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Südafrika - Tafelberg
Sunset
Down there you can see Lion's Head and Robben Island.
Sonnenuntergang
Dort unten sind der Lion's Head und Robben Island zu sehen.
Table Mountain (Khoikhoi: Hoerikwaggo, Afrikaans: Tafelberg) is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town and other local government insignia It is a significant tourist attraction, with many visitors using the cableway or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 metres (3,563 ft) above sea level, about 19 metres (62 ft) higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.
The cliffs of the main plateau are split by Platteklip Gorge ("Flat Stone Gorge"), which provides an easy and direct ascent to the summit and was the route taken by António de Saldanha on the first recorded ascent of the mountain in 1503.
The flat top of the mountain is often covered by orographic clouds, formed when a south-easterly wind is directed up the mountain's slopes into colder air, where the moisture condenses to form the so-called "table cloth" of cloud. Legend attributes this phenomenon to a smoking contest between the Devil and a local pirate called Van Hunks. When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest.
Table Mountain is at the northern end of a sandstone mountain range that forms the spine of the Cape Peninsula. To the south of the main plateau is a lower part of the range called the Back Table. On the Atlantic coast of the peninsula, the range is known as the Twelve Apostles. The range continues southwards to Cape Point.
(Wikipedia)
Der Tafelberg (englisch: Table Mountain) im südafrikanischen Kapstadt liegt im nördlichen Teil einer Bergkette auf der circa 52 km langen und bis zu 16 km breiten Kap-Halbinsel, an deren Südende sich das Kap der Guten Hoffnung befindet. Er prägt die Silhouette Kapstadts. Der höchste Punkt des Tafelberges ist Maclear’s Beacon (Maclears Signalfeuer) am nordöstlichen Ende des Felsplateaus mit 1087 m. Der Tafelberg umfasst eine Gesamtfläche von rund 6500 Hektar.
(Wikipedia)
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
A triangulation station,
also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in geodetic surveying and other surveying projects in its vicinity.
The station is usually set up by a government with known coordinate and elevation published. Many stations are located on hilltops for the purposes of visibility. A graven metal plate on the top of a pillar may provide a mounting point for a theodolite or reflector.
Trigonometrical stations are grouped together to form a network of triangulation. Positions of all land boundaries, roads, railways, bridges and other infrastructure can be accurately located by the network, a task that is essential to the construction of modern infrastructure. Apart from the known stations set up by government, some temporary trigonometrical stations are set up near construction sites for monitoring the precision and progress of construction.
Some trigonometrical stations use the Global Positioning System for greatly improved accuracy.
Although many stations are no longer required for surveying purposes, they remain useful to hikers as navigational aids when hill-walking.
FOR MORE INFORMATIONS, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINK:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangulation_station
FOR THE PLACE, PLEASE, FOLLOW THIS LINK:
wikimapia.org/#lat=41.245369&lon=9.3933534&z=12&a...
NO PHOTOSHOP, NO DIGITAL PROCESSING,
THE LIGHTS AND COLORS ARE REAL, THEAY ARE FORM SARDINIA!!!!
I had presented this photo of the tree in Chauncy Vale in Sepia with a antiqued border. After a while, I decided I did not like it as much as the colour version.
This is the same photo, which was created out of six photos, two vertical and four horizontal, basically to make a vertical panorama. Most photographers who create panorama photos render horizontal panoramas, but there are subjects ideally suited to a vertical panorama. This is one. A waterfall would be another opportunity.
The Nikon AF-Nikkor 50mm f/1.4D lens is an exceptional lens.
Maximum Angle of View (FX-format) 46° Using a bit of trigonometry and one could determine the approximate height of the tree photographed from approximately 61 metres/200 feet away. Suffice it to say it was very tall and I was standing on a footpath up a hill.
I used Photoshop to Merge the six images. It resulted in a trapezoidal shaped photo which I have cropped.
Sometimes, too much play in Photoshop or Lightroom has unexpected and definitely unwanted results, for example, the lovely blue sky became almost a teal colour. How? Why?
I created those six photographs in Raw (NEF). I did not change the colour or white balance during processing? Oh well. Best convert to a monochrome or sepia and it will not make any difference. But, I lost all the autumnal colours and earthy tones, as a result.
I sampled 12 X 18 pixel area of the sky from one of the Raw image files.
The Colour of the Sky is Red 178, Green 208, Blue 248, with an Average of 204. The Hexadecimal Code is: b2d0f8.
I used Photoshop to select the unwanted teal and replace it with the blue described above.
I removed a few spots.
This image is 20 X 30 inches. Quite large.
Personally, I dislike having to do so much processing, editing and retouching work to a photo. It took many attempts and a few days between all other activities before I finally rendered this image.
www.nikonusa.com/en/nikon-products/product/camera-lenses/...
concentric spirals, things to me that resonate, an antique periodic table of the elements, graphs of the cosine in trigonometry, the queen mab speech of Romeo and Juliet, the music of Bach, and finally the tessellations of MC Escher
Windsor (/ˈwɪnzər/) is a town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British Royal Family.
The town is situated 23 miles (37 km) west of Charing Cross, London. It is immediately south of the River Thames, which forms its boundary with Eton. The village of Old Windsor, just over 2 miles (3 km) to the south, predates what is now called Windsor by around 300 years; in the past Windsor was formally referred to as New Windsor to distinguish the two.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The Last Supper by Franz de Cleyn in the West Gallery of Windsor parish church of St John The Baptist.[3]
New Windsor was a nationally significant town in the Middle Ages, certainly one of the fifty wealthiest towns in the country by 1332. Its prosperity came from its close association with the royal household. The repeated investment in the castle brought London merchants (goldsmiths, vintners, spicers and mercers) to the town in the late 13th century and provided much employment for townsmen. The development of the castle under Edward III, between 1350–68, was the largest secular building project in England of the Middle Ages, and many Windsor people worked on this project, again bringing great wealth to the town. Although the Black Death in 1348 had reduced some towns' populations by up to 50%, in Windsor the building projects of Edward III brought money to the town, and possibly its population doubled: this was a 'boom' time for the local economy. People came to the town from every part of the country, and from continental Europe. The poet Geoffrey Chaucerheld the honorific post of 'Clerk of the Works' at Windsor Castle in 1391.
