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I received recently an unusual 35mm range-finder camera Graflex Graphic 35 made in the U.S.A. in 1955 (see below the details about Graflex company and the camera). After a complete inventory and blank mechanical/optical checking, I did a test film with a FOMAPAN 100. The light was metered using a Minolta Autometer III fitted with a 10° viewfinder for selective metering privileging this shadow areas.
The camera was equipped with an adapted French FOCA « Dyma » x3.5 36mm push-on filter plus the metal shade hood made for the FOCA Standard camera. To compensate the Dyma filter absorption the Autometer was set on 32 ISO instead of the nominal 100 ISO of the film. The Dyma FOCA filter is an original glass formula containing neodymium giving band-selective visible spectrum absorptions in the green and yellow so that proximate tonalities in these bands are better separated.
I did the all photos along the way to Lyon Saint-Jean, Lyon, France.
View Nr. 19: 1/100s f/9 focusing at 20 ft
Mairie (City Hall) de Lyon, July 30,, 2026
Place des Terreaux
69001 Lyon
France
After the last view #37 exposed, the film was rewound to the taking cartridge and revealed in a Posso tank with 350 mL of Adox Adonal developer (identical to the original Agfa Rodinal in its formula of 1891) prepared at the dilution 1+50. The film was processed for 9min at 20°C.
The frames were then digitized using a Sony A7 camera (ILCE-7, 24MP) adapted to a macro Minolta Auto Bellow III with Minolta Bellow MD Macro lens 1:3.5 f=50mm and the dedicated slide duplicator Minolta. The light source was a LED panel (approx. 4x5') CineStill Cine-lite.
The RAW files obtained were inverted within the latest version of Adobe Lightroom Classic (version 15.4.1, June 2026) and edited to the final jpeg pictures without intermediate file. They are presented either as print files with frame or the full size JPEG's together with some documentary smartphone color pictures.
———————————————
About the Graflex company and Graphic 35 camera:
Graflex (originally the Folmer & Schwing Manufacturing Company, founded in 1887 in New York) had long been renowned for its large- and medium-format press cameras (notably the Speed Graphic), which became the standard for photojournalism in the first half of the 20th century. After its acquisition by Kodak in 1905–1907, the works were moved to Rochester, New York. In 1926, following antitrust rulings, Graflex became independent again and continued production in Rochester until the early 1970s.
By the mid-1950s, large-format press cameras were losing ground to smaller, easier-to-use 35 mm cameras aimed at amateurs. Graflex responded by entering the 35 mm market. It had already marketed the Ciro 35 (derived from the earlier Cee-ay 35 of Candid Camera Corp., acquired via Ciro). In 1955 this design was thoroughly reworked into the Graphic 35.
Launch and Production
* Introduction: First shipments on 25 February 1955; press presentation on 8 March 1955 in New York.
* Manufacture: Body and final assembly in Rochester, N.Y. Lenses and shutters were imported from West Germany (Rodenstock or occasionally Enna “Graflar” 50 mm f/3.5 or f/2.8 lenses; Prontor-SVS leaf shutter, 1 s to 1/300 s + B, M/X sync, self-timer).
* Production period: Roughly August 1954 to July 1957 (sometimes listed as ending in 1958). Advertising continued into late 1960.
* Volume: Approximately 68,000 units (Graflex internal figures list 68,269 cameras distributed). Serial numbers began at 550,000 and later restarted at 1,100,000.
Introductory prices were about $77.50 (f/3.5) to $98–99.50 (f/2.8), making it one of the more affordable fully featured 35 mm rangefinders of its day.
Distinctive Features
* Push-button focusing on either side of the lens (“wing focusing”), invented by Graflex instrument maker Louis M. Traino, who received a $4,000 company award (roughly $35,000–40,000 in today’s money). A “Visi-Ready” distance scale was visible from above.
* Front-mounted, sideways-pull shutter-release lever.
* Spectramatic (later Universal Spectramatic) flash system, devised by engineering director Vernon Whitman: colour-coded bands that simplified aperture selection according to distance and guide number.
* Separate viewfinder and split-image rangefinder windows; film advance by knob (not coupled to shutter cocking, allowing intentional double exposures).
* Solid die-cast metal body with satin chrome finish and silver-grey leatherette covering (some later examples darker).
These features—especially the push-button focusing—were heavily promoted and helped the camera sell strongly in its first year.
After 1957–58 Graflex shifted to Japanese-made models (the Graphic/Century 35 series by Kowa, the Graphic Jet, etc.). The original Rochester-built Graphic 35 remains a characteristic mid-1950s American design: robust, unusually ergonomic in its controls, and still relatively affordable on the used market today.
It is one of the few non-Kodak 35 mm cameras actually made in Rochester and illustrates Graflex’s attempt to adapt to the postwar 35 mm amateur boom.
I did not find at now the optical formula of the lens. The lens takes 27mm screw-on filter and the external diameter is 32mm. With a little adaptation (rind made in a film canister cap...) one could fit the French FOCA filter push-on 36mm.
It seems that no lens cap was proposed for the Graphic 35. With a cap of Kodak 35mm canister, I made a plastic one to protect the front lens.
The range-finder is slightly off calibrated at infinite but it easy to correct the small shift to set the correct value on the distance scale that is only engraved in feet.
This light-sand coloured translucent agate has a transmission depth of 4mm. The green fluorescence (green line) is due to uranyl.
Agate is a form of chalcedony, a microcrystalline quarts (SiO2). It usually contains about 1% of water. In this sample, the 4mm depth of the transmission path contains about 47µm depth of liquid water which corresponds to 0.44% water by mass.
- MERINO sheepskin lining offers all of the advantages of wool over synthetic fibers, providing efficient shock absorption and superior thermal comfort. Sheepskin contains lanolin, a natural substance, which soothes the horse's sensitive or inflamed skin. When sheepskin is set directly against the animal's body, it stimulates blood circulation and promotes a therapeutic effect.
- "Open-channel" design alleviates excessive pressure from the horse's spine and promotes increased air circulation.
- Two large pockets are designed specifically to ensure proper fit of the saddle and comfort for the horse by accommodating both specialized and custom-made shims.
- High Resiliency open-cell foam shims (included in the package) allow for the overall weight to be redistributed over a larger area, thus minimizing pressure points.
- Breathable 3-Dimensional Spacer fabric reduces heat build-up and provides excellent moisture vapor transfer.
