View allAll Photos Tagged Unification
Finding an abstract that shows how I see the world, how I perceive reality, what I want to express is an undescribable pleasure. It doesn't matter what the subject is, the point of this photograph is what it makes you feel, what it stirrs in you, what memories it brings back, if you find meaning in it, if you find it beautiful, interesting, intriguing...
Please visit me at:
Encontrar un abstracto que muestre cómo veo el mundo, percibo la realidad, sea un reflejo de mí... es un placer indescriptible. No importa qué es el sujeto, sino lo que esta fotografía te transmite, lo que te hace recordar, las emociones que te provoca, si encuentras que la imagen es bella, interesante, expresiva.
Por favor, visítame en:
Dynasty II, at or after the death of Intef II
(ca. 2108-2059 B.C.)
Limestone
From Thebes
King Intef II offers beer and milk to the goddess Hathor and the sun god Re. The inscription consists of two hymns, one to Atum, the god of the evening sun, and the other to Hathor, who is called upon to appear in the morning. Intef II Wahankh was the most important of the pre-unification rulers of Dynasty II.
Metropolitan Museum of Art
NYC
Opening Ceremony for Dorasan Unification Platform
October 14, 2015
Dorasan Station, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Korean Culture and Information Service
Korea.net (www.korea.net)
Official Photographer : Jeon Han
This official Republic of Korea photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way. Also, it may not be used in any type of commercial, advertisement, product or promotion that in any way suggests approval or endorsement from the government of the Republic of Korea.
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도라산역 통일플랫폼 개장식
2015-10-14
경기도 파주시 도라산역
문화체육관광부
해외문화홍보원
코리아넷
전한
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
Prayers and messages for peace and re-unification adorning Imjingak Freedom Bridge.
At the Korean Reunification summit in Pyongyang, Ko-Un cited this poem entitled "At the Taedong River" to both leaders....
OUR PEOPLE
Why have I come here?
After a sleepless night,
the morning waters of the Taedong
were yesterday,
are today
and will be tomorrow blue waves.
Such times are coming.
Times of change are coming
down a road no one can block.
Only change brings truth.
Why have I come here to this river edge?
Standing, trembling, on the verge of tears,
I gaze across to eastern Pyongyang and the plains of Munsuri.
This must be.
Once these two peoples, divided,
become one people,
become one life to the very depths of their being,
I will no …
(R:0 G:146 B:70)
(R:255 G:255 B:255)
(R:203 G:43 B:55)
This was taken before the 150 Anniversary Poker night... Sandro showed up with this Garibald-ish ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi ) look and we started shooting pictures....
Today, as you can learn also from Google HP, the Italian Republic celebrates 150 years of unity.
-----------------------------
The creation of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. In the context of the 1848 liberal revolutions that swept through Europe, an unsuccessful war was declared on Austria. Giuseppe Garibaldi led the Italian republican drive for unification in southern Italy,[43] while the northern Italian monarchy of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia whose government was led by Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, had the ambition of establishing a united Italian state under its rule. The kingdom successfully challenged the Austrian Empire in the Second Italian War of Independence with the help of Napoleon III, liberating the Lombardy-Venetia. It established Turin as capital of the newly formed state. In 1865 the capital was moved to Florence.
In 1866, Victor Emmanuel II aligned the kingdom with Prussia during the Austro-Prussian War, waging the Third Italian War of Independence which allowed Italy to annex Venice. In 1870, as France during the disastrous Franco-Prussian War abandoned its positions in Rome, Italy rushed to fill the power gap by taking over the Papal State from French sovereignty.
Italian unification finally was achieved, and shortly afterwards Italy's capital was moved from Florence to Rome. Whilst keeping the monarchy, the government became a parliamentary system, dominated by the liberals.
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In the eyes of those who look at us from the outside, we are usually a strange Country and I think that it's really difficult to understand what being italian these days means.
Of all the articles that I've read sofar, the one with which I am at one the most and that honestly depicts the actual Italian situation, is this one from an italian Lady, Marta Mondelli, living in NYC:
"150 Years of Italy and We're Not Getting Any Older"
www.huffingtonpost.com/marta-mondelli/150-years-italian-u...
Strobist:
Nikon D700+Nikkor 50 f1.4
SB900, voice activated lightstand, black foamy thing, bounced camera left, TTL MODE, CLS
This is the Unification of mine (Wheal Uny), night, moon and LED lightstrand, coming together in a Smörgåsbord of light painting delight!
Our last shot of the night (but not of the session to be uploaded to Flickr, oh no...) as the floodlight was running low on juice...
Exposure 120secs
Aperture f/4.5
Focal Length 11 mm
ISO Speed 100
n the day jerusalem marks the "day of Unification" (i.e. the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967) settelers from the nearby area held a facist parade in the streets of East Jerusalem. Raising signs "Jerusalem is for the Jewish", and chanting slogans such as "muhamad's dead", or "death to the arabs". Themarch passed through Arab neighborhoods, while the protestors were dressed in white carring Israeli flags. In reaction Palestinians residing in the area went out to protest peacfully with Israelis, who joined the protest in solidarity with the local residents. The polices reaction to the demonstaration that day, was brutal and oppressive.They arrested nd beat protesters, and used the police horses to scare off the demonstrators by attempting to run over them. All this taking place while he right wing protesters continued to chant "death to the Arabs" and blocked the main street, all palestinian shops and business owners in and around the old city where forced to close for most of a business day by the police so this parade will go though with no interfirence, the business and shp owners did not get any compensation .
BCWF Wrestling - Wrestle World IV - Legion Von Creed Vs Andy namite, Joey D
Legion Von Creed (c) def. (Pin) Andy namite, Joey D (c)
Type of match : Table Match
Title Unification
For : BWS championship (No Change)
BCWF european championship (New Champ)
( BCWF Wrestle World IV a Grivegnee, Liege, le vendredi 9 novembre ! )
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken in Ulaan Baatar, Ulan Bator by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken in Ulaan Baatar, Ulan Bator by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken in Ulaan Baatar, Ulan Bator by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
n the day jerusalem marks the "day of Unification" (i.e. the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967) settelers from the nearby area held a facist parade in the streets of East Jerusalem. Raising signs "Jerusalem is for the Jewish", and chanting slogans such as "muhamad's dead", or "death to the arabs". Themarch passed through Arab neighborhoods, while the protestors were dressed in white carring Israeli flags. In reaction Palestinians residing in the area went out to protest peacfully with Israelis, who joined the protest in solidarity with the local residents. The polices reaction to the demonstaration that day, was brutal and oppressive.They arrested nd beat protesters, and used the police horses to scare off the demonstrators by attempting to run over them. All this taking place while he right wing protesters continued to chant "death to the Arabs" and blocked the main street, all palestinian shops and business owners in and around the old city where forced to close for most of a business day by the police so this parade will go though with no interfirence, the business and shp owners did not get any compensation .
DRG 750mm gauge Class 99.73 2-10-2T DR No.99 1761-8 (ex-DRG No.93.761) of the Lossnitzgrundbahn at Radebeul Ost yard, 6 October 2021.
The DRG built 32 Class 99.73’s in 1928-33 for the Saxon 750 mm gauge lines. After WWII ended, 10 were seized by Russia. The remainder were in East Germany and the DR did not start withdrawing them until the late 1960’s but it was decided to retain 10 of them and rebuild them with new all-welded boilers and most of these still remain in service.
