircraft at that time used air-cooled radial engines.

 

The Ki-121 was designed by Takeo Doi and his deputy Shin Owada of Kawasaki Aircraft Industries (Kawasaki Kokuki Kogyo K.K.) in 1942, who had already designed the Ki-60 and Ki-61 interceptors in 1940. The emphasis in the requirements was for a high speed and a good rate of climb, along with a cannon armament. This was in due response to a complete change from the usual IJAAF penchant for lightly armed, highly manoeuvrable fighters with lightweight structures, which proved to be unsatisfactory against heavy bombers and their escort fighters.

 

The first prototype of the Ki-121 emerged in March 1943 as a compact, all metal, stressed skin monoplane, bearing a strong resemblance to the Ki-61. Its tapered wings featured initially square wing tips and were built around a system of three spars; a Warren truss main spar and two auxiliary spars. The rear spar carried the split flaps and long, narrow chord ailerons, while the front spar incorporated the undercarriage pivot points. The undercarriage track was 3 metres (9 ft 10 in). The pilot's seat was mounted over the rear spar, the cockpit sported a bubble canopy, another innovative feature that allowed the pilot excellent view.

 

The first prototype was powered by an imported DB 601A-1 with a radial compressor, rated at 960 hp. This was soon replaced by an Aichi AE1 Atsuta 12 engine (a license-built, modified version of the DB 601) which was mated with a turbo supercharger, installed on the port fuselage side, right behind the engine block. This new engine put out 1.560 hp and drove a four-bladed propeller. This especially improved performance at greater heights.

Another innovative feature of the Ki-121 was the steam vapour cooling system for its engine, which had been successfully tested in parallel for the heavy Ki-64 fighter on a Ki-61 test bed. The system was installed in the outer wings. It effectively reduced drag and made an external radiator superfluous. The oil cooler was mounted under the engine (the first prototype sported a single radiator bath, which was later replaced by two drum coolers). A total fuel capacity of 550 l (121 Imp gal) was carried in self-sealing fuel tanks in the lower hull and inner wings, which could be augmented by 2 x 200 l (44 Imp gal) drop tanks under wing hardpoints.

 

The armament consisted of two synchronized, fuselage mounted 12.7 mm calibre Ho-103 machine guns which were set in a "staggered" configuration (the port weapon slightly further forward than that to starboard) just above and behind the engine. In the prototype, one German-made Mauser MG 151/20 20 mm cannon was housed in each wing, just outside of the landing gear wells and the propeller’s radius. The wing hardpoints could, alternatively to the drop tanks, carry a maximum bomb weight of 160kg each or unguided 60 lbs. air-to-air rockets.

 

From the start of flight testing it became apparent that the original design was seriously flawed in several key areas. The take-off run was unacceptably long, while in flight the aircraft displayed some directional instability, excessively heavy controls and poor control response. The spinning characteristics were described as 'dangerous' and the stalling speed was very high. On the positive side, the re-engined Ki-121 prototype showed an impressive top speed of 640 kilometres per hour (400 mph) and a very good rate of climb. Additionally, the cooling system worked well and reliably, only the oil cooler capacity had to be improved.

 

As a result the second prototype, which was still being built, was hurriedly modified in an attempt to mitigate some of the more undesirable traits. Some 100 kilograms (220 lb) was removed, primarily by replacing the MG 151 cannons with Ho-5 machine guns and through structural simplifications. The stabilizer areas were tremendously enlarged (both vertical and horizontal fins). Coupled with a slight increase in wing area to 16.80 m² (180.8 ft²) through rounded wing tip extensions this resulted in a slightly lower wing loading and better handling characteristics. Detail changes were also made to airframe sealing and to the contours of the oil cooler air intakes.

Flight tests carried on, and while most shortcomings could be ironed out, the modified prototypes still displayed most of the shortcomings, just to a lesser extent. The supercharged engine also caused teething troubles – maintenance requirements were high. By this time Kawasaki's Ki-100, which had also been designed as a dedicated interceptor as a Ki-61 derivate, was also beginning to show promise and the Koku Hombu selected this type in fulfilment of its requirements.

 

Nevertheless, the Ki-121 was approved by the Koku Hombu as 'Army Type 6 Fighter' because of its high speed. An order was placed for one additional prototype and eighteen pre-production aircraft with even more enlarged tail fins. These bore the designation Ki-121-I and were named "Hitofuki" (‘gust of wind’ or ‘blast’). A further version with enlarged wing span as a high altitude interceptor, the Ki-121-II, was also in the design stage, but did not become hardware. The use of 2 × 30 mm (1.18 in) Ho-155 cannon in the wings was also envisioned.

 

The war's soon end however stopped the construction of further planes. The number of prototypes remained two, and twelve Ki-121-I pre-production aircraft with marginal improvements reached frontline squadrons in April 1945. It is not known if the Ki-121 was actively involved in homeland defence, it never received an allied code name - active planes will probably have been mistaken for Ki-61 fighters. Eventually, the Ki-121 did not progress any further. Its place was taken by the less complicated and more promising Ki-100 with a radial engine.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 8.90 m (29 ft 2 in)

Wingspan: 10.58 m (34 ft 9 in)

Height: 3.05 m (10 ft 0 in)

Wing area: 16.80 m² (180.8 ft²)

Empty weight: 2.580 kg (5.690 lb)

Max. take-off weight: 3,900 kg (8,600 lb)

 

Maximum speed: 640 km/h (345 kn, 400 mph) at 7,500 m (24,600 ft)

Range: 950 km (515 nmi, 590 mi)

Service ceiling: 11,500 m (37,730 ft)

Time to 5,000 m altitude: 4 min 47 sec

Engine: 1 supercharged Aichi AE1T Atsuta 12 twelve-cylinder inverted vee liquid-cooled engine, rated at 1,560 hp for take-off, 1,340 hp at 2,100 m and 1,190 hp at 5,800 m.

 

Armament:

2 × 12.7 mm Ho-103 machine guns, 400 rpg, in the nose

2 × 20 mm Ho-5 cannon, 250 rpg, in the wings

Bombs: 2 × 160 kg (350 lb) bombs or 2 x 200 l (44 Imp gal) drop tanks on underwing hardpoints

  

The kit and its assembly

In case you are in doubt: this is a whiff! The fictional Ki-121 actually is an Italian Macchi C.205 'Veltro' (an Italeri kit). I settled on this machine since it can easily be mistaken for a Ki-61 – e. g. both planes used the same DB 601 engine, and originally I just wanted to create a colour version in Japanese markings. But with building progress, things turned more and more Frankenstein, so that only hull and wings are original.

 

Cosmetic surgery and replacement parts include:

 

● Bubble canopy from an A-1 Skyraider single seater (a bit large, took some putty work…)

● Rear fuselage section was lowered for the new bubble canopy

● Horizontal stabilizers from a DH.88 Comet

● Vertical stabilizer is the tip of a Ju 188 elevator

● New wheels on the original (though reversed) main landing gear struts

● Scratch-built, semi-recessed turbocharger on port side

● Relocating the original air intake to starboard, w/o the sand filter

● For-bladed propeller and spinner from a Spitfire Mk. XVI

● Wing hardpoints (empty, though, for the sake of the plane’s clear lines)

● The original C.205’s radiator bath was omitted

● Flaps were lowered/opened, with some interior details

 

No dramatic change was intended, since the C.205's lines are pretty elegant and IMHO match Kawasaki’s designs of the era, like the Ki-61 or Ki-64, well. The result is a compact machine, reminiscent of a heavily shrunk Blackburn Firebrand prototype?

  

Painting

Since the fictional history of the Ki-121 only saw a couple of fighters in uncertain front line use, I settled on a typical late IJAAF livery based on various sources and references: overall blank metal (Testor’s Metallizer Aluminium Plate #1401) with a black anti-glare panel (Humbrol 33), coupled with an improvised, dark green camouflage on the upper surfaces and some colourful squadron markings.

 

Cockpit interior surfaces were painted in ‘Aodake Iro’, simulated with a base of Aluminium (Humbrol 56) and a coat of translucent blue paint on top of that. The landing gear wells were painted in a mix of Humbrol 225 (Mid Stone) and 155 (Olive Drab), for a greenish tan colour.

 

Hinomaru and squadron emblems come from the scrap box. The blue markings are fictional, the red dragon head emblems come from an aftermarket decal sheet. They belong to the JASDF 105 Sqn, which flew Ki-61 from Aug.’44-Aug. ’45, so it is IMHO a potential/plausible user for the Ki-121-I. This sentai later switched to F-86D interceptors - and from these machines come the emblems.

 

Since the improvised camouflage easily chipped/weathered (no primer was applied), a slightly ratty look was intended. Hence, decals were already applied onto the aluminium base coat, after basic markings like the glare panel or the yellow identification marks (with Humbrol 69) on the wings’ leading edges had been painted. Then, Humbrol’s Maskol was dabbed onto certain areas with a toothbrush and a fine, stiff-bristled brush around markings and hinomaru.