- The Non-Slip mesh upper assures perfect grip and steadily secures the ComfortLUX Half-Pad under the saddle.
Savannah River National Lab Scientists Ben Randall (left) and Steve Xiao conducts the Thermal Cycling Absorption Process (TCAP), a continuous production mode to separate hydrogen isotopes (hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium) utilizing a palladium hydride technology, heat transfer, and a column separation process.
A crane operator moves an "Versabar" lift apparatus during the unloading of an absorption tower off of the ship Thorco Clairvaux at the France Road Wharf in New Orleans on Saturday, May 17, 2014. (Photo by Peter G. Forest)
Sonata Vario Acoustic Absorbers installed within the Main Hall at Four Oaks School
To view details on SRS's range of Sonata acoustic absorbers click here: www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
. . . (by me) - with apologies to Joseph Conrad)
Fire under glass
In the blackest of nights
The Reaper walks freely
Through the minds dimming light
Fear of the Reaper
When your soul is awake
You fight against sleep
And the dreams it will take
Absorbed by the darkness
Worshiping together in rooms
Souls huddled together
In the blackness that looms
Hope springs eternal
While the light can be seen
But only in death
Will you know what that means
The End?
These ceramic cones help us measure multiple factors in the kiln: temperature, time and heat absorption.
Sonata Vario Acoustic Absorbers installed within the Main Hall at Four Oaks School
To view details on SRS's range of Sonata acoustic absorbers click here: www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
Sonata Aurio Acoustic absorbers installed to the walls and ceiling within Kensington Baptist Church Hall in Brecon, South Wales.
Full case study on our Blog here: www.soundreduction.co.uk/Blog/Article/SRS-Sonata-Aurio-Ac...
I received recently an unusual 35mm range-finder camera Graflex Graphic 35 made in the U.S.A. in 1955 (see below the details about Graflex company and the camera). After a complete inventory and blank mechanical/optical checking, I did a test film with a FOMAPAN 100. The light was metered using a Minolta Autometer III fitted with a 10° viewfinder for selective metering privileging this shadow areas.
The camera was equipped with an adapted French FOCA « Dyma » x3.5 36mm push-on filter plus the metal shade hood made for the FOCA Standard camera. To compensate the Dyma filter absorption the Autometer was set on 32 ISO instead of the nominal 100 ISO of the film. The Dyma FOCA filter is an original glass formula containing neodymium giving band-selective visible spectrum absorptions in the green and yellow so that proximate tonalities in these bands are better separated.
I did the all photos along the way to Lyon Saint-Jean, Lyon, France.
View Nr. 23: 1/50s f/4 focusing at 4.3 ft
Chapeaux, July 30,, 2026
Rue Saint-Jean
69001 Lyon
France
After the last view #37 exposed, the film was rewound to the taking cartridge and revealed in a Posso tank with 350 mL of Adox Adonal developer (identical to the original Agfa Rodinal in its formula of 1891) prepared at the dilution 1+50. The film was processed for 9min at 20°C.
The frames were then digitized using a Sony A7 camera (ILCE-7, 24MP) adapted to a macro Minolta Auto Bellow III with Minolta Bellow MD Macro lens 1:3.5 f=50mm and the dedicated slide duplicator Minolta. The light source was a LED panel (approx. 4x5') CineStill Cine-lite.
The RAW files obtained were inverted within the latest version of Adobe Lightroom Classic (version 15.4.1, June 2026) and edited to the final jpeg pictures without intermediate file. They are presented either as print files with frame or the full size JPEG's together with some documentary smartphone color pictures.
———————————————
About the Graflex company and Graphic 35 camera:
Graflex (originally the Folmer & Schwing Manufacturing Company, founded in 1887 in New York) had long been renowned for its large- and medium-format press cameras (notably the Speed Graphic), which became the standard for photojournalism in the first half of the 20th century. After its acquisition by Kodak in 1905–1907, the works were moved to Rochester, New York. In 1926, following antitrust rulings, Graflex became independent again and continued production in Rochester until the early 1970s.
By the mid-1950s, large-format press cameras were losing ground to smaller, easier-to-use 35 mm cameras aimed at amateurs. Graflex responded by entering the 35 mm market. It had already marketed the Ciro 35 (derived from the earlier Cee-ay 35 of Candid Camera Corp., acquired via Ciro). In 1955 this design was thoroughly reworked into the Graphic 35.
Launch and Production
* Introduction: First shipments on 25 February 1955; press presentation on 8 March 1955 in New York.
* Manufacture: Body and final assembly in Rochester, N.Y. Lenses and shutters were imported from West Germany (Rodenstock or occasionally Enna “Graflar” 50 mm f/3.5 or f/2.8 lenses; Prontor-SVS leaf shutter, 1 s to 1/300 s + B, M/X sync, self-timer).
* Production period: Roughly August 1954 to July 1957 (sometimes listed as ending in 1958). Advertising continued into late 1960.
* Volume: Approximately 68,000 units (Graflex internal figures list 68,269 cameras distributed). Serial numbers began at 550,000 and later restarted at 1,100,000.
Introductory prices were about $77.50 (f/3.5) to $98–99.50 (f/2.8), making it one of the more affordable fully featured 35 mm rangefinders of its day.
Distinctive Features
* Push-button focusing on either side of the lens (“wing focusing”), invented by Graflex instrument maker Louis M. Traino, who received a $4,000 company award (roughly $35,000–40,000 in today’s money). A “Visi-Ready” distance scale was visible from above.
* Front-mounted, sideways-pull shutter-release lever.
* Spectramatic (later Universal Spectramatic) flash system, devised by engineering director Vernon Whitman: colour-coded bands that simplified aperture selection according to distance and guide number.
* Separate viewfinder and split-image rangefinder windows; film advance by knob (not coupled to shutter cocking, allowing intentional double exposures).
* Solid die-cast metal body with satin chrome finish and silver-grey leatherette covering (some later examples darker).
These features—especially the push-button focusing—were heavily promoted and helped the camera sell strongly in its first year.
After 1957–58 Graflex shifted to Japanese-made models (the Graphic/Century 35 series by Kowa, the Graphic Jet, etc.). The original Rochester-built Graphic 35 remains a characteristic mid-1950s American design: robust, unusually ergonomic in its controls, and still relatively affordable on the used market today.