The development of the castle continued in the late 15th century with the rebuilding of St George's Chapel. With this Windsor became a major pilgrimage destination, particularly for Londoners. Pilgrims came to touch the royal shrine of the murdered Henry VI, the fragment of the True Cross and other important relics. Visits to the chapel were probably combined with a visit to the important nearby Marian shrine and college at Eton, founded by Henry VI in 1440, and dedicated to the Assumption; which is now better known as Eton College. Pilgrims came with substantial sums to spend. From perhaps two or three named inns in the late 15th century, some 30 can be identified a century later. The town again grew in wealth. For London pilgrims, Windsor was probably – but briefly – of greater importance than Canterbury and the shrine of the City's patron Saint Thomas Becket. With the closures of the Reformation, however, Windsor's pilgrim traffic died out. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in 1547, next to Jane Seymour, the mother of his only legitimate son, Edward (Edward VI). Henry, the founder of the Church of England, may have wanted to benefit from the stream of Catholic pilgrims coming to the town. His will gives that impression.
The town began to stagnate about ten years after the Reformation. The castle was considered old-fashioned and shrines to the dead were thought to be superstitious. The early modern period formed a stark contrast to the medieval history of the town. Most accounts of Windsor in the 16th and 17th centuries talk of its poverty, badly made streets and poor housing. Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Windsor is set in Windsor and contains many references to parts of the town and the surrounding countryside. Shakespeare must have walked the town's streets, near the castle and river, much as people still do. The play may have been written in the Garter Inn, opposite the Castle, but this was destroyed by fire in the late 17th century. The long-standing – and famous – courtesan of king Charles II, Nell Gwyn, was given a house on St Albans Street: Burford House (now part of the Royal Mews). Her residence in this house, as far as it is possible to tell, was brief. Only one of her letters addressed from Burford House survives: it was probably intended as a legacy for her illegitimate son, the Earl of Burford, later the Duke of St Albans.
Windsor was garrisoned by Colonel Venn during the English Civil War. Later it became the home of the New Model Army when Venn had left the castle in 1645. Despite its royal dependence, like many commercial centres, Windsor was a Parliamentarian town. Charles Iwas buried without ceremony in St George's Chapel after his execution at Whitehall in 1649. The present Guildhall, built in 1680–91, replaced an earlier market house that had been built on the same site around 1580, as well as the old guildhall, which faced the castle and had been built around 1350. The contraction in the number of old public buildings speaks of a town 'clearing the decks', ready for a renewed period of prosperity with Charles II's return to the Castle. But his successors did not use the place, and as the town was short of money, the planned new civic buildings did not appear. The town continued in poverty until the mid 19th century.
In 1652 the largest house in Windsor Great Park was built on land which Oliver Cromwell had appropriated from the Crown. Now known as Cumberland Lodge after the Duke of Cumberland's residence there in the mid 18th century, the house was variously known as Byfield House, New Lodge, Ranger's Lodge, Windsor Lodge and Great Lodge.
In 1778, there was a resumption of the royal presence, with George III at the Queen's Lodge and, from 1804, at the castle. This started a period of new development in Windsor, with the building of two army barracks. However the associated large numbers of soldiers led to a major prostitution problem by 1830, in a town where the number of streets had little changed since 1530. In the 18th c. the town traded with London selling the Windsor Chair which was actually made in Buckinghamshire.
A number of fine houses were built in this period, including Hadleigh House on Sheet Street, which was built in 1793 by the then Mayor of Windsor, William Thomas. In 1811 it was the home of John O'Reilly, the apothecary-surgeon to George III.
Windsor Castle was the westernmost sighting-point for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which measured the precise distance between the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Paris Observatory by trigonometry. Windsor was used because of its relative proximity to the base-line of the survey at Hounslow Heath.
The substantial redevelopment of the castle in the subsequent decade and Queen Victoria's residence from 1840, as well as the coming of two railways in 1849, signalled the most dramatic changes in the town's history. These events catapulted the town from a sleepy medieval has-been to the centre of empire – many European crowned heads of state came to Windsor to visit the Queen throughout the rest of the 19th century. Unfortunately, excessive redevelopment and 'refurbishment' of Windsor's medieval fabric at this time resulted in widespread destruction of the old town, including the demolition of the old parish church of St John the Baptist in 1820. The original had been built around 1135.
Most of the current town's streets date from the mid to late 19th century.[5] However the main street, Peascod Street (pronunciation: /ˈpɛskɒd/) is very ancient, predating the castle by many years, and probably of Saxon origin. It formed part of the 10th-century parish structure in east Berkshire[citation needed] and is first referred to as Peascroftstret in c. 1170. The 1000-year-old royal Castle, although the largest and longest-occupied in Europe, is a recent development in comparison. "New Windsor" was officially renamed "Windsor" in 1974.
is accessible from Junction 6 of the M4 and from Slough via a 3 mile long dual carriageway. Bus services in the town are mostly provided by First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, although a park-and-rideservice and one local route are operated by Courtney Coaches.
Windsor has two railway stations. Windsor & Eton Central railway station has a shuttle service to Slough. Windsor & Eton Riverside station provides a service to London Waterloo. Both stations were time in the 19th century, as the two train companies which owned the lines both wanted to carry Queen Victoria to Windsor, with the first line opened gaining the privilege.[8] From 1883 to 1885, the London Underground's District line's westbound service ran as far as Windsor.
Windsor has frequent bus services to/from London Heathrow Airport, Victoria Coach Station in central London and Legoland Windsor Resort.
The Windmill Tower:
The oldest convict-built structure surviving in Queensland, the windmill tower has accommodated a range of uses. Constructed in 1828 to process the wheat and corn crops of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, it had a treadmill attached for times when there was no wind but also as a tool for punishing convicts. The mill ceased grinding grain in 1845 and the treadmill was removed sometime before 1849. From 1855 the tower was reused as a signal station to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town. Substantial renovations were made to it in 1861 including the installation of a time ball to assist in regulating clocks and watches. Twenty years later a cottage for the signalman was constructed to the immediate west of the tower, with a detached kitchen erected to the south two years after that. Both were later demolished. The windmill tower was used as a facility for early radio, telephony and television communications research from the 1920s and underwent substantial conservation work in the 1980s and 2009.