In 1952, uranium was discovered in the Erzgebirge (Ore) Mountains served by narrow gauge lines so the DR built 24 more 2-10-2T’s in 1952-56 classed as 99.77 closely based on the 99.73’s but with larger fireboxes (to burn brown coal), all-welded boilers, plate frames instead of bar frames, larger tanks and bunkers and various detail differences. However, by the late 1980’s the locos were suffering from cracked frames and worn-out boilers so withdrawals began. DR intended to replace them by diesels by 1995 but German re-unification resulted in the DBAG replacing both the frames and the boilers on 14 locos in 1991-92 for further service.
Povestea Pietei Unirii:
www.rezistenta.net/2007/10/nomenclatorul-stradal-partea-i...
si
www.rezistenta.net/2007/10/nomenclatorul-stradal-partea-i...
Articolele mele despre Bucuresti, aici:
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken in Ulaan Baatar, Ulan Bator by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
Oda Nobunaga 織田信長 1534−82
The prime mover of Japan's 16th-century reunification after a hundred years of strife. The Sengoku period (1467−1568) ended and the Azuchi-Momoyama period (1568−1600) began with his advent to power.
Rising from modest beginnings, Nobunaga subjected central Japan to one governing authority, with himself as the supreme hegemon. At the time of his violent death the realm (tenka) united under his rule comprised over a third of the 16th-century Japanese empire. The rigorous system of government he left behind−later called the Shokuhō seiken (Shokuhō regime)−was the foundation for the work of the other two of the 《Three Heroes》 of Japan's unification, his sometime vassals Toyotomi Hideyoshi and Tokugawa Ieyasu. Nobunaga, who dealt ruthlessly with his enemies, deserves his reputation as a brutal warlord, but he was also an enthusiastic patron of the arts and a powerful stimulus for the brilliant culture of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.
Provenance and Early Career
Nobunaga's family was a sublineage of a shugodai (deputy military governor) house settled in Owari Province (now part of Aichi Prefecture) since about 1400. His father, Nobuhide (1510−51), nominally a vassal of the Kiyosu branch of the Oda, who were shugodai of Owari's 《lower four districts,》 was actually a Sengoku daimyō in his own right. After his father's death in 1551 Nobunaga, his heir, first consolidated his position as the lord of Nagoya Castle and then began his campaign of military expansion. In 1555 Nobunaga seized Kiyosu, killed the shugodai, Oda Hikogorō, and moved from Nagoya into the castle there. After a protracted campaign, he succeeded in 1559 in reducing the fortress of Iwakura, the seat of the shugodai of Owari's 《upper four districts,》 gaining control of all of Owari. In 1560 Nobunaga's position was challenged by Imagawa Yoshimoto of Mikawa Province (now part of Aichi Prefecture). Nobunaga surprised and routed Imagawa's vastly superior army at the Battle of Okehazama (now the city of Toyoake, Aichi Prefecture) the same year. By 1562 he had entered into an alliance with Imagawa's Mikawa vassal Matsudaira Motoyasu (the future shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu), thus securing his eastern flank.
In 1567, after repeated invasions of Mino, the domain of Saitō Tatsuoki (1548−73), Nobunaga seized Saitō's Inokuchi Castle. He renamed the castle Gifu and declared its marketplace, Kanō, a duty-free market (see rakuichi and rakuza). By the spring of 1568 Nobunaga had subdued much of northern Ise Province (now part of Mie Prefecture).
In the fall of 1568 Nobunaga marched on Kyōto, swept aside armed opposition from Rokkaku Yoshikata (1521−98) and his son Yoshiharu (1545−1612) of Ōmi Province (now Shiga Prefecture) and from the Miyoshi Triumvirs (Miyoshi Sanninshū), and installed Ashikaga Yoshiaki as shōgun. However, he forced the new shōgun to acknowledge Nobunaga's primacy in the realm's affairs. Nobunaga's successes continued unimpeded through 1569, when he gained control over the merchant city and firearms manufacturing center of Sakai and expanded into southern Ise. In Ise Nobunaga decreed the abolition of toll barriers (sekisho) restricting the free flow of commerce and ordered the destruction of the rural gentry's forts.
By 1570 Nobunaga's steady advance brought into being a coalition of daimyō intent on stopping him. Nobunaga tossed down the gauntlet to them in the late spring of 1570 by invading Echizen (now part of Fukui Prefecture), the domain of Asakura Yoshikage. Nobunaga had to retreat when Asai Nagamasa, the daimyō of Odani in northern Ōmi, attacked his rear; he barely managed to return to Gifu when the remnants of Rokkaku Yoshikata's party rose again in southern Ōmi, cutting Nobunaga's communications with his home base. That summer Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated Asai's and Asakura's forces at the Battle of Anegawa, but it was not a decisive victory: within 10 weeks Asai and Asakura had recuperated enough to advance into the vicinity of Kyōto. They entered into an alliance with Kennyo Kōsa (1543−92), the pontiff of Honganji in Ōsaka. Nobunaga neutralized Asai's and Asakura's threat to Kyōto, scattering their troops on Mt. Hiei (Hieizan), where their collaborators in Enryakuji, the headquarters of the Buddhist Tendai sect, gave them shelter. The next year Nobunaga burned Enryakuji in retaliation (see Enryakuji, burning of).
Honganji, head temple of the major branch of the Jōdo Shin sect, proved a far more formidable opponent. Kennyo and the armed leagues (Ikkō ikki) of his sectarians (monto) fought Nobunaga in a war that lasted with a few interruptions from 1570 to 1580. The year 1570 ended with a massive rising of the Ikkō ikki of Nagashima in Ise. Nobunaga was to invade Nagashima unsuccessfully twice before he finally managed to subdue this Ikkō ikki in 1574 through wholesale slaughter.
By 1572 Nobunaga and the coalition ranged against him were stalemated. Nobunaga's enemies sought to break the deadlock by persuading the powerful eastern daimyō Takeda Shingen to join their league. On 6 January 1573 Shingen defeated Tokugawa Ieyasu's and Nobunaga's allied army at the Battle of Mikatagahara in Tōtōmi (now the city of Hamamatsu, Shizuoka Prefecture). Two months later he took Noda Castle in Mikawa (now the city of Shinshiro, Aichi Prefecture), penetrating deeply into Ieyasu's territory. The news of Shingen's successes enticed the shōgun, Yoshiaki, to take up arms against Nobunaga, who assumed a conciliatory attitude until news of Shingen's death reached him. At the beginning of May 1573 Nobunaga surrounded Kyōto and methodically put its periphery to the torch, forcing Yoshiaki into surrender. When the shōgun rose again in July, Nobunaga chased him into exile. De jure, the Muromachi shogunate (1338−1573) continued to exist until Yoshiaki's abdication in 1588; de facto, Nobunaga's hegemony had replaced it.
