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The shear size of AstroScience-class Telescopes (even those of a Century Ago) is hard to comprehend (especially after a few years with amateur astronomy scopes). The 6ft width of the base that houses the 60inch-wide 7inch-thick mirror is dwarfed by the 25ft Truss Frame that holds the Secondary Mirror skyward inside the 60ft Dome. And the Eyepiece... Instead of the 1.25in and 2in eyepieces of amateur scopes, this behemoth sports a 4in 80mm Focal Length for normal viewing and a "tight" 50mm for use observing smaller objects. The warehouse ladder in the foreground allows one to reach the Eyepiece, which may be only 4ft off the floor when the Scope is pointed high towards zenith, or 12ft up when pointing lower to the horizon (about 30* above horizontal). During times at the latter position, viewing requires actually kneeling on or stepping onto the Telescope to reach the Eyepiece. You Don't do that with amateur scopes!!
The only thing that makes the dark sky look beautiful amidst the countless stars is the Moon! From gazing it through our windows till setting foot on it, we humans have achieved incredibly bigger in making the dreams coming to reality. On 24th July 1969, Apollo 11 astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins landed on Moon. After that, we have never made regular visits to Moon for the past 40 years, except sending spacecraft for observations. Despite such a long gap created for the next human missions on Moon, some upcoming promising missions like Artemis are aiming not only to land on the moon, but also to build colonies and start living there. It is of course challenging to live on Moon but it isn’t impossible. After we found lunar water near the poles, hopes of dwelling on the Moon became stronger, thanks to the Chandrayan1 mission.
However, apart from fantasy, the question of why do we have to go to the Moon is still arising in young minds. In the current scenario, the way we are treating our Earth, it is uncertain to settle the life on Earth for our future generations. Hence it is of course the Next Stop-Moon needed. On one side living on Moon has many advantages over Earth. Yes! The moon has almost 10 times lesser gravity than that on Earth. This means that there could be a possibility of direct satellite launches from Moon to Space without building expensive rockets. Rockets are mainly needed to escape the stronger gravitational pull of Earth. So, we can forget to build rockets if we are planning to launch from Moon. This has made the life of scientists easy. Not just that, the dark craters on the moon are very much beneficial for astronomers to observe the night sky from Moon. The presence of an atmosphere on Earth disturbs the night sky observations for instance: the stars. When we observe the stars, it appears to be twinkling. The reason behind twinkling is as the light from a star hits through our atmosphere, it bounces and knocks through the different layers, bending the light before we see it. The bending of the light changes because of the moving hot and cold layers of air. Since Moon has no atmosphere, this phenomenon of twinkling will not be witnessed and therefore doesn’t misguides the astronomers for their scientific studies. The last question, what do we do for survival? Well, there could be a farm near the poles where we could get access to water. 8 hours of sunlight per day is sufficient for plants to grow. Therefore, problem solved! But, we have to take care of temperature and radiation because we have no atmosphere on Moon to protect from extreme conditions of these. Moreover, we have to even think of insect’s pollination. All these have to be provided artificially.
Thanks to nature and all the creatures we have on Earth that provide us everything for free but sometimes we fail to recognize their importance. So, before we are too late, let us value each and everything we see around us. Because even an insect plays a vital role for our survival on Moon!
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Givemefive.ai is an award-winning private live online teacher-led Programming, Artificial Intelligence, Astroscience, Space Science , Universe Science teaching platform for kids and teens (7-18 years) across 15 countries. You can visit givemefive.ai/student_projects to see some of our awesome student projects.
Ashwini B.R
Co-Founder Givemefive.ai,
MS in Aerospace Engineering, FHWN, Austria
Jupiter, the fifth planet in our solar system and our largest neighbor. There are over 480 million miles between the Sun and Jupiter, about 5 times the distance of the Sun to the Earth. With an approximate 44 thousand mile radius, over 1300 individual earths could fit inside Jupiter. Along with being the largest planet, Jupiter also has the most moons, 67 of them are known, including the four largest Galilean moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. One of Jupiter’s most interesting aspects is that it actually has rings like Saturn or Neptune, except much smaller, so small that they were only first discovered recently discovered in 1979. This image was taken by the Stocker AstroScience Center telescope by Dr. James Webb and color combined by Bobby Martinez.
