View allAll Photos Tagged Visualisation
Von einem meiner Lieblingslieder des weißen Albums. Georges Handschrift. Nachweislich das einige Lied der Liverpooler, das von Süßigkeiten handelt.
One of my favourite tunes from White Album. The only one by the Fab Four dealing with sweets. It's George's hand writing.
Promise not to bore you all week with dental horror stories again, but I think i need to go to my happy place (Porthcurno Beach, Cornwall) for a spot of 'visualisation' today after visiting the dentist for a follow up appointment.
As i feared / expected, i've got a 'dry socket' and a bit of an infection in my jawbone (that would explain that deep throbbing pain then) and i'm going to be taking a couple of sorts of antibiotics for the next ten days.
My overriding thought is that i'm lucky to live somewhere where it can be diagnosed and treated so quickly, but i'll also admit to a little bit of disappointment when i was told i absolutely musn't drink any alcohol with these or i'll be very sick. Have got a wedding and cricket awards party coming up and both are a bit more fun after a beer or two. Also beer tastes a bit nicer than the salt water rinses that i'm doing about ten times a day.
-----------------------------------
©2010 Jason Swain, All Rights Reserved
This image is not available for use on websites, blogs or other media without the explicit written permission of the photographer.
-----------------------------------
Links to my website, facebook and twitter can be found on my flickr profile
-----------------------------------
B&w version of a few images. I have resisted making b&w as I like the subtle tones and colours of the stonework. Further, I did not think that there is enough contrast etc. for b&w. And I did not visualise as being b&w when I took them, which is almost a prerequisite !
www.flickr.com/photos/123465330@N04/53725446483/in/photos...
Der Spruch auf ovalen dem Schild heißt "Lebe im Ganzen." Leider wird das Denkmal aus dieser Sicht von zwei auffälligen Müllbehältern gerahmt.
The slogan on the oval sign reads ‘Live in wholeness’. Unfortunately, from this perspective, the monument is framed by two conspicuous rubbish bins.
Das Denkmal wurde geschaffen von Robert Metzkes 1986-bis 1990. Friedrich Adolph Wilhelm Diesterweg (1790 -1866) war ein deutscher Pädagoge. Von 1832 bis 1847 war er in Berlin tätig. Er engagierte sich für die Verbesserung der Volksschule und trat für eine verbesserte pädagogische Bildung und die soziale Anerkennung der Volksschullehrer ein. Als Anhänger Johann Heinrich Pestalozzis und Verbreiter seiner Ideen vertrat er Anschauung und Selbsttätigkeit als didaktische Grundsätze. Er gab diesen Grundsätzen jedoch eine politische Eintönung durch das von ihm festgesetzte Ziel der Heranbildung eines mündigen und kritischen Staatsbürgers. Die Volksbildung gewann für Diesterweg den Charakter der Volksbefreiung. Inhaltlich löste Diesterweg sich von der heimatkundlich orientierten Anschauungsdidaktik ab, indem er eine auf astronomische Themen erweiterte Weltkunde forderte. 1840 erschien erstmals seine später mehrfach neu aufgelegte und überarbeitete Populäre Himmelskunde. Neben seiner pädagogischen Tätigkeit war Diesterweg auch sozialpolitisch engagiert. Im Jahr 1844 gingen von ihm wesentliche Anregungen zur Gründung des "Centralvereisn für das Wohl der arbeitenden Klassen" aus. Dem Liberalismus verbunden, wandte er sich in der Schulpolitik sowohl gegen einen starken kirchlichen als auch politischen Einfluss auf die Bildung. Er forderte eine pädagogisch-fachliche (und nicht mehr geistliche) Schulaufsicht und eine einheitliche Schulorganisation, das heißt, er wollte eine Professionalisierung des Lehrerstandes erreichen. Außerdem kämpfte er für die relative Autonomie der Schule gegenüber den gesellschaftlichen Mächten. Seinen großen Einfluss auf die Lehrerschaft der damaligen Zeit verdankt er vor allem seiner Zeitschrift Rheinische Blätter für Erziehung und Unterricht, die er ab 1827 herausgab, aber auch seinem Jahrbuch für Lehrer- und Schulfreunde ab 1851.
The monument was created by Robert Metzkes from 1986 to 1990. Friedrich Adolph Wilhelm Diesterweg (1790 -1866) was a German educationalist. He worked in Berlin from 1832 to 1847. He was committed to the improvement of primary schools and advocated improved pedagogical education and social recognition of primary school teachers. As a follower of Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi and propagator of his ideas, he advocated visualisation and self-activity as didactic principles. However, he gave these principles a political colouring by setting himself the goal of educating responsible and critical citizens. For Diesterweg, popular education took on the character of popular liberation. In terms of content, Diesterweg moved away from didactics orientated towards local history by calling for a world history extended to astronomical topics. In 1840, his Popular Celestial Science was published for the first time and later revised several times. In addition to his educational activities, Diesterweg was also involved in social policy. In 1844, he was instrumental in founding the Central Association for the Welfare of the Working Classes.
With his liberal leanings, he opposed both a strong ecclesiastical and political influence on education in school policy. He called for pedagogical and professional (and no longer clerical) school supervision and a uniform school organisation, i.e. he wanted to achieve a professionalisation of the teaching profession. He also fought for the relative autonomy of schools in relation to social powers. He owed his great influence on the teaching profession at the time above all to his journal Rheinische Blätter für Erziehung und Unterricht (Rhenish Journals for Education and Teaching), which he published from 1827, but also to his Jahrbuch für Lehrer- und Schulfreunde (Yearbook for Teacher and School Friends) from 1851.
Translated with DeepL.com (free version)
A visualiser sur fond noir en pressant L / A view on black background by pressing L
Quand l'art urbain s'approprie des portes de garages.
Début d'une série sur les portes et fenêtres pour un thème du club Artois Flandre Photo.
Découvrez le travail des membres ici :
www.flickr.com/photos/clubphotosvendin/sets/7215763295844...
In english :
When art urban appropriates garage doors.
Beginning of a series of doors and windows for a theme club Flanders Artois Photo.
Discover the work of the members here:
www.flickr.com/photos/clubphotosvendin/sets/7215763295844...
Google's auto-complete - an incidental feature but always hilariously revealing about the deep concerns of the group mind.
I had a go at visualizing the query “How do I get my girlfriend / boyfriend to…” using the sweet tool Web Seer. See what you think.
More visuals here
The above scenes are based on observations of the numerous corniform signs from around Mont Bego and arise from images and texts featured in the Flickr album 'Mont Bégo'.
To simulate frame huts covered with cow leather, I used the 'FB Lisse' from La Bisbal bisbalceram.com which has a natural tint of burnt umbra. The clay was thumb polished and carved over a number of days - so not fired.
The moonlit clouds above the mountain were made by light-painting and were added during the long exposure of the scene.
The fence posts are from overwintered vines of old man's beard slotted into corrugated cardboard strip (thinking of Gondry for this solution).
The stars were layered during post and come from a general shot I'd taken of Orion (see the Flickr album 'Night shots').
For these images, I am not aiming for any 'realism', rather a credible starting point from which the viewer can add potential details. Maybe a simpler fence with draped drying grass? Maybe guide ropes? ... Wind art decoration, or graphic changes of tone. Bags might have been attached to the fence posts or a domestic dog tethered to keep guard. The smouldering remains of an open fire and so on.
Many artistic visualisations of prehistoric accommodation depict daytime scenes. My aim here was to show huts as night protection - the moment of the day when their need and logic is resounding. I also tried to create an atmosphere that felt cold - ground frost and so on, again to show how important a good hut is for a family and clan. It is possible that the peoples who climbed above the tree line to make the Mont Bégo bronze age rock art came from fertile valleys lower down between the mountain range. Even without frost, the descending cold air of the mountain lifestyle can be a shock to the system and many readers will have experienced altitude camping when the warm air switches off and the creeping cold mountain air descends into the tent to impart an array of chatters and shiverings. Again a successful culture need to have adapted to an environment and have apt solutions to local conditions.
Left. From time in the Mont Bégo rock art you see 'bodies of cows' without horns. It's easy to think that these may be fields or waiting for horns that never came, but if they were cow-form huts (a term I chance with) then they may simply be huts without their entrance fencing - an ideosyncratic and normal detail of a diverse culture.
Centre. There are several corniform images of circular 'horns'. (Bicknell VII No 51, XVIII NO22, XXXV No14...). All are assured images and all seem to be difficult to understand if the only meaning of a corniform sign is a 'cow'. The central image projects a circle of fencing in front of the entrance to a small leather covered hut. This seem very understandable as an early crofting solution.
Right: The same image, but with the fence in a typical corniform presentation. See how this provides wind break, shade and an arena for a fireplace. With a domestic dog in the 'courtyard' the vulnerable entrance to the tough leather tent is protected during the night. With good post hole alternatives, opening and closing fencing would also produce the images centre and right which would make some of the corniform variety due to the recording of different states of usage of the dynamic structures. Many corniforms have a square between the horns, and the square certainly also alludes to the head of a cow, but a hut with the same square may have also have had a 'kennel space' for a guard dog : heating the entrance for a sleepy family.
AJM 17.2.19
Difficult to visualise now just what a major operator Midland Red was - running a vast network stretching from Oswestry to Grantham. The company had its own distinctive style and used to build its own buses. Sadly under NBC control the company lost its way, sinking under a tidal wave of revolting Leyland Nationals. Passenger numbers declined rapidly and the company was split up prior to privatisation.
In February 1976 it was still possible to avoid Nationals and enjoy things much as they had been.
This Willowbrook bodied Leopard is seen at Bowers Hill, an obscure rural service from Evesham.
A project by Accurat,
directed by Giorgia Lupi and Michela Buttignol
Buy prints on Society 6 - society6.com/accurat
This project is an attempt to build a visual anthology of 10 abstract painters' lives,
isolating pictorial elements from painters' styles and using them to tell the story of their life and artistic production through a series of diagrams.