In May 1825, after eight months of occupation at Redcliffe, the contingent of convicts, soldiers, administrators and their families comprising the Moreton Bay penal settlement relocated to the site of present-day Brisbane's central business district. The growing settlement was to be self-sufficient in feeding its residents by cultivating corn (also known as maize) and wheat crops at the government farm, which were then processed into meal and flour by hand mills.[1] By 1827, with a substantial crop to process, the settlement storekeeper recommended a treadmill be erected to grind the crop into flour. Commandant Logan indicated at this time that such a devise at Brisbane town would be of service and also provide an avenue for the punishment of convicts.[2]
There is little evidence confirming details of the windmill tower's planning and construction. In July 1828, Peter Beauclerk Spicer, the Superintendent of Convicts at the time, recorded in his diary that convicts were 'clearing ground for foundations for the Mill' and proceeded to dig a circular trench that reached bedrock and had a circumference of approximately 9 metres.[3] Allan Cunningham noted soon after that construction was in progress. The mill was constructed on the highest point overlooking the settlement on what is now Wickham Terrace. By 31 October 1828 the first grain was being ground at the site by a mill gang; however it is supposed that this was done by a treadmill as the rotating cap and sails associated with the wind-powered operation of the mill were not brought to the site until November.[4] Circumstantial evidence suggests that the wind-powered grinding of grain did not begin until December.
There were two pairs of millstones inside the tower, each driven independently by the treadmill and sail mechanisms. The former was located outside the tower, a shaft connecting the treadwheel and the mill cogwheels inside. Two sketches from the early 1830s show the windmill tower and its sail stocks in place,[5] while an 1839 description depicts a tower built from stone and brick, comprising four floors, a treadmill and windmill. From 1829 the windmill tower was said to be continually requiring repair, possibly because its equipment was all made from locally-available timber rather than iron[6].
The treadmill was an important component of the mill, for use as punishment without trial, and for times when there was no wind but the amounts of grain sufficient to sustain the settlement still required processing. No plans exist of the Brisbane treadmill, however, the Office of the Colonial Architect produced a standard Design for Tread Mill Adapted for Country Districts Average Estimate £120.[7] Between 25 and 30 men worked at the mill at any one time. Sixteen operated the treadmill, although as there are no plans, it is uncertain whether it comprised a standard 16-place treadmill, or two 8-place sections connected to a common shaft. Each man would climb five steps to get onto the wheel, standing on the 9 inch wide treads and holding on to the rail. The men would then work as though ascending steps to operate the treadmill. Some undertook this task while in leg irons, while the more able used one hand to hold on and the other to draw sketches of people, animals and scenes on the boards of the mill. The men would work from sunrise to sunset with three hours rest in the middle of the day in summer, and two hours in winter.[8] [9] The first casualty of the treadmill, which produced the first official record of its existence, occurred in September 1829 when prisoner Michael Collins lost his life after being entangled in the operating mechanism. Maps of 1840s Brisbane feature a rectangular structure attached to the outside of the tower, Robert Dixon's in particular showing a 6 x 5 metre structure, probably the treadmill, located on ground that was to become Wickham Terrace.
In July 1841 the Brisbane tower was reputedly the site of a public execution of two Aboriginal men who had been convicted in Sydney of the murder of Assistant Surveyor Stapylton and one of his party near Mount Lindsay. They were returned to Moreton Bay and hanged with about 100 Aboriginal people present, however it may be that the execution took place elsewhere on what was known as Windmill Hill.[10]
Indicative of the prominence of its physical position, the tower served as one of the stations for the trigonometrical survey of the Moreton Bay district conducted by Robert Dixon, Granville Stapylton and James Warner from May 1839 in preparation for the area being opened to free settlement.[11]
In February 1836 the windmill tower was struck by lightning, causing severe damage throughout, including to the treadmill. A convict millwright was brought from Sydney in June for the repairs, which amounted to a major rebuild of the structure that was not completed until May 1837.[12] In April 1839, with the closure of the Moreton Bay penal settlement being planned, the windmill tower was one of the buildings recommended for transfer to the colony. This was approved in 1840-41 but it continued to sporadically process grain until 1845, when due to crop failure, a stagnant population and the availability of imported flour, it finally ceased being used. The penal settlement had officially closed in February 1842. The treadmill operated until 1845 and had been removed by October 1849[13].
The windmill tower in Brisbane is the oldest of its type left standing in Australia and further distinguished by having been built by convict labour. The earliest standing stone windmill towers extant around the country date from the 1830s and include: one built in 1837 in South Perth, Western Australia[14]; another built in the same year at Oatlands in Tasmania which operated until 1890[15]; and another built at Mount Gilead near Campbelltown in New South Wales in 1836[16]. Most were built to process grains into flour. Other surviving mill towers are the one built in 1842 by FR Nixon at Mount Barker in South Australia; Chapman's mill built around 1850 at Wonnerup in Western Australia[17], and another built at a similar time on an island in the Murray River near Yunderup in Western Australia[18]. None of the nineteen windmill towers that characterised the early settlement at Sydney have survived.[19] Technological developments, most particularly steam power which was more dependable than wind power or that generated by convict labour at a treadmill, rendered wind-driven mills largely redundant.