After the amazing presidents council "end-of-fiscal-year" meeting in which the Stocker AstroScience Center was prominently featured by both the outgoing council chair and the incoming chair, we trekked across campus with some interested attendees to tour the Stocker Center. It was such a beautiful evening that we opened the dome and took some images of Jupiter through the FIU 24" telescope. Note the prominent red spot and the banding in Jupiter's atmosphere. As a souvenir of their visit, each person was sent this color image produced from the raw images taken that evening. Here it is for everyone to enjoy!
Jupiter, named after the greatest Roman god, is the largest planet in our solar system. Jupiter holds many other accolades among the other planets of our solar system: It contains the largest moon, Ganymede; it has the fastest rotation period, with 9.9 hours per rotation; it also has the largest sea, made of liquid metallic hydrogen. It is unknown who discovered Jupiter, as there exists documentation of Jupiter from the 7th century BC. It is known, however, that it was first observed through a telescope by Galileo Galilei, who also discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons in 1610. Jupiter, which sometimes is as bright as magnitude of -2.94, appears as a very bright star in the night sky. This gas giant is also very large. So large, in fact, that it is more massive than every other planet in the solar system combined and accounts for over 70% of our solar system’s planetary material. Even Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, a large storm that has been raging for over 350 years and has had a diameter three times that of Earth, appears massive. Surrounding Jupiter are 67 moons and a very faint ring system of 3 rings. The shadow of a moon, likely Ganymede’s, can be seen in this image at around an 11’o clock position on Jupiter. This image is the result of four images in the U filter that were taken by Dr. Webb using the Stocker AstroScience Center’s 24” telescope. They were reduced by Debra Duval and added false color to by Gabriel Salazar.
I paint with oils and texturing- a style that I call "Hard Edged Abstraction." Many of the paintings on this site were created while I lived in Hawaii on the Big Island. They are my response to the color, landscape, flora & fauna- the ocean life, and volcanoes, celestial navigation, and other wonders and beauty that is Hawaii.
Title
“Witch’s Broom in the Void: NGC 6960 (Western Veil Nebula)”
Description
Beneath the wing of the celestial swan, I captured the ghostly filaments of the Western Veil Nebula (NGC 6960) — a breath of cosmic memory from a star that died thousands of years ago. This delicate lacework of ionized hydrogen and oxygen drifts across space, the remnant of a supernova whose shock-wave, sweeping through the interstellar medium, carved and illuminated the shell we now see.
AstroBackyard
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Wikipedia
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Sky & Telescope
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At an estimated distance of ~2,100–2,400 light-years and spanning roughly 110 light-years across, this structure stretches nearly six moon-diameters across our sky.
NASA Science
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astro.nightsky.at
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The bright star 52 Cygni that appears embedded in the nebula is in fact a foreground star, giving us only the illusion of association.
Sky & Telescope
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Captured from the dark desert skies of the Desert Bloom Observatory (Bortle Class 2) on October 19, 20, 23, I used a Celestron NexStar EVO 9.25 f/10 and ZWO ASI2600MC PRO on a Sky-Watcher EQ-6R Pro mount, guided by a ZWO 30F4 Miniscope and ASI462 MC, with a ZWO ASIAir Plus controlling acquisition. A 2″ Optolong L-Pro multiband-pass filter was used to isolate emission detail, and exposures of 600 s each were stacked over 58 subs with DeepSkyStacker, then processed via PixInsight and Photoshop to bring out the fragile filament texture and subtle colour gradients.
The final frame reveals the interplay of glowing hydrogen (H-α) and doubly-ionised oxygen (O III) gas, sculpted by shock-fronts and cosmic currents into gossamer strands. It is a snapshot of stellar death and cosmic rebirth — a lament and a celebration, frozen in light.
May this image be a whisper from the universe: that even in destruction, there is beauty; even in silence, there is story.
