This is Max.

 

A new addition to the family. My friend and I found her on the internet one Friday night when I was feeling a little low and the blues just wouldn't get drunk away.

 

At the moment she can be a little uncoordinated and headbutts furniture and door frames when she jumps from a height. Baaaad, baaaaaaaaaaaaad kitty breath, but she purrs at the drop of a hat and scales up my jeans when I'm cooking or washing up.

 

Even though she has a full and fresh bowl of water she'll jump in the bath tub after we've showered and lap up the drips.

 

I adore her little sneezes and the way she gently pats my face in the morning so that I'll wake up and play with her. Her most endearing habit right now is running and launching herself at duster that hangs in hallway. She often misses, but when she grabs it she swings like Tarzan and grips on like a python.

In the 12th century a Norman Church was built and various additions have since been made. Although the present church building is not mentioned before 1272, the list of Rectors dates from 1279 and parts of the church are definitely of an earlier period. The 17th century three decker pulpit is one of the most interesting features in the church. The lowest ‘deck’ was used by the Parish Clerk and was entered from the Nave, where he sat and was responsible for saying the ‘Amens’. The Parish Clerk today is responsible for the maintenance of the Parochial Registers of Births, Marriages and Deaths, but is no longer required to participate in services. The middle and top levels were entered from the Chancel and were used respectively for the reading of the Scriptures and Preaching of the Sermon, as they are today. This type of pulpit is very rare and few examples exist. The Font is possibly Saxon. In 1893 Henry James Abbott, who was doing some gardening, dug it up in the Old Rectory garden. He wheeled it up to the Church in his wheelbarrow and it was placed where it belonged.

 

There are two galleries; the first was for the Church minstrels to play their instruments and the second was possibly for the poor of the Parish or for the children of the Charity School. There are two private pews, one for the occupants of Castle Malwood and the other, which now houses the organ, for Minstead Lodge. The extra long hat pegs were for the accommodation of the tall stovepipe hats that were worn by many men who attended church.There are six bells, the first was cast in the 15th century and is inscribed ‘Sancta Maria’. The second is inscribed ‘Love God R.B.1604′. The third is inscribed ‘In God is my hope 1638 J.H’. The fourth and Fifth were cast in 1980 by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry and inscribed ‘By Subscription’. Following a successful fund raising effort by the Minstead bell ringers a new treble to augment the ring to six bells was installed in June 2013 and is inscribed ‘Taylors of Loughborough 2013′.

A key attraction in the Churchyard is the grave of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.

Nariman Karbalayi Najaf oglu Narimanov ( az.-abjad . نریمان نریماناوو ‎; April 14, 1870 , Tbilisi - March 19, 1925 , Moscow ) — Azerbaijani Bolshevik revolutionary , social and political figure, writer , publicist, doctor; 1st People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan SSR ; Chairman of the Revolutionary Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR; 1st Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Azerbaijan SSR; 1st Chairman of the ZSFSR Union Council; 1st Chairman of the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR from ZSFSR .

 

By the Decision No. 211 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated May 7, 2019, Nariman Narimanov was included in the list of authors whose works were declared state goods in the Republic of Azerbaijan .

 

Many firsts achieved by Azerbaijan in the Muslim East, including the first constitution, are connected with his name. During Narimanov's reign, the customs and traditions of the Azerbaijani people were deeply respected, and all religious and traditional holidays were officially considered non-working days. In addition to being a politician, he played an important role in the history of Azerbaijan as an educator and dramatist-writer. In 1894, he opened the first reading room in Baku . As a writer, he is the founder of the Azerbaijani national novel ( "Bahadır ve Sona ") and the first historical tragedy ("Nadir Shah"). During his reign, friendly relations with all neighboring republics were maintained. For example, he gave great support to the War of Independence in Turkey and, as a result, gave great support to them in the fight against the removal of Turkey from the map. Later, when Atatürk offered to repay him for his help, N. Narimanov told him, "Pasham, there is a tradition in the Turkish nation, brother does not lend to brother, brother takes his brother's hand in any case." he sent a reply.

 

Nariman Narimanov was born in 1870 in Tbilisi . His paternal grandfather is from Urmia, present-day Iran . In 1890, he graduated from the Gori seminary , and in 1908, he graduated from the Faculty of Medicine of the Imperial Novorossiysk (Odessa) University .

 

In 1905, he joined the leadership of the Social-Democratic "Hummat" organization and translated the manifesto of the Russian Social-Democratic Labor (Bolshevik) Party (RSDF(b)P) into Azerbaijani. In 1909, he was arrested and exiled to the city of Astrakhan .

 

Returning to Baku in 1913, Narimanov engaged in propaganda among the workers.

 

Already in 1917, N. Narimanov was the chairman of the Central Committee of the "Hummat" Organization, a member of the RSDF(b)P Baku Committee, and the editor-in-chief of the "Hummat" newspaper.

 

In March 1918, Narimanov was appointed People's Commissar for Urban Economy in the Baku Soviet. In June of that year, he was sent to Astrakhan for treatment due to a serious illness. After recovery, he works in a number of party bodies in that city.

 

In 1919, N. Narimanov was called to Moscow and appointed as Deputy People's Commissar for Eastern Affairs in the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs (MFA) of the RSFSR.

 

After the collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and the declaration of the Azerbaijan SSR on April 28, 1920, N. Narimanov became the Chairman of the Provisional Revolutionary Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR and the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars.

 

After the establishment of the USSR in 1922, he was elected one of the chairmen of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.

 

N. Narimanov died mysteriously in 1925 and was buried near the Kremlin walls in Moscow.

 

Prominent revolutionary Lev Trotsky said about Narimanov's death: "After Lenin, the second greatest loss of the East." Sergo Orjonikidze described Narimanov as: "The biggest representative of our party in the East."

 

N. Narimanov was born in a poor family in Tbilisi. He was named after his great-grandfather, originally from Urmiya district of South Azerbaijan. His elder brother Salman Narimanov writes in his memory book that our great-grandfather Nariman was a "steady-footed" doorman in the palace of Irakli I, governor of Kakheti in the 17th century. N. Narimanov's father was engaged in small trade in Karbalai Najaf. Allahverdi Bey, the father of Karbalai Najaf, was one of the well-known musical figures in Transcaucasia in the 19th century. Karbalai Najaf was married to Halima, the daughter of Haji Muhammadgasim Zamanov from Tbilisi, and they had 9 children: Salman , Marziyya, Reza, Rizvan, Fatma, Sakina, Rizvan (the dead child was named), Nariman, Zohrabanu.