After the cessation of milling operations there were discussions about possible future use of Brisbane's windmill tower. In December 1849 the tower was put up for auction and bought by a government official who promptly sought tenders for removal of it and its machinery (the auction terms required it to be cleared away by three months after the sale).[20] Ownership of the place quickly reverted to the Crown because of a legal problem with the sale, but not before some dismantling had occurred.[21] In a January 1850 article the Moreton Bay Courier continued its appeal for the windmill not to be pulled down and secured by the town, arguing that aside from its landmark and picturesque qualities it was the ‘best fixed point for land measurement in the district'. In this vein the site was the most accessible viewing point for the picturesque landscape of Brisbane and its environs. Despite earlier calls to erase evidence of Brisbane's convict past, 'sentiment and pragmatism combined to override the detrimental taint of convictism' saving the tower from destruction. The sails were still in place in 1854 and appear in a painting of the windmill completed in 1855.[22]
By 1855 Brisbane was the leading Queensland port and it became important to establish signal stations to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town, one of which was set up on Windmill Hill. This required modifications to the tower to include a semaphore station connected to the electric telegraph. Information on ships entering the river was converted to semaphore signals using flags hoisted on a mast erected on top of the tower. The renovations were undertaken by John Petrie in October 1861 to plans by colonial architect Charles Tiffin and included the removal of the windmill stocks or arms and wheels; the laying of floors on each storey; new doors and windows; a weatherproof floor on the top of the tower with an iron railing; a new winding staircase from bottom to top; repair of stone, brickwork and plastering; and the installation of a high flagstaff to fly signals.[23] The tower's renovation at this time also fitted it out as a public observatory and it became known by that term.[24] The following year it became the first home of the newly founded Queensland Museum; serving this purpose until 1868 when other accommodation was provided in the old convict barracks or parliamentary building on Queen Street.[25]
Petrie also installed a time ball on the tower to provide a reliable authority for regulating clocks and watches. It was dropped at one o'clock each day based on observations relayed by telegraph from Sydney. The time ball was replaced by a time gun in 1866, with an embankment and shed constructed to hold the gun in 1874. After 1882 the gun and shed were moved to the eastern section of the current reserve before the shed was demolished in 1908. The time gun proved useful to people as far away as Logan, Caboolture and Ipswich. The old gun was replaced in 1888 with another before a new electrically-controlled time ball was installed in 1894. This was associated with the legislated implementation of a single time throughout the colony, being designated as ten hours earlier than the mean time at Greenwich. Adjustments were made to the tower at this time to accommodate the new time ball. The roof was lowered and the flagstaff pared down.[26]
A cottage for the signalman was constructed in 1883 to the immediate west of the tower to plans prepared by Government Architect FDG Stanley and on part of the Waterworks reserve. Two years later a detached kitchen was also constructed behind it to the south of the tower. Use of the signal station was discontinued in 1921 by the state government, which then sought a new use for the structure and land. [27] Despite this the flagstaff remained in place until 1949. From January 1893 the Fire Brigade implemented a nightly observation post from a specially-constructed platform on top of the tower. This was used until around 1922.
The Commonwealth government assumed responsibility for the site in 1901 but control reverted to the state in 1908 when it was designated as an Observatory Reserve. In 1902 it had been connected to the Railway Telegraph Office at Roma Street so that the railways had the correct time for their operations. The evidence of historical photographs suggests that sometime between 1902 and 1912 the cabin at the top was increased in size.[28] The time ball remained in operation until 1930.
The site was placed under the trusteeship of the Brisbane City Council in 1922. The site of the cottage remained in the hands of the Waterworks Board and a boundary re-arrangement had to occur to allow its continued use in relation to the observatory. At this time the Queensland Institute of Radio Engineers began wireless radio and telephony research at the tower, and used the signalman's cottage to meet two nights a month. Apparatus to operate a wireless radio station was installed in 1926. The cottage was occupied on a more regular basis in order to reduce the risk of vandalism to the tower, but fell vacant. In 1926 the City Architect, AH Foster, proposed a plan for beautifying the observatory, which included removal of the cottage and adjacent sheds. The tender of Messrs Guyomar and Wright to remove the cottage, shed and outhouse for £60 was accepted.[29] At this time the stone and wrought iron wall along Wickham Terrace was erected. It was intended to add 'dignity to the historical reserve, and harmonise with the massive character of the Tower'.[30]
From 1924 Thomas Elliott installed equipment in the tower to undertake cutting-edge television research; he and Allen Campbell giving a demonstration from the site in 1934 which constituted Queensland's first television broadcast. It was considered by many at the time as the most outstanding achievement thus far in the history of television in Australia. They gained a license from the government and continued experimental broadcasting from the tower until about 1944.[31]
From 1945 the Brisbane City Council was considering suitable action to preserve the tower, which had become a popular visitor attraction. Some restoration work was carried out in 1950 on the advice of Frank Costello (then Officer in Charge of Planning and Building with the City Council), which included removal of old render and re-rendering the entire structure. It was at this time that the flagstaff was removed in preparation for making the open ground of the reserve 'a real park'. Certainly these conservation efforts considered the heritage value of the place as well as the public's use of it.
However by 1962 the windmill tower was again in poor condition. Floodlighting to enhance its appearance for tourists was undertaken for the first time during the Warana Festival five years later. In the early 1970s the Council and the National Trust of Queensland undertook detailed investigations regarding restoration and transfer of trusteeship from the council to the trust (the latter were abandoned in 1976). None of the original plans or any of the original windmill machinery parts could be located at that time. Based on these findings the National Trust formed the opinion that the building should be preserved in its present form and not reconstructed to its windmill form.
In 1982 City Council undertook some external maintenance work on the observation house or cabin, including replacement of deteriorated timber to the balcony and sills, and corrugated iron on the roof, and repair of the time ball and its mast (which was shortened by about 300 mm to remove some part affected by dry rot).[32]
In 1987 a consortium of companies involved in the construction of the Central Plaza office building offered to assist the Brisbane City Council with the conservation of the Windmill Tower. To inform this work a conservation study was undertaken by Allom Lovell Marquis-Kyle Architects, which also oversaw conservation work[33]. Preliminary archaeological investigations undertaken at this time identified the remains of the original flagstaff base which was reinstated.[34] The conserved Windmill Tower was opened by the Lord Mayor of Brisbane on 3 November 1988. A further archaeological investigation was carried out at the site in 1989-90 by a University of Queensland team, revealing clear stratigraphic layers datable to each of the key phases of use of the site.[35] In August 1993 further investigations of the fabric of the tower were undertaken to explore the extent of the footings and the nature of construction of the curb and cap frame. More conservation work was carried out in May 1996. [36]
In 2009 the Brisbane City Council received considerable funding to carry out restoration work of the windmill tower through the State Government's Q150 Connecting Brisbane project. It was intended that the structure be publically accessible to allow visitors to experience the view from its observation platform, a practice that has been commented on since the 1860s.[37] In 2008 - 2009 the Brisbane CBD Archaeological Plan assessed the area of the observatory reserve and a length of Wickham Terrace associated with it as having exceptional archaeological research potential because of the combination of its association with the penal settlement and the low level of ground disturbance that has occurred there since.[38]
The Tower Mill Hotel:
Spring Hill is Brisbane’s oldest suburb containing many of Brisbane’s oldest structures. Opposite the site of the Tower Mill Motel is the convict-built windmill tower dating from 1828 and nearby the town’s first purpose-built reservoirs dating from 1866.