2x 580EXII into a softbox with CTO gel cam left, 430EXII far back with 1/2 CTB gel at 105mm, 580EXII on Grp A, 430EXII on Grp B, triggered via 580EX on cam with 4:1 A:B ratio.
Setup here..
How atoms interact and behave is common high-school knowledge, but what we know is based on assumptions or snapshots. Electron microscopes have taken images of atoms so we know how they settle, but we have never recorded atoms moving.
The ESA–Roscosmos Plasma Kristall-4 (PK-4) experiment is recreating atomic interactions in a fluid on a larger scale on the International Space Station. The proxy atoms in PK-4 are microparticles, which are suspended and charged in plasma (an ionised gas with electrons and ions). The microparticles interact with each other via the high electrical charges, forming a strongly coupled liquid or solid – a classical model system for condensed matter.
This image shows the typical purple glow of an argon plasma in the PK-4 hardware on Earth. Microparticles are introduced into the plasma to observe how they behave.
On Earth the particles are influenced by gravity but in space the particles will behave similarly to charged atoms in a fluid or crystal structure allowing researchers to understand better the hidden interactions of our world.
PK-4 is installed in the European Physiology Module on the European space laboratory Columbus and runs for up to four days, four times a year.
Credit: MPE–M. Kretschmer
Visualisation VBZ. Tous droits réservés.
Les VBZ de Zürich ont communiqué le 6 juillet 2021 avoir commandé 15 autobus électriques standard MAN Lion's City E 12.
Ces nouveaux véhicules seront engagés à partir de l'automne 2022 sur les lignes 66, 77, 78 et 99.
Des options auprès de MAN portent sur 29 autobus électriques standard supplémentaires et 80 articulés.
Les 15 nouvelles unités ne devraient être rechargées qu'au dépôt Hardau avec de l'énergie renouvelable.
Leur engagement permettra d'économiser annuellement 350000 litres de diesel et éviter le rejet de 930 tonnes de CO2.
Leurs numéros de régie et de plaques minéralogiques ne sont pas encore connus.
24902
La Techno Box, comme dans « j’ai cours de techno » (et pas comme la musique de club !) Vous allez voir qu’il y a quand même un lien (ténu) avec la musique, ou plus exactement avec le son. Cette expérience a été réalisée par des étudiants qui l’ont nommée TetrISS (je ne me prononce pas sur le nom [emoji]). Elle doit servir à visualiser les figures de Chladni en 3 dimensions. Vous avez peut-être déjà vu ces formes provoquées par des ultrasons, mais sur Terre à cause de la pesanteur c’est toujours en 2 dimensions. L’objectif ici c’est de profiter de l’impesanteur pour les observer en 3D. Pas grand chose de musical là dedans, c’est surtout des maths, mais sait-on jamais, ça pourrait inspirer des artistes !
This is Techno Box. As much as I would like (hate?) to have it make thumping techno music to welcome Matthias on board next week, it is techno as in technology. At school in France technology is often shortened to techno. We call techno music, tek, but the variations of how Europeans call electronic music and their subgenres is another story. What does Techno box do? It should allow students to visualise Chladni forms in three dimensions using sound waves. Which actually brings us back to music. 🤔 When sounds waves interact with objects they can arrange them in a visual form (think sound waves), search for it... but only in weightlessness can we attempt to make three dimensional forms! The sound waves needed are not music (unfortunately) but mathematical wave forms. The French name for this experiment is TetrISS, do I have to explain that it was a legendary videogame?... 😂
Credits: ESA/NASA–T. Pesquet
607J5935
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).[8] The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.[9][10] As of 26 April 2020, more than 2.89 million cases have been reported across 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 203,000 deaths. More than 822,000 people have recovered.[7]
Common symptoms include fever, cough, fatigue, shortness of breath and loss of smell.[5][11][12] While the majority of cases result in mild symptoms, some progress to viral pneumonia, multi-organ failure, or cytokine storm.[13][9][14] More concerning symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish skin.[5] The time from exposure to onset of symptoms is typically around five days but may range from two to fourteen days.[5][15]
The virus is primarily spread between people during close contact,[a] often via small droplets produced by coughing,[b] sneezing, or talking.[6][16][18] The droplets usually fall to the ground or onto surfaces rather than remaining in the air over long distances.[6][19][20] People may also become infected by touching a contaminated surface and then touching their face.[6][16] In experimental settings, the virus may survive on surfaces for up to 72 hours.[21][22][23] It is most contagious during the first three days after the onset of symptoms, although spread may be possible before symptoms appear and in later stages of the disease.[24] The standard method of diagnosis is by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) from a nasopharyngeal swab.[25] Chest CT imaging may also be helpful for diagnosis in individuals where there is a high suspicion of infection based on symptoms and risk factors; however, guidelines do not recommend using it for routine screening.[26][27]
Recommended measures to prevent infection include frequent hand washing, maintaining physical distance from others (especially from those with symptoms), covering coughs, and keeping unwashed hands away from the face.[28][29] In addition, the use of a face covering is recommended for those who suspect they have the virus and their caregivers.[30][31] Recommendations for face covering use by the general public vary, with some authorities recommending against their use, some recommending their use, and others requiring their use.[32][31][33] Currently, there is not enough evidence for or against the use of masks (medical or other) in healthy individuals in the wider community.[6] Also masks purchased by the public may impact availability for health care providers.
Currently, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral treatment for COVID-19.[6] Management involves the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, isolation, and experimental measures.[34] The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019–20 coronavirus outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC)[35][36] on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on 11 March 2020.[10] Local transmission of the disease has occurred in most countries across all six WHO regions.[37]
File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Coronavirus disease 2019.webm
Video summary (script)
Contents
1Signs and symptoms
2Cause
2.1Transmission
2.2Virology
3Pathophysiology
3.1Immunopathology
4Diagnosis
4.1Pathology
5Prevention
6Management
6.1Medications
6.2Protective equipment
6.3Mechanical ventilation
6.4Acute respiratory distress syndrome
6.5Experimental treatment
6.6Information technology
6.7Psychological support
7Prognosis
7.1Reinfection
8History
9Epidemiology
9.1Infection fatality rate
9.2Sex differences
10Society and culture
10.1Name
10.2Misinformation
10.3Protests
11Other animals
12Research
12.1Vaccine
12.2Medications
12.3Anti-cytokine storm
12.4Passive antibodies
13See also
14Notes
15References
16External links
16.1Health agencies
16.2Directories
16.3Medical journals
Signs and symptoms
Symptom[4]Range
Fever83–99%
Cough59–82%
Loss of Appetite40–84%
Fatigue44–70%
Shortness of breath31–40%
Coughing up sputum28–33%
Loss of smell15[38] to 30%[12][39]
Muscle aches and pains11–35%
Fever is the most common symptom, although some older people and those with other health problems experience fever later in the disease.[4][40] In one study, 44% of people had fever when they presented to the hospital, while 89% went on to develop fever at some point during their hospitalization.[4][41]
Other common symptoms include cough, loss of appetite, fatigue, shortness of breath, sputum production, and muscle and joint pains.[4][5][42][43] Symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea have been observed in varying percentages.[44][45][46] Less common symptoms include sneezing, runny nose, or sore throat.[47]
More serious symptoms include difficulty breathing, persistent chest pain or pressure, confusion, difficulty waking, and bluish face or lips. Immediate medical attention is advised if these symptoms are present.[5][48]
In some, the disease may progress to pneumonia, multi-organ failure, and death.[9][14] In those who develop severe symptoms, time from symptom onset to needing mechanical ventilation is typically eight days.[4] Some cases in China initially presented with only chest tightness and palpitations.[49]
Loss of smell was identified as a common symptom of COVID‑19 in March 2020,[12][39] although perhaps not as common as initially reported.[38] A decreased sense of smell and/or disturbances in taste have also been reported.[50] Estimates for loss of smell range from 15%[38] to 30%.[12][39]
As is common with infections, there is a delay between the moment a person is first infected and the time he or she develops symptoms. This is called the incubation period. The incubation period for COVID‑19 is typically five to six days but may range from two to 14 days,[51][52] although 97.5% of people who develop symptoms will do so within 11.5 days of infection.[53]
A minority of cases do not develop noticeable symptoms at any point in time.[54][55] These asymptomatic carriers tend not to get tested, and their role in transmission is not yet fully known.[56][57] However, preliminary evidence suggests they may contribute to the spread of the disease.[58][59] In March 2020, the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (KCDC) reported that 20% of confirmed cases remained asymptomatic during their hospital stay.[59][60]
A number of neurological symptoms has been reported including seizures, stroke, encephalitis and Guillain-Barre syndrome.[61] Cardiovascular related complications may include heart failure, irregular electrical activity, blood clots, and heart inflammation.[62]
Cause
See also: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Transmission
Cough/sneeze droplets visualised in dark background using Tyndall scattering
Respiratory droplets produced when a man is sneezing visualised using Tyndall scattering
File:COVID19 in numbers- R0, the case fatality rate and why we need to flatten the curve.webm
A video discussing the basic reproduction number and case fatality rate in the context of the pandemic
Some details about how the disease is spread are still being determined.[16][18] The WHO and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say it is primarily spread during close contact and by small droplets produced when people cough, sneeze or talk;[6][16] with close contact being within approximately 1–2 m (3–7 ft).[6][63] Both sputum and saliva can carry large viral loads.[64] Loud talking releases more droplets than normal talking.[65] A study in Singapore found that an uncovered cough can lead to droplets travelling up to 4.5 metres (15 feet).[66] An article published in March 2020 argued that advice on droplet distance might be based on 1930s research which ignored the effects of warm moist exhaled air surrounding the droplets and that an uncovered cough or sneeze can travel up to 8.2 metres (27 feet).[17]
Respiratory droplets may also be produced while breathing out, including when talking. Though the virus is not generally airborne,[6][67] the National Academy of Sciences has suggested that bioaerosol transmission may be possible.[68] In one study cited, air collectors positioned in the hallway outside of people's rooms yielded samples positive for viral RNA but finding infectious virus has proven elusive.[68] The droplets can land in the mouths or noses of people who are nearby or possibly be inhaled into the lungs.[16] Some medical procedures such as intubation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may cause respiratory secretions to be aerosolised and thus result in an airborne spread.[67] Initial studies suggested a doubling time of the number of infected persons of 6–7 days and a basic reproduction number (R0 ) of 2.2–2.7, but a study published on April 7, 2020, calculated a much higher median R0 value of 5.7 in Wuhan.[69]