Messier 33, also known as the Triangulum Galaxy, is a spiral galaxy located 3 million light years away within in our Local Group. In the night sky, it can be found in the constellation Triangulum and can be seen in skies without light pollution, as the galaxy has an apparent magnitude of 5.7. With a diameter of about 60,000 light years, it happens to be the third largest Galaxy in the Local Group. For reference, the Milky Way Galaxy has about double that diameter and ten times the amount of stars that M33 has (400 billion to 40 billion). It was likely discovered by Giovanni Battista Hodierna prior to 1654. Charles Messier independently catalogued it as his 33rd object in 1746. The Triangulum Galaxy is special in several ways: for one, it does not contain a supermassive black hole. It also has a massive region of star formation known as NGC 604, which alone contains the third-most amount of young stars in our Local Group. This image is the result of four images, with one each from the red, green, blue, and illumination filters (exposed for 120 seconds). They were taken and reduced by Dr. Webb using the FIU Stocker AstroScience Center’s 24” telescope and were color combined by Daniel Puentes, Gabriel Salazar, and Debra Duval.
Messier 82, also known as the Cigar Galaxy, is an irregular starburst galaxy that can be located within the Ursa Major constellation. The first known discover was by Johann Elert Bode on December 31, 1774, though the galaxy was later rediscovered by Pierre Mechain in 1779 and then recorded by Charles Messier on 1781.. Its distinct web of clouds is a result of enormous hydrogen clouds blasting out from its central region of rapid star formation. The Cigar Galaxy is about 12 million light years away from earth and has a diameter of 37,000 light years. Its brightness allows for it to be visible even with a pair of binoculars as a thin streak of light.
This image is the result of four separate images taken with different wave-lengths filters by the Stocker AstroScience ACE 24” telescope and then reduced and color combined by Bobby Martinez using MIRA Pro.
Comet Lovejoy (C2/2014) is currently brightening our night skies. From a dark location, it can be seen with binoculars moving North west in front of the constellation Orion. The image above is a series of images taken with the Stocker 0.61-meter telescope over the period of approximately 1 hour and stacked on top of one another. The comet images are the fuzzy blobs near the center of the image, and each image shows the progress of the comet (direction of red line). Comets are large objects, composed of rock and ice that are on orbits that take them in toward the Sun. Comet lovejoy is approaching perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) this month. As the comet makes it way through the inner solar system the nucleus heats up, outgassing and forming what astronomers call a Coma. What you see in the image is the coma of Lovejoy. Normally you can see two tails, an ion tail and a dust tail. In our images, we were unable to see the tail since a combination of bright sky and hazy weather made the sky brighter than the tail itself, thus we are unable to image it. However, what we could see was the progress of the comet as it moved among the background stars from lower right to upper left. All of the other points of light are stars. Each image is a 30 second exposure taken about 10 minutes apart. You can see the progress of the comet as it moves through the Solar system. At perihelion, the comet is moving at its highest speed (~82,000 mph for Lovejoy!). In the next few weeks we will try and image the tail for you. These images were taken through RGBL filters on the 0.61 telescope at the Stocker AstroScience Center by Dr. James Webb and Dr.Jose Parra and reduced by Dr. Webb.
The Moon, the northeaster section to be precise. The large crater like structure in the image is the Mare Crisium (“Sea of Crises”), a 68000 square miles lunar Maria, which are large basalt plains created by large collisions early during the Moon’s formation. What’s interesting about this picture is that it is the first (semi-)picture-of-the-week to be taken by Stocker AstroScience Center’s new ACE 24 inch Telescope. This picture was taken on November 24th, 2014 by Dr. James Webb and combined and unsharp masked by James Webb and Bobby Martinez.
Messier 104, also known as the Sombrero Galaxy, is a spiral galaxy located within the Virgo constellation. The 50,000 light year-across Sombrero, with a distance of about 29.3 million light years from Earth, is one of the largest galaxies in the Virgo cluster. Messier 104 was first discovered by Pierre Mechain on May 1871 and was written on one of Charles Messier’s personal lists, but was not included on the official published Messier catalogue as M104 until 1921. Since the Sombrero Galaxy has an apparent magnitude of 8-9, it can be observed with 3” aperture telescopes, although details such as the dustlane become apparent with telescopes of 4.5” aperture and greater. Our unique view of the Sombrero Galaxy, which is from 6 degrees south of its equatorial plane, as well as its extremely bright core, make this galaxy one of the most popular and distinguishable objects amongst astronomers. Research of Messier 104 indicates that the galaxy’s center may contain a supermassive black hole that is about 1 billion solar mases. This is the result of four images of the red, blue, green, and luminance filters, all exposed for 120 seconds. They were taken, reduced, and color combined by Stephen Revesz using FIU’s Stocker AstroScience ACE 24” telescope and MIRA Pro.