 

Salman Narimanov is the elder brother of Nariman Narimanov. He was born in 1847 in Tbilisi. He begins to write poems under the signature "Seyyare" and " Seyyareyi-Haqqi" . Salman Narimanov was recognized as the first Azerbaijani composer in the Caucasus . In 1905-1907, he was the chief typist in the Baku printing house and served in the training of national typists and the development of the art of polygraphy in Azerbaijan. He wrote his articles under the signature of "Old Salman". Currently, the work "Travel Note" is stored in the Institute of Manuscripts named after M. Fuzuli of ANAS. Articles published in 1906 editions of "Hayat" newspaper: "Nimrods and Shaddats", "Hami-niku", "A worm eats from the tree", "Letter to so-and-so", "Part of the story", "Should we talk or not talk", "Open letter", "Freedom should be used with justice". He died in 1907 in Baku.

 

Gulsum Narimanova (Aliyeva) was born in Baku in 1898 in the family of merchant Mirkazim Aliyev, originally from Shamakhi. In 1915, she married the great thinker and statesman Nariman Narimanov. In 1931-1935, he studied at the horticultural and fruit growing faculty of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and the Garagul Sheep Breeding Institute in Moscow. On the basis of her work experience in Western Siberia, Mrs. Gulsum writes the booklets "A very important fodder base", "A sharp turn must be achieved in the silo campaign", "For towers and trenches for silos", "Collectivization liberates women" . In addition, he writes and publishes the article "Random Campaign", "Fairy Tales and Stories for Children", article for "Bakinski Rabochi" newspaper and "My Memories" . For her active pregnancy, Mrs. Kulsum Narimanova was awarded the decrees of the Moscow Military District, the Moscow City Health Department, the Military Hospital Command, and the "Medal for Victory over Germany" . He was a member of the host commission of the Moscow City Red Cross Committee, was awarded the medal "Excellent of Sanitary Protection of the USSR" . Kulsum Narimanova died in 1953 and was buried in Vagankovskoye cemetery in Moscow.

 

Najaf Nariman oglu Narimanov was born on December 2, 1919 in Moscow, Russia. In 1928, Najaf Narimanov entered school No. 109 in Moscow. In 1938, Najaf Narimanov, who successfully completed the nine-year school, entered the Leningrad Military Technical Tank School, which was later named the Tank School named after Pushkin. Najaf Narimanov wanted to study at the Military Academy after graduating from the Kiev military school in 1940. For this, he applies for admission to the Stalin Military Academy of the Red Army. However, the Great Patriotic War, which began in 1941, prevented his dream from coming true. He fought on the Stalingrad and Southern fronts, became a platoon commander of the tank repair division of the 58th separate Guards repair and maintenance battalion of the 2nd Guards Mechanized Corps. He is awarded the medal "For the defense of Stalingrad". On September 10, 1943, Najaf Narimanov's tankers distinguished themselves in the liberation of the Ukrainian city of Volnovakha and the city railway junction from the enemies. On that day, the brave commander, 24-year-old Narimanov, died. He is buried with military honors in the brotherhood cemetery in Volnovakha.

 

Muzaffar Narimanov was born in 1897 in Tbilisi. After the February-bourgeois democratic revolution (1917), he became the commissioner of the Baku gubernia food committee, and after the establishment of the Soviet power in Azerbaijan, he was the deputy of the emergency commissar of Nukha district and Zagatala district. In 1921, he was elected secretary of the AK (b) P Factory and Factory District Committee. In 1925, named after GV Plekhanov. Graduated from the Institute of National Economy, head of the organization department of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee (1925–1927), deputy commissar of the People's Committee of the Azerbaijan SSR (1927–1928), secretary of the Sverdlovsk District Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee of the Central Committee (1929–1930), Central Committee (b) ) P MK secretary, Ural Vil. He worked as the deputy chairman of the Consumer Union (1930–1933), the head of the mass organization department of the EC (b) P MK, the secretary of the Orjonikidze District Committee, the secretary of the Baku Committee, and then the II secretary (1933–1937). He was a representative of the 16th and 17th congresses of the UIC (b) P, AKP and a number of congresses of Transcaucasian communist organizations. Many times AK (b) P MK, UIK (b) P Transcaucasia Country and Sverdlovsk Vil. He was elected a member of the Committees, Azerbaijan SSR MIC and SSR MIC. Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In 1937, he was arrested by M. Bagirov, and in 1938, he was shot as a victim of repression.

 

Tbilisi governorate adopted a special charter on November 22, 1873 to open a community school in the districts. In 1875, N. Narimanov traveled around the region in order to organize a community elementary school for Azerbaijanis living in Borchali district. No village accepts that school. They only apply to the educational authorities of Kizilhaji with a special application, asking for the community school to be given to them. In the 1875 report, Neverov , the head of the Caucasian educational district , wrote: "There is a Muslim village named Gizilhajili from Borchali district, which wishes to open a school at its own expense."

 

In the 70s of the 19th century, the community schools organized in the villages by the special order of the government were controlled by the educational authorities of the state, but they did not provide assistance from the state treasury. A special tax was collected from the population to maintain community schools. For this purpose, that year, by collecting 1 manat and 30 kopecks from each house, gold pilgrims collected 292 manats. Of this, 200 manats were spent on the teacher's annual salary, and 92 manats were spent on the school's economic work and school supplies. Thus, the Golden Pilgrims became the first pioneers of enlightenment for the Azerbaijanis living in Transcaucasia. In 1876, they built a new type, three-classroom stone building for the school. Thus, on September 1, 1877, a new type of elementary school providing secular education began its work on the basis of the mullah school, which previously operated in private houses. Even during Narimanov's lifetime, the villagers made a special decision to call it "Narimaniya School".

 

20-year-old Narimanov, who graduated from the Gori teachers' seminary in 1890, began his pedagogical activity as a Russian language teacher in the Kyzilhajili village elementary school of Borchali district, Tbilisi province. However, the future writer and statesman was able to work for only one academic year. The school was closed due to financial constraints. Narimanov had to go to Baku. The features of the Azerbaijani village at that time - illiteracy and fanaticism, lawlessness and unbearable exploitation came to life in front of Narimanov's eyes with all their horror, and as he wrote much later, the idea of ​​"helping the backward part of humanity as much as possible" first appeared in that village. . He started writing "Ignorance" while he was teaching in Kizilhacılı .