On top of that, green mottles and streaks (Humbrol 159, Khaki Drab, as a simultaion of the IJAAF's "A.2 Olive Green" tone) were applied with a small brush. The idea was to create a hand-painted look, with aluminium shimmering through and many extra worn areas that show even more bare metal skin.

 

After rubbing the Maskol off, the metal surface was sealed with a semi-matte, water-based varnish, while the glare panel remained matte, as well as the propeller (spinner in Red Brown, Humbrol 160, blades in Testor’s ‘Rubber’, #1183). Worn look and details were augmented by a light wash with black ink and some light dry painting, e .g. for exhaust marks and gun smoke residues.

  

All in all, this small and rather simple model kit was built in a couple of days as a distraction from my major Venator conversion.

 

Some background:

In contrast to France and India, the Israeli Air Force was an enthusiastic Ouragan user, as Arab air forces were buying advanced Russian arms, such as the MiG-15 fighter. Seeking to augment its jet aircraft force of British Gloster Meteors, IAF initially considered French Dassault Mystère IIC and Canadian-built F-86 Sabre Mk.6 fighters. Due to development problems with the Mystère and a Canadian embargo on the Sabres, the order was changed to Mystère IVAs, with a batch of Ouragans purchased as a stop-gap measure. By 1955, the IAF had received at least 75 aircraft, comprising a mix of newly-built and retired French Air Force examples. The Israeli Ouragans were assigned to close support operations, since they could not match the performance of Egyptian MiG-15s.

 

Israeli Ouragans entered combat on 12 April 1956, shooting down an Egyptian Vampire. At the onset of the Suez Crisis on 29 October 1956, Ouragans shot down an additional four Vampires. The two documented encounters with Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 fighters (also powered by the Nene engine but with a more modern swept wing) ended with one Ouragan surviving several 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon hits to fly the next day and one MiG-15 being heavily damaged after it entered a turning dogfight with the Ouragans. The poor training of the Egyptian pilots who were consistently unable to realize their advantage in numbers as well as the MiG-15's speed and climb characteristics helped Ouragans to survive despite their inferior performance.

 

"29" of 113 tajeset was flown by captain Jaacon Agasi during the mission of October 31 of 1956, when together with Lt. Kishon they attacked and damaged the Egyptian destroyer 'Ibraim al Awal'. The vessel was so damaged that its captain decides to surrender the ship to the Israelis. It was later repaired and put back into service under the Israeli flag with the name 'Haifa'.

 

The IDF Ouragans were relegated to advanced training shortly after the Suez Crisis, although they saw more combat in the 1967 Six-Day War. In 1975, the IAF sold 18 Ouragans to El Salvador, where they remained in service until the late 1980s.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: One

Length: 10.73 m (35 ft 2 in)

Wingspan: 13.16 m (43 ft 2 in)

Height: 4.14 m (13 ft 7 in)

Wing area: 23.8 m² (256.2 ft²)

Aspect ratio: 7.3:1

Empty weight: 4.142 kg (9.132 lb)

Loaded weight: 7.404 kg (16.323 lb)

Max. takeoff weight: 7 900 kg (17.416 lb)

Powerplant: 1 × Rolls-Royce Nene 104B turbojet, 22.2 kN (4.990 lbf)

 

Performance

Never exceed speed: Mach 0.83

Maximum speed: 940 km/h (508 knots, 584 mph) (Mach 0.76) at sea level

Cruise speed: 750 km/h (405 knots, 465 mph)

Combat radius: 450 km (245 nm, 280 mi)

Ferry range: 920 km (500 nm, 570 mi)

Service ceiling: 13 000 m (42,650 ft)

Rate of climb: 38 m/s (7.480 ft/min)

Takeoff distance: 783 m (2.570 ft)

Landing distance: 910 m (2.985 ft)

 

Armament:

4× 20 mm Hispano-Suiza HS.404 cannon with 125 RPG;

2.270 kg (5.000 lb) of payload on four external hardpoints, including:

- 2× 454 kg (1,000 lb) bombs

- 2× 458 liter (121 US gallon) napalm bombs

- 16× 105 mm (4.1 in) Brandt T-10 air-to-ground unguided rockets

- 2× Matra rocket pods with 18× SNEB 68 mm rockets each

- Drop tanks for extended range

  

The kit and its assembly:

A non-whif kit, and when I delved into the Ouragan’s background I was surprised that the Heyl Ha’ Avir’s Ouragan "29" actually had some conflict history. Anyway, I had this vintage Heller kit donated to me by friend, who himself had it laying in the project pile for years with no hope for finishing. When I got the kit, I was certain to finally build it - and make it an Israeli aircraft from the Suez crisis era.

 

The Heller kit is old but IMHO surprisingly good. It is simple, yes, but accurate and features many major details of the Ouragan, even a complete air intake duct around the cockpit is provided. Surface details are simple but clear, cockpit and landing gear are also O.K.. The only drawback is that you have raised panel lines, esp. on the fuselage halves’ intersection. Fit is acceptable – I had some trouble with the fuselage halves and the tub under the forward fuselage which carries the guns and the front wheel, but, on the other side, I can hardly remember a kit where the wing part would fit so smoothly into the fuselage, without any putty at all?! Today, a 1:72 Valom kit of the MD.450 has become available, too, which is a big advance because it features recessed details, including riveting, but also a price tag which is about four(!) times what you potentially pay for the old Heller kit.

 

The Heller kit offers no external ordnance, just the (fixed) wing tip tanks. Being a "hot duty" plane, I wanted to add some punch to the model and added two hardpoints with simple iron bombs. The attachment points were scratch-built from spare parts (from a Ju 87G, slightly shortened), according to pictures of real Ouragans. In a sudden urge for detailing I also added the (empty) Brandt missile adapters in- and outside of the main wing hardpoint, a typical view on many French and Israeli Ouragan. The French “Planes & Pilots” book about this aircraft is a very good source for this and other details.

 

Furthermore, a pilot figure (Matchbox) was added, since I wanted to present the kit with an open canopy and the landing gear down. Only other modifications are the lowered flaps, which can be easily cut out from the lower wing part, and some added details at the guns as well as two thin whip antenna in front of the cockpit and under the belly, just in front of the wings‘ leading edge. Otherwise, the kit was built OOB.

  

Painting:

The Heller kit provides markings for a stylish ‘Patrouille de France’ machine, and IDF's "29" in a sand/pale green livery, featuring yellow/black ID stripes from the Suez crisis, lightning decoration on the wing tip tanks and an almost ridiculous shark mouth – a nose art many IDF Ouragans carried, BTW.

Even though I wanted to make this an IDF aircraft, I did not opt for the typical desert camouflage. The pale desert livery looks a bit over the top, and I rather wanted to use the indigenous dark brown/blue IDF paint scheme of that era which was used over the sea and mountainous areas. To my surprise I even found pictures of "29" carrying this livery, so it is even authentic. AFAIK the plane got it after its spectacular use against the 'Ibraim al Awal', so that it no longer bore the ID stripes. The shark mouth was retained, though, and that's what my kit depicts.

 

Choosing the right colors took some time, since you find a wide range of recommended tones for the paint scheme. Some sources claim ‘dark grey’ for the upper sides, as well as ‘dark earth’, some even claim dark brown and dark green.

Officially, the colors are described as "Brown and Dark Blue", and even while real-life pictures of such IDF planes show a greyish, even greenish hue hue, I think that the authentic colors are a kind of very brownish olive drab and a dark midnight blue, which quickly faded and deteriorated under desert conditions. Today, IDF Ouragan “113” is still preserved in this outfit in the Israel Air Force Museum.

 

As basic colors I settled on Humbrol 26 (Khaki; Humbrol’s 142 Field Drab (FS 30118) would have been my 1st choice, but it is out of production, and I did not have the respective Testors tone #1702 at hand either) and Humbrol 77 (Navy Blue; IPMS Stockholm recommends Humbrol 104, but this tone is very reddish and IMO inappropriate) for the upper sides, and Humbrol 129 (Light Gull Grey, FS 36440) for the lower sides. As usual, everything was done by hand and brushes.

I tried to emphasize the sun-bleached look with dry-brushed lighter tones, esp. on the upper surfaces, fading the Earth tone into grayish sand and the greenish blue into a bluish gray. It is a weird color combo, but despite the dull tones I think the plane looks interesting - esp. with the giant shark mouth!

 

According to photographs, the cockpit interior was dark grey, almost black, the landing gear wells blank aluminum, while the landing gear struts were unpainted, painted in a bluish, light grey (what I did), or, in some cases, probably even in white.

 

Decals were taken mostly from the Heller kit, but I replaced the national insignia with darker and slightly smaller Stars of David from an Italeri IDF Kfir, because the Heller stars are rather pale - even though that would not be "wrong", since there had been no specified blue tone for Israel's national insignia on IDF planes, the tone varied considerably.

Another thing I changed is the nose art: I painted the eyes for the shark mouth by myself. The decal sheet provides eyes, but they have a red rim and no pupil at all – AFAIK and what any photo of an IDF Ouragan shows is that the outline is always black and all eyes have a red pupil, whatever the rest of the machine looked like. Checking pics I also noticed that the shape of the red and black background of the shark mouth decals is wrong, but I took then as it is, you certainly can exaggerate pseudo-realism.