It is one of the few non-Kodak 35 mm cameras actually made in Rochester and illustrates Graflex’s attempt to adapt to the postwar 35 mm amateur boom.
I did not find at now the optical formula of the lens. The lens takes 27mm screw-on filter and the external diameter is 32mm. With a little adaptation (rind made in a film canister cap...) one could fit the French FOCA filter push-on 36mm.
It seems that no lens cap was proposed for the Graphic 35. With a cap of Kodak 35mm canister, I made a plastic one to protect the front lens.
The range-finder is slightly off calibrated at infinite but it easy to correct the small shift to set the correct value on the distance scale that is only engraved in feet.
Sonata Vario acoustic absorbers installed within meeting rooms at Foolproof in London
Details on Sonata Vario can be viewed here: www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
1200x1000mm Sonata Vario panels installed on brackets within the dining room/canteen at Temple Street Resource Centre in Burnley
Nike Air Force 1 Mid 07, Obsidian, Denim, Sail, Gum, Light Brown, 315123-408, Men’s, Size 10.5, Off White, leather and textile upper, padded ankle collar, provides a comfortable fit, VELCRO closure across the ankle adds stability and support, Full-length Phylon midsole with heel Air-Sole unit provides added shock absorption, Rubber outsole supplies durable traction, Basketball, Classic/Retro, Mid-Top, Bruce Kilgore, Release Year 2015, AF1, Uptowns, Basketball, Classic/Retro, Mid-Top
Timberland 6 Inch Premium Waterproof Boots, Royal Blue Custom, TB049088, Nubuck, TB110061713, Premium leather uppers, Camo mid and outsole, Rustproof hardware, 400 grams of PrimaLoft insulation, Padded collar for a comfortable fit around the ankle, Anti fatigue midsole, ReBOTL fabric lining, lightweight cushioning and shock absorption, Rubber lug outsole, reddealsonline
Sonata Vario and Aurio Acoustic absorbers installed to the walls and ceiling within Marshfield Hall in Cardiff.
www.soundreduction.co.uk/Blog/Article/SRS-Solve-Acoustic-...
This is a close-up of the acoustical absorption walls of the BP Hall at the Disney Concert Hall in LA. The whole structure, inside and out, is a architectural masterpiece.
My father and I took a (free!) self-guided tour that was amazing. I definitely have to return to photograph the whole grounds a bit more thoroughly.
Two uses of sodium humate
●Animals feed additive: Sodium huamte forms a kind of protecting film on the mucosa cells of the intestine. This protection reduces the absorption of toxic substances, as they may occur as a follow-up from infectious processes or from residues from animal feed in the intestinal tract.
It also has the distinct property to absorb toxins from proteins, toxic residues and various heavy metals. Stabilize of intestinal flora. Fix micro-organisms, toxins and harmful substances in animal feed. Promote growth and stimulate the immune system. (#Chickens, #geese, #ducks ,#turkeys,#cows ,#fish, #dogs ,#cat,#horses #shrimp #crabs ...)
●Industry use: sodium humate can be used for removing toxic metals and their ions from wastewater. Sodium humate can be applied as an adjunct in dissolved air flotation cells to assist in the removal of trace amounts of grease, oil, liquid organics and suspended matter. They should be considered as a special coagulant aid to be used in conjunction with water soluble polymeric flocculants for removal of soluble organics. They can also be used as potential fluid loss additives in certain types of organic liquids to prevent seepage from lagoons or pit containment areas.
Khumic---the largest humic& fulvic manufacturer in China
Phone:+86-371-60992820
E-mail:Nika@Khumic.com
Web: khumic.com
Whatsapp:+8615937221603
Office:Juyimogen BusinessCenter,No.59 Huayuan Road,Zhengzhou,China(Mainland).
Factory: Naomaohu Industrial Park, Hami City, Xinjiang Province, China.
l
-Absorption- This name was given thinking of black! Black is the absence of color as well as the combination of all! It can be mysterious, sexy, and sophisticated; it has this special quality of being simultaneously negative and positive! A color of mourning and at the same time of rebellion! That is how it came!
This nuno-felted scarf consists of a polyester fabric, commonly Trevira, in black colour and extra-fine Australian merino wool in a punch of colours; yellow, orange, red, turquoise, black! The black polyester fabric is used as a basis for the scarf and the wool is applied on the top in order to create the patterning. It is created with the wet felting technique. The distinction between this nuno-felted scarf and a simple felted item is that it contains also a different material except from wool, i.e. polyester fabric. The scarf measures approximately 95 cm (37.4 in) length and 95 cm (37.4 in) width.
The combination of wool in thin layers and other thin and smooth materials such as silk, and in this case Trevira, gives a very light and airy; sometimes even sheer fabric!
I received recently an unusual 35mm range-finder camera Graflex Graphic 35 made in the U.S.A. in 1955 (see below the details about Graflex company and the camera). After a complete inventory and blank mechanical/optical checking, I did a test film with a FOMAPAN 100. The light was metered using a Minolta Autometer III fitted with a 10° viewfinder for selective metering privileging this shadow areas.
The camera was equipped with an adapted French FOCA « Dyma » x3.5 36mm push-on filter plus the metal shade hood made for the FOCA Standard camera. To compensate the Dyma filter absorption the Autometer was set on 32 ISO instead of the nominal 100 ISO of the film. The Dyma FOCA filter is an original glass formula containing neodymium giving band-selective visible spectrum absorptions in the green and yellow so that proximate tonalities in these bands are better separated.
I did the all photos along the way to Lyon Saint-Jean, Lyon, France.
View Nr. 3: 1/100s f/8 focusing at infinite
Le Rhône et rue Philibert-Delorme, July 30,, 2026
Place Belleveue
69001 Lyon
France
After the last view #37 exposed, the film was rewound to the taking cartridge and revealed in a Posso tank with 350 mL of Adox Adonal developer (identical to the original Agfa Rodinal in its formula of 1891) prepared at the dilution 1+50. The film was processed for 9min at 20°C.
The frames were then digitized using a Sony A7 camera (ILCE-7, 24MP) adapted to a macro Minolta Auto Bellow III with Minolta Bellow MD Macro lens 1:3.5 f=50mm and the dedicated slide duplicator Minolta. The light source was a LED panel (approx. 4x5') CineStill Cine-lite.