It may also spread when one touches a contaminated surface, known as fomite transmission, and then touches one's eyes, nose or mouth.[6] While there are concerns it may spread via faeces, this risk is believed to be low.[6][16]
The virus is most contagious when people are symptomatic; though spread is may be possible before symptoms emerge and from those who never develop symptoms.[6][70] A portion of individuals with coronavirus lack symptoms.[71] The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) says while it is not entirely clear how easily the disease spreads, one person generally infects two or three others.[18]
The virus survives for hours to days on surfaces.[6][18] Specifically, the virus was found to be detectable for one day on cardboard, for up to three days on plastic (polypropylene) and stainless steel (AISI 304), and for up to four hours on 99% copper.[21][23] This, however, varies depending on the humidity and temperature.[72][73] Surfaces may be decontaminated with many solutions (with one minute of exposure to the product achieving a 4 or more log reduction (99.99% reduction)), including 78–95% ethanol (alcohol used in spirits), 70–100% 2-propanol (isopropyl alcohol), the combination of 45% 2-propanol with 30% 1-propanol, 0.21% sodium hypochlorite (bleach), 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.23–7.5% povidone-iodine. Soap and detergent are also effective if correctly used; soap products degrade the virus' fatty protective layer, deactivating it, as well as freeing them from the skin and other surfaces.[74] Other solutions, such as benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine gluconate (a surgical disinfectant), are less effective.[75]
In a Hong Kong study, saliva samples were taken a median of two days after the start of hospitalization. In five of six patients, the first sample showed the highest viral load, and the sixth patient showed the highest viral load on the second day tested.[64]
Virology
Main article: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
Illustration of SARSr-CoV virion
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, first isolated from three people with pneumonia connected to the cluster of acute respiratory illness cases in Wuhan.[76] All features of the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus occur in related coronaviruses in nature.[77] Outside the human body, the virus is killed by household soap, which bursts its protective bubble.[26]
SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to the original SARS-CoV.[78] It is thought to have a zoonotic origin. Genetic analysis has revealed that the coronavirus genetically clusters with the genus Betacoronavirus, in subgenus Sarbecovirus (lineage B) together with two bat-derived strains. It is 96% identical at the whole genome level to other bat coronavirus samples (BatCov RaTG13).[47] In February 2020, Chinese researchers found that there is only one amino acid difference in the binding domain of the S protein between the coronaviruses from pangolins and those from humans; however, whole-genome comparison to date found that at most 92% of genetic material was shared between pangolin coronavirus and SARS-CoV-2, which is insufficient to prove pangolins to be the intermediate host.[79]
Pathophysiology
The lungs are the organs most affected by COVID‑19 because the virus accesses host cells via the enzyme angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is most abundant in type II alveolar cells of the lungs. The virus uses a special surface glycoprotein called a "spike" (peplomer) to connect to ACE2 and enter the host cell.[80] The density of ACE2 in each tissue correlates with the severity of the disease in that tissue and some have suggested that decreasing ACE2 activity might be protective,[81][82] though another view is that increasing ACE2 using angiotensin II receptor blocker medications could be protective and these hypotheses need to be tested.[83] As the alveolar disease progresses, respiratory failure might develop and death may follow.[82]
The virus also affects gastrointestinal organs as ACE2 is abundantly expressed in the glandular cells of gastric, duodenal and rectal epithelium[84] as well as endothelial cells and enterocytes of the small intestine.[85]
ACE2 is present in the brain, and there is growing evidence of neurological manifestations in people with COVID‑19. It is not certain if the virus can directly infect the brain by crossing the barriers that separate the circulation of the brain and the general circulation. Other coronaviruses are able to infect the brain via a synaptic route to the respiratory centre in the medulla, through mechanoreceptors like pulmonary stretch receptors and chemoreceptors (primarily central chemoreceptors) within the lungs.[medical citation needed] It is possible that dysfunction within the respiratory centre further worsens the ARDS seen in COVID‑19 patients. Common neurological presentations include a loss of smell, headaches, nausea, and vomiting. Encephalopathy has been noted to occur in some patients (and confirmed with imaging), with some reports of detection of the virus after cerebrospinal fluid assays although the presence of oligoclonal bands seems to be a common denominator in these patients.[86]
The virus can cause acute myocardial injury and chronic damage to the cardiovascular system.[87] An acute cardiac injury was found in 12% of infected people admitted to the hospital in Wuhan, China,[88] and is more frequent in severe disease.[89] Rates of cardiovascular symptoms are high, owing to the systemic inflammatory response and immune system disorders during disease progression, but acute myocardial injuries may also be related to ACE2 receptors in the heart.[87] ACE2 receptors are highly expressed in the heart and are involved in heart function.[87][90] A high incidence of thrombosis (31%) and venous thromboembolism (25%) have been found in ICU patients with COVID‑19 infections and may be related to poor prognosis.[91][92] Blood vessel dysfunction and clot formation (as suggested by high D-dimer levels) are thought to play a significant role in mortality, incidences of clots leading to pulmonary embolisms, and ischaemic events within the brain have been noted as complications leading to death in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Infection appears to set off a chain of vasoconstrictive responses within the body, constriction of blood vessels within the pulmonary circulation has also been posited as a mechanism in which oxygenation decreases alongside with the presentation of viral pneumonia.[93]
Another common cause of death is complications related to the kidneys[93]—SARS-CoV-2 directly infects kidney cells, as confirmed in post-mortem studies. Acute kidney injury is a common complication and cause of death; this is more significant in patients with already compromised kidney function, especially in people with pre-existing chronic conditions such as hypertension and diabetes which specifically cause nephropathy in the long run.[94]
Autopsies of people who died of COVID‑19 have found diffuse alveolar damage (DAD), and lymphocyte-containing inflammatory infiltrates within the lung.[95]
Immunopathology
Although SARS-COV-2 has a tropism for ACE2-expressing epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, patients with severe COVID‑19 have symptoms of systemic hyperinflammation. Clinical laboratory findings of elevated IL-2, IL-7, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ inducible protein 10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1-α (MIP-1α), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) indicative of cytokine release syndrome (CRS) suggest an underlying immunopathology.[96]
Additionally, people with COVID‑19 and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have classical serum biomarkers of CRS, including elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), D-dimer, and ferritin.[97]
Systemic inflammation results in vasodilation, allowing inflammatory lymphocytic and monocytic infiltration of the lung and the heart. In particular, pathogenic GM-CSF-secreting T-cells were shown to correlate with the recruitment of inflammatory IL-6-secreting monocytes and severe lung pathology in COVID‑19 patients.[98] Lymphocytic infiltrates have also been reported at autopsy.[95]
Diagnosis
Main article: COVID-19 testing
Demonstration of a nasopharyngeal swab for COVID-19 testing
CDC rRT-PCR test kit for COVID-19[99]
The WHO has published several testing protocols for the disease.[100] The standard method of testing is real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR).[101] The test is typically done on respiratory samples obtained by a nasopharyngeal swab; however, a nasal swab or sputum sample may also be used.[25][102] Results are generally available within a few hours to two days.[103][104] Blood tests can be used, but these require two blood samples taken two weeks apart, and the results have little immediate value.[105] Chinese scientists were able to isolate a strain of the coronavirus and publish the genetic sequence so laboratories across the world could independently develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests to detect infection by the virus.[9][106][107] As of 4 April 2020, antibody tests (which may detect active infections and whether a person had been infected in the past) were in development, but not yet widely used.[108][109][110] The Chinese experience with testing has shown the accuracy is only 60 to 70%.[111] The FDA in the United States approved the first point-of-care test on 21 March 2020 for use at the end of that month.[112]
Diagnostic guidelines released by Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University suggested methods for detecting infections based upon clinical features and epidemiological risk. These involved identifying people who had at least two of the following symptoms in addition to a history of travel to Wuhan or contact with other infected people: fever, imaging features of pneumonia, normal or reduced white blood cell count, or reduced lymphocyte count.[113]
A study asked hospitalised COVID‑19 patients to cough into a sterile container, thus producing a saliva sample, and detected the virus in eleven of twelve patients using RT-PCR. This technique has the potential of being quicker than a swab and involving less risk to health care workers (collection at home or in the car).[64]
Along with laboratory testing, chest CT scans may be helpful to diagnose COVID-19 in individuals with a high clinical suspicion of infection but are not recommended for routine screening.[26][27] Bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities with a peripheral, asymmetric, and posterior distribution are common in early infection.[26] Subpleural dominance, crazy paving (lobular septal thickening with variable alveolar filling), and consolidation may appear as the disease progresses.[26][114]
In late 2019, WHO assigned the emergency ICD-10 disease codes U07.1 for deaths from lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and U07.2 for deaths from clinically or epidemiologically diagnosed COVID‑19 without lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.[115]
Typical CT imaging findings
CT imaging of rapid progression stage
Pathology
Few data are available about microscopic lesions and the pathophysiology of COVID‑19.[116][117] The main pathological findings at autopsy are:
Macroscopy: pleurisy, pericarditis, lung consolidation and pulmonary oedema
Four types of severity of viral pneumonia can be observed:
minor pneumonia: minor serous exudation, minor fibrin exudation
mild pneumonia: pulmonary oedema, pneumocyte hyperplasia, large atypical pneumocytes, interstitial inflammation with lymphocytic infiltration and multinucleated giant cell formation
severe pneumonia: diffuse alveolar damage (DAD) with diffuse alveolar exudates. DAD is the cause of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and severe hypoxemia.