 

A year later, Narimanov, who moved to Baku with the intention of opening a new school, began a very large-scale social and pedagogical activity. It is not possible for him to open a school, and with the help of SM Ganizade Narimanov, A.I. A teacher is accepted for the lower department of the preparatory class of Pobedonostsev's 6-grade progymnasium. Since this school was a private school, those who worked there were not considered civil servants and were not entitled to the privileges reserved for teachers working in public schools. Despite the difficult financial situation, Narimanov has been working in this school for 5 years, trying to attract Azerbaijani children to education and increase the number of students.

 

Narimanov, who gained the deep respect of the Baku pedagogical community and the population, was invited by the director of the Baku real school in the beginning of 1896 to work as an Azerbaijani language teacher and assistant to the class coaches. Soon after, on September 1, 1896, by the decision of the Baku city duma, the Baku boys' classical gymnasium was established at the base of Probedonostsev's progymnasium, and since Narimanov was already approved for the position of civil servant, he was transferred to the same position in that gymnasium. Narimanov worked here continuously until 1902 and proved himself to be an exemplary teacher. For his high-level pedagogical services, he was first awarded with a medal, and then with the Order of St. Stanislaus of the third degree.

 

Narimanov's pedagogical activity was not limited to teaching. As a public figure, he had a significant impact on the spread of education and culture in Azerbaijan. During that period, Narimanov also taught for free at Sunday schools and evening courses operating under various educational institutions of Baku, together with other progressive intellectuals of his time, he taught literacy to the elderly population, spread progressive ideas, and participated in showing theater performances for the benefit of these schools and courses.

 

Narimanov explained his position against the position of pro-Russian chauvinists and said: "Turkish (Azerbaijani) children should know not only Pushkin, but also Shakespeare and Schiller. , after knowing Zakir's and Vidadi's poems, he should know them". N. Narimanov's recommendation was that "those who put forward the proposal to reduce the teaching of the Turkish (Azerbaijani) language should learn this language themselves in order to understand Sabir".

 

N. Narimanov emphasized that the position of the communists suppressing the Azerbaijani language coincided with the position of Tsar Nicholas and called them chauvinists without hesitation .

 

The number of works done by N. Narimanov for the national revival of our people is quite large. Another fact that proves his determination on this path: on March 20, 1924, the issue was discussed at the political bureau of the party in Moscow at the suggestion of N. Narimanov. Going against the opinion of F. Dzerzhinsky , he raised the issue of spending the majority of the income from oil on the development of education and healthcare in Azerbaijan. N. Narimanov succeeded in this and wrote his recommendations to G. Musabayov , the Chairman of the SSC .

 

In 1902, at the age of 32, N. Narimanov entered the medical faculty of Novorossiysk Imperial University in Odessa, and graduated in 1908. While studying in the 4th year, he wrote the work "Medicine and Islam" . While in exile in Astrakhan, he was engaged in social and political activities as well as medicine. Narimanov, who is the chairman of the Astrakhan "People's Universities Society", spoke on behalf of the "Shurai-Islam" society at the II congress of Astrakhan governorate doctors. In 1918, Narimanov took many necessary measures regarding the sanitary condition of the city, as well as the condition of hospitals, as the commissioner of Baku city economy.

 

Since 1914, Narimanov worked in a free hospital in the Karashahr district of Baku, treated sick workers working in oil mines and the people of the villages near the hospital. He also treated patients in his apartment for free.

 

From 1909 to 1918, N. Narimanov wrote in Astrakhan and Baku "Cholera-cholera", "Shakhotka-tuberculosis", "Trachoma", "Women's world", "Medicine and Islam", "Drunkenness" and other such useful gave lectures on scientific and journalistic topics, published articles and booklets.

 

After each lecture, N. Narimanov distributed the booklet "Medicine and Islam" free of charge to distribute among the poor workers. (See: "Burhani-taraqqi", "Idel", "Astrakhanskiy kray", etc., published in Astrakhan in those years, as well as "Iqbal", "Baku", "Sadayi-haqq", etc. newspapers published in Baku) This scientific- mass lectures played a major role in taking urgent preventive measures against the most common cholera, smallpox, trachoma, malaria, rheumatism, and gastrointestinal diseases.

 

After N. Narimanov started working in Black City, the report of the Baku Medical and Sanitary Bureau about his first half-year activity indicated that the doctor worked very hard and did not limit his admission time. From 50 to 80 patients came to his reception in one day, and they were provided with all kinds of medical assistance. During the six months of 1914, Narimanov received 11,765 patients and provided surgical assistance to 2,441 people. He wrote 9418 recipes.

 

N. Narimanov said in one of his speeches: "Doctors have very little time left to receive patients. They can spend an average of 2 to 3.5 minutes on each patient."

 

This is evidenced by the letters he sent to Z. Soloviev, Chairman of the Russian Red Cross Society, and NA Semashko, the People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR, when he was working in Moscow as the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In those letters, he talks about the medical and health care needs of the people of Azerbaijan and asks that Azerbaijan be provided with surgery, pharmacy tools, various medicines, and especially anti-malarial medicine, which was much needed at that time.

 

N. Narimanov's attitude to the Nagorno-Karabakh problem was unambiguous. The failure of the decision of the "congress" held by Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh in 1920 can be considered as the result of N. Narimanov's note to Armenia. On July 10, 1920, N. Narimanov sent a telegram to the Central Committee of the RK(b)P in Moscow about the "situation in Nagorno-Karabakh". The telegram ended with these words: "The Muslim population will consider Moscow's sudden return to its old position and pro-Armenian policy as the inability of the Soviet government to protect Azerbaijan's borders and treason."

 

The claim of Armenian nationalists, who did not give up their territorial claims against Azerbaijan, to create "Greater Armenia" was continued after Sovietization, which was carried out with the patronage and direct participation of Soviet Russia. Thus, after the declaration of Soviet power in Armenia, Armenians raised the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh again. As if this were not enough, on June 12, 1921, the Armenian government passed a decree declaring Nagorno-Karabakh as "part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic." A little later, they put forward a proposal to create a commission on Nagorno-Karabakh and other disputed territories without canceling the resolution. The results of three consecutive decisions in 1921 can be considered as the success of N. Narimanov's policy. On June 19, 1921, the decree "On the reunification of Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia" was not implemented by Armenia, and on June 26, by the decision of the Azerbaijan SSC, the activities of Mravya, the representative of Armenia in Nagorno-Karabakh, were banned and terminated. On June 27, a meeting of the Political Bureau and the Organizational Bureau of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan K(b)P was held. The meeting considered the issue "On the borders of Azerbaijan and Armenia in connection with the work of the commission in Tbilisi" and adopted the following decision:

 

1. The Political Bureau and the Organizational Bureau consider the raising of the Nagorno-Karabakh issue by Bekzadyan unacceptable, taking into account the undoubted economic inclination of Nagorno-Karabakh to Azerbaijan. The issue should be resolved in that sense as well.