In September 1573 Nobunaga attacked Asai Nagamasa; when Asakura Yoshikage came to his ally's relief, Nobunaga defeated him and forced him to commit suicide. Having thereby conquered Echizen, Nobunaga eliminated Asai and assigned his domains in northern Ōmi to Hashiba Hideyoshi (the future Toyotomi Hideyoshi). Nobunaga's triumph was tarnished, however, by a rebellion that swept Echizen in early 1574. Honganji reopened hostilities on the Ōsaka front, and the Takeda, led by Shingen's son Takeda Katsuyori, again invaded Ieyasu's territories. Nobunaga recovered this lost ground in 1575 by a spectacular victory over Takeda Katsuyori at the Battle of Nagashino in Mikawa (now Hōrai Chō, Aichi Prefecture) and by another gruesome slaughter of the Honganji's sectarians, this time in Echizen.
Nobunaga now dominated Kyōto and the five provinces of the Kinki area around it; he held Owari, Mino, Ise, Ōmi, Wakasa (now part of Fukui Prefecture), and Echizen; his 《tenka》 (realm) included Mikawa and Tōtōmi, the domains of Tokugawa Ieyasu, who acknowledged Nobunaga's primacy. By 1577 Shibata Katsuie, Nobunaga's appointee to the governorship of Echizen, had implemented there the policies that became the identifying features of the Shokuhō regime: the sword hunt (katanagari; confiscation of weapons from the populace), the separation of the agricultural and military classes (heinō bunri), and the provincial land survey (kenchi).
Climax and Abrupt End of Career
In 1576 Nobunaga began building a residential castle at Azuchi in Ōmi Province (now Azuchi Chō, Shiga Prefecture). Azuchi Castle, whose central donjon (tenshu) became Nobunaga's official residence in 1579, contributed its name to the Azuchi-Momoyama period, which is fittingly called an age of grandeur.
In 1576 a second coalition formed against Nobunaga: the diplomatic efforts of the exiled shōgun Yoshiaki and Kennyo Kōsa of Honganji incited Mōri Terumoto (1553−1625), the lord of Aki Province (now part of Hiroshima Prefecture) and vast other territories in the Chūgoku region, and Uesugi Kenshin (1530−78), the daimyō of Echigo (now part of Niigata Prefecture), into joining the effort to stop Nobunaga. A fleet sent by Mōri broke through Nobunaga's blockade of Ishiyama Honganji, Kennyo's temple fortress in Ōsaka. On the southwest of his 《realm,》 Nobunaga campaigned in the spring of 1577 against the Ikkō ikki of Saiga in Kii Province (now the city of Wakayama). On the south, Matsunaga Hisahide (1510−77) of Yamato (now Nara Prefecture) took up arms against Nobunaga but was destroyed, his province conquered by Nobunaga's eldest son Nobutada (1557−82) and his generals Akechi Mitsuhide, Hosokawa Yūsai, and Tsutsui Junkei. The colossal struggle with the Mōri of the northwest and the west of the 《Tenka》 was to be the major military effort of Nobunaga's last years, but remained unfinished at his death.
The situation eased for Nobunaga in 1578 with the sudden death of his formidable enemy Kenshin, which was followed by a succession struggle in the Uesugi family. Nobunaga and his generals, including Hideyoshi, gradually reduced the defenses of the Mōri by early 1580. Honganji itself was isolated, and Kennyo Kōsa entered into peace negotiations. The surrender of the Ōsaka Honganji in 1580 was Nobunaga's greatest victory. The victory was completed late that year with the conquest of the part of Kaga that was still held by monto, and the religious monarchy of the Jōdo Shin sect accordingly ceased to exist. One of the greatest symbols of the Japanese middle ages had fallen.
In the spring of 1582, Nobunaga celebrated another great triumph: the destruction of Takeda Katsuyori and the incorporation of four more provinces−Suruga (now part of Shizuoka Prefecture), Kai (now Yamanashi Prefecture), Shinano (now Nagano Prefecture), and Kōzuke (now Gumma Prefecture)−into his realm. The imperial court then offered to make him shōgun or 《appoint him to any rank at all,》 but Nobunaga evaded replying to this offer.
In June 1582 an army commanded by Nobunaga's son Kambe Nobutaka (1558−83) assembled in the area of Ōsaka and Sakai and stood poised to invade Shikoku. Another large force was encircling Kongōbuji, the great monastery of the Buddhist Shingon sect on Mt. Kōya (Kōyasan) in Kii Province. On the San'indō front in western Honshū, Mōri Terumoto's major fortress, Tottori, had fallen to Hideyoshi in 1581; Hideyoshi had turned to the San'yōdō front and was besieging Takamatsu in Bitchū Province (now part of the city of Okayama), the fort of Mōri's vassal Shimizu Muneharu. At the news that Mōri's main force had come to the relief of Takamatsu, Nobunaga himself planned to join the campaign. He ordered Akechi Mitsuhide to lead a force in the expedition's van.
On 19 June Nobunaga arrived in Kyōto on his way to the front and took up his habitual quarters at Honnōji, a temple of the Buddhist Nichiren sect. In the early morning of 21 June 1582 Akechi attacked Honnōji, catching Nobunaga completely by surprise. According to the chronicle Shinchō Kō ki, Nobunaga realized that all was lost but defended himself until he was wounded. He then made sure that all women abandoned the temple, which was in flames, withdrew into the depths of the building, locked himself in a service room to keep the enemy from witnessing his end, and there disemboweled himself. See also Honnōji Incident.
A shallow and outdated study from five years ago.
lake.typepad.com/on-the-lake-front/2011/10/same-old-unifi...
Opening Ceremony for Dorasan Unification Platform
October 14, 2015
Dorasan Station, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Korean Culture and Information Service
Korea.net (www.korea.net)
Official Photographer : Jeon Han
This official Republic of Korea photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way. Also, it may not be used in any type of commercial, advertisement, product or promotion that in any way suggests approval or endorsement from the government of the Republic of Korea.
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도라산역 통일플랫폼 개장식
2015-10-14
경기도 파주시 도라산역
문화체육관광부
해외문화홍보원
코리아넷
전한
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
Villa Steinberg - Early Historic, built by Florian Reiter, 1853, with rich Bauterrakotten (building Terracotta) of the important Tonwarenfabrik (earthenware factory) of the architect Viktor Brausewetter in Wagram (between Kottingbrunn and Leobersdorf): 1859 resigned here Grand Duke Leopold II of Tuscany in favor of his son Ferdinand IV, but because of the unification of Italy he was not able to take up the regency.
Bad Vöslau
Town of Bad Vöslau
History
Spa
© NE Advertising / Westermann
The spa town with its Biedermeier flair and a settlement tradition dating back to the Neolithic Age is first mentioned in the 12th Century as Fesoloue (before 1136 and about 1180). The residence was a water castle, whose basic shape despite the alterations in the 16th and 18th Century has been preserved until the present day. The settlement was west of the castle, the most important source of income was the wine. Pfarrlich (parishly) Vöslau initially belonged to Traiskirchen, then to Gainfarn and it became in the 14th Century an independent parish. For the first time in 1324, a pastor is mentioned, as parish church served the castle chapel.
In the second half of the 13th Century the dominion was in the possession of the Viennese burgher family Pollen, then the Hailpeck family and from 1402 owned by the knight Jobst Hauser and his descendants. 1483 castle and location have been devastated by the Hungarians under King Matthias Corvinus. Around 1500, the Theschütz family acquired the dominion in 1502 becoming free ownership. Under the Theschütz, Vöslau became a center of the Reformation. In the Services of the now Protestant parish the population from all over the area took part. Emperor Ferdinand II in 1621 forbade the citizens of Baden the "leakage" to the preachers in Vöslau.