healing pneumonia: organisation of exudates in alveolar cavities and pulmonary interstitial fibrosis
plasmocytosis in BAL[118]
Blood: disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC);[119] leukoerythroblastic reaction[120]
Liver: microvesicular steatosis
Prevention
See also: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic § Prevention, flatten the curve, and workplace hazard controls for COVID-19
Progressively stronger mitigation efforts to reduce the number of active cases at any given time—known as "flattening the curve"—allows healthcare services to better manage the same volume of patients.[121][122][123] Likewise, progressively greater increases in healthcare capacity—called raising the line—such as by increasing bed count, personnel, and equipment, helps to meet increased demand.[124]
Mitigation attempts that are inadequate in strictness or duration—such as premature relaxation of distancing rules or stay-at-home orders—can allow a resurgence after the initial surge and mitigation.[122][125]
Preventive measures to reduce the chances of infection include staying at home, avoiding crowded places, keeping distance from others, washing hands with soap and water often and for at least 20 seconds, practising good respiratory hygiene, and avoiding touching the eyes, nose, or mouth with unwashed hands.[126][127][128] The CDC recommends covering the mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing and recommends using the inside of the elbow if no tissue is available.[126] Proper hand hygiene after any cough or sneeze is encouraged.[126] The CDC has recommended the use of cloth face coverings in public settings where other social distancing measures are difficult to maintain, in part to limit transmission by asymptomatic individuals.[129] The U.S. National Institutes of Health guidelines do not recommend any medication for prevention of COVID‑19, before or after exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, outside of the setting of a clinical trial.[130]
Social distancing strategies aim to reduce contact of infected persons with large groups by closing schools and workplaces, restricting travel, and cancelling large public gatherings.[131] Distancing guidelines also include that people stay at least 6 feet (1.8 m) apart.[132] There is no medication known to be effective at preventing COVID‑19.[133] After the implementation of social distancing and stay-at-home orders, many regions have been able to sustain an effective transmission rate ("Rt") of less than one, meaning the disease is in remission in those areas.[134]
As a vaccine is not expected until 2021 at the earliest,[135] a key part of managing COVID‑19 is trying to decrease the epidemic peak, known as "flattening the curve".[122] This is done by slowing the infection rate to decrease the risk of health services being overwhelmed, allowing for better treatment of current cases, and delaying additional cases until effective treatments or a vaccine become available.[122][125]
According to the WHO, the use of masks is recommended only if a person is coughing or sneezing or when one is taking care of someone with a suspected infection.[136] For the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) face masks "... could be considered especially when visiting busy closed spaces ..." but "... only as a complementary measure ..."[137] Several countries have recommended that healthy individuals wear face masks or cloth face coverings (like scarves or bandanas) at least in certain public settings, including China,[138] Hong Kong,[139] Spain,[140] Italy (Lombardy region),[141] and the United States.[129]
Those diagnosed with COVID‑19 or who believe they may be infected are advised by the CDC to stay home except to get medical care, call ahead before visiting a healthcare provider, wear a face mask before entering the healthcare provider's office and when in any room or vehicle with another person, cover coughs and sneezes with a tissue, regularly wash hands with soap and water and avoid sharing personal household items.[30][142] The CDC also recommends that individuals wash hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after going to the toilet or when hands are visibly dirty, before eating and after blowing one's nose, coughing or sneezing. It further recommends using an alcohol-based hand sanitiser with at least 60% alcohol, but only when soap and water are not readily available.[126]
For areas where commercial hand sanitisers are not readily available, the WHO provides two formulations for local production. In these formulations, the antimicrobial activity arises from ethanol or isopropanol. Hydrogen peroxide is used to help eliminate bacterial spores in the alcohol; it is "not an active substance for hand antisepsis". Glycerol is added as a humectant.[143]
Prevention efforts are multiplicative, with effects far beyond that of a single spread. Each avoided case leads to more avoided cases down the line, which in turn can stop the outbreak in its tracks.
File:COVID19 W ENG.ogv
Handwashing instructions
Management
People are managed with supportive care, which may include fluid therapy, oxygen support, and supporting other affected vital organs.[144][145][146] The CDC recommends that those who suspect they carry the virus wear a simple face mask.[30] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address the issue of respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.[41][147] Personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle and diet have been recommended to improve immunity.[148] Supportive treatments may be useful in those with mild symptoms at the early stage of infection.[149]
The WHO, the Chinese National Health Commission, and the United States' National Institutes of Health have published recommendations for taking care of people who are hospitalised with COVID‑19.[130][150][151] Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.[152][153]
Medications
See also: Coronavirus disease 2019 § Research
As of April 2020, there is no specific treatment for COVID‑19.[6][133] Research is, however, ongoing. For symptoms, some medical professionals recommend paracetamol (acetaminophen) over ibuprofen for first-line use.[154][155][156] The WHO and NIH do not oppose the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen for symptoms,[130][157] and the FDA says currently there is no evidence that NSAIDs worsen COVID‑19 symptoms.[158]
While theoretical concerns have been raised about ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, as of 19 March 2020, these are not sufficient to justify stopping these medications.[130][159][160][161] Steroids, such as methylprednisolone, are not recommended unless the disease is complicated by acute respiratory distress syndrome.[162][163]
Medications to prevent blood clotting have been suggested for treatment,[91] and anticoagulant therapy with low molecular weight heparin appears to be associated with better outcomes in severe COVID‐19 showing signs of coagulopathy (elevated D-dimer).[164]
Protective equipment
See also: COVID-19 related shortages
The CDC recommends four steps to putting on personal protective equipment (PPE).[165]
Precautions must be taken to minimise the risk of virus transmission, especially in healthcare settings when performing procedures that can generate aerosols, such as intubation or hand ventilation.[166] For healthcare professionals caring for people with COVID‑19, the CDC recommends placing the person in an Airborne Infection Isolation Room (AIIR) in addition to using standard precautions, contact precautions, and airborne precautions.[167]
The CDC outlines the guidelines for the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the pandemic. The recommended gear is a PPE gown, respirator or facemask, eye protection, and medical gloves.[168][169]
When available, respirators (instead of facemasks) are preferred.[170] N95 respirators are approved for industrial settings but the FDA has authorised the masks for use under an Emergency Use Authorisation (EUA). They are designed to protect from airborne particles like dust but effectiveness against a specific biological agent is not guaranteed for off-label uses.[171] When masks are not available, the CDC recommends using face shields or, as a last resort, homemade masks.[172]
Mechanical ventilation
Most cases of COVID‑19 are not severe enough to require mechanical ventilation or alternatives, but a percentage of cases are.[173][174] The type of respiratory support for individuals with COVID‑19 related respiratory failure is being actively studied for people in the hospital, with some evidence that intubation can be avoided with a high flow nasal cannula or bi-level positive airway pressure.[175] Whether either of these two leads to the same benefit for people who are critically ill is not known.[176] Some doctors prefer staying with invasive mechanical ventilation when available because this technique limits the spread of aerosol particles compared to a high flow nasal cannula.[173]
Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years,[173] and especially those older than 80 years).[177] Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID‑19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.[178] This limited capacity is a significant driver behind calls to flatten the curve.[178] One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.[41] In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID‑19 are eventually admitted to ICU.[4]
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Main article: Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Mechanical ventilation becomes more complex as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) develops in COVID‑19 and oxygenation becomes increasingly difficult.[179] Ventilators capable of pressure control modes and high PEEP[180] are needed to maximise oxygen delivery while minimising the risk of ventilator-associated lung injury and pneumothorax.[181] High PEEP may not be available on older ventilators.
Options for ARDS[179]
TherapyRecommendations
High-flow nasal oxygenFor SpO2 <93%. May prevent the need for intubation and ventilation
Tidal volume6mL per kg and can be reduced to 4mL/kg
Plateau airway pressureKeep below 30 cmH2O if possible (high respiratory rate (35 per minute) may be required)
Positive end-expiratory pressureModerate to high levels
Prone positioningFor worsening oxygenation
Fluid managementGoal is a negative balance of 0.5–1.0L per day
AntibioticsFor secondary bacterial infections
GlucocorticoidsNot recommended
Experimental treatment
See also: § Research
Research into potential treatments started in January 2020,[182] and several antiviral drugs are in clinical trials.[183][184] Remdesivir appears to be the most promising.[133] Although new medications may take until 2021 to develop,[185] several of the medications being tested are already approved for other uses or are already in advanced testing.[186] Antiviral medication may be tried in people with severe disease.[144] The WHO recommended volunteers take part in trials of the effectiveness and safety of potential treatments.[187]
The FDA has granted temporary authorisation to convalescent plasma as an experimental treatment in cases where the person's life is seriously or immediately threatened. It has not undergone the clinical studies needed to show it is safe and effective for the disease.[188][189][190]
Information technology
See also: Contact tracing and Government by algorithm
In February 2020, China launched a mobile app to deal with the disease outbreak.[191] Users are asked to enter their name and ID number. The app can detect 'close contact' using surveillance data and therefore a potential risk of infection. Every user can also check the status of three other users. If a potential risk is detected, the app not only recommends self-quarantine, it also alerts local health officials.[192]
Big data analytics on cellphone data, facial recognition technology, mobile phone tracking, and artificial intelligence are used to track infected people and people whom they contacted in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore.[193][194] In March 2020, the Israeli government enabled security agencies to track mobile phone data of people supposed to have coronavirus. The measure was taken to enforce quarantine and protect those who may come into contact with infected citizens.[195] Also in March 2020, Deutsche Telekom shared aggregated phone location data with the German federal government agency, Robert Koch Institute, to research and prevent the spread of the virus.[196] Russia deployed facial recognition technology to detect quarantine breakers.[197] Italian regional health commissioner Giulio Gallera said he has been informed by mobile phone operators that "40% of people are continuing to move around anyway".[198] German government conducted a 48 hours weekend hackathon with more than 42.000 participants.[199][200] Two million people in the UK used an app developed in March 2020 by King's College London and Zoe to track people with COVID‑19 symptoms.[201] Also, the president of Estonia, Kersti Kaljulaid, made a global call for creative solutions against the spread of coronavirus.[202]
Psychological support
See also: Mental health during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Individuals may experience distress from quarantine, travel restrictions, side effects of treatment, or fear of the infection itself. To address these concerns, the National Health Commission of China published a national guideline for psychological crisis intervention on 27 January 2020.[203][204]
The Lancet published a 14-page call for action focusing on the UK and stated conditions were such that a range of mental health issues was likely to become more common. BBC quoted Rory O'Connor in saying, "Increased social isolation, loneliness, health anxiety, stress and an economic downturn are a perfect storm to harm people's mental health and wellbeing."[205][206]
Prognosis
Question book-new.svg
This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (March 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
The severity of diagnosed cases in China
The severity of diagnosed COVID-19 cases in China[207]
Case fatality rates for COVID-19 by age by country.