 

2. Therefore, the proposal to allocate Armenian and Turkish populated areas to Armenia and Azerbaijan, respectively, cannot be accepted from the point of view of administrative and economic expediency.

 

On June 28, a new meeting of the Council of People's Commissars of Azerbaijan (hereafter - Azerbaijan SSC) was convened under the chairmanship of N. Narimanov, and the statement of A. Myasnikov (Myasnikyan) declaring Nagorno-Karabakh as "a part of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic" was rejected. At the same time, Azerbaijan was appointed at that meeting without the opinion of the SSC

 

The issue of recalling A. Mravya was raised.

 

With that, as the differences between the two Soviet republics increased, on July 4-5, 1921, the Plenum of the Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the RK(b)P had to discuss the issue. Stalin, RK(b)P Central Committee member, G. Orjonikidze, S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, F. Makharadze, N. Narimanov, A. Nazaretyan, Y. Figatner, I. Orakhelashvili and others participated. At this time, two points of view emerged. According to S. Kirov's proposal, the mountainous part of Karabakh should be taken from Azerbaijan and given to the Armenian SSR. However, N. Narimanov strongly objected to this and stated that Karabakh is an integral part of Azerbaijan. The demand to include Karabakh in the composition of Armenia was raised by Kirov for the first time in this meeting. At the evening meeting on July 4, a groundless and biased decision was made to include Nagorno-Karabakh as part of Armenia at the proposal of the Kirov-Myasnikov group (S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, G. Orzonikidze, Y. Figatner). N. Narimanov, seeing that the matter has taken on such a serious nature, proposed to conduct a survey among the entire population of Karabakh on whether the mountainous part of Karabakh should be handed over to the Armenian SSR. Against this proposal of N. Narimanov, the Kirov-Myasnikov group stated that the opinion poll should be held only among the Armenians living in the mountainous part of Karabakh, not in all of Karabakh. The Kirov-Myasnikov group won the vote on this issue as well. At the meeting, N. Narimanov, F. Makharadze, A. Nazaretyan voted in favor of keeping Karabakh within the borders of Azerbaijan, G. Orjonikidze, A. Myasnikov, S. Kirov, Y. Figatner voted against it. Orjonikidze, Y. Figatner, S. Kirov, A. Myasnikov, A. Nazaretyan voted in favor of transferring the mountainous part of Karabakh to Armenia and conducting the opinion poll only among Armenians. At the end of the meeting, at the insistence of N. Narimanov, taking into account that the Karabakh issue is of great importance for Azerbaijan, the Caucasian office of the RK(b)P Central Committee considered it necessary for the RK(b)P Central Committee to make a final decision on this issue. Narimanov's position is supported by Makharadze and Nazaretyan, while Orzonikidze, Kirov, Myasnikov and Figatner voted against it. N. Narimanov really yelled at Stalin and Ordzhonikidze and said: " I will not let Karabakh remain under Armenian rule for a single day. I will either return Karabakh tonight, or I will solve it in another way!" .

 

Thus, after N. Narimanov's serious resistance, the Karabakh issue was reconsidered at the morning session of the plenum on July 5. Taking into account the opinion of the RK(b)P MK of the Plenum, it adopted a new decision: "Taking into account the need for national reconciliation between Muslims and Armenians, the economic relations of Upper and Lower Karabakh and the constant close connection with Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh should be kept within the borders of the Azerbaijan SSR, the autonomous province The city of Shusha, which is included in its composition, should be given wide regional autonomy, being the administrative center". Submit it to the Caucasus Bureau for approval

 

The main essence of N. Narimanov's policy was to improve the livelihood of the local Azerbaijani population, create national personnel potential for every field, make Azerbaijanis more assertive in the government, and prevent the Armenianization of Baku. His revealing activity against those who oppose these things, whether they are Azerbaijanis, Armenians, or representatives of the Center, has been uncompromising. Since N. Narimanov's activities violated the plans of the Center and the Armenians, they evaluated N. Narimanov's policy as contrary to the "internationalist" policy of the Communist Party and went the way of weakening it.

 

N. Narimanov was removed from interfering in the affairs of the Communist Party. He himself admitted that "I cannot influence the decision of the Central Committee of Azerbaijan (AK(b)P Central Committee) whose composition consists entirely of enemies".

 

N. Narimanov was not elected as a representative from Azerbaijan to the 12th congress of RK(b)P held in April 1923. Yusif Gasimov, a former Musavrat, was elected instead. N. Narimanov noted that "M. Huseynov, A. Garayev saw a nationalistic tendency in my demands about the need to raise the level of development of Muslim workers."

 

Every speech of N. Narimanov was interpreted by Sarkis and Mirzoyan as the speech of a nationalist communist. In his letter to Stalin, N. Narimanov specifically noted that "Mikoyan is creating an opposition in the person of the Baku Committee in order to prevent my activities and my national orientation", "It would be very easy if the Center trusted me. The Center only trusts S. Ordzhonikidze."

 

In his address to Stalin, N. Narimanov did not deny that he was a "nationalist": "I always showed these flaws and, of course, in the language of my opponents, I earned the name of a "nationalist". The main goal of N. Narimanov was "to bring the level of development of Muslim workers to approximately the level of development of Russian workers".

 

From the beginning of his activity, N. Narimanov put the national values ​​of the Azerbaijani people in the foreground. N. Narimanov's activity as the head of the government protected Azerbaijan from a number of troubles under the Bolshevik rule, and established the possibility of national development in the minds of people during the Soviet era. Suffice it to say that while "Narimanovism" was considered as "nationalism" in Soviet official circles for a long time, it was the main source of protection of national identity, national traditions and moral values ​​for our people under the conditions of the Soviet system.