Being close to the town centre, Spring Hill developed as the town developed with fashionable, more expensive houses on the ridgeline above Brisbane Town and cheaper housing on the lower slopes and gullies. As the town spread in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, newer suburbs further out attracted development and Spring Hill was, by the early twentieth century, crowded, a bit run-down and cheap. In the postwar era, as prosperity returned in the 1950s and 1960s, a wave of new development swept the city. Young professionals and artists were attracted to Spring Hill as it was close to the city centre and the suburb experienced somewhat of a revival and the beginnings of gentrification.
The increased frequency and affordability of international travel also had an impact as Australia became a destination and new international style hotels were built. In Brisbane, the traditional corner hotels lacked the facilities and accommodation standards required by the growing modern tourist market. In the 1960s a number of new hotels were built, with the Tower Mill Motel being one of the first and an outstanding example of the new modern international style.
The site of the motel was previously occupied by a doctor’s surgery in-keeping with the development of Wickham Street over time as the location of private hospitals and specialist clinics. The site was purchased by Chacewater Pty Ltd who applied in November 1964 to build a seventy unit motel designed by architect, Stephen Trotter, estimated to cost £285,000.
Stephen Trotter was born in Brisbane in 1930 and trained in the offices of Mervyn Rylance and Fulton and Collin. He gained a Diploma of Architecture (Qld) in 1954 and became a registered architect in 1955. He started in practice as an associate of Fulton and Collin in 1958. His time with Mervyn Rylance, who specialized in Old English designs, instilled in Trotter a desire to design buildings that responded to the sub-tropical climate of Brisbane. In 1962 John Gillmour, Stephen Trotter and Graham Boys became partners in the firm. Influenced by the new international styles being constructed overseas and the new engineering technologies being developed after the war, Stephen Trotter successfully applied for a Royal Australian Institute of Architects (RAIA) Sisalkraft Scholarship in 1962. His application included the design of the Tower Mill Motel in his portfolio of works as an indication of his desire to study design responses to climatic conditions. Trotter’s whirlwind three-month tour of the world resulted in a study entitled “Cities in the Sun” which identified the elements of design relating to hot, dry; hot wet, warm wet and warm dry climates in the subcontinent, Persia, Oceania, South America, North America and Europe.
The Tower Mill Motel features a striking circular form, distinctive concrete sun-shading and a restaurant on the top floor. The circular form and roof detailing mirror the circular form and detailing of the diminutive historic windmill tower across the road. Embracing the new design technologies of the international style, the Tower Mill Motel features expressed concrete floor plates and columns and concrete awnings shading the full height glazed walls. It is completely different from the international style hotels being built in the city at this time which, although featuring curtain walls and full height glazing, generally adhered to a rectangular footprint and identical room layouts.
Stephen Trotter remained as a partner of Fulton, Collin, Boys, Gilmour and Trotter until 1999. During this period he taught architecture at the Queensland Institute of Technology (QIT now QUT), instilling an understanding of the importance of the environment and energy efficiency in building design to a generation of architecture students. As well as lecturing at QIT for nineteen years, Trotter was involved in the Queensland Chapter of the Australian Institute of Architects for a number of years. Trotter retired from Fulton Trotter in 1999, however his sons Mark and Paul are now directors. Stephen Trotter also made an outstanding contribution to the University of Queensland residential college, International House, for over sixty years and he was made a Fellow in November 2011. Stephen Trotter passed away on 30 July 2015, aged 84.
The Tower Mill Motel was completed in 1964 and went on to become a destination for overseas visitors.
The outstanding innovative design of the Tower Mill Motel, not only is a unique example of a 1960s cyclindrical building that is sensitively designed to respond to the site and climate. The hotel was subdivided for 107 strata titled units in December 2002 with some being sold into private ownership and some being retained for use as hotel rooms. A recent change in ownership has seen the purchase of a number of private units to facilitate the return of the whole building to use as a hotel.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register & Brisbane City Council Heritage Register.
On Explore/Flickr Top 500, May 11, 2009
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Sometimes, construction blunders can be one of the wonders of the world. The Pisa cathedral belltower built in the late 1100s, is famously known as "The Leaning Tower of Pisa"
Though intended to stand vertically, the tower has leaned due to faulty planning -- I guess, the foundation is not good -- among other things perhaps. The tower's height is around 55 meters and leaning at about 4 degrees. Doing the trigonometric calculation (ie. Sine Law -- since sine of 90 degrees is 1 we have : 55xSIN 4), then we can say that to the top of the tower is about 4 meters from where it should be if it were standing upright (just slightly longer than 3.8 meters).
So if you stay at the lower end near the top of the tower, you can look down clearly below. Hmm... probably why Galileo had no problems doing his gravitational ball-experiments.
Pisa Cathedral Belltower
Pisa, Tuscany
Italy
Really, it's just a picture of teabags. Not of me teabagging you (which, for those who don't know, can be a common occurrence in multiplayer videogames these days -- you get shot in the face, and then your foe comes and squats up and down on said face while you lay supine, waiting to respawn; hence, the enemy is virtually teabagging you).
This is a Tazo ginger green tea.
For those who don't know, green tea actually has a stomach-upsetting side effect. For the longest time, I thought I was allergic. I'd drink green tea, and my guts would get all woozy. Then my head would follow. I'd feel queasy for a half-hour, maybe an hour, then it'd go away. And I'd stare ruefully at the green tea, and I eventually gave up drinking it.
Except, duh. I found out this is not at all an uncommon side effect. In fact, drinking green tea on an upset stomach might have you yarfing (that's a technical, medical term, "yarfing") in record time. Some people say it's the caffiene, which doesn't seem right because coffee doesn't necessarily make people sick on an empty stomach -- so, I'm going to go ahead and guess that it's the polyphenols that are doing it.
You can either drink green tea after having some food, or, if that's not possible, have a variety that includes mint or ginger -- both of these will help to settle the stomach, ideally preventing the Yarf Syndrome (sometimes known in medical circles as "The Technicolor Yawn").
Otherwise, green tea's generally pretty good for you. Its caffiene metabolizes differently from coffee, so you don't get as jacked up. It helps inhibit cancer growth. It gives you superpowers, allows you to punch cars into the atmosphere. It improves sexy-time performance. It allows you to see into the future. It lets you do 10 minutes of error-free trigonometry. It gets you drunk. It gets you crunk. It punches dragons. Green tea is great stuff.
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
Crack!
"Daddy, no!"
Leonard hit the ground hard. His cheek was set aflame, tiny droplets of red leaking from his lips. Lewis, his father, stood above him, his fist balled tightly.