Case fatality rates by age group:
China, as of 11 February 2020[208]
South Korea, as of 15 April 2020[209]
Spain, as of 24 April 2020[210]
Italy, as of 23 April 2020[211]
Case fatality rate depending on other health problems
Case fatality rate in China depending on other health problems. Data through 11 February 2020.[208]
Case fatality rate by country and number of cases
The number of deaths vs total cases by country and approximate case fatality rate[212]
The severity of COVID‑19 varies. The disease may take a mild course with few or no symptoms, resembling other common upper respiratory diseases such as the common cold. Mild cases typically recover within two weeks, while those with severe or critical diseases may take three to six weeks to recover. Among those who have died, the time from symptom onset to death has ranged from two to eight weeks.[47]
Children make up a small proportion of reported cases, with about 1% of cases being under 10 years, and 4% aged 10-19 years.[22] They are likely to have milder symptoms and a lower chance of severe disease than adults; in those younger than 50 years, the risk of death is less than 0.5%, while in those older than 70 it is more than 8%.[213][214][215] Pregnant women may be at higher risk for severe infection with COVID-19 based on data from other similar viruses, like SARS and MERS, but data for COVID-19 is lacking.[216][217] In China, children acquired infections mainly through close contact with their parents or other family members who lived in Wuhan or had traveled there.[213]
In some people, COVID‑19 may affect the lungs causing pneumonia. In those most severely affected, COVID-19 may rapidly progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) causing respiratory failure, septic shock, or multi-organ failure.[218][219] Complications associated with COVID‑19 include sepsis, abnormal clotting, and damage to the heart, kidneys, and liver. Clotting abnormalities, specifically an increase in prothrombin time, have been described in 6% of those admitted to hospital with COVID-19, while abnormal kidney function is seen in 4% of this group.[220] Approximately 20-30% of people who present with COVID‑19 demonstrate elevated liver enzymes (transaminases).[133] Liver injury as shown by blood markers of liver damage is frequently seen in severe cases.[221]
Some studies have found that the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be helpful in early screening for severe illness.[222]
Most of those who die of COVID‑19 have pre-existing (underlying) conditions, including hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease.[223] The Istituto Superiore di Sanità reported that out of 8.8% of deaths where medical charts were available for review, 97.2% of sampled patients had at least one comorbidity with the average patient having 2.7 diseases.[224] According to the same report, the median time between the onset of symptoms and death was ten days, with five being spent hospitalised. However, patients transferred to an ICU had a median time of seven days between hospitalisation and death.[224] In a study of early cases, the median time from exhibiting initial symptoms to death was 14 days, with a full range of six to 41 days.[225] In a study by the National Health Commission (NHC) of China, men had a death rate of 2.8% while women had a death rate of 1.7%.[226] Histopathological examinations of post-mortem lung samples show diffuse alveolar damage with cellular fibromyxoid exudates in both lungs. Viral cytopathic changes were observed in the pneumocytes. The lung picture resembled acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).[47] In 11.8% of the deaths reported by the National Health Commission of China, heart damage was noted by elevated levels of troponin or cardiac arrest.[49] According to March data from the United States, 89% of those hospitalised had preexisting conditions.[227]
The availability of medical resources and the socioeconomics of a region may also affect mortality.[228] Estimates of the mortality from the condition vary because of those regional differences,[229] but also because of methodological difficulties. The under-counting of mild cases can cause the mortality rate to be overestimated.[230] However, the fact that deaths are the result of cases contracted in the past can mean the current mortality rate is underestimated.[231][232] Smokers were 1.4 times more likely to have severe symptoms of COVID‑19 and approximately 2.4 times more likely to require intensive care or die compared to non-smokers.[233]
Concerns have been raised about long-term sequelae of the disease. The Hong Kong Hospital Authority found a drop of 20% to 30% in lung capacity in some people who recovered from the disease, and lung scans suggested organ damage.[234] This may also lead to post-intensive care syndrome following recovery.[235]
Case fatality rates (%) by age and country
Age0–910–1920–2930–3940–4950–5960–6970–7980-8990+
China as of 11 February[208]0.00.20.20.20.41.33.68.014.8
Denmark as of 25 April[236]0.24.515.524.940.7
Italy as of 23 April[211]0.20.00.10.40.92.610.024.930.826.1
Netherlands as of 17 April[237]0.00.30.10.20.51.57.623.230.029.3
Portugal as of 24 April[238]0.00.00.00.00.30.62.88.516.5
S. Korea as of 15 April[209]0.00.00.00.10.20.72.59.722.2
Spain as of 24 April[210]0.30.40.30.30.61.34.413.220.320.1
Switzerland as of 25 April[239]0.90.00.00.10.00.52.710.124.0
Case fatality rates (%) by age in the United States
Age0–1920–4445–5455–6465–7475–8485+
United States as of 16 March[240]0.00.1–0.20.5–0.81.4–2.62.7–4.94.3–10.510.4–27.3
Note: The lower bound includes all cases. The upper bound excludes cases that were missing data.
Estimate of infection fatality rates and probability of severe disease course (%) by age based on cases from China[241]
0–910–1920–2930–3940–4950–5960–6970–7980+
Severe disease0.0
(0.0–0.0)0.04
(0.02–0.08)1.0
(0.62–2.1)3.4
(2.0–7.0)4.3
(2.5–8.7)8.2
(4.9–17)11
(7.0–24)17
(9.9–34)18
(11–38)
Death0.0016
(0.00016–0.025)0.0070
(0.0015–0.050)0.031
(0.014–0.092)0.084
(0.041–0.19)0.16
(0.076–0.32)0.60
(0.34–1.3)1.9
(1.1–3.9)4.3
(2.5–8.4)7.8
(3.8–13)
Total infection fatality rate is estimated to be 0.66% (0.39–1.3). Infection fatality rate is fatality per all infected individuals, regardless of whether they were diagnosed or had any symptoms. Numbers in parentheses are 95% credible intervals for the estimates.
Reinfection
As of March 2020, it was unknown if past infection provides effective and long-term immunity in people who recover from the disease.[242] Immunity is seen as likely, based on the behaviour of other coronaviruses,[243] but cases in which recovery from COVID‑19 have been followed by positive tests for coronavirus at a later date have been reported.[244][245][246][247] These cases are believed to be worsening of a lingering infection rather than re-infection.[247]
History
Main article: Timeline of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
The virus is thought to be natural and has an animal origin,[77] through spillover infection.[248] The actual origin is unknown, but by December 2019 the spread of infection was almost entirely driven by human-to-human transmission.[208][249] A study of the first 41 cases of confirmed COVID‑19, published in January 2020 in The Lancet, revealed the earliest date of onset of symptoms as 1 December 2019.[250][251][252] Official publications from the WHO reported the earliest onset of symptoms as 8 December 2019.[253] Human-to-human transmission was confirmed by the WHO and Chinese authorities by 20 January 2020.[254][255]
Epidemiology
Main article: 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
Several measures are commonly used to quantify mortality.[256] These numbers vary by region and over time and are influenced by the volume of testing, healthcare system quality, treatment options, time since the initial outbreak, and population characteristics such as age, sex, and overall health.[257]
The death-to-case ratio reflects the number of deaths divided by the number of diagnosed cases within a given time interval. Based on Johns Hopkins University statistics, the global death-to-case ratio is 7.0% (203,044/2,899,830) as of 26 April 2020.[7] The number varies by region.[258]
Other measures include the case fatality rate (CFR), which reflects the percent of diagnosed individuals who die from a disease, and the infection fatality rate (IFR), which reflects the percent of infected individuals (diagnosed and undiagnosed) who die from a disease. These statistics are not time-bound and follow a specific population from infection through case resolution. Many academics have attempted to calculate these numbers for specific populations.[259]
Total confirmed cases over time
Total deaths over time
Total confirmed cases of COVID‑19 per million people, 10 April 2020[260]
Total confirmed deaths due to COVID‑19 per million people, 10 April 2020[261]
Infection fatality rate
Our World in Data states that as of March 25, 2020, the infection fatality rate (IFR) cannot be accurately calculated.[262] In February, the World Health Organization estimated the IFR at 0.94%, with a confidence interval between 0.37 percent to 2.9 percent.[263] The University of Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (CEBM) estimated a global CFR of 0.72 percent and IFR of 0.1 percent to 0.36 percent.[264] According to CEBM, random antibody testing in Germany suggested an IFR of 0.37 percent there.[264] Firm lower limits to local infection fatality rates were established, such as in Bergamo province, where 0.57% of the population has died, leading to a minimum IFR of 0.57% in the province. This population fatality rate (PFR) minimum increases as more people get infected and run through their disease.[265][266] Similarly, as of April 22 in the New York City area, there were 15,411 deaths confirmed from COVID-19, and 19,200 excess deaths.[267] Very recently, the first results of antibody testing have come in, but there are no valid scientific reports based on them available yet. A Bloomberg Opinion piece provides a survey.[268][269]
Sex differences
Main article: Gendered impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
The impact of the pandemic and its mortality rate are different for men and women.[270] Mortality is higher in men in studies conducted in China and Italy.[271][272][273] The highest risk for men is in their 50s, with the gap between men and women closing only at 90.[273] In China, the death rate was 2.8 percent for men and 1.7 percent for women.[273] The exact reasons for this sex-difference are not known, but genetic and behavioural factors could be a reason.[270] Sex-based immunological differences, a lower prevalence of smoking in women, and men developing co-morbid conditions such as hypertension at a younger age than women could have contributed to the higher mortality in men.[273] In Europe, of those infected with COVID‑19, 57% were men; of those infected with COVID‑19 who also died, 72% were men.[274] As of April 2020, the U.S. government is not tracking sex-related data of COVID‑19 infections.[275] Research has shown that viral illnesses like Ebola, HIV, influenza, and SARS affect men and women differently.[275] A higher percentage of health workers, particularly nurses, are women, and they have a higher chance of being exposed to the virus.[276] School closures, lockdowns, and reduced access to healthcare following the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic may differentially affect the genders and possibly exaggerate existing gender disparity.[270][277]
Society and culture
Name
During the initial outbreak in Wuhan, China, the virus and disease were commonly referred to as "coronavirus" and "Wuhan coronavirus",[278][279][280] with the disease sometimes called "Wuhan pneumonia".[281][282] In the past, many diseases have been named after geographical locations, such as the Spanish flu,[283] Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, and Zika virus.[284]
In January 2020, the World Health Organisation recommended 2019-nCov[285] and 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease[286] as interim names for the virus and disease per 2015 guidance and international guidelines against using geographical locations (e.g. Wuhan, China), animal species or groups of people in disease and virus names to prevent social stigma.[287][288][289]
The official names COVID‑19 and SARS-CoV-2 were issued by the WHO on 11 February 2020.[290] WHO chief Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus explained: CO for corona, VI for virus, D for disease and 19 for when the outbreak was first identified (31 December 2019).[291] The WHO additionally uses "the COVID‑19 virus" and "the virus responsible for COVID‑19" in public communications.[290] Both the disease and virus are commonly referred to as "coronavirus" in the media and public discourse.