  

All in all a simple kit, realized with a “low budget”, easy to build and even with some history. Nice! Now I even consider building another Ouragan in FAS colors – the planes‘ third life in South America.

 

kitkat "augmented reality" chocolate bar

other side

 

www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/4998195848/

I'm proud of this project so far, thanks to Mika

ありがとう！

1. idea to finish garage attic to add usable space

2. take measurements of real building

3. make scale model with cereal box

4. photograph with angle

5. rough composite

 

I want an app to go from real world measurements to #cricut cardboard models and back. Crafty CAD.

Prise lors d'une sortie Meetup. Contraste et saturation augmentés.

Voir en grand format.

 

See it large.

 

Niankoro Yeah Samaké, né le 27 février 1969 est un entrepreneur social est politicien de Mali. Il est actuellement le maire de la commune rurale de Ouélessébougou (Mali et le vice-président de la Ligues des Maires de Mali. Il a co-fondé la fondation « Mali Rising ». Il est candidat dans l'élection présidentielle du Mali en 2012, qui a été interrompue par le coup d'État.

 

1 Jeunesse et éducation

 

Le 8e des 18 enfants nés de Tiecourafing Samaké qui a eu trois épouses, Niankoro Yeah Samaké est né dans le petit village de Ouélessébougou, où lui et sa famille vivaient dans une pauvreté profonde. Samaké se souvient comment sa mère liait les estomacs de Samaké et ses frères et sœurs pour apaiser leur faim. En dépit de leurs conditions matérielles, Tiecourafing, le père de Yeah, a insisté pour que tous ses enfants reçoivent une éducation, ne voulant pas les faire souffrir de l’obscurantisme de l'analphabétisme. Une exception dans une commune où seulement 15 % de la population a fréquenté l'école, la vision du père de Samaké a grandement contribué à l'ascension, plus tard dans la vie, de la famille en Ouélessébougou. Samaké raconte : « Mon père savait que nous ressentirions la privation de temps en temps, mais la chance n'était pas avec nous, de toute façon. Quand je grandissais, il était difficile de survivre. 45 % des enfants maliens mouraient du paludisme, de diarrhée et de maladies évitables. Nous connaissions les défis pour rester en bonne santé, mais nous avons cru dans la détermination de notre sage père de nous avoir éduqués. Il est un héros pour moi, et tous les sacrifices en valaient la peine. En plus de Samaké en tant que maire, l'un de ses frères enseigne la physique à l'université et certains autres frères de Samaké occupent des emplois dans le génie agricole et l'éducation.

 

Samaké a terminé le lycée à Bamako, et a continué ses études à l’École Normale Supérieure de Bamako (ENSUP), où il a reçu un baccalauréat avec l'anglais comme seconde langue. Après avoir terminé l'école, ne trouvant pas d'emploi, Samaké a travaillé comme bénévole des enseignants dans son village les trois années suivantes. Il s'est chargé pendant cette période de travailler en tant que guide linguistique et culturel pour le Corps de la Paix et Ouélessébougou Alliance. En 2000, une famille américaine a parrainé sa venue à l’Université Brigham Young (BYU) pour une éducation américaine.

 

1.1 Université Brigham Young

 

Grâce à des contacts que Samaké a établis en travaillant comme traducteur, il a acquis le parrainage de venir aux États-Unis pour poursuivre ses études en 2000. l a été accepté à l'Université Brigham Young (BYU) dans le programme de politique publique. Au cours de son temps à BYU, Samaké a rencontré son épouse Marissa Coutinho, originaire de l'Inde qui a étudié des systèmes d'information à BYU. Pendant son séjour à BYU, Samaké a effectué un stage à l'Organisation des Nations unies.

 

2 Carrière et politique

 

2.1 Fondation «Mali Rising»

 

Après avoir obtenu une maîtrise en politique publique en 2004, Samaké a été recruté comme directeur exécutif de la Fondation Daily Dose, maintenant connue sous le nom de la Fondation Mali Rising (MRF). L'objectif de la Fondation Mali Rising est d'améliorer les possibilités d'éducation des enfants vivant dans des zones rurales du Mali, Afrique de l'Ouest. Ils font cela en construisant des écoles dans les villages où les écoles n'existent pas, ainsi que la formation des enseignants et des ressources d'apprentissage et de matériels. Grâce à son travail avec la Fondation, Samaké a aidé à construire 12 écoles au Mali au cours des six dernières années, au service de 1500 élèves âgés de 13 à 17 ans. Les écoles sont un partenariat entre MRF et le village. La Fondation travaille directement avec les villages, en exigeant que le village donne gratuitement de la terre, du travail, et 20 % des coûts de construction pour l'école, tandis que la Fondation Mali Rising fournit l'autre 80 % des coûts de construction. Les écoles sont faites avec des briques d'adobe, qui restent plus fraiches sous le soleil chaud d'Afrique. La mission, selon Samaké, a réussi parce que le MRF est partenaire avec les villages pour la construction des écoles, au lieu de travailler par l'intermédiaire du gouvernement central, une philosophie qu'il veut apporter à la présidence. La fondation Mali Rising facilite également les expéditions médicales et dentaires. Leurs missions médicales ont aidé plus de 4000 patients, avec 300 chirurgies, et leurs missions dentaires ont touché au moins 1000 personnes. La Fondation a été impliquée dans d'autres projets aussi, comme le don d'ordinateurs aux écoles secondaires et aux universités.

 

2.2 Maire

 

En raison de son travail dans le développement avec la Fondation Mali Rising, Samaké est devenu connu et respecté au Mali. En 2009, Samaké raconte comment l'actuel maire, qui avait déjà été au pouvoir pendant 10 ans, a été candidat à la réélection pour un troisième mandat.

À cette période, moins de 10 % de la population de Ouélessébougou payaient leurs impôts et les salaires étaient en retard de 6 mois. Samaké a postulé pour le poste de maire de Ouélessébougou sous le partis Union pour la République et la Démocratie (URD). Ouélessébougou comporte 44 villages. Le nom de Samaké a été inscrit en tête d'une liste de 23 candidats pour les postes du conseil. Samaké a gagné avec 86 pour cent du vote. En tant que maire Samaké s'est focalisé sur la corruption et l'augmentation de la transparence du gouvernement. En 2009, le recouvrement de l'impôt de 44 villages a été classé 170e sur 174 municipalités au Mali, en termes de développement économique, de transparence du gouvernement et de gestion. En un an, Samaké a contribué à mettre Ouélessébougou dans le top 10 des villes au Mali. Le mandat de Maire Samaké a ainsi vu une augmentation significative des recettes fiscales. Avant son élection comme maire, moins de 10 % de la population payait ses impôts. À la fin de l'année 2010, la collecte des impôts avait atteint 68 %, et il est prévu d’atteindre entre 80-90 % par la fin de 2011. Pendant son mandat de Maire, Samaké a été élu vice-président de la Ligue des maires du Mali (704 maires dans le pays). En décembre 2011, Samaké a coordonné avec la Ligue de l'Utah des cités et villes pour amener plusieurs maires du Mali en Utah, afin qu'ils puissent acquérir de meilleures pratiques gouvernementales. Il a également exercé des pressions et obtenu une augmentation des ressources du gouvernement central pour construire un nouvel hôpital, un premier lycée dans la région, un nouveau système de la pompes de eau, pour remplacer les anciens puits d'eau, et un champ de panneaux solaires, le plus grand en Afrique de l’ouest. Aussi inclus dans son bilan de maire, Samaké, avec des fonds provenant du gouvernement, a également fourni des fonds d’un montant de 5 millions de CFA (environ $10,000 USD) pour réparer et équiper les écoles existantes avec des pupitres et des fournitures scolaires.

Samaké aide aussi à faciliter des expéditions médicaux et dentaires de partenaires américains. Ses missions médicaux ont aidé plus de 4000 patients incluant 300 chirurgies et leurs missions dentaires ont aidé au moins 1000 personnes.

 

2.3 Candidat: élection présidentielle malienne de 2012

 

Candidat à l’élection présidentielle malienne de 2012. Si aucun parti n'obtient plus de 50 pour cent des voix, un second tour est organisé entre les deux meilleurs candidats, qui ont deux autres semaines de campagne électorale. Cette deuxième élection a lieu le 13 mai 2012. Le jour d’ouverture est le 8 juin.

Depuis le 21 mars, 2012 l'état de l'élection présidentiel de 2012 est en question au cause d'un coup d'état qui a renversé le gouvernement malien. Yeah Samake a dit fermement que les élections doivent toujours avoir lieu. "La démocratie doit aller en avant. Nous devons assurer que nous retournons pouvoir au peuple à Mali. Ce pouvoir ne doit pas rester dans les mains du militaire."