The RAW files obtained were inverted within the latest version of Adobe Lightroom Classic (version 15.4.1, June 2026) and edited to the final jpeg pictures without intermediate file. They are presented either as print files with frame or the full size JPEG's together with some documentary smartphone color pictures.
———————————————
About the Graflex company and Graphic 35 camera:
Graflex (originally the Folmer & Schwing Manufacturing Company, founded in 1887 in New York) had long been renowned for its large- and medium-format press cameras (notably the Speed Graphic), which became the standard for photojournalism in the first half of the 20th century. After its acquisition by Kodak in 1905–1907, the works were moved to Rochester, New York. In 1926, following antitrust rulings, Graflex became independent again and continued production in Rochester until the early 1970s.
By the mid-1950s, large-format press cameras were losing ground to smaller, easier-to-use 35 mm cameras aimed at amateurs. Graflex responded by entering the 35 mm market. It had already marketed the Ciro 35 (derived from the earlier Cee-ay 35 of Candid Camera Corp., acquired via Ciro). In 1955 this design was thoroughly reworked into the Graphic 35.
Launch and Production
* Introduction: First shipments on 25 February 1955; press presentation on 8 March 1955 in New York.
* Manufacture: Body and final assembly in Rochester, N.Y. Lenses and shutters were imported from West Germany (Rodenstock or occasionally Enna “Graflar” 50 mm f/3.5 or f/2.8 lenses; Prontor-SVS leaf shutter, 1 s to 1/300 s + B, M/X sync, self-timer).
* Production period: Roughly August 1954 to July 1957 (sometimes listed as ending in 1958). Advertising continued into late 1960.
* Volume: Approximately 68,000 units (Graflex internal figures list 68,269 cameras distributed). Serial numbers began at 550,000 and later restarted at 1,100,000.
Introductory prices were about $77.50 (f/3.5) to $98–99.50 (f/2.8), making it one of the more affordable fully featured 35 mm rangefinders of its day.
Distinctive Features
* Push-button focusing on either side of the lens (“wing focusing”), invented by Graflex instrument maker Louis M. Traino, who received a $4,000 company award (roughly $35,000–40,000 in today’s money). A “Visi-Ready” distance scale was visible from above.
* Front-mounted, sideways-pull shutter-release lever.
* Spectramatic (later Universal Spectramatic) flash system, devised by engineering director Vernon Whitman: colour-coded bands that simplified aperture selection according to distance and guide number.
* Separate viewfinder and split-image rangefinder windows; film advance by knob (not coupled to shutter cocking, allowing intentional double exposures).
* Solid die-cast metal body with satin chrome finish and silver-grey leatherette covering (some later examples darker).
These features—especially the push-button focusing—were heavily promoted and helped the camera sell strongly in its first year.
After 1957–58 Graflex shifted to Japanese-made models (the Graphic/Century 35 series by Kowa, the Graphic Jet, etc.). The original Rochester-built Graphic 35 remains a characteristic mid-1950s American design: robust, unusually ergonomic in its controls, and still relatively affordable on the used market today.
It is one of the few non-Kodak 35 mm cameras actually made in Rochester and illustrates Graflex’s attempt to adapt to the postwar 35 mm amateur boom.
I did not find at now the optical formula of the lens. The lens takes 27mm screw-on filter and the external diameter is 32mm. With a little adaptation (rind made in a film canister cap...) one could fit the French FOCA filter push-on 36mm.
It seems that no lens cap was proposed for the Graphic 35. With a cap of Kodak 35mm canister, I made a plastic one to protect the front lens.
The range-finder is slightly off calibrated at infinite but it easy to correct the small shift to set the correct value on the distance scale that is only engraved in feet.
The emission/absorption features at 645 and 685nm in the transmission spectrum (green line) are Cr3+ Fano resonances. The longer wavelength feature appears as R-line fluorescence in the red line spectrum. Note the logarithmic y-axis which makes these features clearer.
This cut chrome diopside sample from Siberia is dark in colour and is 12mm long. It was obtained from Dr Jaroslav Hyršl.
The fluorescence peak around 515nm could be due to surface contamination - I need to check this.
Sonata Vario acoustic absorbers installed within meeting rooms at Foolproof in London
Details on Sonata Vario can be viewed here: www.soundreduction.co.uk/Products/Sound-Absorption-Soluti...
Sonata Vario class A acoustic absorbers used within the hall at Kettering Park Primary in Northamptonshire
Smile with the countryside and green figs. Play with the dragonfly’s and humming birds. Shake hands with the shrubs, ferns, and mango trees. Talk to the wind, stars and sun. Converse with the rivers and waves of the sea. Develop relationships with the street dogs, horses and cows. Man makes himself miserable by his practice of separation. See life as a whole. One Love. One Heart. A comprehensive view. All life is one. Include all. Embrace all. All members of one human family. Let all life be sacred. Then this world will be a paradise of beauty. Unity is Eternal Life.
Nikon F3 / Kodak Portra 400 Plustek 8300AI Scanner / Negative Lab Pro
Nkosi.artiste@gmail.com
ABOUT THE ARTIST
Chance Nkosi Gomez known initiated by H.H Swami Jyotirmayanda as Sri Govinda walks an integral yogic path in which photography is the primary creative field of expression. The medium was introduced during sophomore year of high school by educator Dr. Devin Marsh of Robert Morgan Educational Center. Coming into alignment with light, its nature and articulating the camera was the focus during that time. Thereafter while completing a Photographic Technology Degree, the realization of what made an image “striking” came to the foreground of the inner dialogue. These college years brought forth major absorption and reflection as an apprentice to photographer and educator Tony A. Chirinos of Miami Dade College. The process of working towards a singular idea of interest and thus building a series became the heading from here on while the camera aided in cultivating an adherence to the present moment. The viewfinder resembles a doorway to the unified field of consciousness in which line, shape, form, color, value, texture all dissolve. It is here that the yogi is reminded of sat-chit-ananda (the supreme reality as all-pervading; pure consciousness). As of May 2024 Govinda has completed his 300hr yoga teacher training program at Sattva Yoga Academy studying from Master Yogi Anand Mehrotra in Rishikesh, India, Himalayas. This has strengthened his personal Sadhana and allows one to carry and share ancient Vedic Technology leading others in ultimately directing their intellect to bloom into intuition. As awareness and self-realization grows so does the imagery that is all at once divine in the mastery of capturing and controlling light. Over the last seven years he has self-published six photographic books, Follow me i’ll be right behind you (2017), Sonata - Minimal Study (2018), Birds Singing Lies (2018), Rwanda (2019), Where does the body begin? (2019) & Swayam Jyotis (2023). Currently, Govinda is employed at the Leica Store Miami as a camera specialist and starting his journey as a practitioner of yoga ॐॐ
Ahnderawhudi
Although modern Rhanukhan is extremely secular, historically this wasn’t always the case and Ahnderawhudi is particularly rich in centuries of religious architecture. In recognition of its great historical significance, Ahnderawhudi Kaglakh was declared the capital of the eastern union of Pretakhonia leading to an ongoing rivalry with Khibsi Kaglakh who felt that their status as the historical Pretakhoni capital should have made them the obvious choice.