Misinformation
Main article: Misinformation related to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic
After the initial outbreak of COVID‑19, conspiracy theories, misinformation, and disinformation emerged regarding the origin, scale, prevention, treatment, and other aspects of the disease and rapidly spread online.[292][293][294][295]
Protests
Beginning April 17, 2020, news media began reporting on a wave of demonstrations protesting against state-mandated quarantine restrictions in in Michigan, Ohio, and Kentucky.[296][297]
Other animals
Humans appear to be capable of spreading the virus to some other animals. A domestic cat in Liège, Belgium, tested positive after it started showing symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting, shortness of breath) a week later than its owner, who was also positive.[298] Tigers at the Bronx Zoo in New York, United States, tested positive for the virus and showed symptoms of COVID‑19, including a dry cough and loss of appetite.[299]
A study on domesticated animals inoculated with the virus found that cats and ferrets appear to be "highly susceptible" to the disease, while dogs appear to be less susceptible, with lower levels of viral replication. The study failed to find evidence of viral replication in pigs, ducks, and chickens.[300]
Research
Main article: COVID-19 drug development
No medication or vaccine is approved to treat the disease.[186] International research on vaccines and medicines in COVID‑19 is underway by government organisations, academic groups, and industry researchers.[301][302] In March, the World Health Organisation initiated the "SOLIDARITY Trial" to assess the treatment effects of four existing antiviral compounds with the most promise of efficacy.[303]
Vaccine
Main article: COVID-19 vaccine
There is no available vaccine, but various agencies are actively developing vaccine candidates. Previous work on SARS-CoV is being used because both SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 use the ACE2 receptor to enter human cells.[304] Three vaccination strategies are being investigated. First, researchers aim to build a whole virus vaccine. The use of such a virus, be it inactive or dead, aims to elicit a prompt immune response of the human body to a new infection with COVID‑19. A second strategy, subunit vaccines, aims to create a vaccine that sensitises the immune system to certain subunits of the virus. In the case of SARS-CoV-2, such research focuses on the S-spike protein that helps the virus intrude the ACE2 enzyme receptor. A third strategy is that of the nucleic acid vaccines (DNA or RNA vaccines, a novel technique for creating a vaccination). Experimental vaccines from any of these strategies would have to be tested for safety and efficacy.[305]
On 16 March 2020, the first clinical trial of a vaccine started with four volunteers in Seattle, United States. The vaccine contains a harmless genetic code copied from the virus that causes the disease.[306]
Antibody-dependent enhancement has been suggested as a potential challenge for vaccine development for SARS-COV-2, but this is controversial.[307]
Medications
Main article: COVID-19 drug repurposing research
At least 29 phase II–IV efficacy trials in COVID‑19 were concluded in March 2020 or scheduled to provide results in April from hospitals in China.[308][309] There are more than 300 active clinical trials underway as of April 2020.[133] Seven trials were evaluating already approved treatments, including four studies on hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine.[309] Repurposed antiviral drugs make up most of the Chinese research, with nine phase III trials on remdesivir across several countries due to report by the end of April.[308][309] Other candidates in trials include vasodilators, corticosteroids, immune therapies, lipoic acid, bevacizumab, and recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2.[309]
The COVID‑19 Clinical Research Coalition has goals to 1) facilitate rapid reviews of clinical trial proposals by ethics committees and national regulatory agencies, 2) fast-track approvals for the candidate therapeutic compounds, 3) ensure standardised and rapid analysis of emerging efficacy and safety data and 4) facilitate sharing of clinical trial outcomes before publication.[310][311]
Several existing medications are being evaluated for the treatment of COVID‑19,[186] including remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, and lopinavir/ritonavir combined with interferon beta.[303][312] There is tentative evidence for efficacy by remdesivir, as of March 2020.[313][314] Clinical improvement was observed in patients treated with compassionate-use remdesivir.[315] Remdesivir inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.[316] Phase III clinical trials are underway in the U.S., China, and Italy.[186][308][317]
In 2020, a trial found that lopinavir/ritonavir was ineffective in the treatment of severe illness.[318] Nitazoxanide has been recommended for further in vivo study after demonstrating low concentration inhibition of SARS-CoV-2.[316]
There are mixed results as of 3 April 2020 as to the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine as a treatment for COVID‑19, with some studies showing little or no improvement.[319][320] The studies of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin have major limitations that have prevented the medical community from embracing these therapies without further study.[133]
Oseltamivir does not inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and has no known role in COVID‑19 treatment.[133]
Anti-cytokine storm
Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) can be a complication in the later stages of severe COVID‑19. There is preliminary evidence that hydroxychloroquine may have anti-cytokine storm properties.[321]
Tocilizumab has been included in treatment guidelines by China's National Health Commission after a small study was completed.[322][323] It is undergoing a phase 2 non-randomised trial at the national level in Italy after showing positive results in people with severe disease.[324][325] Combined with a serum ferritin blood test to identify cytokine storms, it is meant to counter such developments, which are thought to be the cause of death in some affected people.[326][327][328] The interleukin-6 receptor antagonist was approved by the FDA to undergo a phase III clinical trial assessing the medication's impact on COVID‑19 based on retrospective case studies for the treatment of steroid-refractory cytokine release syndrome induced by a different cause, CAR T cell therapy, in 2017.[329] To date, there is no randomised, controlled evidence that tocilizumab is an efficacious treatment for CRS. Prophylactic tocilizumab has been shown to increase serum IL-6 levels by saturating the IL-6R, driving IL-6 across the blood-brain barrier, and exacerbating neurotoxicity while having no impact on the incidence of CRS.[330]
Lenzilumab, an anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibody, is protective in murine models for CAR T cell-induced CRS and neurotoxicity and is a viable therapeutic option due to the observed increase of pathogenic GM-CSF secreting T-cells in hospitalised patients with COVID‑19.[331]
The Feinstein Institute of Northwell Health announced in March a study on "a human antibody that may prevent the activity" of IL-6.[332]
Passive antibodies
Transferring purified and concentrated antibodies produced by the immune systems of those who have recovered from COVID‑19 to people who need them is being investigated as a non-vaccine method of passive immunisation.[333] This strategy was tried for SARS with inconclusive results.[333] Viral neutralisation is the anticipated mechanism of action by which passive antibody therapy can mediate defence against SARS-CoV-2. Other mechanisms, however, such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or phagocytosis, may be possible.[333] Other forms of passive antibody therapy, for example, using manufactured monoclonal antibodies, are in development.[333] Production of convalescent serum, which consists of the liquid portion of the blood from recovered patients and contains antibodies specific to this virus, could be increased for quicker deployment.[334]
The visualisation software Uniview allows visitors of the Ars Electronica Center’s Deep Space 8K to explore the universe not only in a breathtaking resolution - but also in 3-D.
A best of Ars Electronica photos can be found here.
Ars Electronica Center Linz
Ars-Electronica-Straße 1
4040 Linz
Austria
Credit: Ars Electronica / Robert Bauernhansl
A very short video of some of my work. www.leighkemp.co.uk
I also have a Flickr album with these and other works - www.flickr.com/gp/leighkemp/qX5p48
Visualisation Stadler. Tous droits réservés.
Commnuniqué de Stadler et de Westbahn.
Stadler fournira trois rames à grande vitesse SMILE (type Giruno aux CFF) à la société autrichienne Westbahn.
Ces compositions seront engagées à partir du premier mars 2026 sur la nouvelle relation Westbahn entre Wien, Graz, Klagenfurt et Villach.
33370
3D conceptualisation of a future iMac made by Adam Benton (source)
"The iMac features a 30" utra-thin LCD screen, which is totally transparent when the iMac is not in use. The screen can also be set to various levels of translucency, and can fade during sleep modes etc. The keyboard is also totally tramsparent, low profile and a curved ergonomic design, with light sensitive illuminated keys."
A visualisation of the polarisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB, as detected by ESA's Planck satellite over the entire sky.
The CMB is a snapshot of the oldest light in our Universe, imprinted on the sky when the Universe was just 380 000 years old. It shows tiny temperature fluctuations that correspond to regions of slightly different densities, representing the seeds of all future structure: the stars and galaxies of today.
A small fraction of the CMB is polarised – it vibrates in a preferred direction. This is a result of the last encounter of this light with electrons, just before starting its cosmic journey. For this reason, the polarisation of the CMB retains information about the distribution of matter in the early Universe, and its pattern on the sky follows that of the tiny fluctuations observed in the temperature of the CMB.