Samaké, décidé de se présenter à la présidence après l'actuel président, Amadou Toumani Touré, est venu à Ouélessébougou pour l'inauguration du champ de panneaux solaires. Samaké a changé ses commentaires prévus pour l'inauguration, et a prononcé un discours passionné sur la décentralisation du pouvoir et appelant le président à faire plus pour le peuple du Mali. Après cet incident, ses partisans l’ont convaincu de se présenter pour la présidence. À cause du succès de Ouélessébougou, avec Samaké en tant que maire, ainsi que sa critique ouverte de la présidente et la « vieille garde » du Mali, il est devenu un orateur apprécié dans son pays.

Samaké et ses partisans ont formé le Parti de l'Action Civique et Patriotique (PACP) pour soutenir sa campagne. La devise de PACP (la partie de Samaké) met l'accent sur les valeurs de patriotisme, la citoyenneté, la décentralisation, la liberté, la démocratie, les droits de l'homme, et la bonne gouvernance.

Samaké se focalise sur une plate-forme de décentralisation et de lutte contre la corruption. Sur la base de ses expériences en tant que maire, Samaké déclare que le moyen le plus efficace pour gouverner est d'inspirer la confiance et la participation des citoyens au niveau local.

 

La Campagne de Samaké est également centrée sur l'amélioration de l'éducation. Samaké a déclaré, « L'éducation est la clé de ce que je fais ». « La corruption et la pauvreté extrême sont liées entre elles par le manque d'éducation ». Le Mali, selon Samaké, a besoin de construire des milliers d'écoles au cours des cinq prochaines années pour accueillir les élèves, ainsi que d’embaucher et de former des enseignants et fournir des livres et l'électricité. La seule façon de le faire, a-t-il dit, est de laisser chaque village responsable de son propre avenir. Selon Samaké, ce n'est pas l'affaire du gouvernement central au Mali de fournir une éducation, mais chaque communauté a besoin de superviser son système d’éducation. « Dans le village, le chef, les parents des élèves, sont plus investis dans la réussite des élèves que le président du pays.».

S'il est élu, le but de Samaké est de faire que le Mali soit indépendant de l'aide étrangère dans les trois prochaines années. « Cela enrichit certains individus et n'atteint pas les gens qui ont le plus besoin," Samaké a dit. "Si l'aide étrangère pouvait résoudre nos problèmes, ils auraient dû être résolus maintenant. Je suis très intéressé à mettre fin à la dépendance de l'aide étrangère. Nous ne deviendrons jamais une nation libre si nous mangeons à la paume des autres nations. ». Samaké soutien aussi que l’augmentation du développement économique sera un outil efficace contre le terrorisme islamique.

Dans un effort pour lutter contre la corruption dans le système électoral, Samaké ne collecte pas de fonds au Mali, où les fonds politiques sont connectés à des faveurs politiques, mais essaie plutôt de lever des capitaux aux États-Unis et à travers des dons en ligne.

 

2.4 Candidat: Élection Présidentielle de Mali 2013

 

Les français sont intervenus en Mali en janvier 2013 en réponse aux rebelles qui avançaient vers le sud. Avec le danger plus réel, les français ont envoyer des soldats pour combattre les rebelles. d'Autres nations africaines de ECOWAS ont joigné.

 

Le Ministre de l'Administration Territoriale Moussa Sinko Coulibaly a annoncé que Mali tiendra les élections démocratiques le 7 juillet 2013. S'il n'y a pas un candidat avec plus de 50 % des votes, une deuxième finale élection sera tenue le 21 juillet entre les deux premiers candidats.

Samake à indiqué qu'il sera un candidat dans ses élections.

 

3 Vie personnelle

 

Samaké et son épouse Marissa ont deux enfants : Keanen, 5 ans et Carmen, 3 ans.

 

La femme de Samaké, Marissa Coutinho Samaké, est indienne, mais elle est née et a grandi à Bahreïn. Elle étudié Brigham Young University pour son baccalauréat en systèmes d'information. Ils se sont mariés en août 2004.

Samaké et sa famille sont les seuls membres de l'Église de Jésus-Christ des saints des derniers jours au Mali. Samaké a d’abord rencontré l'Église à son travail avec le Corps de la Paix et Ouelessebougou Alliance.

 

Un bénévole du Corps de Paix lui a donné un Livre de Mormon en anglais, qu'il a lu. Plus tard, aux États-Unis, il a voulu être baptisé, mais a d'abord été refusé en raison de la politique mormone sur le baptême des citoyens des pays islamiques. Le Mali est à 90 % musulman, et l'Église craint que, s'il s'est converti au mormonisme sa vie puisse être en danger. Après que les dirigeants de l'Église soient convaincus que le Mali est un pays de liberté religieuse, il a été baptisé en 2000 à New York. Il rapporte qu'il n'a fait face à aucune discrimination au Mali en raison de sa nouvelle foi.

Make your business card more attractive and introductive rather than the trendy piece of paper by using digital, 3D content media with augmented reality technology. Augmented reality business card is the best way to present your business. Read more: yeppar.com/augmented-reality-print-media.html

The Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum hosted an exhibit and performance of REFF, RomaEuropa FakeFactory.

On show were the Augmented Reality Drug used by the REFF fake institution to promote a worldwide wave of reality reinvention for students, artists, cultural operators, activists and performers, the REFF map which shows all the events happening in the fake institution and all the works of the artists, architects, designers, hackers, activists and performers participating to REFF.

Doctor AR, the fake institution's augmented holistic health expert, explained to an audience in a state of beautiful amazement the benefits coming from the reinvention of reality through critical practices of worldwide, ubiquitous remix, mashup, re-enactment, plagiarism, turning the whole planet into an art performance.

The day at the Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum featured international projects such as Magmart Video Under Volcano, TOXIC Japanese Videoart, Focus Revolution and Glances Around Dump.

 

more info at:

www.artisopensource.net/2011/04/21/an-augmented-reality-d...

 

REFF RomaEuropa FakeFactory

www.romaeuropa.org

 

the Augmented Reality Drug:

www.artisopensource.net/2011/02/21/reff-augmented-reality...

 

REFF world map:

reff.romaeuropa.org

 

Casoria Contemporary Arts Museum

www.casoriacontemporaryartmuseum.com/

 

Magmart:

www.magmart.it/

LiveFurnish is revolutionary application that allows Furnishing & Furniture Retailers, Manufacturers and Wholesalers sell, showcase and customize their products and designs.

 

A Mobile & Tablet Application, LiveFurnish is for all types of furnishing, furniture, Tiles, Vinyls, Laminates, Curtains, Wall Papers, Cushions, Cloth Materials and many more.

 

3D Visualization: Enable retailers to interactively visualize one of the largest libraries of Furniture in 3D

 

REFF is an augmented reality drug.

 

Or, better, it is a drug that augments reality.

 

Unexpectedly in pharmacies and supermarkets near you, really soon.

 

Get addicted, reinvent reality.

 

more info soon on

www.romaeuropa.org

Quimper, ou Kemper en breton (le nom de Quimper-Corentin est parfois attesté en référence à saint Corentin, l'un des Sept Saints Fondateurs bretons) est une commune française, antique capitale de la Cornouaille, préfecture du département du Finistère et la région Bretagne.

 

Ses habitants sont appelés en français les Quimpérois et Quimpéroises et en breton Kemperad (masculin), Kemperadez (féminin), Kemperiz (pluriel) ou bien de façon traditionnelle Glazik (pluriel Glaziked)[2] (pour les Quimpérois ainsi que les habitant de la région, le Pays Glazik).

 

La ville, dont l'axe historique est la confluence du Steir, de l'Odet et du Jet, est, par la population, la deuxième ville de son département, après Brest. La mer y remonte la vallée encaissée de l'Odet et lui donne une position de port de fond d'estuaire qui explique son implantation et une partie de son rôle économique. C'est aussi un carrefour routier très ancien.

 

Le site est difficile, car établi dans des vallées étroites encaissées dans du Stéphanien carbonifère et surmontées d'assez fortes pentes de granulite et de schistes micacés. Les espaces plats et larges ne se trouvent qu'au confluent de petites rivières portées à de rapides débordements lors de pluies prolongées.

 

On peut déceler une migration étonnante des lieux principaux d'habitation, sans doute due à des contraintes géographiques (variations du niveau de la mer) ou économiques (voies sur les crêtes). Une autre particularité est la dissymétrie inhabituelle de la vallée principale: une rive nord convexe en pente et une rive sud concave montrant une hauteur de 60 mètres aux flancs abrupts.

 

Ce fait et le tracé de courbes et contre-courbes du petit fleuve Odet est du à des effondrements et soulèvements créant plusieurs failles à l'ère tertiaire auquel s'est ajouté un basculement Nord-Sud.

 

Le nom Quimper correspond au breton moderne Kemper « confluent », la ville ayant été bâtie à la confluence du Steir, de l'Odet et du Jet. Ce terme kemper se retrouve dans le gallois moderne cymer « conjonction » et l'irlandais moderne comhar « coopération ». Le nom ancien de la ville était Quimper-Corentin et, à la Révolution française, elle a été rebaptisée Montagne-sur-Odet pour enfin devenir Quimper tout court.

 

C'est à Quimper-Corentin que Jean de La Fontaine place sa fable du Charretier embourbé. Aquilonia était, semble-t-il, le nom romain de Quimper.