Ahnliss
Regarded as barbaric for the fearsome justice meted out by its rulers in early times, Ahnliss became quite different following the Unification. As with several of the western provinces, it proved an excellent region for mills during the Industrial Revolution and everybody prospered. These days it has developed a reputation as "The Rainbow Province", proving a popular residence for a sizeable percentage of Rhanukhan's LGBT+ population and many cities having thriving arts scenes.
Astahni
Originally founded by Kanghari expansionists, this province is currently most noted for being the home of the Rhanukhani space program.
Bahamghar
One of the recently founded new colonies, a site of impressive rapid industrialisation and notable for the widespread emergence of a uniquely quirky style of architecture, not seen elsewhere in Rhanukhan.
Benbhallan
Possibly the least progressive of all Rhanukhani provinces, Benbhallan still clings to many ancient traditions.
Bhanadhun
The province is famously the birthplace of the traditional Rhanukhani Dhunhorn - the musical instrument most associated with the country and its people all over the world.
Bhanakha
In ancient times the Holodlhessi Lowlands were a barely inhabited vast, marshy expanse until the arrival of the Pretakhoni some 2,000 years ago. They set about draining the region and thus the modern provinces of Bhanakha, Khibsi, Hedhathan and Pahadkhan are now the most fertile in all Rhanukhan. The threat of coastal erosion in these provinces has resulted in the development of world-beating technological solutions that have been successfully exported to regions suffering similar issues - now one of Bhanakha’s leading industries.
Bhuravakhan
Noteworthy as the ancestral homeland of the Prism family, from which His Resplendence, the Supreme Chairman descends. Rhanukhan's furthest inland port, Ghulla can be found here, serving as the main point of overseas trade for the southern provinces.
Currakhan & Lehpuhrta
One of the two former Niahvogalese territories annexed by Rhanukhan during the events of the Symyano invasion. Currakhan is home to a separatist movement who regularly cause civil unrest. Lehpuhrta was transformed into a flying headquarters by its charismatic governor, Constantine Malachite, during the Worlds War. It disappeared in spectacular style shortly after the war ended, though there is archaeological evidence (discredited by many scholars) which suggests that it may have travelled back in time and become responsible for the founding of the Ahztlarhan civilization - the precursor of the Rhanukhii tribe. Rhanukhan maintains its claim to the island despite having no idea where it is.
Dariwhani
If the land isn't dense rainforest, then it's high mountains. The Dariwhani provincial government is extremely protective of its natural environment and only allows limited sustainable exploitation of its resources.
Dhunvala
Similar to Rhanukhan Kaglakh itself, it is widely believed that the provincial capital of Dhunvala dates back to a settlement established by refugees from the inundation of Ahztlarhan. Situated on one of the earliest main canals and later a major hub in the railway network, Dhunvala Kaglakh has always enjoyed much prosperity.
Drahvala
The eastern provinces of Pretakhonia suffered particularly heavily during the Symyano invasion of 2008CE (11ε4AU). By way of recompense, many of the Symyano who chose to remain in Rhanukhan when their compatriots returned to Symyan'zu now live in these areas, helping to rebuild. As a result, provinces like Drahvala, previously dismissed as rural backwaters, are becoming the most technologically advanced in Rhanukhan with booming super-modern industries taking over. Drahvala is particularly noteworthy as the first province to have voted in a Symyan governor.
Ghattoria
One of the original founding provinces of the Unification. Rose to prominence during the Industrial Revolution and, though no longer quite the powerhouse it once was, plenty of evidence of those glory days can still be found in the province.
Ghovala
A province composed almost entirely of high moorland and notable for extensive farming of Wool-Bearing Octopuses.
Harghattoria
Located in the arid Western Highlands, this province is home almost exclusively to extensive uranium mines and the dormitory towns which support them. The capital, being home to the various mining companies' higher management, however, has long been notable as a place of refined art and culture.
Hawadhan
As Rhanukhani territory expanded into the Hawadhi Heights far to the north during the early days of the Unification the local tribes fled south down the Dariwhan River, eventually establishing a new nation at the head of the Hesslian Gulf. Even though their descendants would eventually become Rhanukhani citizens, their province still proudly bears the name of their ancestral home.
Hedhathan
The provincial capital was the major port of the Pretakhoni during their occupation of these eastern lands and served as the main link back to their empire. For many centuries after their civilization collapsed it continued to be a major hub for international trade with merchants arriving from all over the world, but eventually lost out to its rapidly developing neighbour, Hesslia, and is now something of a backwater.
Hesslia
Suddenly emerging from relative obscurity in the middle ages, the capital enjoyed centuries of commercial success thanks to generations of canny merchant families and is one of Rhanukhan's major ports for international trade.
Illukhalla
The province is famed for its curious superstitions regarding millinery. It is unheard of to see an Illukhallan without their traditional headgear. To travel this region bare-headed is considered offensive and can be quite perilous.
Inukhanes
The provincial capital is famously known as "The White City" due to the extensive use of the local hard chalk as a building material. This peninsula is notable for the ancient wall that runs coast-to-coast, forming its border - a remnant from the days when it held out against the Pretakhoni invasion of these eastern lands. The coast here is riddled with caves and famed for its rich wildlife and historical ruins.
Kanghari
One of the original founding provinces of the Unification. Rhanukhan's scientific hub, home to many laboratories, observatories, and a flourishing electronics industry.
Kharanwhari
Formerly the Alpha Outpost of Nohvrakishnaplermta, the Lazarastran governor annexed the abandoned territory in the interests of national security during a diplomatic spat with that nation. A substantial financial bribe to the Nohvrakishnaplermtan government was adequate to maintain Rhanukhani sovereignty over the territory.