In this image, the colour scale represents temperature differences in the CMB, while the texture indicates the direction of the polarised light. The patterns seen in the texture are characteristic of ‘E-mode’ polarisation, which is the dominant type for the CMB.
For the sake of illustration, both data sets have been filtered to show mostly the signal detected on scales around 5º on the sky. However, fluctuations in both the CMB temperature and polarisation are present and were observed by Planck on much smaller angular scales, too.
More details:
www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Planck/Planck_re...
Credit: ESA and the Planck Collaboration
132
+1 in comments.
If I were to pick any career at all, I would be a photographer who shoots album and book covers. I'm not sure if there are specific people who do that but it would sure be amazing. I would read the book or listen to the album and try to visualise what the cover would look like. And then I will take the photo and it would match the story perfectly. I would get paid to do what I love. How amazing would that be?
when everything is lonely
I can be my own best friend
I'll get a coffee and the paper
have my own conversations
with the sidewalk and the pigeons
and my window reflection
the mask I polish in the evening
by the morning looks like shit
we might die from medication
but we sure killed all the pain
Please let me know if you blog my photo.
Order prints! || My Blog || Tumblr || Formspring
Another shot from Saturday 3 February 2007 of QR National's CLF4/CLP9 working MB7 intermodal service from Melbourne to Brisbane, this time through Wallendbeen, New South Wales.
The CL class was introduced by the Commonwealth Railways in 1970 for transcontinental services between Port Pirie (South Australia) and Perth (WA). It's doubtful at that time anyone would have visualised them running 'hotshot' intermodal services on the East Coast.
The locos still carry the Genesee and Wyoming colours and Australian Railroad Group logos from the shortlived joint venture between GW and Queensland Rail which was dissolved in June 2006.
The semaphore signal was on borrowed time and would be gone within a few months as part of train control consolidation on the corridor.
30D_2_7132
Visualisation ne.ch . Tous droits réservés.
Le Conseil d'Etat du Canton de Neuchâtel, l'OFT et transN ont communiqué en novembre 2021 avoir passé commande de deux rames Stadler avec accès surbaissés ABe 4/8 pour la ligne La Chaux-de-Fonds - Les Ponts-de-Martel (cadre horaire 222).
Ces automotrices doubles seront issues d'une commande groupée avec les TPC (pour la ligne ASD) et les CJ.
Par contre la ligne Le Locle - Les Brenets (cadre horaire 224) devrait être supprimée et remplacée par une ligne d'autobus électriques, dont l'aménagement serait financé par le fonds pour l'infrastructure ferroviaire (!).
Visualisation des futures rames en livrée transN. Si elles seront effectivement aménagées en tant qu'ABe 4/8, cela impliquera l'introduction de la première classe sur la ligne des Ponts-de-Martel.
Cette image de synthèse est une reprise travaillée des rames à adhérence TPC pour la ligne ASD.
L'observateur attentif remarquera les destinations frontale "La Chaux-de-Fonds" et latérale "Les Diablerets".
25824
Truth is, we all have something different in mind if we have to visualise some undead catapult, actually outside the Tomb Kings perimeter.
Here my humble contribution.
Personal visualisation project based on the Minimum House by Scheidt Kasprusch Architekten.
Interpretation of the design and interior, plus all modelling/rendering/post by James Lawley (some stock objects used...)
Rendered in V-ray 2.0 with post-production in Photoshop CS5 and a touch in Lightroom.
As ESA engineers work together to design a future space mission, it takes virtual shape before them in three dimensions.
This 3D visualisation system is one of many state-of-the-art networking tools found in the Concurrent Design Facility (CDF), based at ESA’s ESTEC technical centre in Noordwijk, the Netherlands.
The CDF’s network of computers, multimedia devices and software tools allow experts from different engineering disciplines to work in close coordination, in the same place at the same time, to complete the most complex designs imaginable – in a matter of a few weeks rather than several months.
The CDF enables ‘concurrent engineering’ based on teamwork and focused on a common design model that evolves iteratively in real time as the different subsystem experts make their contributions. It has proved an influential approach over the CDF’s 15 years of operations, helping to inspire new ways of working for Europe’s hi-tech industries.
The CDF enables ‘concurrent engineering’ based on teamwork and focused on a common design model that evolves iteratively in real time as the different subsystem experts make their contributions. It has proved an influential approach over the CDF’s 15 years of operations, helping to inspire new ways of working for Europe’s hi-tech industries.
Credit: ESA/Guus Schoonewille
Digital sample photo from this afternoon with Charlotte
(B&W conversion) (Shot the whole shoot in colour to visualise colour for colour film). For the majority of my work I shoot straight as B&W JPEGs)(and have colour negative if need)
I was testing my new Mamiya Sekor 110/2.8N lens on the Mamiya 645 Super + also the Summicron 90mm f2 and Summicron 75mm f2 APO on the Leica M3. 2 rolls of colour film + 1 roll of B&W :)
The Heartlands Project is a community-led vision to transform 7.5ha of Cornwall’s most derelict industrial landscape into a truly inspirational cultural attraction.
LUC won an international competition to masterplan and design an imaginative mixed-use site that would become a catalyst for regeneration in the future. Working with a large multidisciplinary team, for the client Cornwall Council, our team delivered a project that referenced Cornwall’s history and the site’s heritage, making it a space that fosters convergence and reflection.
Our design aimed to capture the spirit of Cornwall, providing dynamic new spaces for the community and visitors to enjoy. The masterplan included places to relax in the Diaspora Gardens, an outdoor events space and surrounding parkland. We also created the largest free adventure playground in Cornwall, with play specialists Timberplay. Revelling in Cornish folklore, the playground includes custom-made wooden climbing structures, tunnels and a beach with diggers and a sand transportation system.
The development also encompassed the Grade II listed Robinson’s Shaft, which was restored to provide a gateway for the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site, artists’ studios and residential units.
For more information, visit: www.landuse.co.uk
Teil meiner Visualisierung der Veranstaltung Hypnosystemische Krisenintervention, die von dem wunderbaren Dr. Gunther Schmidt geleitet wurde: Erkenntnisteich und mit viel Humor.
—-
Part of my visualisation of the seminar Hypnosystemic Crisis Intervention, conducted by the wonderful Dr. Gunther Schmidt: Insightful and with a lot of Humor.
#guntherschmidt #meihei #miltonherickson #visualisierung #visualisation #visualization #commundus #saschagademann #sascha #gademann
Ignoring 403 which had little footing in Surrey with more of a portion in London up to Sutton, the 405/409/420 each went to a major town in South London: Croydon (405/409) and Sutton (420).
It was an interesting choice of 405 being taken by London Transport though it was after it's cut from Crawley to Redhill. Since it's 20/04, (or in American standards, 4/20) I've thought why not imagine a 420 in the attire of a London attire decades after Sutton (A) previously operated it before Metrobus taking it on.
In this weird scenario I've decided to throw 420 in peril and connect it with the Northern Line at Morden from it's current and long time terminus of Sutton Bus Garage, whilst on the other end it's been extended from Redhill to Whitebushes in 2013 so I've omitted that.
So an every 20 (every 30 Sundays/evenings) route that could give reason to cut S1 from Banstead into London borders by Belmont, I say with the TfL mantra of 'cutting saves all'. Every journey matters. Giving Tattenham, Tadworth and Lower Kingswood a connection to neighbouring London borders, but at what cost?
It started slowly at first. Shoes, of course, were a given. Socks were par for the course, though she always ensured they were as close to the original pairing as possible. Being the same colour and style wasn't enough. They needed to be of a pretty exact equal length, equally worn. At least bought at the same time, even if it wasn't possible to ensure they were a 100% matching pair from those bought.
She rarely owned matching knicker sets. Apart from the few sets of His Pants for Her pastel no-underwire bras and panties she had in early high school. Most days she could only match her blacks and her whites when it came to her bra and knickers.
So she settled for matching her tops, knickers and socks instead, where she could. If she wore a red top, you could be certain her underpants and socks were also red. If she wore a blue, black or white top, her socks and jocks would match. If she couldn't match them, she at least tried to work with complementary colours. In those days, her wardrobe consisted of blue denim and corduroy jeans, black trousers, black skirts (often worn over the trousers), a scuffed-up pair of 8-up Docs, and a navy blue pair of scuffed-up Converse One Stars. Variety in terms of colours was restricted to her tops, underpants and socks.
The colour-matching of socks, jocks and tops became a bit of an obsession. Sort of like a lucky charm wrapped around her to get her through the day; keep her safe. And it stretched on for many years until finally, she settled on a favourite skirt style and her mother offered to make her skirts for work based on that.
Standing in the fabric store with her mother she picked out various shades of blues and purples, and a burgundy. Her mother matched the material with lining and disappeared into her sewing room to make the skirts for her. Voila! A full week's worth of skirts and a variety of tops to match with them. At that point, her colour coordination obsession really started to amp up. She still had plain black or white shirts. But now whenever she went looking for more tops for work she would ensure they complemented the selection of colours from her collection of skirts.
Pretty soon she had her top and skirt combos down pat. A bit of switching between tops depending on the weather, the season, or her mood, but she had a colour-driven uniform. Her opaque tights and her shoes were still black, but from neck to knee she wore one colour, sometimes just one tone.
When she wore dresses they were vibrant and colourful vintage dresses or pastel 'granny' dresses found in charity shops. In the warm Melbourne summers she rarely wore tights, but in winter she would pair dresses with black opaque tights.
Until she discovered a treasure trove of vibrant and colourful opaque tights in a local mall and fell in love. By this point, the arse had literally fallen out of her last pair of secondhand men's Levi 501s. That gave her the perfect excuse to buy a pair of opaque tights in every colour (except yellow or orange, because ugh!) She even managed to overlook the misspelling of the brand of tights as 'Tention'.
In high school and college, she favoured black and white film for her photography. She found colour distracting from form and composition, and felt her colour work was always weaker. More likely to be 'record' shots than anything creative. In the moment, all she could see would be the colours. But when she got the prints back, all she would see was the bad composition and lacklustre images. Her wardrobe had always been pretty colourful, but that sense of colour hadn't managed to translate into her photography.