 

Des silex retrouvés à Pluguffan, commune limitrophe sont datés de 6 000 ans.

Le Quimper préhistorique et antique a fait l'objet de recherches archéologiques intenses grâce à l'existence d'un service archéologique municipal. Des vestiges de fortifications (éperons barrés), d'habitats datant de l'Âge du fer, de forges et de sépultures ont été trouvés dans les anciennes communes d'Ergué-Armel et de Penhars avec une concentration sur le site du Braden. Une activité agricole florissante s'est alors développée.

Mais, la découverte en 2003 d'une agglomération gauloise à cheval sur le Steïr au Nord, près du village de Kergolvez, a apporté une confirmation de l'ancienneté de l'urbanisation, puisque les datations vont du IIe ou du Ier siècle av. J.-C. à un abandon daté vers 30 av. J.-C. Des traces d'artisanat ont été trouvées et des scories métalliques indiquent une activité métallurgique notable.

Dans les écrits de César et des historiens grecs, il apparaît que Quimper était inclus dans la cité gauloise des Osismes dont la capitale était Vorgium (Carhaix), mais n'indique le statut de la petite ville (bourgade?) dans l'organisation territoriale. Un sanctuaire couronnait alors le Frugy à Parc-ar-Groas.

Une agglomération gallo-romaine modeste (moins de 15 hectares) a été repérée dans le quartier de Locmaria. Elle comportait un forum et des thermes au centre d'un quadrillage de rues dont un élément significatif a été retrouvé en 2006 à proximité d'un probable port sur l'estuaire et d'une acropole située sur le sommet occidental du mont Frugy (anciennement Cnech Cuki). Une voie romaine la reliait à Vannes et d'autres à Brest, Carhaix et la pointe du Van.

 

La cité gallo-romaine semble avoir subsisté, mais sans laisser de traces historiques après le VIe, puisqu'une civitas aquilonia (la cité du Nord?) mentionnée dans un acte du XIe siècle par le nom d'un lieu de culte Sancta Maria in aquilonia civitate existait autour de l'église abbatiale de Locmaria comme semble le confirmer un autre acte de 1124 par lequel l'abbaye devient un prieuré de Saint-Sulpice de Rennes et, par là, sous la protection du comte de Bretagne Hoël Ier, qui était comte de Cornouaille avant son intronisation.

 

Vers la fin du IXe apparaît la mention d'un évêque de saint Corentin, premier évêque selon la tradition, pour l'un des ses successeurs. Le nom de Kemper ou de Quempercorentin apparaît à la fin du XIe siècle. On trouve ensuite les termes latins Confluentia et C(h)orisopitum que l'on croit être une cacographie de Curiosolitum (l'ancienne cité gauloise des Coriosolites, chef-lieu « Fanum Martis »/Corseul, prés de Dinan. On trouve à Locmaria quelques traces d'un culte de saint Tudy (voir à ce propos l'équivalence avec Saint Tugdual) et la mention d'un très ancien monastère qui aurait suivi les usages celtiques. Une pierre Maen Tudi existe en effet sur le minihi du prieuré de Locmaria. Mais rien encore de probant sur la préhistoire du siège épiscopal qui n'est pas donné comme d'origine ultramarine comme d'autres en Bretagne.

 

Une légende vivace fait de saint Corentin un protégé de Gradlon, roi de Cornouaille ayant échappé à la submersion de la ville d'Ys, à qui le prince aurait fait don de son château pour établir son palais épiscopal. Le proche entourage de la cathédrale était appelé autrefois "le Tour-du-Chastel".

 

Le Haut-Moyen Âge montre, de façon plus certaine, une confusion du pouvoir comtal et épiscopal sous un certain Binidic, fils de Budic de Châteaulin. Cette situation contestable est dénouée par l'attribution du Comté de Cornouaille à Alain Canhiart (ou Cainhart), fils de Binidic, et celle de l'évêché successivement à ses deux frères, Orscant et Binidic. Il en restera le fait que l'évêque gardera jusqu'en 1791 la possession de la ville fortifiée entre l'Odet, le Steïr et le Frout, le duc de Bretagne gardant le faubourg ouest connu sous le nom de la Terre-au-Duc.

Deux seigneuries se partagent l'essentiel du pouvoir économique (marchés, moulins, fours banaux, octrois, péages), celle de l'évêque en sa ville close de murailles entre l'Odet, le Steïr et le Frout et le prieuré bénédictin féminin de Locmaria qui contrôle les entrées et sorties maritimes, mais, dans ce qui reste, les possessions sont enchevêtrées et matières à d'innombrables querelles et procès.

En 1210, le duc est contraint de détruire la maison forte qu'il avait édifié sur le fief de l'évêque et seul l'arbitrage du pape permettra la construction, au confluent, d'un petit château en 1453, dont fort peu de traces subsistent. Dans le même état d'esprit, les évêques s'opposent à la levée des impôts par l'État ducal qui s'affirme. Choisis dans l'entourage ducal, ils doivent accepter l'impôt, mais refusent pourtant garnison et atelier monétaire.

En 1239, l'évêque Raynaud décide de reconstruire sur place la cathédrale romane (commencée en 1128?) et, malgré le fait que la construction ait duré 254 ans, le nouveau sanctuaire gothique, privé de flêches sur ses deux tours jusqu'en 1856, montre une homogénéité remarquable. Le chantier aura subi un arrêt prolongé aux XIVs, années noires pour la Cornouaille (guerre de Succession de Bretagne, épidémies).

Le vieux Quimper

 

La ville se développant, le duc de Bretagne, qui voit son pouvoir politique se renforcer et ne manque pas de l'exprimer par l'apposition de son blason sur les remparts et sur les églises, est amené à tenir compte des notables et à leur octroyer des privilèges pour favoriser l'économie locale et donc ses propres rentrées fiscales. Le mouvement s'amorce par un acte de Jean IV en 1387, mais, si des réunions du « corps de ville » sont attestées dans l'une des chapelles de la ville close, le Guéodet (d'un mot breton proche de "cité"), il n'a pas de traces de luttes pour ériger une « commune » en opposition avec l'autorité ducale ou épiscopale. Un procureur des bourgeois est nommé en vers 1430, mais ce n'est qu'en 1704 que la création d'un office de maire est décidée. Quimper est une ville dont les notables, nobles, chanoines ou commerçants se font construire des « hostels » à pan de bois et aux façades savamment sculptées en bois et en pierre et les terres rurales proches sont parsemées des manoirs nobles dont certains sont des résidence d'été comme celui de Lanniron à Locmaria pour l'évêque.

La ville attire des ordres religieux qui s'installent dans et hors de la ville close, les franciscains cordeliers étant mal acceptés et objets de saccages, malgré le renom de charité de Jean Discalceat, le "petit saint noir", mort en soignant les habitants de la peste en 1349. En 1490 éclate une insurrection paysanne appelée « La commune de Cornouaille » et décrite par le chanoine Jean Moreau : des milliers de paysans mal armés assiègent la ville, mais sont repoussés et massacrés.

 

La période des guerres de religion est plutôt agitée, car la ville, alliée de la Sainte-Ligue, se rend après avoir été assiégée en 1595 par l'armée royale commandée par le maréchal d'Aumont au nom d'Henri IV dont la conversion au catholicisme reste suspecte aux yeux de beaucoup. L'imprimerie n'est venue que vers 1525, mais son essor sera, comme partout, limité par la politique de contrôle absolu de Louis XIV qui ne fait autoriser qu'un imprimeur par ville placé sous la censure de l'évêque qui est son premier client. La maison la plus ancienne de Quimper, datée du début du XVe siècle, fût justement le siège de l'imprimerie diocésaine.

Quimper bénéficie de la réforme judiciaire de 1552 qui renforce son rôle en en faisant le siège d'un présidial dont le ressort coïncide grossièrement avec le territoire du futur département du Finistère, sauf Quimperlé subordonnée à Vannes.

Le XVIIIe siècle apporte à Quimper l'exploitation, qui durera peu, du charbon de la Terre-Noire à Penhars et surtout le développement de la faïencerie initiée dès 1708 par un entrepreneur provençal, Pierre Bousquet suivi du Rouennais Pierre Clément Caussy. Ne disposant pas de terre à faïence, ils l'importent soit de Fronsac (Bordeaux), soit de Rouen. Plus tard, l'argile gréseuse extraite à quelques km au Sud de Locmaria permettra de fabriquer du grès (à partir de 1775-80). La Révolution sera bien accueillie, mais les excès de la Gauche montagnarde et hébertiste en 1793 susciteront des oppositions telles que les Chouans seront près de contrôler toute la campagne environnante en 1799. Le « brûlis des Saints », le 11 et 12 décembre 1792, journées de pillage et de destruction des églises, marquera les esprits : la municipalité a laissé faire les extrémistes antireligieux avant de s'apercevoir que la Convention avait demandé d'éviter de tels excès.

La ville est fermement tenue en main par les adeptes du changement, alors même que, sous le Directoire, la Chouannerie est maîtresse, la nuit venue, de la campagne proche. En octobre 1800, l'évêque de Quimper, Yves Marie Audrein, est intercepté dans sa diligence dans une paroisse voisine, Kerfeunteun, et est assassiné par des chouans qui seront pris et exécutés quelque temps plus tard.