In the course of the recatholicization in 17th Century, the parish again became a daughter of Gainfarn. 1773 the Counts of Fries acquired the dominion, losing it in 1826 after its bankruptcy, but in 1837 it could be bought back. Johann von Fries, since 1783 empire count, brought it as an entrepreneur and financier to great wealth and had the castle by the court architect Ferdinand Hohenberg von Hetzendorf, the creator of the Gloriette and the Castle Theatre in Schönbrunn and the Fries'schen city palace in Vienna (Palais Pallavicini), rebuilt in the style of early classicism. The castle became pathbreaking for the dissemination of this style in Austria .
With the discovery of thermal springs in the early 19th Century began the great age of Vöslau. The sources had been since the end of the 16th Century used for the mill operation, at the latest, since the mid-18th Century was bathed in the warm "Mühlwasser (mill water)". 1787, for the first time a bath tube is mentioned. 1816 was purchased by Count Moritz von Fries I. the Mühlareal (mill area) together with the pond with the "swelling mineral" water and he had built a swimming pool with bath house, pond and garden (1820-1822). The spa became "modern", the prominent spa guests in the 19th Century included Ludwig van Beethoven, Johann Strauss, Josef Helmesberger, Gustav Walter, Ludwig Anzengruber and Ignaz Franz Castelli. Leopold II of Tuscany in 1859 chose the health resort to the scene of his abdication in favor of his son Ferdinand.
Through the in 1833 by the then owner John of Geymüllerfounded founded worsted yarn factory, Vöslau had also gained economic importance. In the 1840s, Schlumberger began here with the production of sparkling wine and red wine. Both products made Vöslau world famous.
The bath has been remodeled from 1869 to 1873 according to plans of Theophil Hansen to the current thermal complex and expanded in 1880, he also built the Kursalon. On the slopes of the Harzberg and "Am Hügel" emerged the exclusive residential areas, typical of the period of promoterism. 1870 was built the of Moritz II and Flora von Fries donated Neo-Romanesque-Gothic church after the plans of Franz and Camillo Sitte and Vöslau again was elevated to parish. 1887 the Fries sold the bath to the community and in 1901 the castle to the Bohemian Coal Baron Moritz Ritter von Gutmann. He was the last private owner of the castle, which now houses the Town Hall.
At the beginning of the 20th Century the location got the Kurstatut (cure statute) (1904). Under the long-standing Mayor Rudolf Frimmel (1920-1934, 1945-1960) was rebuilt in the 1920s the spa, received Vöslau 1928 the attribute "Bad" and in 1954 was raised to town.
Bad Vöslau connects a town twinning with Neu-Isenburg in Germany.
Museums in the town of Bad Vöslau
Community of Bad Vöslau - images of the topographic collection/Lower Austria Regional Library
geschichte.landesmuseum.net/index.asp?contenturl=http://g...
UNIFICATION OF NEPAL
Nepal was unified by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha kingdom in the mid-eighteenth century by winning over other kingdoms and moving his capital to Kathmandu.
EARLY RULERS
Nepal's recorded history began with the Kiratis, who arrived in the Kathmandu valley in the 7th or 8th century BCE from the east. Little is known about them, other than their deftness as sheep farmers and fondness for carrying long knives. The Kirats ruled for about 1225 years (800 BCE-300 CE); they had a total of 28 kings during that time. Their first and best remembered king was Yalambar Haang, who is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.
The first record of the word Nepal is found in ancient Indian annals such as the puranas from the 4th century A.D where an area known as 'Newal' or sometimes as 'Newar' is mentioned, referring to what is now known as the Kathmandu Valley. However, the area of the sovereign state of Nepal has changed from time to time during its history, expanding and shrinking in area since ancient times.
Of the kings originating inside or outside of modern Nepal, a common characteristic of attempting to unify Nepal from mostly west to east, along the southern track of the Himalayas and the northern plain of Ganges, can be identified. No Nepalese ruler has been recorded attempting to cross the Himalayas to expand their states into Tibet or China, and none has been recorded trying to cross the Ganges plain into modern India. For the most part, Nepalese rulers seem to have been focused on the territories that more or less comprise modern-day Nepal, between the region of Kashmir in the west and Bhutan in the east.
Nepal as a political region has been united by different kings of different kingdoms at various times in Nepalese history. Common tradition holds that among the first uniters of Nepal was a king by the name of Mandev, who ultimately controlled territory from the Brahmaputra River in the east to the Gandaki in the west. Recorded details of his unification, however, are scarce, and Mandev's actions and his very existence cannot be definitively confirmed. The same may be said for various early recorded and traditional (i.e. not necessarily recorded) rulers of Nepal, all of whose kingdoms apparently broke up when their dynasties died out. While records and documents of several such rulers do exist, a lack of interest has made their accessibility difficult and limited the number of translations and analyses.
KING PRITHVI NARAYAN SHAH
King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775) was born in the Shah dynasty of Gorkha on 11 January 1723 (27 Poush 1779 B.S.) After the death of Narabhupal shah on 25th chaitra he became the king of Gorkha. He ascended to the throne of Gorkha kingdom on 3 April 1743. He was interested in politics and diplomacy and had interests in both visiting and conquering other countries since his days as prince. He decided to enlarge his kingdom that was confined to the small Gorkha region of present-day Nepal and had an area of just 2,500 square km (approx. 50 km x 50 km). He defeated major principalities in wars and unified them under his rule starting from the 1740s ending with shifting of his Gorkha Kingdom’s capital from Gorkha region to Kathmandu in 1769. While he was successful at conquering the Kathmandu valley and the Sen kingdoms further east of the Kathmandu valley, his efforts were limited to the west of his homeland. He then attacked and absorbed dozens of other small principalities and gave a new name "Nepal" to his Gorkha kingdom. He was able to conquer some of the 22 principalities or kingdoms, known as the (thebaise raj-ya, and some of the 24 kingdoms (the chaubasi raj-ya), which were two sets of allies west of the King's homeland of Gorkha, in what is now called western Nepal.Soon after he ascended the throne of Gorkha Kingdom, Shah tricked his way into the royal household of Bhaktapur for a number of months. He wanted the rich agricultural soil of the valley, and the strategic point of the Kathmandu valley as a transit point for expanding trade with both Tibet and India. Then he planned the conquest of the valley. To this end, he decided to first capture Nuwakot, which belonged to the state of Kantipur, as a strategic point. He also foresaw that taking over Nuwakot would significantly strengthen the position of his Gorkha nation and weaken the states occupying the Kathmandu Valley. Nuwakot held strategic importance, as there was already a fort there, and it had remained as a connecting pass the valley and Tibet.
NUWAKOT
Prithivi Narayan was a very ambitious king. Along with the invasion of the Gorkha he wanted it to protect it from the Gorkha troops, so he started to unify the small kingdoms to be a single country . One year after becoming King, in 1744 AD, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Nuwakot but was repelled because the Gorkha army was not well equipped. In addition, conflicts of interest between the Pandeys and Basnets - two important warrior clans in the Gorkha palace - arose to add domestic political tension. Shah then made Kalu Pande "Mul Kaji (equivalent to Prime Minister)" of his state and thus strengthened his domestic political position. Almost a year later, on 2 October 1744, he attacked Nuwakot again and won, thus expanding the bounds of his Gorkha state.