Khibsi
When the Pretakhoni arrived across the Shramortoghmuli Ocean some 2,000 years ago and conquered the lands that now form Rhanukhan's eastern provinces, the city known today as Khibsi Kaglakh was the seat of their power. The modern Governor's House incorporates the ruins of the Pretakhoni Imperial Palace in its extensive public gardens.
Khove
Barely showing on any maps until the last century, Khove's capital city was a relatively small town, popular with smugglers, until the railways arrived, bringing civilization to these northern lands.
Khulakhallan
The hub of the wool trade in days of yore. Both Khulakhallan and its neighbour, Phanasthan, are notable for their densely packed conurbations, a result of southern Elamadh's rapid and profitable development during the Industrial Revolution. Huge numbers of people migrated to these lands in that era and thus the south-western provinces remain the most heavily populated to this day.
Khun
One of the original founding provinces of the Unification. Always known as a militant state before the Unification, Khunate units in the various armed forces are viewed as a fearsome elite.
Khunares
Historically, a secretive little nation run by an order of scholar-priests who held records dating back thousands of years, Khunares was discovered accidentally during rainforest clearance in the area. Following its absorption, its capital has become the premier university city of Rhanukhan.
Krovdh
The great medieval bridge leading out of Rhanukhan from Krovdh Kaglakh is famed as the site of the legendary battle between the folk hero, Robert Boutreknyffe alongside his loyal burrowing octopus, Lucy-of-the-Arms, against the feared Sockdrowre Wyrm. Rhanukhan State News Network’s beloved long-serving anchorman, Trent Butterknife, was born in the city and his family purport to be Robert’s descendants.
Lazarastra
The first of the five new colonies, Lazarastra proved to be a troublesome venture. Many questions remain unanswered about events surrounding its failed attempt to gain independence.
Loidisuria
Founded by refugees fleeing the invasion of Suria in the early-1600s CE (early-ε00s AU), Loidisuria gained its wealth as a centre for trade between the expanding Rhanukhan and the rest of the continent. The fortune and influence of Loidisuria Kaglakh led to it becoming the capital of the western union of Elamadh.
Mahsalla
As with many of the provinces in the Western Highlands, Mahsalla's rural regions enjoy a thriving wool-bearing octopus farming industry. The capital is also home to Rhanukhan's oldest operational Grookh distillery, which produces a vintage regarded as second only to that in Wehldi.
Mehjtsualla
The province is the source of the Khunate, Rhanukhan's longest river. Several noteworthy archaeological discoveries have been made here over the centuries, most famously, the "Eye of Mehjtsualla". This medallion, worn by generations of Mehjtsuallan rulers, disappeared during the Nohyohvan conquest of these lands and was thought lost forever until it was dug up by chance by a pet burrowing octopus named Boojum. She was awarded an honorary degree by the University of Mehjtsualla for her discovery.
Mehjtsuateli
"We're the northernmost provincial capital in Rhanukhan!" At the head of the Prism Gulf, the provincial capital is home to Rhanukhan's major shipbuilding port.
Nahadali
Ruled for centuries by a matriarchal dynasty that were widely claimed to be witches. The fact that, even in this more democratic era, the provincial government is still largely comprised of women from this lineage leads people to speculate that there may be some truth in the rumour.
Nohvala
In the Middle Ages raiders from the north would frequently pour down the Sohwalan Vale, aiming to pillage the fertile and prosperous Central Rhanukhani Plains. Situated right in their path, Nohvala Kaglakh became by necessity a mighty fortified city, home to legions of stalwart defenders. Following the Unification, Rhanukhan showed its gratitude by making Nohvala Kaglakh the capital of the northern union of Nohyohva.
Okhtis
Most famous for its time as a grand social experiment in which a leading group of scientists ran the province based solely on the decisions of a magic 8-ball. The surprising success of the temporary nation swiftly led to the experiment being quietly shut down before Rhanukhani citizens got any ideas about a better form of government.
Ovtobikha
As with a number of the south-western provinces, Ovtobikha was a prime territory for mills and saw huge development during the Industrial Revolution. In modern times, the capital is home to one of the nation’s leading universities and famously plays host to Rhanukhan’s largest annual sci-fi/fantasy/comic-con.
Pahadkhan
Considered fairly remote and not particularly noteworthy in the past, the discovery here in 2008CE (11ε4AU) of the remains of ancient Ahztlarhan (previously thought to be purely mythical), the ancestral homeland of the Rhanukhii tribe who founded Rhanukhan, propelled this province into the spotlight. It is now a hotbed of archaeological research and a popular tourist destination for historically-minded Rhanukhanis.
Phanasthan
Both Phanasthan and its neighbour, Khulakhallan, are notable for their densely packed conurbations, a result of southern Elamadh's rapid and profitable development during the Industrial Revolution. Huge numbers of people migrated to these lands in that era and thus the south-western provinces remain the most heavily populated to this day. The highlands of this province are famously home to that hardiest breed of wool-bearing octopus, the Phanasthan Purpleface.
Phogoltani
Phogoltani is forever associated with Baron Stephen the Wily, whose intervention brought an end to the devastating civil war known as The Fracturing in 1153CE (801AU). The ruins of his castle remain a major historical site and the province takes considerable pride in its reputation for political pragmatism and negotiation. In recent years it has also been transformed by reconstruction efforts following the Symyano invasion.
Rhanukhan Kaglakh
Historical homeland of the Rhanukhii tribe, Rhanukhan's oldest province is now almost entirely urbanised, forming the nation's supreme capital.
Rhiksmalahan
Remote and mountainous, this province is noted for producing hardy and pragmatic citizens with strange beliefs.
Rhina
Similar to Ahnderawhudi, Rhina was a prominent religious centre during the middle ages and ruins of those times can be found all over the province. Despite this historic importance and the great temple that dominates its skyline, Rhina Kaglakh is famously the smallest provincial capital in Rhanukhan.
Samravhteli
One of the original founding provinces of the Unification. In the earliest stages of the Unification, fertile Samravhteli was Rhanukhan’s breadbasket. Even today, the province is almost entirely dedicated to agriculture with extensive farms of all kinds and mainly small villages and market towns - the provincial capital is one of the few large cities.