 

Le blocus continental mis en place par la Marine britannique en 1805 profite un temps au port de Quimper bien abrité au fond de sa ria et libre d'accès, car c'est surtout Brest qui est surveillée.

 

Au XIXe siècle, les fonctions administratives fuient Quimper, qui ne les réunira aux religieuses qu'à la fin du siècle, renforçant enfin le rôle de Quimper. L'augmentation lente de la population déborde peu à peu sur les communes voisines, car son territoire est exigu et les autres agglomérations très proches.

C'est aussi une ville garnison qui héberge le 118e régiment d'infanterie de ligne sous la 3e république (colonel Philippe Pétain au commandement en 1907).

 

L'arrivée du chemin de fer en 1863 prolongé ultérieurement jusqu'à Douarnenez et le développement du port pour l'exportation et l'importation de denrées agricoles augmente l'activité économique avec une accélération après 1880 du fait des progrès de la productivité agricole et d'une industrialisation réelle quoique modérée symbolisée par l'arrivée du gaz de houille produit et exploité par la compagnie Lebon qui installe des gazomètres sur le port.

Celui-ci reste actif malgré la limitation en largeur d'un chenal étroit et soumis aux marées. Le charbon, le sable et le vin sont parmi les importations emblématiques.

L'amélioration des communications permet les débuts du tourisme qui entraîne le développement des hôtels et des entreprises de transport. Quimper attire, par le charme de son site fluvial et de ses vieux quartiers et est une plaque tournante pour l'accès aux stations balnéaires dont le succès s'affirme (notamment Bénodet et les petits ports de pêche du Cap Sizun et du Pays Bigouden).

Les industries agro-alimentaires deviennent pour longtemps un des piliers économiques (conserves de poisson, de légume et de fruits, confitures). Le textile et la mécanique légère, ainsi que la production de faïence contribuent aussi à une expansion importante dans la première moitié du XXe siècle.

L'occupation allemande pèse sur une ville qui est le théâtre de hauts faits de la Résistance (première émission de radio clandestine vers la Grande-Bretagne, vol des dossiers du STO) et celle-ci sera assez forte pour harceler l'ennemi qui se retire à la nouvelle de l'arrivée des Alliés. La fusion de 4 communes pour former le Grand Quimper en 1960 favorise l'essor de la construction et des équipements pour faire de la ville une agglomération où les transports se développent par la création de voies nouvelles, de rocades, de ponts et par l'arrivée de liaisons rapides par avion (liaison vers Paris), par train (TGV) et par route (voie express vers Paris et Brest).

Vue sur la cathédrale depuis l'Odet

 

Si Brest est choisie en 1962 comme siège de l'Université de Bretagne occidentale (UBO), Quimper accueille finalement un IUT, un collège universitaire étendu en un pôle universitaire dépendant de l'UBO en 1998 et différentes formations supérieures, le tout concernant plus de 4 000 étudiants.

L'habitat collectif est implanté par planification nationale à Penhars et Ergué-Armel[3], tandis que les hauteurs se couvrent de milliers de pavillons aux murs blancs et aux toits d'ardoise sombres. De moins de 44 000 habitants avant 1960, Quimper passe à 64 700 en 2006, loin des 120 000 imaginés en 1970, mais continuant à accueillir quelques centaines de nouveaux habitants chaque année. De grandes zones industrielles à l'Est et à l'Ouest s'ajoutent à la zone centrale de l'Hippodrome.

 

En 2001 a été achevé un programme de rénovation du pavage complet dans la zone semi-piétonne, confortant l Le pôle agroalimentaire garde un socle d'activités solide à Kéradennec (centre Sud) et à Troyallac'h (sur la commune proche de Saint-Évarzec), malgré des baisses conjoncturelles et la construction immobilière reste florissante. La zone d'activité de Créac'h-Gwenn bénéficie d'une extension pour les entreprises et du renforcement des installations universitaires. L'équipe de basket-ball, UJAP, s'est hissée au niveau national, tandis qu'une véritable base nautique est installée sur l'Odet maritime.

Un réseau souterrain de 70 kilomètres a été créé pour accueillir une fibre optique qui offre un très haut débit de données, facteur d'attraction pour certaines entreprises. La desserte des zones rurales du Nord et de l'Ouest est assurée par un système radio dénommé Wimax.

 

Quimper est classée ville d'art et d'histoire.

 

* Cathédrale Saint-Corentin (style gothique - XIIIe-XIXe - flèches néo-gothiques de 77 m)

* Église prieurale de Locmaria, Quimper (style roman - XIe-XIIe)

* Église Saint-Mathieu (XIXe - style néo-gothique)

* Église de Kerfeunteun (style gothique tardif - XVIe)

* Chapelle de Ty Mamm Doue (Maison de la Mère de Dieu) à Kerfeunteun (XVIe-XVIIe)

* Ancienne chapelle du Collège jésuite (XVIIIe)

* Le Vieux Quimper (remparts, maisons anciennes, dont la Maison des cariatides, rue du Guéodet)

* Le Musée des Beaux-Arts (près de la cathédrale)

* Musée départemental breton (archéologie, ethnologie, mobilier et costumes anciens, estampes, faïences) dans l'ancien palais épiscopal

* Musée de la Faïence [2]

* Promenades du Mont Frugy : chemins dans une falaise boisée surplombant la ville

* Festival de Cornouaille (troisième semaine de juillet)

* Faïenceries HB-Henriot [3]

* Gorges du Stangala où coule le fleuve Odet (à 7 km N.E.)

* Gorges boisées de l'estuaire de l'Odet (visite en vedettes touristiques)

* Statues:

 

-la plus connue, œuvre en bronze d'Eugène Louis Lequesne datée de 1867, représente le docteur René Laënnec sur la place portant son nom, devant la mairie; [4] Le grand médecin, inventeur de l'auscultation médiate et du stéthoscope, est également figuré en buste sur un monument de pierre dû au ciseau du sculpteur René Quillivic, visible à l'hôpital qui porte aussi son nom, avenue Yves Thépot.

 

-Place La Tour d'Auvergne, se dressait avant la dernière guerre le monument érigé en 1908, à la mémoire du carhaisien La Tour d'Auvergne, "premier grenadier de l'Empire", né en 1743 , tué au combat d'Oberhausen en Allemagne le 27 juin 1800 et auteur de divers ouvrages sur la langue bretonne. Cette statue de bronze du sculpteur Philippe Joseph Henri Lemaire représentant sur pied d'estal de maçonnerie le héros expirant soutenu par une victoire ailée, occupait le centre de la place, qui sert maintenant de parking payant. Une statue de remplacement de granite, figurant le même personnage au garde à vous, œuvre du sculpteur Robert Michel, a été érigée après guerre, mais son emplacement en bordure de parking, entre deux platanes, ne la met pas en valeur.

 

-A l'angle nord-ouest de la même place se dresse le monument aux morts de la première guerre mondiale, représentant un fusilier marin en fonte. Il s'agit d'un monument érigé à l'origine sous l'égide du souvenir français en 1909 au cimetière Saint Marc. Ce n'est qu'en 1951 qu'il a été transféré sur son site actuel. Le personnage du fusilier marin, antérieur à 1914, ne représente donc pas, contrairement à ce qu'on dit parfois, un des glorieux marins de l'amiral Ronarc'h. Il s'agit en fait de la copie conforme de l'un des nombreux personnages de la base du monument inauguré au Mans en 1885 à la mémoire de la deuxième armée de la Loire défaite à proximité de cette ville par les prussiens après deux journées de résistance en janvier 1871. Le créateur du marin est le sculpteur ardennais Aristide Croisy.

 

-A proximité du pont Firmin se dresse le monument des filles de la mer, du sculpteur François Bazin, datant de 1935; il représente, au pied d'un menhir de granit, une sénane et une ouessantine sculptées dans la même roche, abimées à l'origine dans la contemplation des flots océaniques, et maintenant dans celle de la circulation automobile locale.

 

-Dans le petit espace en bordure de la rue René-Madec, le long du Stéir redécouvert, a été inaugurée il y a peu d'années une stèle surmontée d'un buste en bronze du résistant Jean Moulin, qui avait occupé dans les années 1930 les fonctions de sous-préfet de Chateaulin. Force est de constater que ce monument n'a rien qui attire l'attention des passants. Il en est de même pour la stèle au général de Gaulle, qui prononça son dernier grand discours public lors de son voyage à Quimper en 1969.