 

Even before the Sovietization of Armenia, the representative of the Republic of Armenia in Azerbaijan wrote to Yerevan in August 1920 about the impression he got from the meeting with N. Narimanov: "N. Narimanov very often forgets his communism and openly displays his national Turkish face." N. Narimanov's national policy was called "Narimanism". "From the 1920s, when Dr. Nariman Narimanov was the chairman of the Council of Commissioners, there were few who did not hear that a nationalist group appeared under the name of "Narimanism"

 

N. Narimanov's activities were dominated by the national trend and protecting the interests of the nation, he had a different attitude to the revolutionary processes taking place in Azerbaijan than other Bolsheviks, took into account local characteristics and paid special attention to national unity. Thus, the struggle for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan occupied one of the main places in N. Narimanov's social, political and state activities.

 

This position of his was manifested during the settlement of the Baku , Zangezur , Nakhchivan , Nagorno-Karabakh and Zagatala issues. Territorial problems of Azerbaijan did not appear during the time of N. Narimanov, but before him. These problems remained the most painful and complex issues of foreign policy during the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and were not resolved.

 

N. Narimanov tried to protect the territorial integrity of the Azerbaijani government in the conditions of the severe Bolshevik system, where its rights were almost limited, and although it was difficult, he succeeded. Because during the time when N. Narimanov was the head of the government, the territories awaiting formalization of their loss had actually left Azerbaijan's control before.

 

N. Narimanov tried to protect the rights and interests of his people and the independence of the republic by taking an uncompromising political line against the claims of Soviet Russia. It should be noted that serious differences of opinion often arose between N. Narimanov and the center on these issues. Positive resolution of most of the problems was possible thanks to N. Narimanov's personal influence and perseverance.

 

After the February revolution of 1917 in Russia, it was born from the fact that the Armenians took the initiative in the issue of border structure, from their large-scale propaganda and from attracting world public opinion to their side, and finally from the geostrategic interests of Russia and the world's leading states

 

On May 29, 1918, the National Council of Azerbaijan conceded the ancient province of Azerbaijan and the city of Yerevan to the Armenians, despite numerous protests, and instead signed documents stating that the Armenian nationals would give up all territorial claims against Azerbaijan. With this, Azerbaijan begins to breathe easy that the Armenians will put an end to their territorial claims on the historical Azerbaijani lands of Zangezur, Goycha, Nakhchivan and Karabakh. However, Armenian nationalists were further tempted and started territorial claims against these territories of Azerbaijan.

 

At the same time, separating Zangezur from Azerbaijan coincided with the geopolitical interests of the leading states. Since Zangezur connects the main part of Azerbaijan with Nakhchivan, this area was a window opening to Turkey and Azerbaijan and the Turkic world and the only land area. Historically, the "single Turkish line" that existed in Eurasia had to be divided into several areas on the world map. The disruption of direct communication between Azerbaijan and Turkey at the expense of Zangezur is on the agenda. Although Zangezur is the land of Azerbaijan, already in 1918-1919 armed Armenian gangs destroyed many villages inhabited by Azerbaijanis and controlled a large part of the territory. In November 1920, and even until the summer of 1921, Zangezur was not under the control of the Bolsheviks, but of the Dashnaks.

 

N. Narimanov admitted in 1921 that he was unable to prevent Zangezur's separation from Azerbaijan on his own when he made his December 1920 statement about Zangezur.

 

He said about this: "If the majority of Muslim communists... were in the mood of nationalism, believe me, Armenia could not have taken Zangezur." On July 10, 1920, N. Narimanov's telegram to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Moscow about the "situation in Nagorno-Karabakh" ended with these words: "The Muslim population will consider Moscow's sudden return to its old position and its pro-Armenian policy as a betrayal of the policy of the Soviet government."

 

In his letter to V. Lenin, N. Narimanov made a strict and clear statement of his irreconcilable position with the policy of the Center on territorial problems, and threatened them that he would break Azerbaijan's alliance with Russia

 

27 days after N. Narimanov's statement about Nakhchivan on December 1, 1920, the Armenian Revolutionary Committee issued a response statement that the fate of Nakhchivan was left to the people.

 

In the agreements signed in Moscow on March 16, 1921, and in Kars on October 13 of the same year, it was confirmed by international agreement that Nakhchivan is the territory of Azerbaijan. In deciding the fate of Nakhchivan, N. Narimanov's well-thought-out state policy based on national interests, a series of consistent, strategic and tactical steps, the steps agreed in secret negotiations between Azerbaijan and Turkey, the absentee and solidarity talks between Mustafa Kemal Pasha and N. Narimanov, and the determination of the people of Nakhchivan have resulted in such a successful outcome. ended with N. Narimanov emphasized the issue of Nakhchivan at the All-Azerbaijan Congress of Soviets, that according to the agreement between Soviet Russia and Turkey, Nakhchivan will be recognized as a republic under the protectorate of Azerbaijan, and the Azerbaijani delegation will work with all its strength in this matter. It was at the insistence of Azerbaijan that the Nakhchivan issue was discussed in the Turkey-Russia negotiations, and the solution of this issue was ensured in favor of Azerbaijan at the insistence of Turkey. On August 14, 1921, before the Kars Treaty was accepted, the Azerbaijani side sent a telegram to the leadership of Nakhchivan and Armenia, demanding that "all persons sent by the Armenian Foreign Ministry be immediately removed from Nakhchivan".

 

Territorial problems were used as a tempting factor in Bolshevik politics to establish Soviet power. On the eve of the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zangezur and Zagatala were recognized many times as Azerbaijani territory, but when it was Georgia's turn to sovietize, Russia already signed an agreement that Zagatala was disputed in favor of Georgians. They achieved Azerbaijan's statement about giving Karabakh to them. In the agreement signed between Russia and already Sovietized Armenia on December 2, 1920, Zangezur was indicated as Armenian territory, but there was no mention of Nakhchivan and Karabakh. Territorial disputes faced by the National Council from February 1917 to May 1918, and the government of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic in 1918-1920 continued to face the Soviet government of Azerbaijan after April 1920. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the territories of the Iravan khanate were officially given to Armenians by Azerbaijan, the Borchali and Darbend problems were out of the agenda, a separatist armed rebellion broke out in Karabakh, and the situation in Nakhchivan remained very serious. Most of Zangezur was controlled by Armenian armed groups. Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zangezur remained the territory claimed by Armenians, since Georgia did not give up its claims against Zagatala, Zagatala was defined as a disputed territory by the Russia-Georgia treaty, and Soviet Russia was still making plans to take over Baku. N. Narimanov actively and tirelessly fought for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and his activities were successful in most cases. As a result of N. Narimanov's policy, as in 1918-1920, Baku was again recognized as the capital of Soviet Azerbaijan. For the first time, Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zagatala were accepted as territories of Azerbaijan in accordance with international legal norms. However, the loss of the territories of the Iravan and Darband khanates and Zangezur district in 1918-1920 is unforgivable. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan. Some Armenian politicians considered the territorial division that took place at that time as their defeat.