The "Hickson 44" group is the 44th member of 100 different compact groups of galaxies known as the Hickson Compact Groups, compiled by Paul Hickson. HCg44 includes NGC3185 (not shown), NGC3187, NGC3190, and NGC3193. Hickson 44 lies about 100 million light years away, within the constellation Leo. This group shows gravitational interactions that appear to distort the edges of some members, such as the arms of NGC3190. NGC3190, a spiral galaxy, is the largest galaxy of the HGC44. It measures approximately 75,000 light years across, and can be seen with a small telescope in clear skies, as it has a magnitude of 11.1. This image also contains NGC3189, a diffuse nebula within the NGC3190 galaxy. Many have likely seen this galaxy, as it is one of the default Apple wallpapers. The other members of the Hickson 44 group shown in this image are NGC3193, an elliptical galaxy, and NGC3187, known for its distinctive by its S-shape. This is the final result of three images, one each from the red, green, and blue filters and all exposed for 120 seconds, taken by Stephen Revesz using the FIU Stocker AstroScience Center 24” telescope. They were further reduced and color combined by Stephen Revesz and Gabriel Salazar.
The Full Moon as seen from the Stocker AstroScience Center over the MMC Campus at Florida International University on 9/14/2016. The mosaic is made up of nine individual images through an ultraviolet filter using the Finger Lakes CCD attached to the ACE 24" telescope. Ten images of each individual location on the Moon were analyzed and the sharpest ones were used for the mosaic. The images were taken and fit together by Dr. Webb.
SPOW is sponsored by a grant from Orbital ATK corporation. Most images presented here were made from the FIU campus using the Astronomical Consultants and Equipment (ACE) 24" automated telescope and the Fingerlakes MaxCam CCD camera through RGBL or UBVRI filters.
Comet Lovejoy (C2/2014) in color. Image made through RGB filters with the 0.61-meter telescope atop the Stocker Astroscience center. We took a number of exposures through R, G and B filters and selected the one with the best "Seeing" in each color. The images were bias, dark and flat corrected and then combined using the "RGB combine" function in MIRA image processing software. Notice the red, green and blue dots. These are actually star images and normally are aligned so the red, green and blue images coincide. However, since comet Lovejoy is moving very rapidly, we had to align the images with the comet, therefore mis-aligning the stars by a large amount. The direction the colored stars are oriented tells you which direction the comet is moving. (see previous SPOW). These images were reduced and color combined by Dr. Webb, Owen Lalababayev, and Bobby Martinez.
Messier 52 is an open cluster of stars located in the constellation Cassiopeia. Open clusters are clusters of stars found in or near the disk of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Astronomers think they were all born at roughly the same time out of the same gas cloud. In the case of M52, there could be as many as 193 members, the brightest as seen from Earth is 11th magnitude. Stellar density estimates indicate there are about 3 stars per cubic parsec in the center of the cluster. Some estimates place its age as only 35 million years old, that’s young given the Earth is nearly 4.8 Billion years old! It is about 5,200 (+- 2000) light years away, but this distance is uncertain since there is a fair amount of dust and gas between us and the cluster. This image was created by combining RGBL images taken with the FLI CCD camera and the ACE 24” telescope at the Stocker AstroScience center on 1106/2016 by Dr. Webb. The data reduction and color combination, also by Dr. Webb, left some streaks across the top of the image that are not real and are the result of faulty flat field images. These images are part of the Stocker Centers Messier project.
The Crab Nebula, also called M1 or NGC 1952, is a very important supernova remnant first discovered in 1731. However, the supernova eruption that caused the Crab was actually seen on Earth by Chinese astronomers in 1054 AD. Its distance is around 6,500 light years away from Earth, so the explosion happened in 5446 BC! The nebula is a result of a massive star that ended its stellar lifetime in a huge thermonuclear blast called a supernova. The clouds of gas from the outer parts of the star were ejected into space at speeds approaching 1,500 km/sec and are what we see in the image above. Embedded deep in the nebula, not resolvable by our ground=based telescope, is the Crab pulsar. The pulsar is a rapidly spinning stellar remnant that is so dense, the entire star, called a neuron star, is as dense as an atomic nucleus. This image was taken by Patrick Ford and Daniella Roberts using the 24-inch telescope at FIU's Stocker AstroScience Center. The exposures were 20 seconds long through RGBL filters to achieve accurate color rendition of the nebula. The exposures were reduced and color combined by Patrick Ford.