Now she started visualising photographic ideas with colour as the starting point. Her self-portraits and portraits were often inspired by an outfit or a setting, and without fail, that usually came with a particular colour. The colour of the material; the colour of the interior of a space; the colours of the landscape. She learnt to work with the colours first so they were integral to the image, but didn't distract from it. Remembering the colour theory she'd studied at college, she could now create a palette for a shoot before raising the viewfinder to her eye or setting up her tripod.
By the end of her self-portrait project, she'd fallen in love with green with red, green with pink, and pink with red. And blue with orange, blue with pink, and blue with red. And blue and green, though others told her they should never be seen without a colour in between (for what it’s worth, the sky and trees beg to differ).
As soon as she thought about a new-old dress she'd bought at a charity shop she could think of exactly where she wanted to set her next self-portrait. The ideas would bleed into her mind in full colour.
And then she moved back to London. And rediscovered Hush Puppies. And fell in love with colour even more than she already had been. Her work days were head-to-toe colour. Solid blues, reds or purples. Vibrant colour combinations. Or a single eye-catching accent colour to brighten up a black dress and shoes.
That obsessive colour-coordination may also have seeped into her home with linen matched to wallpaper, paint or photographs hung on the walls.
She surrounds herself with colour.
Visualisation competition entry “Rechtbank Amsterdam” (2016), for iDO2: Volker Wessels, Hootsmans Architectuurbureau & Sevil Peach.
In collaboration with Bmd3d.
Plotting some data from www.hackdiary.com/2010/02/10/algorithmic-recruitment-with... in preparation for Web Directions @media London on Friday.
Shows all developers who identify their location as London on Github, who have 4 or more other Londoners following them. The sizes and colours come from Betweenness Centrailty and In-Degree respectively.
Plotted with Gephi
The museum ship, which was rebuilt in iron by the apprentice workshop of the Meyer-Werft (Papenburg), is a total of 40 m long and 6.20 m wide; the top mast schooner rigging reaches a height of 30 m.
History of the original ship:
Captain Alexander Kiepe (born 1831) had built the original for 30,000 Goldmark in 1890 at the shipyard Bernhard Sibum, which was to be used for larger sea voyages. Since only ships up to 150 tons had been built on the Haren shipyards, an outside shipbuilder had to be consulted who had sufficient experience in the construction of larger sailing vessels. According to the entry in the Aurich State Archives, the expert shipbuilder Ontjes from Leer was commissioned to do the building. He delivered the drawings and directed the execution.
Year of construction: 1891
Call sign: KQBJ
Reg.-No .: 7
BRT: 109
Length: 34.43 m
Width 6,22 m
Draft: 2.74
Carrying capacity: 220 t
Shipyard: Bernhard Sibum, Haren
Owner: Alexander Kiepe, Haren
After a year of construction, the "HELENE" was launched in March 1891.
The "HELENE" was used to carry out smaller coastal trips within the framework of their classification.
Soon after, Captain Hermann Kiepe decided to go on the Brazilian coast, because his ship was also suitable for the profitable Rio Grande ride due to the low draft. With the first crossing of the Atlantic, general cargo was taken from Hamburg to Rio Grande in southern Brazil. The crossing went smoothly, but shortly before Rio Grande the ship fell into one of the feared Brazilian storms, the Pampero. The masts of the pointed barge were partly severely damaged. After the repair, it ran with different Brazilian ports.
The ship was used on the coast of South America for several month. Seventy days lasted with a load of dried meat from Pelotas to Pernambuco. Since the meat was balanced with small scales, unloading lasted for eighty days.
After a few months the "HELENE" sailed across the ocean from Pelotas to Hamburg for the second time with a cargo of skins, bones and buffalo horns. This journey was full of drama. After fifty days, the crew noticed that some of the zinc plates had loosened from the ship's hull and sea water penetrated through the holes eaten by tropical drillworms into the loading area. Because of the freight, it was impossible to repair the damaged parts. "Pump or drawn" was now the solution for the crew for eighty days. Partially up to the hips standing in the water the men pumped for their lives. Three times the decision was made to give up the ship, but as soon as a favorable wind arose, this thought was dropped. However, the situation became more and more acute, as supplies became scarcer and the drinking water had to be rationed.
Finally, after a total of 130 days of driving, the hardships had come to an end and the "HELENE" could go to Falmouth in southern England. The load has been discharged.
After a thorough repair of the ship, Captain Hermann Kiepe soon took the "HELENE" the third trip across the Atlantic. He transported salt from Spain to Rio Grande. This trip was not without dangers. At Madeira, the ship and the crew fell into a severe storm, visualising certain death. But finally the Rio Grande goal was reached within 80 days.
This was followed by coastal trips in Brazil. During this time, the ship once again crossed the Atlantic and brought a cargo of skins to Antwerp. Then it sailed back to Brazil.
After about ten years of Brazilian travel with a total of five Atlantic crossings, Captain Hermann Kiepe sold the "HELENE" to a Brazilian company in 1904 and probably traveled back to Hamburg with a passenger steamer to buy a larger ship.
Spitzpünte "Helene"
Das von der Lehrlingswerkstatt der Meyer-Werft (Papenburg) in Eisen nachgebaute Museumsschiff ist insgesamt 40 m lang und 6,20 m breit; die Toppmastschonertakelung erreicht eine Höhe von 30 m.
Aus der Geschichte des Originals:
Kapitän Alexander Kiepe (geb. 1831) ließ 1890 auf der Werft Bernhard Sibum das Original für 30.000 Goldmark bauen, das für größere Seereisen eingesetzt werden sollte. Da auf den Harener Werften nur Schiffe bis 150 t gebaut worden waren, musste ein auswärtiger Schiffbaumeister hinzugezogen werden, der über genügend Erfahrung im Bau größerer Segler verfügte. Laut Eintragung im Staatsarchiv Aurich wurde der sachkundige Schiffbaumeister Ontjes aus Leer mit dem Bau beauftragt. Er lieferte die Zeichnungen und leitete die Ausführung.
Baujahr des Originals: 1891
Rufzeichen: KQBJ
Reg.-Nr.: 7
BRT: 109
Länge: 34,43 m
Breite 6,22 m
Tiefgang: 2,74
Tragfähigkeit: 220 t
Werft: Bernhard Sibum, Haren
Eigner: Alexander Kiepe, Haren
Nach einem Jahr Bauzeit wurde die „HELENE“ im März 1891 zu Wasser gelassen.
Mit der „HELENE“ wurden zunächst kleinere Küstenfahrten im Rahmen ihrer Klassifizierung durchgeführt.
Bald darauf entschloss sich Kapitän Hermann Kiepe in die brasilianische Küstenfahrt zu gehen, denn sein Schiff war aufgrund des geringen Tiefgangs auch für die gewinnbringende Rio-Grande-Fahrt geeignet. Mit der ersten Atlantik-über-querung wurde Stückgut von Hamburg nach Rio Grande in Südbrasilien gebracht. Die Überfahrt verlief glatt, aber kurz vor Rio Grande geriet das Schiff in einen der gefürchteten brasilianischen Stürme, dem Pampero. Die Masten der Spitzpünte wurden zum Teil stark beschädigt. Nach der Reparatur lief sie mit Frachten verschiedene brasilianische Häfen an.
Das Schiff wurde monatelang an den Küsten Südamerikas eingesetzt. Siebzig Tage dauerte die Fahrt mit einer Ladung getrocknetem Fleisch von Pelotas nach Pernambuco. Da das Fleisch mit kleinen Waagen ausgewogen wurde, zog sich das Entladen über achtzig Tage hin.
Nach einigen Monaten segelte die „HELENE“ mit einer Fracht Felle, Knochen und Büffelhörnern zum zweiten Mal über den Ozean, von Pelotas nach Hamburg. Diese Reise verlief voller Dramatik. Nach fünfzig Tagen bemerkte die Besatzung, dass sich einige Zinkplatten vom Schiffsrumpf gelöst hatten und Seewasser durch die von tropischen Bohrwürmern gefressenen Löcher in den Laderaum eindrang. Wegen der Fracht war es unmöglich, die schadhaften Stellen auszubessern. „Pumpen of versupen“ lautete jetzt für achtzig Tage die Losung der Besatzung. Teilweise bis zu den Hüften im Wasser stehend pumpten die Männer um ihr Leben. Dreimal wurde der Entschluss gefasst, das Schiff aufzugeben, doch sobald wieder günstiger Wind aufkam, wurde dieser Gedanke fallen gelassen. Die Situation spitzte sich aber zu, als die Vorräte immer knapper wurden und das Trinkwasser rationiert werden musste.
Endlich, nach insgesamt 130 Tagen Fahrt, hatten die Strapazen ein Ende und die „HELENE“ konnte Falmouth in Südengland anlaufen. Die Ladung wurde gelöscht.
Nach einer gründlichen Instandsetzung des Schiffes unternahm Kapitän Hermann Kiepe mit der „HELENE“ schon bald die dritte Reise über den Atlantik. Er transportierte von Spanien aus Salz nach Rio Grande. Auch diese Reise war nicht ohne Gefahren. Bei Madeira gerieten das Schiff und die Mannschaft in ein schweres Unwetter, bei dem sie den sicheren Tod vor Augen hatten. Aber schließlich wurde das Ziel Rio Grande innerhalb von nur 80 Tagen sicher erreicht.
Jahrelang folgten danach Küstenfahrten in Brasilien. Während dieser Zeit überquerte das Schiff noch einmal den Atlantik und brachte eine Ladung Felle nach Antwerpen. Anschließend segelte er wieder nach Brasilien zu-rück.
Nach ca. zehn Jahren Brasilienfahrt mit insgesamt fünf Atlantiküberquerungen verkaufte Kapitän Hermann Kiepe im Jahre 1904 die „HELENE“ an eine brasilianische Firma und reiste vermutlich mit einem Passagierdampfer nach Hamburg zurück, um sich dort ein größeres Schiff zu kaufen.