KIRTIPUR
Kalu Pandey employed a strategy involving a blockade of the Kathmandu Valley, and subsequently took over the surrounding settlements and strategic positions around the valley. In the next two years (during 1745-46) he captured Mahadevpokhari, Pharping, Chitlang, Dharmasthali, Naldrum, Siranchok and Shivapuri. He then focused his attention on Kirtipur and Makawanpur, two palaces which were also strategic military targets. Kirtipur was in an elevated position with a fort surrounded by walls and jungles, an ideal place to make inroads into the valley. Shah thought that if he could take over Kirtipur, occupying the rest of the valley would be much easier. On 4 December 1757 he made his first attack on Kirtipur. In this war he lost his strong general Kalu pandey which was a great loss for gorkha. Kalu Pandey had told him that it was not the right time to attack Kritpur. His body was buried in Kirtipur. Prithvi Narayan Shah himself was nearly killed in the battle. As a result, the Gorkha army, having lost a great deal of morale, was defeated. It is said that as revenge for his two earlier defeats, The Gorkha army was repelled again in August 1765.
After two defeats, the Gorkha army changed its strategy again and surrounded Kirtipur during the harvest season, effectively laying siege to the stronghold. The Gorkha army also took over the nearby Balaju fort. After several months of this blockade, the people of Kirtipur could not even get water to drink and were forced to surrender to the Gorkha army on 17 March 1766. This time the Gorkha army took over Kirtipur without a fight. Prithvi Narayan Shah had his army cut off the noses and lips of all the people of Kirtipur.
Conquest of Southern Nepal and the Kathmandu Valley
As Nuwakot was a key point for Kathmandu’s trade with Tibet, Makawanpur in the south was equally important for trade with India. While the battle to surround Kathmandu was going on in the north, the Gorkha army captured Sindhulikot, Timilakot and Hariharpur in the south and southeast of modern-day Nepal before it entered into the Makawanpurgadhi territories. Makawanpur was captured after only 10 hours of battle in August 1762. In 1763 AD, the Gorkha army conquered seven other villages, including Dhulikhel and Banepa, and expanded the Gorkha state's border line further north. With this, the Kathmandu Valley was completely surrounded and blockaded. After all the four passes (Sanga, Baad, pati and Chandragiri Bhanjyang, also known as Char Bhanjyang) of the Kathmandu Valley were controlled by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the eventual lack of salt, oil, spices, and even clothes led to turmoil in the valley and disaster struck Kathmandu. When the local government failed to pay its soldiers, the morale of its military dwindled.
The king of Kathmandu at the time, Jaya Prakash Malla, then asked for military aid from the British in British India. In August 1767, when the forces of the British India arrived in Sindhuligadhi, the Gorkha military conducted guerrilla attacks against them. Many of the British Indian forces were killed and the rest eventually fled, leaving behind a huge amount of weapons and ammunitions, which were seized by the Gorkha army.
This boosted the morale of the forces of Prithvi Narayan Shah and further demoralized the kings of the Kathmandu Valley, among which was the king of Kantipur. In addition to this, the political situation of the valley, political wrangling inside the palace, and personal enmity had rendered the people of Kantipur very weak because Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur, was of a paranoid nature, and his own brother and courtiers became dissatisfied with him. The state of Lalitpur had also faced chaos after the death of its king Yogendra Malla. Six pradhans (courtiers) then took power into their own hands, and put Tej Narsingh Malla on the throne; but the actual power in Lalitpur remained with the pradhans. In Bhaktapur as well, the palace of King Ranjeet Malla was in disarray due to domestic political wrangling. When Ranjeet Malla wanted to declare his two-year-old son as his heir, a queen (not through marriage) opposed it. This forced the king to declare his older illegitimate son as his heir to the throne. This only fueled conflict in the palace, as a result of which the palace was weakened further.
While the three kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley were engaged in clashes and enmity, Prithvi Narayan Shah used this opportunity to impose an economic blockade against the entire valley region. He closed the trade route to Tibet, which passed through Nuwakot. The Gorkha army marched into the valley. On 25 September 1768, when the people of Kathmandu were celebrating the Festival of Indrajatra, Prithvi Narayan Shah won an easy victory over Kantipur.
Some historians doubt this version of the history written by the conquerors. They say that the valley was overtaken not in September but in cold December. The official version of overwhelmingly large force that captured Kathmandu is considered historically inaccurate. The truth, however, is that the powerful Pradhan courtiers of Kathmandu were promised lucrative positions in the new Kingdom in exchange for their help in killing the beleaguered king. The king realized that he had enemies galore and fled to the neighboring Bhaktapur, leaving the throne empty in Kathmandu. Upon easing his way to the throne of the Kathmandu, the very next day, he ordered the beheading of all of the Pradhan courtiers and their extended society.
Eleven days later (6 October 1768), he conquered Lalitpur. On 14 April 1769, he gained the town of Thimi and seven months later (17 November 1769) he took over Bhaktapur. In this way, the whole Kathmandu Valley came under the control of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
Prithivi narayan Shah was very effortful to have good relations with different states for making his unification campaign a success. As a representative of his father, he had a pact with Lamjung, the old age enemy. Later he himself signed a treaty with King of Lamjung through the efforts sought be Kalu Pandey. Relations with the Malla Kingdoms was also important. PNS signed separate treaties with Kantipur and Bhaktapur, which are as follow : 1) to circulate the currency of either states in both states. 2) to carry joint trade with Tibet and share the incomes. 3) to enjoy rights to depute a state representative to Tibet. 4) to allow Kantipur to use the territory of Nuwakot for trade with Tibet. (Anush)
ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNITED KINGDOM OF NEPAL
After his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley, Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered other smaller countries south of the valley to keep other smaller fiefdoms near his Gurkha state out of the influence and control of the British rule. After his kingdom spread out from north to south, he made Kantipur the capital of expanded country which was known as Kingdom of Gorkha (Gorkha Samrajya).It was renamed as Kingdom of Nepal in 1930. by King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah.
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
Floating away, a detail of painted stone and plaster work from the hugely ornate Arts and Crafts mortuary chapel at Compton, near Guildford. The whole chapel is full of imagery; the five leaf clover was something new to me, but is apparently symbolic of the harmonic unification of all elements.
I took this photo at the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) that serves as a buffer zone between North and South Korea. It has been over 60 years since the outbreak of the Korean War and the drawing of 249-km ceaserfire line from the East Sea to the Yellow Sea, which created the demilitarized zone (DMZ). Symbolizing both war and peace, and division and unification, the DMZ is the place where time has come to a stop. Today, it is hevan for rare birds, animals and plants.
Opening session. Hon. Dong Won Kim delivers his thoughts on the importance of unification to Korean and Northeast Asian peace. Panelists left to right, Dr. As'as Said Ali, Vice Chair, Nahdlatul Ulama, Hon. Young Kyo Seo, Hyun Jin Moon, Hon. Sung Tae Kim, and Hon. Eni Faleomavaega.