Sehdahli
"Sehdahli is an isolated little kingdom of its own surrounded by barren hills." - Daniel Dacite (1719CE / εε3AU) Even though Sehdahli had been a part of the Unification for centuries, it remained, as Dacite noted, largely isolated from the other provinces. The arrival of the railways in the late-1800s CE (early-1100s AU) changed all this and indeed Sehdahli Kaglakh is now the starting point for what is considered the most scenic railway in all Rhanukhan.
Sehdsteli
High in the Pyhnanni Mountains, this province may be cold and arid, but it has always attracted the adventurous sort - particularly those who seek to conquer Rhanukhan's highest point - the famed Meringue Peak.
Skarthe
Rhanukhan's main naval port. Although all the coastal provinces provide their own fleets, in times of national crisis they are unified under Skarthan orders. The low-lying Skarthan Vale in the south of the province is dominated by a dense rainforest, said to be home to a secretive race of sapient squid.
Suria
The prosperous coal mining capital of Rhanukhan during the Industrial Revolution has lost out to new forms of energy in these modern ages and is notably impoverished.
Verang
In the middle ages, remote Verang was feared as a pirate port from which many doughty corsairs, such as the dreaded Leonie o' the Sunrise, sailed out and ravaged the Shramortoghmuli Ocean. These days it is a quiet city, popular as a seaside resort among those citizens looking to indulge in a holiday.
Vohrna
Marshy lowlands extend from the head of the Hesslian Gulf all the way into sparsely populated Vohrna. With major urbanisation only occurring in the higher western half of the province, the eastern half has become a prominent wildlife reserve, particularly famed for its diversity of land cephalopod species.
Wehdawahan
Though appearing to be mainly rural highlands on the surface, Wehdawahan hides a scientific marvel below ground. The region is home to Rhanukhan's largest and highest-energy particle collider, leading to a popular myth that there are more scientists and technicians than farmers in the province.
Wehldi
The province is largely composed of extensive fields of cabbages from which the traditional Rhanukhani alcoholic spirit, Grookh, is distilled. Although Grookh is made all over Rhanukhan, Wehldi Grookh is widely renowned as the finest and carries a Protected Designation of Origin.
Wehs
One of the smallest provinces, Wehs has long been the home of Rhanukhan's largest ironworks. Historically, the countryside was littered with waste, and smoke from the furnaces and machinery blackened the sky. These days modern techniques mean that the pollution is much more minimal, though dated stereotypes about the province and its "sooty" residents are known to persist.
Wehtonia
The eastern provinces of Pretakhonia suffered particularly heavily during the Symyano invasion of 2008CE (11ε4AU). By way of recompense, many of the Symyano who chose to remain in Rhanukhan when their compatriots returned to Symyan'zu now live in these areas, helping to rebuild. As a result, provinces like Wehtonia, previously dismissed as rural backwaters, are becoming the most technologically advanced in Rhanukhan with booming super-modern industries taking over.
Wharadhan
Famously associated with vampire legends. The provincial capital is an ancient port with a large natural harbour, historically notable as the launching point for the first circumnavigatory voyage around the world. It is surrounded by small-time fishing towns and recently made it into the news following the notorious "Banana Milkshake" incident prior to the Symyano invasion.
The absorption spectra of two water suspension of 0.06% and 0.6% w/v of Holmium Oxide nanopowder in water were recently recorded with HP- Diode Array spectrometer, and the new CLARiTY system developed at OLIS
The dramatic effect of ozone Chappuis band absorption on the colour of the sky during twilight. The origin of "The Blue Hour".
Abs-line (nm): Iolite pebble - vis
378
392
402
423
439
459
492
519
537
586
595
737
Abs-line (nm): Iolite pebble - ir
1370
1407
1466
1847
1905
1963
2015
2086
2105
2274
media: wire, cotton, silk, netting, vintage kimono, waste canvas, 3D printed elements.
Commissioned tapestry for Albert Sherman Center, University of Massachusetts. 4' x 7' x 4". 2015. One of three pieces commissioned for the research center. All three of these pieces reflect on the beauty and mystery in the biological world unseen by our naked eyes. The microscopic world of our bodies can seem remote and make us feel a bit squeamish, so by carefully hand stitching a window onto this world in the warm and comforting medium of quilted textiles, I hope to make this realm more intimate, accessible, tactile, and yet, still mysterious.
This piece was inspired by a slide mount of rabbit intestines.
Wetlands are biodiversity rich sensitive ecosystems that harbor hundreds of plants, insects, birds and other animals uniquely adapted to their wetland mode of life.They are crucial to maintain the regional water balance through ground water recharge and absorption of flood waters and also serve as the rice bowl of developing countries. Nevertheless, wetlands play immense role in the socio-economic and livelihood aspects of local communities living around the wetland. In India, rural communities depend wetland for livelihood through farming, mat making etc; for food through fishing and hunting; for roof thatching by collection of reeds and palm leaf ; for firewood; for fodder etc. However, these wetlands are now under a threat of conversion for big industrial and real estate projects, change in lifestyle of local community, over extraction of resources by increased population, pollution,waste dumping, eutrophication and pesticide farming. There are three important wetlands in the Puducherry region namely Oussudu, Bahour and Kaliveli that provide important resources for local communities and also are a home to tens of thousands of migratory birds that visit the Puducherry region in winter. These wetlands have been acknowledged as Important Bird Areas(IBAs) by IBCN, since many of these birds are represented in more than 1% of their global population.
The recent threat on wetlands of Puducherry is more due to the change in life style of local community living around these wetlands. The younger generation is not much dependent on wetland resources, The younger and modern generation has lost the compassion and bonding to the wetland which their forefathers maintained through sustainable livelihood practices. This has resulted in a change in attitude and perception of the community towards unsustainable farming and resource extraction, game hunting, intensive fishing and reclamation, ultimately resulting in shrinking of wetland area and loss of biodiversity at an alarming pace. Local community is leaving the traditional farming practices for more fertilizer and pesticide based farming; fish stock is depleted using invasive Gill nets. Since Puducherry is fast developing region with rapidly growing commercial tourism and industrial establishments, these wetlands are under the threat of reclamation for resort construction and other commercial establishments. Poaching for a sport as well as open selling of birds including the threatened species is common. School drop-out are noticed to get attracted to such practices to make easy money as well as hunting for a sport with peers. With time, they may grow into expert hunters who will depend on poaching as the main source of income for the family. There are many wetland awareness programs organized by Forest Department as well as NGOs targeting school kids and educated community through workshops. School drop-outs are often not specially targeted by any of such programs and often not brought under the ambit of such programs. This gap needs to be addressed for local conservation efforts to be fully effective. We have chosen birds as the umbrella species whose conservation will in turn protect the lake and biodiversity as a whole. Birds are attractive and beautiful; ,which may easily get compassion from drop-out kids if guided appropriately. With proper efforts, the poachers can be turned to protectors and expert tour guides to facilitate ecotourism.