"You shut the fuck up!" he yelled, his opposite hand pointing at Lisa, Leonard's sister. The girl sat crying, a fainter red mark on her cheek. "When I'm done with this little fucker, you're getting punished."
Leonard jolted up, ramming his small fist into his father's stomach. "Don't touch her!" he yelled, tears running down his swelling face. "If you do… I'll kill you!"
"Why you miserable…"
Crack. Crack. Crack.
Hours passed after Lewis' rampage. Leonard had suffered multiple injuries from the man; a black eye, a busted lip, and paintball-like bruises riddling his stomach. Lisa had taken far less of the attack, only receiving a small bruise on her cheek.
The girl was currently curled up next to him, her cheeks stained with tears. Leonard had calmed her down enough after the incident, singing her to sleep.
He couldn't sleep, however. His eyes needed to stay open at all times. He never knew if he'd need to be awake to save his sister from the maniac, so he kept awake, no matter how tired he truly was.
-^-
"I'm not playing around, Lisa," Lewis yelled, jolting up from the dinner table. "You're gonna go to that boy and apologize, you understand me? Whatever the hell he wants, he's gonna get!"
"He was forcing himself on me!" Lisa snapped back. "I wasn't going to sit there and… and let him…"
"You sent him to the emergency room cause clawed his damn eyes out, you stupid bitch!" he said, walking towards Lisa. "You're lucky he's not pressing charges, as long as you do what he wants!"
Lisa cowered as Lewis stood over her. She had grown up and learned some self defense from Leonard… but she was still a fourteen year old girl.
Smack.
Her body dropped to the floor, the mark of her father's ring now imprinted on her red cheek.
"Daddy, please…"
"You wanna be a tough girl?" he asked, undoing his belt and folding it into a weapon. "Let's see how tough you really are."
Lisa raised her arms to block the hit, but the sound of the door opening caused both to freeze.
"What the hell?"
Leonard stood in the doorway dressed in his work uniform. He was small for a sixteen year old, but his eyes were burning with anger.
"What the hell!?" he repeated, dropping the toolbox he was carrying.
"I-I-I-Its fine, Leo," Lisa said, forcing a smile. She could see the rage in her brother… a rage that wouldn't end well for him. "I-I-I'm fine."
"You're finally back," Lewis said, side-eyeing Lisa. "Find anywhere that'll be an easy enough run?"
"What are you doing to my sister!?" Leonard asked, walking towards the two. "Well!?"
"Don't try and act tough, Leo," Lewis said, turning his full attention to Leonard. "A fine, wealthy gentleman wanted to take your sister here somewhere nice. This bitch had the audacity to claw his damn eyes out!"
Leonard's head snapped to Lisa, a worried expression appearing on his face. "Blaine?" he asked, Lisa nodding her head lightly. "That son of a… I'm going to kill that sick bastard."
"The hell is wrong with you?" Lewis yelled, pointing the belt at Leonard. "That bastard's rich! Your sister passed up the opportunity of a lifetime!"
"He was trying to r-ra…" Lisa said, shuddering at the word.
"Put the damn belt down, now," Leonard said, Lisa shaking her head violently for him to stop.
"Oh, ho ho, Leo," Lewis chuckled. "I thought you'd finally gotten the lesson through your dense ass skull that you aren't shit."
"Try me."
Lewis charged forward, the belt ready to crash down against Leonard.
"Daddy, no!"
Bang!
Lisa's eyes widened, her hands shooting to her mouth.
Leonard stood firm, his right hand extended and holding a revolver. Lewis had stopped in his tracks, a trail of crimson running down from the center of his chest.
"L-L-Leo..." Lewis said, his voice trailing off as blood began to deep from the corners of his mouth.
"I told you…" Leonard started, staring at Lewis' body as it toppled over, "I'd kill you."
-^-
"There was a call reporting a gunshot from your home, Leonard," Detective Joe West said, sitting across from Leonard in the CCPD Interrogation Room. "Your father was dead when we got there, your sister with a bruised cheek, and you with a 357 in your hand. It isn't too hard to put together what happened."
"Congratulations, detective," Leonard said, clapping his hands, rattling the cuffs around his wrists, "you can do your jobs."
Joe's mouth curved into a frown. "I understand that… topics like these can be difficult to go about… especially with a stranger," he sighed, leaning forward in his chair, "but I want to make it clear, I'm going to do everything I can to help you. No child should have to go through what you have been.
"I was able to get your sister into a good home," Joe said, finally gaining Leonard's attention. "The charges pressed on her for attacking Travis Blaine weren't easy to work around, but she's in good hands."
"Who are they?" Leonard asked, sitting up fully in his chair. "What do they do? What neighborhood are th-"
"Hey, it's okay, relax," Joe said, placing a family photo on the table. "She'll be moved in with the Bivolo family. They're good people, they own a nice book store downtown. They even have a son her age."
Leonard's shoulders relaxed, leaning back in the seat. "That's… that's good," he said, eyes shifting down to the photo. "You'll make sure Blaine doesn't try anything?"
"I don't think he'd ever try anything again," Joe said, with a slight chuckle. "Not unless he's looking to be a pirate."
"Funny…" Leonard responded, a slight smile appearing on his face."Thank you, detective…"
"I wouldn't ever want one of my boys to go through what either of you are," Joe said, placing the photo back into the folder. "I'm gonna help you any way I can. I promise."
-^-
"Leonard Snart, meet your cellmate," the officer said, pushing the 16 year old forward. "Play nice… or don't."
As the cell door slammed behind him, Leonard watched as the person on the top bunk shifted, hopping down in a swift motion. The boy stood about 5 inches taller than Leonard, his mass much larger to go with it. He had short, nearly buzzed brown hair and light burn marks running along his exposed forearms.
"Names Michael, friends call me Mick," he said, eyeing Leonard down. "You look young to be in here."
"That's because I'm not supposed to be," Leonard responded, not intimidated by his cellmate's stature. "You look like you're pretty young yourself, Mick."
"Thought I said my friends call me that," Mick said, his eyes narrowing.
"Thought we'd be friends," Leonard responded, walking past Mick and sitting down onto the bottom bunk. "If not… well that would make the next couple years a lot more irritating."
Mick grunted, leaning back against the wall with his arms crossed. "So, what got you in here? Like I said, you look pretty damn young."