History of the eight outer temples of Chengde:
The Eight Temples are located in the East and North of Chengde surrounding the imperial palace complex in the shape of numerous stars, which symbolizes the unification of the Nation and friendly relationships between the various nationalities in the country; The temples stand in the North of the Great Wall and eight among them were governed directly by Lifan Court in Qing dynasty and registered in Beijing Lama Print Office, hence the name of Eight Outer Temples; The Eight Temples are the embodiment of the combination of the Han and Tibetan art of architecture; They were, along with the Mountain Resort, listed as UNESCO World Heritage site together in September 1994; The Eight Outer Temples actually refer to the historically existing 12 temples- the Boren Temple, Boshan Temple, Pule Temple, Puning Temple, An yuan Temple, Puyou Temple, Putuozongcheng Temple, Guang'an Temple, Suxiang Temple, Luohan Hall (luohan, arahat in buddhist term), the temple for praying happiness and longevity and Kuixing Attic, but only 7 them are well preserved; The Boshan Temple, Guang'an Temple and Kuixing Attic do not exist now; The Puyou Temple and Luohan Hall have suffered serious damagse and only some parts remain; The twelve temples were built under the reign of two emperors, Qianlong and Kangxi successively with 67 years' effort to be completed; Boren Temple and Boshan Temple were built during emperor Kangxi's reign, while other ten were completed during Emperor Qianlong period; These temples were mainly used by the upper classes and dignitaries of the West and North minorities of China to have an audience with the emperor; The architecture is mainly built in three stylers: Tibetan style, Han style and the mixture of the two; These ornate majestic and resplendent temples give sharp contrasts to the palace complex in its primitive simplicity with green bricks and grey tiles; The Eight Temples are ethereal examples of combination of the Han building style and Tibetan building art; Putuozongcheng Temple, the largest one in scale, was a replica of the the Potala Palace in Tibet and is nicknamed "the Little Potala"; It was constructed for the purpose of celebrating Emperor Qianlong's 60th birthday and his mother's 80th birthday; The temple is magnificent and spectacular with clinquant gold-plates and copper tiles; Chengde tops the world in many aspects! Take Puning Temple for example, there is the largest woodcarving figure of Buddha (the Kwan-yin Bodhisattva with a thousand hands in the world-wide in its Dacheng Attic); The statue of the wooden Buddha is 22.28 meters in height and 110 tons in weight; It was carved with the wood of pines, cypresses, elms, basses and firry lumbers; In 1994 UNESCO placed Chengde on the World Heritage List, and yet hardly any foreign visitors have heard of it, let alone visited it; During our visit there we saw many Chinese tour groups but the number of non-Chinese visitors was so little that we could have counted on two hands; Westerners who visit China tend head for Shanghai/Beijing/Xi’an and Guilin, all of which are well trodden paths, it is such a pity none of them visit Chengde where they would see fabulous sites and get a great deal about China’s history; China Hebei Province Chengde Imperial Town UNESCO World Heritage Site. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------
All my photographs are © Copyrighted and All Rights Reserved
This Mongolia Mongolei Mongolië travel photography photo was taken by Dutch travel photographer Hans Hendriksen. The celebration of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the Mongolian nation in 2006 represented an incredible travel photography opportunity as Mongolia showed its splendour to the world. Many events were held throughout this year to commemorate the unification of the tribes by Chinggis Khan in the year 1206. The culmination of the festivities was Mongolia's national holiday, "Nadaam", held from 11 to 13 of July 2006. The Nadaam festival is the biggest of the year. It runs for three days in all parts of the country and features the greatest athletes in Mongolia's most popular sports: horse racing, archery, and wrestling. Women participate in all but the wrestling category. The competitions take place on the first two days, and the third day is reserved merry-making! Should you want to buy a high-res file for publication, photo print or poster? Visit www.hanshendriksen.net to find all information about the author and how to order or publish his work.
Este Mongolia Mongolei Mongolie viajes fotografía foto fue tomada por el fotógrafo holandés Hans Hendriksen viaje. La celebración del 800 aniversario de la fundación de la nación mongol en 2006 representó una oportunidad increíble de fotografía de viajes como Mongolia mostraron su esplendor a todo el mundo. Muchos eventos se han celebrado a lo largo de este año para conmemorar la unificación de las tribus por Chinggis Khan en el año 1206. La culminación de los festejos fue la fiesta nacional de Mongolia ", Nadaam", que se celebró del 11 al 13 de julio de 2006. Nadaam El festival es el más grande del año. Se ejecuta por tres días en todas partes del país y cuenta con el mayor en los atletas de Mongolia de deportes más populares: carreras de caballos, tiro con arco, y la lucha. Las mujeres participan en todas las categorías, pero la lucha libre. Las competiciones tienen lugar en los dos primeros días, y el tercer día está reservado alegre toma! Si usted quiere comprar un archivo de alta resolución para su publicación, impresión de fotografías o carteles? www.hanshendriksen.net para encontrar toda la información sobre el autor y la forma de orden o publicar su trabajo.
Это Монголия Mongolei Mongolië поездки фотография фотография была сделана голландской поездок фотограф Ханс Hendriksen. Празднование 800-летия со дня основания монгольской нации в 2006 году представляет собой невероятную возможность поездки фотографии Монголии как показали его величия в мире. Многие мероприятия были проведены на протяжении этого года для того, чтобы отметить объединение племен в Чингис Хана в 1206 году. Кульминация торжества был Монголии национальный праздник ", Nadaam", проходившей с 11 по 13 июля 2006 года. В Nadaam фестиваль является крупнейшим в этом году. Она проходит в течение трех дней во всех районах страны и отличается большим спортсменам в Монголии наиболее популярные виды спорта: конные скачки, стрельба из лука, и борьба. Женщины участвуют во всех, но борьба категории. Соревнования проходят в течение первых двух дней, а на третий день резервируется веселых решений! Если вы хотите купить высоким разрешением файл для публикации, фотографии для печати или плакат? Посетите www.hanshendriksen.net чтобы найти всю информацию об авторе и о том, как к тем или опубликовать его работу.
n the day jerusalem marks the "day of Unification" (i.e. the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967) settelers from the nearby area held a facist parade in the streets of East Jerusalem. Raising signs "Jerusalem is for the Jewish", and chanting slogans such as "muhamad's dead", or "death to the arabs". Themarch passed through Arab neighborhoods, while the protestors were dressed in white carring Israeli flags. In reaction Palestinians residing in the area went out to protest peacfully with Israelis, who joined the protest in solidarity with the local residents. The polices reaction to the demonstaration that day, was brutal and oppressive.They arrested nd beat protesters, and used the police horses to scare off the demonstrators by attempting to run over them. All this taking place while he right wing protesters continued to chant "death to the Arabs" and blocked the main street, all palestinian shops and business owners in and around the old city where forced to close for most of a business day by the police so this parade will go though with no interfirence, the business and shp owners did not get any compensation .
Opening Ceremony for Dorasan Unification Platform
October 14, 2015
Dorasan Station, Paju-si, Gyeonggi-do
Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism
Korean Culture and Information Service
Korea.net (www.korea.net)
Official Photographer : Jeon Han
This official Republic of Korea photograph is being made available only for publication by news organizations and/or for personal printing by the subject(s) of the photograph. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way. Also, it may not be used in any type of commercial, advertisement, product or promotion that in any way suggests approval or endorsement from the government of the Republic of Korea.
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도라산역 통일플랫폼 개장식
2015-10-14
경기도 파주시 도라산역
문화체육관광부
해외문화홍보원
코리아넷
전한
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]
Experimenting with bringing a bit of textural unification
to the background, rather like using the old transfer based rub-on or stick -on zip-a-tone, screentone or Letratone sheets.