Following a recent post on purple fluorite, I have measured both the fluorite and the irradiated halite using a reflectance probe that increases the effective transmission pathlength within the crystals. I have also added a UV measurement of the fluorite. These spectra show more structure than the earlier ones.
The colloids are responsible for the broad absorption bands in fluorite (at 560nm) and halite (at ~620nm). I am uncertain, however, of the cause of the absorption band around 400nm that both of these crystals show.
I think it is unlikely that the 400nm band results from a divalent rare earth element (REE) as has been suggested for other fluorites. Is it due to a colour (F-) centre in the crystals?
Sonata Vario class A acoustic absorbers installed within Sutton village hall, North Yorkshire to reduce noise and reverberation during use
I received recently an unusual 35mm range-finder camera Graflex Graphic 35 made in the U.S.A. in 1955 (see below the details about Graflex company and the camera). After a complete inventory and blank mechanical/optical checking, I did a test film with a FOMAPAN 100. The light was metered using a Minolta Autometer III fitted with a 10° viewfinder for selective metering privileging this shadow areas.
The camera was equipped with an adapted French FOCA « Dyma » x3.5 36mm push-on filter plus the metal shade hood made for the FOCA Standard camera. To compensate the Dyma filter absorption the Autometer was set on 32 ISO instead of the nominal 100 ISO of the film. The Dyma FOCA filter is an original glass formula containing neodymium giving band-selective visible spectrum absorptions in the green and yellow so that proximate tonalities in these bands are better separated.
I did the all photos along the way to Lyon Saint-Jean, Lyon, France.
View Nr. 24: 1/50s f/6.3 focusing at 50 ft
Rue Saint-Jean, July 30,, 2026
69001 Lyon
France
After the last view #37 exposed, the film was rewound to the taking cartridge and revealed in a Posso tank with 350 mL of Adox Adonal developer (identical to the original Agfa Rodinal in its formula of 1891) prepared at the dilution 1+50. The film was processed for 9min at 20°C.
The frames were then digitized using a Sony A7 camera (ILCE-7, 24MP) adapted to a macro Minolta Auto Bellow III with Minolta Bellow MD Macro lens 1:3.5 f=50mm and the dedicated slide duplicator Minolta. The light source was a LED panel (approx. 4x5') CineStill Cine-lite.
The RAW files obtained were inverted within the latest version of Adobe Lightroom Classic (version 15.4.1, June 2026) and edited to the final jpeg pictures without intermediate file. They are presented either as print files with frame or the full size JPEG's together with some documentary smartphone color pictures.
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About the Graflex company and Graphic 35 camera:
Graflex (originally the Folmer & Schwing Manufacturing Company, founded in 1887 in New York) had long been renowned for its large- and medium-format press cameras (notably the Speed Graphic), which became the standard for photojournalism in the first half of the 20th century. After its acquisition by Kodak in 1905–1907, the works were moved to Rochester, New York. In 1926, following antitrust rulings, Graflex became independent again and continued production in Rochester until the early 1970s.
By the mid-1950s, large-format press cameras were losing ground to smaller, easier-to-use 35 mm cameras aimed at amateurs. Graflex responded by entering the 35 mm market. It had already marketed the Ciro 35 (derived from the earlier Cee-ay 35 of Candid Camera Corp., acquired via Ciro). In 1955 this design was thoroughly reworked into the Graphic 35.
Launch and Production
* Introduction: First shipments on 25 February 1955; press presentation on 8 March 1955 in New York.
* Manufacture: Body and final assembly in Rochester, N.Y. Lenses and shutters were imported from West Germany (Rodenstock or occasionally Enna “Graflar” 50 mm f/3.5 or f/2.8 lenses; Prontor-SVS leaf shutter, 1 s to 1/300 s + B, M/X sync, self-timer).
* Production period: Roughly August 1954 to July 1957 (sometimes listed as ending in 1958). Advertising continued into late 1960.
* Volume: Approximately 68,000 units (Graflex internal figures list 68,269 cameras distributed). Serial numbers began at 550,000 and later restarted at 1,100,000.
Introductory prices were about $77.50 (f/3.5) to $98–99.50 (f/2.8), making it one of the more affordable fully featured 35 mm rangefinders of its day.
Distinctive Features
* Push-button focusing on either side of the lens (“wing focusing”), invented by Graflex instrument maker Louis M. Traino, who received a $4,000 company award (roughly $35,000–40,000 in today’s money). A “Visi-Ready” distance scale was visible from above.
* Front-mounted, sideways-pull shutter-release lever.
* Spectramatic (later Universal Spectramatic) flash system, devised by engineering director Vernon Whitman: colour-coded bands that simplified aperture selection according to distance and guide number.
* Separate viewfinder and split-image rangefinder windows; film advance by knob (not coupled to shutter cocking, allowing intentional double exposures).
* Solid die-cast metal body with satin chrome finish and silver-grey leatherette covering (some later examples darker).
These features—especially the push-button focusing—were heavily promoted and helped the camera sell strongly in its first year.
After 1957–58 Graflex shifted to Japanese-made models (the Graphic/Century 35 series by Kowa, the Graphic Jet, etc.). The original Rochester-built Graphic 35 remains a characteristic mid-1950s American design: robust, unusually ergonomic in its controls, and still relatively affordable on the used market today.
It is one of the few non-Kodak 35 mm cameras actually made in Rochester and illustrates Graflex’s attempt to adapt to the postwar 35 mm amateur boom.
I did not find at now the optical formula of the lens. The lens takes 27mm screw-on filter and the external diameter is 32mm. With a little adaptation (rind made in a film canister cap...) one could fit the French FOCA filter push-on 36mm.
It seems that no lens cap was proposed for the Graphic 35. With a cap of Kodak 35mm canister, I made a plastic one to protect the front lens.
The range-finder is slightly off calibrated at infinite but it easy to correct the small shift to set the correct value on the distance scale that is only engraved in feet.