The Crab nebula is a supernova remnant in our Milky Way galaxy. The star that exploded was seen and recorded by Chinese astronomers in 1054 A.D. They kept such accurate records, that modern day astronomers looked at the location they recorded and found this expanding mass of gas that resulted from the explosion. When the star exploded, it was so bright it was visible for several months in the day time. It now houses a stellar remnant that we believe is a neutron star that is rapidly rotating sending out pulses of radio radiation. We call these objects pulsars. This object is about 6400 light years from Earth. The image was taken on December 22, 2016, but the light left the crab in 4384 B.C. Its current brightness is +8.4 magnitudes, far too faint to be seen without a telescope. This images was taken by Dr. James Webb and Casey Groden with the FIU 24" telescope at the Stocker AstroScience observatory.
M81, also known as Bode's Galaxy, is a spiral galaxy located around 12 million light years away from Earth. In the night sky, M81 is located in the constellation Ursa Major. M81 has an apparent magnitude of 6.94. M81 was discovered in 1774 by Johann Elert Bode, hence where the name comes from. In 1779, Pierre Mechain and Charles Messier reidentified the object, thus earning its place on the Messier catalog. The object was imaged by Physics major Daniel Puentes, using the 24" telescope at the Stocker AstroScience Center at Florida International University. The exposures ranged between 100 to 150 seconds in the R,B,G, and L filters. The image was reduced and color combined by Physics majors Daniel Puentes and Stephen Revesz using MIRA.
NGC 3603 is one of the most massive and densest star clusters within the Milky Way, and can be seen within the constellation of Carina. Around 17 light-years in length, and 20000 light-years away from earth, the cluster can be seen using 7x50 binoculars under good conditions. Its strong ultraviolet radiation and stellar winds have cleared away most of the massive clouds of gas and plasma surrounding it, giving the earth a clear view. The images used to create this picture were taken with the Stocker AstroScience Center 0.61-meter telescope at FIU by Dr. James Webb, and color combined by Bobby Martinez.
Messier 101 is a spiral galaxy more commonly known as the Pinwheel Galaxy and can be seen within the Ursa Major constellation, otherwise known as the Big Dipper constellation. It was discovered by Pierre Mechain on March 27, 1781 and was then verified by Charles Messier as one of his final entries to his Messier Catalogue. As a spiral galaxy it is slightly unusual in the sense that it is viewed face-on from earth. The Pinwheel Galaxy is roughly 170,000 light years in diameter, which is comparable to the diameter of the Milky Way, and is 27 million light years away from earth. It can be observed using only a 3 inch telescope, and on dark moonless nights it can even be spotted with binoculars.
This image is the result of four separate images taken with different wave-lengths filters by the Stocker AstroScience ACE 24” telescope and then reduced and color combined by Bobby Martinez using MIRA Pro.
Messier 64, or commonly known as the Black Eye Galaxy or the Evil Eye Galaxy, is a spiral galaxy that can be located within the Coma Berenices constellation. The “Black Eye” in its name refers to the dark band of dust that obscured the galaxy’s bright central region. In fact the galaxy is actually composed of two counter-rotating disks, the inner disk containing most of the stars and dust, and the outer disk consisting largely of gas. At a distance over 17 million light years from earth the galaxy spans over 70,000 light years. Although catalogued by Charles Messier in 1780, its first known discovery is by Edward Pigott in 1779. The galaxy is easily observed and can be seen with the usage of small telescopes. This image is the result of four separate images taken with different wave-lengths filters by the Stocker AstroScience ACE 24” telescope and then reduced and color combined by Bobby Martinez using MIRA Pro.
VdB 126: The Whispering Lantern of Vulpecula
In the soft darkness of Vulpecula, where star-winds drift like ancient hymns, VdB 126 glows as a delicate reflection nebula — a floating lantern of cosmic dust scattering the blue light of a hidden star. Roughly 1,200 light-years from Earth, this cloud of interstellar grains becomes a quiet teacher of astrophysics, showing how dust not only obscures starlight but also paints it into ethereal color.