 

It was at the insistence of Azerbaijan that the Nakhchivan issue was discussed in the Turkey-Russia negotiations, and the solution of this issue was ensured in favor of Azerbaijan at the insistence of Turkey. On August 14, 1921, before the Kars Treaty was accepted, the Azerbaijani side sent a telegram to the leadership of Nakhchivan and Armenia, demanding that "all persons sent by the Armenian Special Forces should be immediately removed from Nakhchivan." Territorial problems were used as a tempting factor in the politics of the Bolsheviks to establish Soviet power

 

On the eve of the establishment of Soviet power in Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zangezur and Zagatala were recognized many times as Azerbaijani territory, but when it was Georgia's turn to sovietize, Russia already signed an agreement that Zagatala was disputed in favor of Georgians. They achieved Azerbaijan's statement about giving Karabakh to them. In the agreement signed between Russia and already Sovietized Armenia on December 2, 1920, Zangezur was indicated as Armenian territory, but there was no mention of Nakhchivan and Karabakh.

 

After April 1920, Azerbaijan stood with all its weight in front of the Soviet government. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the territories of the Iravan khanate were officially given to Armenians by Azerbaijan, the Borchali and Darbend problems were out of the agenda, a separatist armed rebellion broke out in Karabakh, and the situation in Nakhchivan remained very serious. Most of Zangezur was controlled by Armenian armed groups. Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zangezur remained the territory claimed by Armenians, since Georgia did not give up its claims against Zagatala, Zagatala was defined as a disputed territory by the Russian-Georgian treaty, and Soviet Russia was still making plans to take over Baku. N. Narimanov actively and tirelessly fought for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan, and his activities were successful in most cases. As a result of N. Narimanov's policy, as in 1918-1920, Baku was again recognized as the capital of Soviet Azerbaijan. For the first time, Karabakh, Nakhchivan and Zagatala were accepted as territories of Azerbaijan in accordance with international legal norms. However, the loss of the territories of the Iravan and Darband khanates and Zangezur district in 1918-1920 is unforgivable. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan. Some Armenian politicians considered the territorial division that took place at that time as their defeat.

 

However, the loss of a number of ancient Azerbaijani lands was inevitable, unfortunately, in this matter, the Bolshevik leadership showed its treachery once again by taking a completely opposite position to the Muslim and Turkish Azerbaijanis, dividing the maximum number of lands belonging to them and giving them to the neighboring republics. In his "Letter to V. I. Lenin", N. Narimanov clearly revealed his irreconcilable position with Armenian and Russian policies on territorial problems. The opinions in his letter confirm this: "A terrible situation has arisen. The center is giving completely undisputed territories of Azerbaijan to Armenia. Giving our territories to Armenia, to the Dashnaks, is a mistake that can have bad consequences that cannot be corrected."

 

Thus, N. Narimanov's activities for the territorial integrity of Azerbaijan were successful in most cases. Nakhchivan, Karabakh, Zagatala were kept within Azerbaijan, and Baku was recognized as the capital of Azerbaijan. N. Narimanov continued his consistent struggle for the passage of Megri so that Nakhchivan would not be separated from Azerbaijan

 

When N. Narimanov was working in Azerbaijan and later in Moscow, the Soviet leadership knew that he had different views on the policy of Soviet Russia in Turkestan, the nature of his critical approach to this policy, his pro-Turkist position in the activities of the state, the policy of Turkey and Turkestan people and figures.

 

Before N. Narimanov came to power, in 1918, he condemned the Transcaucasian Seim's war against the Ottoman state. When the Soviet power was established in Azerbaijan, the interests of the Turkey-Russia-Azerbaijan strategic triangle began to manifest themselves in N. Narimanov's policy. Nariman Narimanov had great services in establishing diplomatic relations between Eastern countries and Soviet Russia. The establishment of diplomatic relations between Turkey and Soviet Russia is a unique event in N. Narimanov's political activity - "although it is reflected in documents and sources, it has not received its historical value", almost forgotten.

 

In this regard, the Turkish researcher Huseyin Adigözel, by involving the topic of "Atatürk, Narimanov and our War of Independence" for the first time in the research, the restoration of the "forgotten pages" - the historical truth in Turkey-Azerbaijani relations, demonstrates Narimanov's loyalty to the Turkish-Azerbaijani unity as a wise person. It helps restore his portrait as a wise political figure. Commenting on the purpose of writing a work on the subject he touched upon as a historian, Huseyin Adigozel writes: "During the most dangerous days of our liberation war, Nariman Narimanov, a member of the Soviet Union who extended his hand as a brother and provided all the help he could, who greatly supported the Turkish War of Independence from Azerbaijan, was a communist, but a Turk. We have no doubt that he is a Turkish nationalist. Just as he is a Communist, we cannot forget what he did for the Turkish people and the Turkish nation let it be

 

As is known, Nariman Narimanov's first acquaintance with Turkish Turks was in Astrakhan in 1909-1913. N. Narimanov, who was under surveillance during the years of exile, skillfully continued his secret revolutionary activities in legal measures. Tatar, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Turkish officers also participated in his events organized in the "Shurai-Islam Society". Huseyn Adigözel writes: "There he met the Turkish officers (Narimanov) who were captured in the First World War and were sent to Ashtarkhan, and with the information he received from them, he learned about the situation of Turkey and the Turks. During the War of Independence, he did more than he could to help the Turkish Turks who were in a difficult situation. ".

 

In 1920-1921, the friendship between the great leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha and Nariman Narimanov on the basis of "correspondence and conversation in letters on various dates, mutually shared ideas" turned into unbreakable brotherly ties. In 1920, N. Narimanov's leadership of "independent Soviet Azerbaijan" as the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars pleased Mustafa Kemal Pasha. He sends the famous poet and diplomat Memduh Shevket Esendag as ambassador to establish friendly relations with Azerbaijan. A year later, during the opening of the Azerbaijani embassy in Ankara, Turkey, the first ambassador Ibrahim Abilov accepted the invitation and personally attended the opening. He feels great pride for being supported by the Azerbaijani people and government. Turkey and Anatolian Turks value the pleasant and wonderful feelings that their Azerbaijani brothers have for them. Long live the Turkish-Azerbaijani brotherhood."