I did enjoy the look of Letratone, back in the day, and I'm sure I still have some boxes of the stuff kicking around somewhere.
For the young-'uns, it was a basically a transparent film covered in tiny, regularly spaced patterns of dots. It was fiddly to use. as you had to cut it to shape on top of your drawing, but it allowed you to add 'instant' texture to pen and ink drawings to provide a quite cool looking shadowed effect. Think of it as a more mechanical way to produce stippling, which is a technique that will be familiar to pen, pencil and brush users. It was particularly popular with comic book and commercial artists. Additionally, it reproduced in print very effectively.
It's a lot easier to use filters in photoediting software, of course, though it's amusing to scan old tone sheets and then apply them in the computer.
I now rather like the way that filters can produce an unplanned effect....that dark vertical edge running up from the biscuit monolith on the left side of the picture wasn't the result of deliberate decision making. In fact, I'd probably not have planned it if I'd considered it, as it looks 'odd'. Then again, things often do in the real, undesigned natural world.
As Minister-President of Prussia from 1862–90, Bismarck oversaw the unification of Germany. When the second German Empire was formed in 1871, he served as its first Chancellor, gaining the nickname "Iron Chancellor".
As Chancellor, Bismarck held an important role in German government and greatly influenced German politics during his time of service. Though probably best known for the quote
"The great questions of the day will not be settled by means of speeches and majority decisions but by iron and blood.”
Bismarck was actually very careful in creating treaties with other nations to ensure stable borders and a peaceful Europe. When the young Wilhelm II became emperor in 1888 and forced Bismarck to resign two years later, Bismarck warned him about being rash in foreign politics and correctly predicted that the Germany empire would crash again if Wilhelm II continued his rash behavior:
"Jena came twenty years after the death of Frederick the Great; the crash will come twenty years after my departure if things go on like this".
He was right, almost to the month, Wilhelm II's rash decisions caused the start of World War I which they decisively lost in October 1918 - 20 years and 2 months after the death of the Iron Chancellor.
n the day jerusalem marks the "day of Unification" (i.e. the occupation of East Jerusalem in 1967) settelers from the nearby area held a facist parade in the streets of East Jerusalem. Raising signs "Jerusalem is for the Jewish", and chanting slogans such as "muhamad's dead", or "death to the arabs". Themarch passed through Arab neighborhoods, while the protestors were dressed in white carring Israeli flags. In reaction Palestinians residing in the area went out to protest peacfully with Israelis, who joined the protest in solidarity with the local residents. The polices reaction to the demonstaration that day, was brutal and oppressive.They arrested nd beat protesters, and used the police horses to scare off the demonstrators by attempting to run over them. All this taking place while he right wing protesters continued to chant "death to the Arabs" and blocked the main street, all palestinian shops and business owners in and around the old city where forced to close for most of a business day by the police so this parade will go though with no interfirence, the business and shp owners did not get any compensation .
UNIFICATION OF NEPAL
Nepal was unified by King Prithvi Narayan Shah of Gorkha kingdom in the mid-eighteenth century by winning over other kingdoms and moving his capital to Kathmandu.
EARLY RULERS
Nepal's recorded history began with the Kiratis, who arrived in the Kathmandu valley in the 7th or 8th century BCE from the east. Little is known about them, other than their deftness as sheep farmers and fondness for carrying long knives. The Kirats ruled for about 1225 years (800 BCE-300 CE); they had a total of 28 kings during that time. Their first and best remembered king was Yalambar Haang, who is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata.
The first record of the word Nepal is found in ancient Indian annals such as the puranas from the 4th century A.D where an area known as 'Newal' or sometimes as 'Newar' is mentioned, referring to what is now known as the Kathmandu Valley. However, the area of the sovereign state of Nepal has changed from time to time during its history, expanding and shrinking in area since ancient times.
Of the kings originating inside or outside of modern Nepal, a common characteristic of attempting to unify Nepal from mostly west to east, along the southern track of the Himalayas and the northern plain of Ganges, can be identified. No Nepalese ruler has been recorded attempting to cross the Himalayas to expand their states into Tibet or China, and none has been recorded trying to cross the Ganges plain into modern India. For the most part, Nepalese rulers seem to have been focused on the territories that more or less comprise modern-day Nepal, between the region of Kashmir in the west and Bhutan in the east.
Nepal as a political region has been united by different kings of different kingdoms at various times in Nepalese history. Common tradition holds that among the first uniters of Nepal was a king by the name of Mandev, who ultimately controlled territory from the Brahmaputra River in the east to the Gandaki in the west. Recorded details of his unification, however, are scarce, and Mandev's actions and his very existence cannot be definitively confirmed. The same may be said for various early recorded and traditional (i.e. not necessarily recorded) rulers of Nepal, all of whose kingdoms apparently broke up when their dynasties died out. While records and documents of several such rulers do exist, a lack of interest has made their accessibility difficult and limited the number of translations and analyses.
KING PRITHVI NARAYAN SHAH
King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1723-1775) was born in the Shah dynasty of Gorkha on 11 January 1723 (27 Poush 1779 B.S.) After the death of Narabhupal shah on 25th chaitra he became the king of Gorkha. He ascended to the throne of Gorkha kingdom on 3 April 1743. He was interested in politics and diplomacy and had interests in both visiting and conquering other countries since his days as prince. He decided to enlarge his kingdom that was confined to the small Gorkha region of present-day Nepal and had an area of just 2,500 square km (approx. 50 km x 50 km). He defeated major principalities in wars and unified them under his rule starting from the 1740s ending with shifting of his Gorkha Kingdom’s capital from Gorkha region to Kathmandu in 1769. While he was successful at conquering the Kathmandu valley and the Sen kingdoms further east of the Kathmandu valley, his efforts were limited to the west of his homeland. He then attacked and absorbed dozens of other small principalities and gave a new name "Nepal" to his Gorkha kingdom. He was able to conquer some of the 22 principalities or kingdoms, known as the (thebaise raj-ya, and some of the 24 kingdoms (the chaubasi raj-ya), which were two sets of allies west of the King's homeland of Gorkha, in what is now called western Nepal.Soon after he ascended the throne of Gorkha Kingdom, Shah tricked his way into the royal household of Bhaktapur for a number of months. He wanted the rich agricultural soil of the valley, and the strategic point of the Kathmandu valley as a transit point for expanding trade with both Tibet and India. Then he planned the conquest of the valley. To this end, he decided to first capture Nuwakot, which belonged to the state of Kantipur, as a strategic point. He also foresaw that taking over Nuwakot would significantly strengthen the position of his Gorkha nation and weaken the states occupying the Kathmandu Valley. Nuwakot held strategic importance, as there was already a fort there, and it had remained as a connecting pass the valley and Tibet.
NUWAKOT
Prithivi Narayan was a very ambitious king. Along with the invasion of the Gorkha he wanted it to protect it from the Gorkha troops, so he started to unify the small kingdoms to be a single country . One year after becoming King, in 1744 AD, Prithvi Narayan Shah attacked Nuwakot but was repelled because the Gorkha army was not well equipped. In addition, conflicts of interest between the Pandeys and Basnets - two important warrior clans in the Gorkha palace - arose to add domestic political tension. Shah then made Kalu Pande "Mul Kaji (equivalent to Prime Minister)" of his state and thus strengthened his domestic political position. Almost a year later, on 2 October 1744, he attacked Nuwakot again and won, thus expanding the bounds of his Gorkha state.