 

* La ville a été récompensée par quatre fleurs Image:Ville fleurie.svgImage:Ville fleurie.svgImage:Ville fleurie.svgImage:Ville fleurie.svg et la distinction Grand prix au palmarès 2007 du concours des villes et villages fleuris

 

Source wikipedia

Notícies històriques:

A finals del segle XVII la Vila del Vendrell havia fet una gran creixença en la població i un nou temple, en consonància amb l'augment i importància de la Vila. El Sr. Bisbe de Barcelona, Dr. Ximenez de Carcante, va donar la llicència per poder treballar els dies de festa i va concedir 40 dies d'indulgència a tots els que prenguessin part en aquesta obra. El decret episcopal fou signat el 4 de gener de 1728. Les obres del temple foren començades a 13 de juny de 1732, com consta en la làpida que hi ha a la façana del temple: "Aquest Sagrat Temple, dedicat al Salvador Transfigurat, fou començat a causa de las reduïdes dimensions de l'antic l'any del Senyor 1732, el dia 13 de D. Gaspar de Molina i Obeda; Abat de S. Cugat Senyor d'aquesta baronia el molt ilustre Sr. D. Josep de Roger i mossèn el RMD. Antoni Ferrer". Campanar Fou projectat el 1769 per Joan Antoni i rovira de Tarragona. Les obres acabaren l'any 1784. el mateix any foren col·locades les campanes, una de 25 quintars amb el so de la nota mi i amb el nom de Salvadora. L'altra pesa 18 quintars, fa la nota fa i té el nom d'Anna. Totes dues foren foses a la vila per Jaume Mestres de Reus i beneïdes el 24 de juliol del mateix any. El 4 de març de 1874 (tercera guerra carlina) les tropes carlines van entrat dins el nucli liberal d'El Vendrell. L'últim nucli de defensa fou el campanar, a les pedres del qual encara es poden veure impactes de bala carlins. La construcció de l'Àngel s'inicià el mes de juliol de 1784, un mestre argenter de Vilanova i la Geltrú anomenat Josep Romeu. Destinat a l'ornamentació del campanar de la Vila. La dita escultura tenia doble finalitat: ornamentació i senyalar la direcció d'on bufa el vent. El sis d'agost, festivitat de Sant Salvador,c del 1784 fou col·locat al cim del campanar. Quan la guerra amb el francès (tenia el quartell general a El Vendrell) aquests tiraven a fer blanc amb al cama encongida de l'Àngel fins que aconseguiren tallar-la. La cama fou guardada a la Casa comunal. A l'any 1859 un huracà li arrencà l'ala dreta, i l'altra 26 anys després. El sis de novembre de 1825 quedà immòbil. L'Àngel fou restaurat el 1971(1959?) i restituït al seu lloc per un helicòpter nord-americà. En paraules de l'"speaker" de la Ràdio i Televisió de París, dites en el reportatge de la reposició de l'Àngel: "mentre aquestes màquines de guerra es dediquin a passejar àngels pel dolç cel de Catalunya, tot anirà bé, perquè això serà signe de pau" (Julià Antoni i Ramírez) L'antiga trona era col·locada a la banda dreta del creuer. Al construir-se la nova trona fou col·locada a la banda esquerre. L'àmbit presenta en una de les seves cares, aquesta inscripció: "Joan Constant, mestre fuster d'El Vendrell, F. Carulla Ribera, artista escultor de Barcelona ho han fet. El Sr. Arxiprest, J. Tous Farell, pare que la beneí en la diada de Santa Anna, el 26 de Juliol de 1953".

patmapa.gencat.cat/web/guest/patrimoni/arquitectura?artic...

  

REVISTA DEL CENTRE DE LECTURA - 319

L'Angel del campanar del Vendrell, a Reus

Es amb motiu de la seva restauració que ha vingut a Reus la popular figura que corona el campanar de I'església. parroquial del Vendrell, figura que fins a I'acabament del segle passat, amb el seu curt i elegant robatge tirat endarrera, com si volegés a I'impuls de I'oreig, amb la mà esquerra recolzada i la dreta extesa signant amb l'index la direcció del vent., feia de magnífic i gegantí panell que amb dalé guaitaven tots els veïns de la vila quan el mal temps regnava.

Ara, mutilat, amb la pèrdua de les dues ales que el vent feia giravoltar, i de la cama dreta, restava immòbil, sofrint l'eix o fusell que el sostenia les fortes sotregades que els vents de tots els quadrants li donaven.

Aquesta figura és feta de planxa de coure pintada; és escaient, d'atinades proporcions, posa natural i d'un dibuix vigorós i relativament correcte. Resulta en conjunt una obra artística beu encertada. L'historiador vendrellenc Jaume Ramon i Vidales en un estudi fet I'any 1895 i publicat al setmanari "El Vendrellense", diu que algú ha suposat i tal volta amb fonameiit que representa a Tobias, el tendre company de Sant Rafel.

En Josep Romeu, argenter de Vilanova, el construí l'any 1784 segons resava una

inscripció a la planta de la sabata de l'extremitat que se li desprengué i que deia "A

31 Juliol de 1784 lo treballa Joseph Romeu argenter de Vilanova ab ajuda de Joseph

Dalmau".

Fou pujat al campanar el dia 6 d'agost de 1784, diada de Saut Salvador, patró de la parròquia, després de la missa major, essent beneït pel Rector d'aquella parròquia.

Segons diu el senyor Jaume Ramon, "contra la tradició que els fadrins anaren a buscar-lo a Vilanova i d'allí el portaren en llurs espatlles, fins al Vendrell, passejant-lo a l'arribada, precedits de les gralles, per la vila; afegint que al passar pel carrer del Recó descansaren, deixant-lo travesser al carrer, agafant tota l'amplada del mateix, uns vint pams".

A l'Arxiu parroquial del Vendrell hi ha una nota de despeses per la conducció de l'Angel des de Vilanova al Vendrell, nota que és com segueix:

Pel sopar de 21 fadrins a 8 sous ... 8 ll. 8 s.

Pel dinar meu i sopar .... 18 s.

Pel dinar i sopar d'un home ... 12 s.

Per tres piensos de mula i altres tres d'un burro i estada ... 1 ll.

Per set carniceres de carn per l'esmorsar ... 2 ll . 12 s. 6 d.

Per 10 pans de ral pel dit esmorsar ... 1 ll.

Pel vi i treball de coure la carn... 1 ll. 10 s.

Per l'aiguardent s'ha gastat en el dit viatge ...1 ll. 10 s.

Per un jornal i mig d'un home i un burro ... 15 s.

Per l'albarà ... 1 s.

 

Total 18 ll. 6 s. 6 d.

 

L'any 1811, després de la presa de Tarragona pels francesos aquests es traslladaren

a la vila del Vendrell i per via de distracció emprengueren la feina de mutilar-lo a trets, aconseguint fer-li caure la cama. Així restà fins I'any 1859 que un furiós huracà li feu caure una de les ales. A darreries del segle passat un altra huracà li arrencà l'ala que li restava.

El doctor Angel Mercadé, president de Ia Secció Científica de la nostra entitat, i fill de la vila del Vendrell, concebí la idea de la restauració, costejada per tots aquells conveïns seus que com ell, viuen allunyats del seu poble nadiu.

Es feren gestions prop del mestre calderer de Reus En Baldomer Martinez per tal de que fes la restauració corresponent, el qual determina que fos portat al seu taller a l'objecte de fer-la amb tota la cura, com així ha ocorregut.

El dia 16 d'octubre passat va ésser retornada a la vila que per espai de 144 anys l'ha tinguda com el seu Angel de la Guarda. Ara també, com en I'any 1784, la vila tota es llenca al carrer pcr a presenciar l'arribada del seu Angel, i també com llavors fou passejat al so de les típiques gralles, segurament, però, amb més dalit ara que abans, per l'enyorança que de ben segur sentien en el seu cor tota la generació que ell ha vist nèixer.

Es de creure que de la seva estada a Reus hom en guardarà sempre record. No en debades el senyor Martinez, en posar-li la cama nova, a la sola de la sabata hi gravà aquestes inscripcions la primera de les quals és reproducció de l'antiga:

A 31 JVLIOL

DE 1784

LO TREBALLA

JOSEPH ROMEV

ARGENTER DE

VILANOVA AB

AJVDA DE JOSEPH

DALMAV.

RESTAURAT

MESTRE CALDERER

BALDOMER MARTINEZ

DE REUS

L'ANY DEL SENYOR

1928

-

P. F. M.

raco.cat/index.php/RevistaCLR/article/download/197226/292899.

 

Però aquella restauració havia estat únicament de la figura superior. El mecanisme de rotació i l’eix interior es van anar deteriorant fins que aquest segon va acabar foradant la figura del àngel. Calia doncs tornar a actuar sobre el conjunt.

Però eren temps difícils. L’any 1958, les dificultats i el pressupost semblaven insalvables. Per sort, l’acció decidida de Jaume Nin Mercader “Clavetaire”, proposant i demanant ajuda a les forces nord-americanes de la base de Saragossa i la flota comandada pel portaavions Forrestal que fondejava sovint a Barcelona, van aconseguir el miracle. Com en una versió moderna de Calabuch, la pel·lícula de Garcia Berlanga, un helicòpter dels EEUU es va encarregar de baixar i pujar, un mes i mig després, la figura de l’àngel de Tobies per fer-ne possible la restauració. Novament amb actes de celebració multitudinària i amb l’establiment del costum de tocar la sola de la sabata del peu dret, on està gravat el nom de l’autor, per tenir sort.

lafura.cat/dossier/al-vendrell-festa-major

 

Pretty cool installation in Opole's new shopping mall, Solaris.