Leonard nodded, laying back on the hard bed. "You're right, I'm only sixteen," he confirmed, staring at the top bunk's underside. "Shot my old man… bastard had it coming, but murder's still murder."
"Hm, guess the justice system failed both of us then?" he responded, leaning his head back against the wall. "Got what the doctors call Pyromania, pretty insatiable. I tried to keep it in check, I'd make small campfire's when I could, just trying to watch the flames… wasn't ever enough."
"You end up burning something?" Leonard asked, turning his head to look at Mick. "Or someone?"
"Not intentionally…" Mick mumbled, his head hanging. "It's… fuzzy, I don't even remember what I did… I just remember sitting outside on my dad's truck bed… I remember how the fire fought the wood and danced with the air… until nothing but ash was left."
"You'd think Pyromania would get you sent to a psych ward, not Iron Heights. Guess you're right about the justice system," Leonard said, sitting up from the bed. "I take it your…"
"Seventeen… burning your family alive doesn't really sit too well with them, freak obsession or not," he said, sliding down the wall to sit on the floor. "Killing your dad… seems like something that could've been worked with though."
"It… was supposed to… there was a detective from the CCPD who was planning to help me through this, get me parole, even," Leonard explained. "I only learned this morning that his wife was murdered a week ago…"
"So the bastard left you high and dry?"
"I don't blame him," Leonard answered, looking at the small photo of him and his sister he held. "He mentioned he had kids… I commend him for putting those he cares about first in his life. I'd do the same. Every. Single. Time."
"Snart."
Leonard blinked, looking up from the glass, ball shaped object in his hand.
"Find anything useful?" Mick asked, leaning on the doorway of the backroom. "Colors and I found a couple pistols, but that's it."
"Actually," Leonard started, placing the glass object down and picking up a folder. "I think I have… the Weather Wizard."
"Mardon?" Mick asked, walking into the room and looking over Leonard's shoulder. "He didn't leave a backup of that stick, did he?"
"No… but these schematics he left are more than simple enough to read," Leonard said, flipping through the folder. "I can't rebuild the weather wand, I don't think Mardon had enough equipment for any backups… but I might be able to use these and create something just as good."
Mick snatched the folder, quickly flipping through the pages. "Simple to read…" he said, tossing the folder back to Leonard. "The first page is nothing but trigonometry. Need anything from me and Bivolo?"
"Actually… those guns you found might be useful."
"Got it."
Leonard looked back at the schematics, picking up a marker from the box and pulling the cap off with his mouth.
"Well then, let's get started."
Building Montage Song Link (because that's what would be the next section of this :P)
-^-
Roy stepped into the backroom that Leonard had been in for the past eight hours. Mick had gone in and out of the room throughout the day, but had been told to leave each time. Leonard had finished now, calling Mick and himself into the room.
"So… you made firearms?" Roy asked, looking at the two weapons on the workbench. "I think you may have… miscounted how many of us there are."
"Not exactly," Leonard said, picking up the smaller weapon, handing it to Mick. "Try it out."
Mick looked at the weapon in his hand, then to the makeshift dummy across the room. "What's the canister for?"
"Just shoot the gun, Mick."
Mick narrowed his eyes, pointing the gun towards the target. As he pulled the trigger, a funnel of flames fired from the weapon's muzzle. Mick's narrowed eyes widened, his finger leaving the trigger, watching as the dummy was set ablaze.
Roy stared in awe, not noticing Leonard pick up the other gun, firing a blue beam at the dummy, freezing it solid. "That's… an ice ray? And a pocket flamethrower?" Roy asked, looking between the two weapons.
"Mardon's schematics are brilliant," Leonard said, taking the flamethrower from Mick and placing both weapons back on the bench. "It wasn't easy, but I was able to convert his temperature technology into a cold gun and a flamethrower."
"Leonard, that's incredible!" Roy exclaimed, a frown stretching across his face quickly after his praise. "Your creativity is astonishing… but, what about me?"
Leonard smirked, walking around the room to a few stands with black cloth strung over them. "These weapons obviously play with temperature, luckily," he began, pulling off the sheets, "Mardon created a suit for himself to withstand said temperatures. He left behind the materials he used, so I did a little sewing."
Mick walked up to the all black suit with neon highlights, his eyes narrowing at the design. "You want me dressing up like a firefighter?"
"The bases he used for his costume seemed to be bunker suits," Leonard explained, walking over to the baby blue suit. "figured the aesthetic worked well enough for you, Mick."
"So you care about aesthetics now?"
"Times are changing, Mick. In a city with people like The Flash and Weather Wizard, a trio of bank robbers won't cut it." Leonard grabbed the flamethrower once more, handing it to Mick. "So it's up to you; you want the suit and flamethrower, Heatwave?"
Mick smirked, taking the gun from Leonard's hand.
"Leonard, what. About. Me," Roy said, standing with his arms crossed and staring at the exchange the two had.
"Don't worry, Roy," Leonard reassured, pulling off the final sheet. Roy tilted his head, staring at the onesie on display. "You'll be using those special powers."
"What?" He asked, stepping back. "Leonard, I'd advise you not to make jokes like that."
"There weren't enough parts here to make a third gun, so it was tough," he began, taking off a black gauntlet from the suit, "but the temperature and weather schematics were able to help me make these. Conductors that can filter your powers, all while surviving the heat of lightning, force of windstorms, and the cold of blizzards."
Roy opened his mouth, but was too shocked to speak. His eyes locked onto the gauntlet as he exhaled loudly. "A-are you sure?"
"Am I ever not?"
"Okay… but what now?" Mick said, flicking his helmet's visor up and down. "What's the plan, Snart?"
Leonard smiled, picking up his cold gun and firing it at the dummy once more. "Now? We end the Flash."
NEXT TIME: A New Year's Eve Brawl, Flash vs The Rogues!
Wernher von Braun (1912–1977) was one of the most important rocket developers and champions of space exploration during the period between the 1930s and the 1970s. As a youth he became enamored with the possibilities of space exploration by reading the science fiction of Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, and from the science fact writings of Hermann Oberth, whose 1923 classic study, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (By Rocket to Space), prompted young von Braun to master calculus and trigonometry so he could understand the physics of rocketry. From his teenage years, von Braun had held a keen interest in space flight, becoming involved in the German rocket society, Verein fur Raumschiffarht (VfR), as early as 1929. As a means of furthering his desire to build large and capable rockets, in 1932 he went to work for the German army to develop ballistic missiles. While engaged in this work, von Braun received a Ph.D. in physics on July 27, 1934.