KIRTIPUR
Kalu Pandey employed a strategy involving a blockade of the Kathmandu Valley, and subsequently took over the surrounding settlements and strategic positions around the valley. In the next two years (during 1745-46) he captured Mahadevpokhari, Pharping, Chitlang, Dharmasthali, Naldrum, Siranchok and Shivapuri. He then focused his attention on Kirtipur and Makawanpur, two palaces which were also strategic military targets. Kirtipur was in an elevated position with a fort surrounded by walls and jungles, an ideal place to make inroads into the valley. Shah thought that if he could take over Kirtipur, occupying the rest of the valley would be much easier. On 4 December 1757 he made his first attack on Kirtipur. In this war he lost his strong general Kalu pandey which was a great loss for gorkha. Kalu Pandey had told him that it was not the right time to attack Kritpur. His body was buried in Kirtipur. Prithvi Narayan Shah himself was nearly killed in the battle. As a result, the Gorkha army, having lost a great deal of morale, was defeated. It is said that as revenge for his two earlier defeats, The Gorkha army was repelled again in August 1765.
After two defeats, the Gorkha army changed its strategy again and surrounded Kirtipur during the harvest season, effectively laying siege to the stronghold. The Gorkha army also took over the nearby Balaju fort. After several months of this blockade, the people of Kirtipur could not even get water to drink and were forced to surrender to the Gorkha army on 17 March 1766. This time the Gorkha army took over Kirtipur without a fight. Prithvi Narayan Shah had his army cut off the noses and lips of all the people of Kirtipur.
Conquest of Southern Nepal and the Kathmandu Valley
As Nuwakot was a key point for Kathmandu’s trade with Tibet, Makawanpur in the south was equally important for trade with India. While the battle to surround Kathmandu was going on in the north, the Gorkha army captured Sindhulikot, Timilakot and Hariharpur in the south and southeast of modern-day Nepal before it entered into the Makawanpurgadhi territories. Makawanpur was captured after only 10 hours of battle in August 1762. In 1763 AD, the Gorkha army conquered seven other villages, including Dhulikhel and Banepa, and expanded the Gorkha state's border line further north. With this, the Kathmandu Valley was completely surrounded and blockaded. After all the four passes (Sanga, Baad, pati and Chandragiri Bhanjyang, also known as Char Bhanjyang) of the Kathmandu Valley were controlled by Prithvi Narayan Shah, the eventual lack of salt, oil, spices, and even clothes led to turmoil in the valley and disaster struck Kathmandu. When the local government failed to pay its soldiers, the morale of its military dwindled.
The king of Kathmandu at the time, Jaya Prakash Malla, then asked for military aid from the British in British India. In August 1767, when the forces of the British India arrived in Sindhuligadhi, the Gorkha military conducted guerrilla attacks against them. Many of the British Indian forces were killed and the rest eventually fled, leaving behind a huge amount of weapons and ammunitions, which were seized by the Gorkha army.
This boosted the morale of the forces of Prithvi Narayan Shah and further demoralized the kings of the Kathmandu Valley, among which was the king of Kantipur. In addition to this, the political situation of the valley, political wrangling inside the palace, and personal enmity had rendered the people of Kantipur very weak because Jaya Prakash Malla, the king of Kantipur, was of a paranoid nature, and his own brother and courtiers became dissatisfied with him. The state of Lalitpur had also faced chaos after the death of its king Yogendra Malla. Six pradhans (courtiers) then took power into their own hands, and put Tej Narsingh Malla on the throne; but the actual power in Lalitpur remained with the pradhans. In Bhaktapur as well, the palace of King Ranjeet Malla was in disarray due to domestic political wrangling. When Ranjeet Malla wanted to declare his two-year-old son as his heir, a queen (not through marriage) opposed it. This forced the king to declare his older illegitimate son as his heir to the throne. This only fueled conflict in the palace, as a result of which the palace was weakened further.
While the three kingdoms of the Kathmandu Valley were engaged in clashes and enmity, Prithvi Narayan Shah used this opportunity to impose an economic blockade against the entire valley region. He closed the trade route to Tibet, which passed through Nuwakot. The Gorkha army marched into the valley. On 25 September 1768, when the people of Kathmandu were celebrating the Festival of Indrajatra, Prithvi Narayan Shah won an easy victory over Kantipur.
Some historians doubt this version of the history written by the conquerors. They say that the valley was overtaken not in September but in cold December. The official version of overwhelmingly large force that captured Kathmandu is considered historically inaccurate. The truth, however, is that the powerful Pradhan courtiers of Kathmandu were promised lucrative positions in the new Kingdom in exchange for their help in killing the beleaguered king. The king realized that he had enemies galore and fled to the neighboring Bhaktapur, leaving the throne empty in Kathmandu. Upon easing his way to the throne of the Kathmandu, the very next day, he ordered the beheading of all of the Pradhan courtiers and their extended society.
Eleven days later (6 October 1768), he conquered Lalitpur. On 14 April 1769, he gained the town of Thimi and seven months later (17 November 1769) he took over Bhaktapur. In this way, the whole Kathmandu Valley came under the control of Prithvi Narayan Shah.
DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS
Prithivi narayan Shah was very effortful to have good relations with different states for making his unification campaign a success. As a representative of his father, he had a pact with Lamjung, the old age enemy. Later he himself signed a treaty with King of Lamjung through the efforts sought be Kalu Pandey. Relations with the Malla Kingdoms was also important. PNS signed separate treaties with Kantipur and Bhaktapur, which are as follow : 1) to circulate the currency of either states in both states. 2) to carry joint trade with Tibet and share the incomes. 3) to enjoy rights to depute a state representative to Tibet. 4) to allow Kantipur to use the territory of Nuwakot for trade with Tibet. (Anush)
ESTABLISHMENT OF A UNITED KINGDOM OF NEPAL
After his conquest of the Kathmandu Valley, Prithvi Narayan Shah conquered other smaller countries south of the valley to keep other smaller fiefdoms near his Gurkha state out of the influence and control of the British rule. After his kingdom spread out from north to south, he made Kantipur the capital of expanded country which was known as Kingdom of Gorkha (Gorkha Samrajya).It was renamed as Kingdom of Nepal in 1930. by King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah.
WIKIPEDIA
Bulevardul Unirii (Unification Boulevard) is a major thoroughfare in central Bucharest, Romania. It connects Alba Iulia Square with Constitution Square, and also runs through Unification Square. The Constitution Square end features the Palace of the Parliament.
Following the 1977 Vrancea earthquake, Bucharest's city center suffered significant damage, and a large number of historic buildings were demolished to make way for the new Centrul Civic (Civic Center; see systematization and Ceaușima). As part of the project, Bulevardul Unirii was to be Communist Romania's answer to Paris's Avenue des Champs-Élysées, with a length of 3,500 m. Construction began on June 25, 1984. Initially called Bulevardul Victoria Socialismului (Victory of Socialism Boulevard), the road is lined with socialist-realist apartment blocks of North Korean inspiration [Wikipedia.org]