 

It's an overhead projector paired with a camera, which lets you play games by walking on the projected surface and interacting with what's being displayed.

 

Obviously, "you can't take pictures in the mall', yadda yadda... Having LiveView and shooing from the hip helps a bit. :) I only wish D300 had the quiet mode F6 has. The ability to turn off metering upon shutter half press in LiveView also would be a plus (the mirror has to be lowered for this, and that produces more noise).

  

www.fashioningtech.com/profiles/blogs/kasia-molga-interview

 

V2_Institute for the Unstable Media hold an annual “Summer Session” in which designers and artists are invited to develop a work under one of the three current research themes at V2_Lab: Wearable Technology; Augmented Reality and Ecology. This summer five projects were developed over a six week period which explore the future of these fields. The Summer Session projects were showcased at the 17th International Symposium on Electronic Art held this year in Istanbul, September 14-21, 2011 during one of V2_’s Test_Lab events.

 

Below is an interview with Kasia Molga who participated in the V2_ Summer Sessions 2011 with the work "Oil Compass":

 

- Kasia Molga, "Oil Compass" -

 

“Oil Compass,” done in collaboration with Sey Min, is a screen-based data-visualization interface, which lets users become aware of real-time oil spills on a global scale. Through the interface we are able to search and get close up views of locations, as well as view the history and data pertinent to the events. Through these we are able to consider the impact of continuous and largely under-reported cases of oil pollution in our global waters as well as ponder solutions for the prevention and de-contamination.

 

Everyday each tanker and each rig releases 600 litters of oil into the sea, not mentioning that we also have a "regular" vessels which use oil as a fuel.

 

One of the questions that you ask as is if we can “really connect with the complex subject of oil spills and understand its environmental impact?” via a real-time data visualization. What are your conclusions after this time? How can the visualization tangibly make a difference?

 

Like everything in the nature—an action causes reaction or/and provoke a chain of events causing imbalance. Everyday each tanker and each rig releases 600 litters of oil into the sea, not mentioning that we also have a "regular" vessels which use oil as a fuel. Although the vastness of the water covering our planet might seems almost infinite, within those areas where spills happen the local biodiversity is affected thus affecting us. "Oil Compass" through containing past and present data, as well as live data, gives a picture of the scale of that problem, because oil spills don't happen ONLY when it is broadcasted on the news, but they happens everyday.

 

The crucial and most interesting features of this work, in my opinion, is a live data visualization of oil tankers—updated every 10 minutes. It is also interesting to see (although not surprising) that most of them are around Europe and North America—places where the level of energy consumption is the highest. One of the maps which I produced while working on "Oil Compass" was a visualization of Earth at Night. North America and Europe are full of light compared to the rest of the world, and obviously there are a lot of tankers and that is where the biggest spills have happened.

 

Places like Africa or Asia—which are heavily explored for their oil, seem very dark in comparison. Africa didn't register any huge spills except in South Africa.It was not easy to get data on the position of oil rigs and we are still working on this. But I have noticed that often rigs and platforms are planted in places which don’t seem to be so well lit-up…such as Angola for example. I don’t want to jump to false conclusions—as “Oil Compass” is ever-evolving project which demands to be constantly updated, but while working on it I couldn't help thinking how big chunks of oil are taken from places with very limited access to energy/electricity and then transported to places which use it like there is no tomorrow.

 

I hope that I can make people to gain a distance—to see it in its entirety—so that perhaps a bigger emotional bond can be created.

 

I hope that "Oil Compass" can act as an objective and easy to understand a picture of the situation. By using a tool such as Google Earth—everybody can access it and contribute to it. At the same time by using the image of the globe—our planet—giving a viewer a point of view of an "astronaut" and some control of how to navigate/spin/move that virtual sphere—I hope that with that I can make people to gain a distance—to see it in its entirety—so that perhaps a bigger emotional bond can be created. It has been an interesting experience as this object which I call "Oil Compass" had to fulfill two, quite contradictory roles—it had to be very informative and objective about all facts on the subject but at the same time it had to evoke some emotions on viewers.

 

"Protei" is aimed to be a low-cost device that semiautonomously sails upwind, intercepting oil going downwind.

 

“Oil Compass” is also a modeling too to explore the potential of another work called “Protei” an Open Source Sailing Drone also developed at V2_. Can you tell us more about the “Protei” project, and is this research recursive, can it be applied to other environmental mappings?

 

“Protei” is a shape-shifting sailing robot that collects pollution—and it is a brainchild of artist/designer Cesar Harada. "Protei" would operate as a fleet and is developed as open hardware. The current version is “Protei_Oil_Spill” for collecting spilled oil at sea. It is aimed to be a low-cost device that semiautonomously sails upwind, intercepting oil going downwind. “Protei” is using existing technologies in an innovative design which can be implemented in the short term to address a crisis. Being an open source project, other versions may be designed in the future for other purposes: “Protei” for the North Pacific plastic garbage patch, heavy metals in coastal areas, fishery monitoring, physical oceanography, climate change studies...

 

"Oil Compass" in this context has 3 functions:

 

1) Educational/Didactic: for everyone concerning past major oil spills as well as everyday spills (which depends on the volume of tanker vessels around the world and oil rigs). The plan is be keep updating the data with other less "famous" spills as well as information how the spills were managed and dealt with. This will also help in assessments when and where another disaster might happen.

 

2) Navigational: tracking the traffic of vessels and therefore spills; keeping updated maps with position of all oil rigs—so that it can become as a centralized informative hub; keeping updated maps not only with oil spills situations, but other issues/problems which waters are facing today, i.e.: plastic debris, radioactive spills etc. Ideally I also would like to be able to update all of it with currents and weather forecasts—but that is all a long shot. A better funding structure would be very needed to achieve that.

 

3) “Protei” Locations: based on the navigational function of "Oil Compass" we can asses where “Protei” drones are the most needed, how to navigate them around other vessels, rigs etc; obviously tracking “Protei” and informing what function drones have in what areas.

 

- Kasia Molga, "Oil Compass" -

 

Of course we are all political—whether consciousness or unconscious of it. We are all involved in some relations with other people and/or environment and nature.

 

When looking at eco-art I am struck by how for a number of years now we have engaged in “causes” in the arts from feminism, cultural identity, to AIDS, etc. Why do you think that artists are invested in the political? Is it endemic of society being in need of more “political” players? Or is it more of a crisis in terms of art’s role in society?

 

But aren't we all "political?" The concept of evolution is political. Of course we are all political—whether consciousness or unconscious of it. We are all involved in some relations with other people and/or environment and nature. We are all engaged in some kind of dialogue with our surroundings. I am not sure if the engagement in politics/social or environmental issues are the result of a crisis. Alain de Botton once said that (and I am paraphrasing not quoting) we, humans, when we are around something/some situation for a bit too long, we stop to notice it. The role of artists and what artists can do is to remind us about those forgotten/taken for granted/unnoticed things.

 

I am rather a facilitator who creates a platform for people to explore certain issues in alternative ways and learn about them and form opinion for themselves.

 

So I guess it is not about the crisis of art’s role. It is just that artists often can see sharper and clearer and deeper and spot alternative/forgotten/hidden situations, matters, connections and thus also respond to the zeitgeist. It is often a commentary on existing situations. On a personal level, as an artist/designer who engages often (but not always) in environmental issues, sometimes I feel that I don't create just an artwork—a subjective transformation of my opinion/view of the world. I am rather a facilitator who creates a platform for people to explore certain issues in alternative ways and learn about them and form opinion for themselves. In “Oil Compass”—I think I had a difficult task of trying to be objective about the subject—not to get carried away with too much emotions...

 

We often forget to perceive ourselves as a part of nature and we often make that disassociation even when we speak of "we" and "nature."

 

How do you relate your work to earthworks of the late 60s early 70s such as Robert Smithson’s "Spiral Jetty" which celebrated nature while also aestheticizing it? Are we now aestheticizing nature through politics instead of structural compositions?

   

I would turn that question around a bit to speak here about the concept of beauty—whether it lies in pure visual harmonies of colors and shape or is in fact encapsulated in the content/the emanating/the message. Both are important—the capturing of fragments of ephemeral sublime moments to convey that feeling of awe—the fact that we are part of this amazing creation as nature—we are its fruits, therefore what we do shall be integral to it. However, for some reason sometimes is not.

 

We often forget to perceive ourselves as a part of nature and we often make that disassociation even when we speak of "we" and "nature." While nature/environment/climate is a part of a human narrative, I think many of the earth/land artists of the late 60s and early 70s explored nature in that way. Hopefully having that in common with people such as Robert Smithson, I don't work with the landscape as such, but with its digital representation. I also often use a "bigger picture" in my work—whether it is a map of the entire city or a whole globe; or an interactive live data feed. The immediacy of time, possibility to witness concurrent events at once—that concept of liveness and presence is more important in my work…

 

Istanbul, September 2011

Tags: Kasia Molga, V2_, Valerie Lamontagne, environment, oil, protei