 

It was no coincidence that he was invited by N. Narimanov to Baku at the recommendation of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Narimanov wrote a letter to Lenin and sent Behbud Shahtakhtinsky to Moscow with the Turkish delegation. On February 19, 1921, Lenin introduced N. Narimanov's letter, written with strong arguments, to the members of the Central Committee. In one part of the letter, N. Narimanov wrote to Lenin: "The Armenian issue is a matter of life and death for the Turks. If you don't stand with the Turks in this issue, we can lose all the Eastern nations and it will be impossible to keep Azerbaijan!" (Respublika newspaper, July 10, 2019) As can be seen from the course of the event, it is clear from the expected result that Lenin paid attention to the warnings in Narimanov's letter, ignoring the attitudes of the leaders who thought like pro-Armenian Chichechrin and did not pay attention to their proposals, "concluded that an understanding between the parties is necessary".

 

That is why the Turkish delegation's agreement with the Russian Federation is successful: "Turkey borrows one million gold coins. It is agreed that Nakhchivan will remain part of Azerbaijan. The common enemies of the Russian Federation and Turkey decide to cooperate in every issue against England."

 

N. Narimanov manages to get support from a big country in Turkey's difficult situation. Huseyin Adigozel writes: "The recognition of the Ankara government by the Soviet Union was a very important event at the international political level. There is no doubt that one of the architects of this success was Nariman Narimanov, the head of the Azerbaijan Shura government at that time." The blows inflicted by the Turkish army on the invading troops in the War of Independence were met with great joy in Azerbaijan. By the order of N. Narimanov, Azerbaijan's Foreign Affairs Commissioner Davud Huseynov congratulates the Turkish people, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and its leader Mustafa Kemal Pasha on behalf of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic and the people of Azerbaijan.

 

On this occasion, the Azerbaijani government decided to send 62 tankers of oil and three wagons of kerosene to Turkey every month from the middle of May 1921. ... until July 1922, more than 9 thousand tons of kerosene and 350 tons of gasoline were sent. On March 17, 1921, N. Narimanov immediately sent 500 kilos of gold in the treasury to Ankara, "despite the opposition of some of the members of the government," according to the letter presented by Mustafa Kamal Pasha, the ambassador of Turkey, Memduh Shovket Bey. In addition, he sent 30 tankers of oil, two tankers of gasoline and 8 tankers of mining oil.

 

On March 23, 1921, in his reply letter to Mustafa Kemal Pasha, after congratulating the victory of the Turkish army, he sincerely wrote to him: "Pasham, there is a tradition in the Turkish nation, brother does not lend to brother, brother helps brother in every difficult situation. We are a brotherly nation, every We will hold each other's hands at any time and under any circumstances. What we are doing today is nothing more than what a brother does to his brother."

 

Historical sources and sources confirm that despite the fact that Narimanov was tied to Moscow during the two years he was at the head of the State of Azerbaijan, acting as an independent head of state, he brought the relations with the Turkish government to higher dimensions and scales, and most importantly, he helped his brothers in Anatolia, who were in a very difficult situation. mobilizing all the possibilities of his state, he helped in every way he could without shying away from anyone. Although all this is reflected in documents and sources, it has not received its historical value

Sorry, but get ready for some puppy upload overload!!! She is 6wks and sooo cute!! We just love her....

In addition to the EAA's Ford Tri-Motor making an appearance at Huntington, IN Municipal Airport, this privately owned Fairchild PT-19A arrived Sunday afternoon. These trainer aircraft were delivered to various bases all over the country by WASPs (Women's Airforce Service Pilots) between 1942-1944.

Behind Black Pearl Restaurant. New Orleans, 2010

Built in 1898, this Colonial Revival-style mansion was designed by Esenwein and Johnson for Harlow C. Curtiss, a lawyer and real estate developer, and his wife, Ethel Mann Curtiss. The Curtiss family lived in the house until 1905, when they moved to the newer upscale residential district that was developing along Lincoln Parkway, into a still-standing mansion across from the Larkin family. The house was then sold to Daniel Good, whom established the Seibert-Good Company in Chicago, which merged with the Seymour H. Knox Company of Buffalo in 1905, with Good residing in the house until his death in 1922. The house features a red flemish bond brick exterior, side gable roof, stone trim, belt coursing, and engaged columns, one-over-one double-hung windows, a first floor portico with an architrave featuring triglyphs, eaves with modillions, oxeye attic windows with decorative trim surrounds at the gable ends, and a decorative surround at the northern entry door. The house once featured a second one-story portico at the main entrance, which was later moved to a two-story addition on the south side of the house added when the house was converted to a commercial office building in the mid-20th Century. The house is a contributing structure in the Delaware Avenue Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.

"The boundaries encompassing Prince George were expanded many times over the years. One of the most dramatic extensions occurred in 1914, the year before incorporation, when the beautiful Millar Addition was created. The two hundred acre property taken in was bounded by the Fraser River to the east, Connaught Hill park to the west, and stretched south from Patricia Avenue. At the time, this expansion represented a quarter of the total townsite area.

 

The subdivision took the name “Millar Addition” from the beginning in recognition of the developer, Toronto-based lawyer Charles Vance Millar. Known in this province for his involvement in the transportation business, Millar was President of the British Columbia Express Company (The B.X.) which operated a passenger and freighting service between Prince George and Ashcroft and the B.X. steamboat on the Fraser."

Bay window addition in breakfast nook.

  

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For more information on this project and many others, please visit: www.elitehomeremodelinc.com

** ADDS LOCATION OF AV PAULISTA ** Cars drive through Paulista Av. in Sao Paulo during a blackout Tuesday, Nov. 10, 2009. Brazil's Minister of Mines and Energy Edison Lobao said a massive power failure that threw Brazil's two largest cities along with other parts of the country into darkness Tuesday night affecting millions of people, after the huge Itaipu hydroelectric dam suddenly went offline. Power was restored to the Copacabana area in Rio de Janeiro at 12:37 a.m. Wednesday, more than two hours after it went out. (AP Photo/Andre Penner)

upper hutt city library, new zealand.

some recent additions by designgroup stapleton elliott

1984

Andrew Pepper

Reflection hologram silver halide on glass

Yeah!!! Sorry it's blury not all the light bulbs are in.