This image is the patient sum of 33 frames, each held open for 900 seconds, gathered beneath the night’s long breath. Calibrated with darks, flats, and bias frames, stacked through DeepSkyStacker, and later sculpted in PixInsight and Photoshop, the final portrait reveals both the poetry and the physics of creation.
A reminder that the universe is gentle, luminous, and waiting — if we only dare to look long enough.
What may seem to be a large star in the center this image is actually the Spirograph Nebula (IC 418), shown again blown up in the upper left. It is a planetary nebula that can be seen within the Lepus constellation. At approximately 2000 light-years away and spanning .3 light-years in diameter, the Spirograph Nebula is just too faint to be seen with binoculars. The exact origins and specifics of the nebula are still currently uncertain. The blown up image to the upper left was taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, as the Astroscience Center’s telescope is not powerful enough to take such a close picture. The unusual patterns give the nebula its name, as they resemble patterns drawn using a Spirograph. The individual images was taken by Dr. James Webb at the AstroScience Center on the 16th of January and combined by Bobby Martinez.
Messier 56, a globular cluster within the Lyra constellation, was first discovered by Charles Messier on January 19, 1779. Messier identified his fifty sixth catalogued astronomical object as a “nebula without stars.” Unbeknownst to him it was a 13.7 billion-year-old Class X globular cluster of 80,000 stars. The classification X describes the concentration of stars, with X, or ten, denoting a cluster with a generally loose concentration. The cluster is approximately 32,900 light years away, with a diameter of 84 light years, and is moving towards Earth at 145 kilometers per second. M56 cannot be seen with the unaided eye due to its apparent magnitude of 8.3, but some outer stars can be seen with telescopes with aperture 250mm or larger. It is most discernable in the northern hemisphere from June to August. This image is the final result of four images, with red, green, blue, and luminance filters exposed for 20 seconds. They were taken by Dr. Webb on August 7th, 2015, with FIU’s Stocker AstroScience Center telescope, and were color combined by Gabriel Salazar.
The famous nebula revisited from previous images taken at the Stocker AstroScience Center in Miami Florida on 12/10/2014. The images are 8 second exposures through Johnson R,V and I filters and color combined in Mira to get a psuedo-color image. Although we lack the resolution, even on the best nights, of the Hubble Space telescope, we can still pick up the nebulosity around the central star. This object is a planetary nebula located in the constellation Lepus and is the result of a red giant star which exploded a few million years ago. It is over 3600 light years from Earth and appears to us as a faint nebula only a few arc minutes across in the optical. The famous Space telescope images revealed not only the intricate patterns of nebulosity from which it gained its name "Spirograph Nebula", but also the expansion speed of the gases. The central star was probably very similar to our Sun. These images were taken, re-reduced and color combined by Dr. Webb.
M27, also called the Dumbbell Nebula, is a planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula. Charles Messier was the first to discover the object back in 1764. M27 is 1.36 thousand light years away from Earth. The object’s magnitude is around 7.5, making this nebula visible with a low powered telescope during any clear autumn night. In the center of the nebula is a white dwarf star, which is the producer of the gas cloud that surrounds it. The individual images were each exposed for 30 seconds in the R, G, B, and L filters through the FIU AstroScience Center’s 24-inch telescope by physics major Daniel Puentes. The images were then reduced and color-combined by Gabriel Salazar and Daniel Puentes.
Messier 29, discovered in 1764 by Charles Messier, who catalogued over 100 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, is an open star cluster in the Cygnus constellation. With an apparent magnitude of 7.1, the cluster can be seen with binoculars or a low-power telescope. It is considered to be relatively young, at 10 million years old. Located 4,000 light years away, M29 contains eight extremely noticeable stars, five of which are classified as B0. This means that, placed in the location of our Sun, any of those five stars would be 160,000 times brighter! This image is the final result of four images, with red, green, and blue filters exposed for 30 seconds, and a luminance filter exposed for 5 seconds. They were taken by Dr. Webb on August 7th, 2015, with FIU’s very own telescope atop the Stocker AstroScience Center, and were color combined by Gabriel Salazar.