Newest addition, it's wind proof and water resistant. Does not breathe, it is meant for the chilly night.

งั้นชื่อเจ้าแถมก็แล้วกัน

MHI Remodeling Additions

The County of Santa Clara Animal Care and Control Department needed to replace their makeshift former residence with several additions and portables into an adequate home for the area’s needy animals.

 

Dreyfuss + Blackford Architecture — working with animal care designer, The Bacon Group — created the County’s new Animal Services Center campus with state-of-the-art animal care functions in a park-like setting, providing innovative and sustainable building systems and amenities in the 24/7 facility.

 

The new Animal Services Center has capacity for 54 dogs and 90 cats, with spaces for other types of animals including rabbits, horses, and goats. To house and showcase larger animals, a barn is sited along the main building frontage, increasing visibility.

 

Taking a distinct departure from traditional shelter design, dog kennels are organized around an outdoor landscaped courtyard named “The Park”. Together with surrounding “Get Acquainted” pods, the experience offers a bright and open area to meet and greet potential pets in a natural park-like environment.

 

In addition to animal adoption, a primary objective of the Animal Services Center is to educate the public about the benefits of spaying and neutering. The County is taking a proactive approach to overpopulation by educating the public on reducing the number of animals ending up at the Animal Services Center through the use of the public surgery suite, located inside the facility’s clinic.

Another key solution the Animal Services Center provides is its large Educational Meeting facility. Not only will animal-specific community events be held there, but other County agencies will also be able to utilize the assembly space for conferences and gatherings up to 150 occupants—a resource they previously lacked.

 

The County of Santa Clara Animal Services Center is designed to achieve LEED Silver certification.

 

In addition to celebrating the midsummer sparkling wine has been a regular drink ever since E.T. went into production.

 

This is one of the first photos I took with my new EF 135mm f2.0. I'm really happy with the acquisition.

Harbour wall - Keiss

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Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.

 

The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.

 

The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.

 

DESCRIPTION

Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.

 

TAXONOMY

HISTORY

EARLY HISTORY

Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.

 

EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION

In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:

 

"The dahlia you brought to our isle

Your praises for ever shall speak;

Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,

And in colour as bright as your cheek."

 

In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.

 

CLASSIFICATION

Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.

 

In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.

 

In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).

 

CIRCUMSCRIPTION

The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.

 

SUBDIVISION

INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION

Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.

 

To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.

 

Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).

 

SECTIONS

Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;

 

- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)

10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite

1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff

Mexico: Oaxaca

 

- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)

6 species

Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí

 

- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)

3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity

Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and

Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia

 

- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)

24 species

Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala

 

Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.

 

SPECIES

There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.

 

Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.

 

"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".

 

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT

Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.

 

ECOLOGY

The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.

 

PESTS AND DISEASES

Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.

 

CULTIVATION

Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.

 

HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION

HISTORY

The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.

 

By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.

 

This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.

 

In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.

 

MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)

There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.

 

FLOWER TYPE

The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;

 

Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.

 

Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.

 

Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.

 

Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.

 

Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.

 

Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.

 

Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.

 

Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.

 

Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.

 

Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.

 

Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.

 

Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.

 

Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.

 

FLOWER SIZE

Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors

 

Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)

Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)

 

Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.

 

Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.

Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.

Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.

Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.

Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.

Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.

 

In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.

 

BRANDING

Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.

 

DOUBLE DAHLIAS

In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.

 

During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.

 

In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.

 

The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.

 

Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.

 

In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".

 

"STARS OF DEVIL"

In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".

 

This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.

 

AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)

As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

 

"Bednall beauty"

"Bishop of Llandaff"

"Clair de lune"

"David Howard"

"Ellen Huston"

"Fascination"

"Gallery art deco"

"Gallery Art Nouveau"

"Glorie van Heemstede"

"Honka"

"Moonfire"

"Twyning's After Eight"

 

USES

FLORICULTURE

The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.

 

OTHER

Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.

 

In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.

 

WIKIPEDIA

In addition to the growth being seen in Boston's Innovation District, another area of growth has emerged: Multifamily Residences. A new multifamily boom has hit Boston and its surrounding cities with projects like the Charlesview Apts. in Cambridge, Watermark II in Cambridge, Waterside Place in Boston, and Assembly Row in Somerville...just to name a few. In today's post we flashback to a major residential project that Cannistraro completed in the past; the Metropolitan Parcel C Project for Suffolk Construction. We'll keep you posted as to the progress of these new multifamily residences as time goes on.

In addition to the noon-to-ten schedule of performers and artists in the ATCO tent, the Gathering of Northern Nations exhibit is going on just across the street.

wish this was used for display space....it seems like its space without a calling

 

Winner of the 2012 Chrysalis Award for Addition Over $250,000

 

www.cgsdb.com

  

n addition to Navy students, VT-35 train pilots from the Air Force, Coast Guard, and Marines. The station employs officer, enlisted and civilian personnel serving in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Coast Guard, U.S. Army, U.S. Customs and Border Patrol and the military services of numerous NATO/Allied/Coalition partnet nations

Operated out of Naval Air Station Corpus Christi ,TX

 

Built as Beechcraft UC-12B Huron 161517

US Army Corps of Engineers, Buffalo Districtwill name the latest addition to its high-tech ‪#‎hydrographic‬ survey fleet after retired Command Sergeant Major Micheal L. Buxbaum, U.S. Army (Ret) today aboard the fantail of the cruiser USS Littlerock, Buffalo and Erie County Naval and Military Park .

 

Buxbaum passed away in his sleep on Nov. 9, 2013, while in Afghanistan, where he was working as a contractor supporting deployed soldiers, a calling that spanned his 33-year career.

 

The BUXBAUM will also be equipped with a vessel mounted “LIDAR” (light detection and ranging) system. The Optech Ilris 3-D laser scanner has the capability to collect data in a terrestrial (static) mode and in a marine (mobile) mode of operation which allows the ‪#‎Buffalo‬ District to survey offshore breakwater structures from a moving vessel, with fewer field personnel required. This methodology not only is safer, but also more productive.

This is Maisy, my sister's new puppy. Maisy is Muggsy's sister. We have lots of dogs in my family.

The day's work began with the laying of the sill plate, floor joists, and sub-flooring.