Von Braun is well known as the leader of what has been called the “rocket team” which developed the V–2 ballistic missile for the Nazis during World War II. The V–2s were manufactured at a forced labor factory called Mittelwerk. Scholars are still reassessing his role in these controversial activities. Before the Allied capture of the V–2 rocket complex, von Braun engineered the surrender of 500 of his top rocket scientists, along with plans and test vehicles, to the Americans.
In 1960, his rocket development center near Huntsville, Alabama transferred from the Army to the newly established NASA and received a mandate to build the giant Saturn rockets. Accordingly, von Braun became director of NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center and the chief architect of the Saturn V launch vehicle, the superbooster that would propel Americans to the Moon.
Von Braun also became one of the most prominent spokesmen of space exploration in the United States during the 1950s. In 1970, NASA leadership asked von Braun to move to Washington, D.C., to head up the strategic planning effort for the agency. He left his home in Huntsville, Ala., but in 1972 he decided to retire from NASA and work for Fairchild Industries of Germantown, Md. He died in Alexandria, Va., on June 16, 1977. [Source: Marshall Space Flight Center at history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/bio.html]
Domes underlying structure is going to consist of 32 rafters layouted around circle's circumference at 11.25 degrees. Single rafter has 4 segments angled at 22.5 degrees each. This will allow to use 16 of the them to connect the roof panels/tiles and the rest to connect trims that will hide any panels' irregularities. Overall it took me several days and some trigonometry fun to figure this out but it seems legit without any stresses or bending.
Kapstadt - Tafelberg
seen from Victoria & Alfred Waterfront
gesehen von der Victoria & Alfred Waterfront
Table Mountain (Khoikhoi: Hoerikwaggo, Afrikaans: Tafelberg) is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town and other local government insignia It is a significant tourist attraction, with many visitors using the cableway or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 metres (3,563 ft) above sea level, about 19 metres (62 ft) higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.
The cliffs of the main plateau are split by Platteklip Gorge ("Flat Stone Gorge"), which provides an easy and direct ascent to the summit and was the route taken by António de Saldanha on the first recorded ascent of the mountain in 1503.
The flat top of the mountain is often covered by orographic clouds, formed when a south-easterly wind is directed up the mountain's slopes into colder air, where the moisture condenses to form the so-called "table cloth" of cloud. Legend attributes this phenomenon to a smoking contest between the Devil and a local pirate called Van Hunks. When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest.
Table Mountain is at the northern end of a sandstone mountain range that forms the spine of the Cape Peninsula. To the south of the main plateau is a lower part of the range called the Back Table. On the Atlantic coast of the peninsula, the range is known as the Twelve Apostles. The range continues southwards to Cape Point.
(Wikipedia)
The Victoria & Alfred (V&A) Waterfront in Cape Town is situated on the Atlantic shore, Table Bay Harbour, the City of Cape Town and Table Mountain. Adrian van der Vyver designed the complex.
Situated in South Africa’s oldest working harbor, the 123 hectares (300 acres) area has been developed for mixed-use, with both residential and commercial real estate.
The Waterfront attracts more than 23 million visitors a year.
Prince Alfred, second son of Queen Victoria, visited the Cape Colony harbour in 1860 as a sixteen-year-old Royal Navy Midshipman on HMS Euryalus. He made a big splash with the colonials on this first-ever visit by a member of the Royal Family. The first basin of the new Navy Yard was named after him and the second after his mother.
The complex houses over 450 retail outlets, including fashion, homeware and curios, to jewelry, leather goods and audio-visual equipment. The V&A Waterfront is also still a working harbour and fishing boats bring in fresh fish, and larger container ships are towed in by tugboats.
The Waterfront has seen development in its new Silo district, which currently houses the new headquarters of Allan Gray Investment Management at Silo 1 and apartments at Silo 2. The project was completed in 2017 with the Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa, a Virgin Active gym and a hotel in the works.
Features in the waterfront:
Chavonnes Battery
Nelson Mandela Gateway to Robben Island
Nobel Square
Two Oceans Aquarium
Breakwater Lodge (University of Cape Town Graduate School of Business)
Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa
(Wikipedia)
Der Tafelberg (englisch: Table Mountain) im südafrikanischen Kapstadt liegt im nördlichen Teil einer Bergkette auf der circa 52 km langen und bis zu 16 km breiten Kap-Halbinsel, an deren Südende sich das Kap der Guten Hoffnung befindet. Er prägt die Silhouette Kapstadts. Der höchste Punkt des Tafelberges ist Maclear’s Beacon (Maclears Signalfeuer) am nordöstlichen Ende des Felsplateaus mit 1087 m. Der Tafelberg umfasst eine Gesamtfläche von rund 6500 Hektar.
(Wikipedia)
Die Victoria & Alfred Waterfront (kurz: V&A Waterfront) ist eine Waterfront, bestehend aus einem restaurierten Werft- und Hafenviertel rund um die beiden historischen Becken des Hafens von Kapstadt in Südafrika.
Die beiden Becken in der Tafelbucht des Atlantischen Ozeans wurden 1870 und 1905 in Betrieb genommen und erhielten ihre Namen zu Ehren der britischen Königin Victoria und ihres zweiten Sohnes, Prinz Alfred, der anlässlich einer Reise durch die britischen Kolonien 1860 den Grundstein für die über einen Kilometer lange Wellenbrecher-Mauer vor den Hafenbecken gelegt hatte.
1990 lagen nach einem weitgehenden Boykott des Hafens während der Zeit der Apartheid weite Hafenbezirke brach. In Zusammenarbeit mit örtlichen Investoren begann die Stadtverwaltung, eine neue Infrastruktur zu erstellen. In kurzer Zeit wurden die alten Gebäude restauriert und nahmen ein Einkaufszentrum, kleine Museen und Raritätenläden, eine Brauerei und zahlreiche gastronomische Einrichtungen in sich auf. Darüber hinaus wurden stilistisch angepasste Hotels, exklusive Appartement- und Bürohäuser neu errichtet sowie große Parkplätze, ein Yachthafen und ein kleines Amphitheater angelegt. Schon 1995 gab es mehr als 15 Millionen Besucher aus aller Welt. Im Dezember 2003 wurde der Nobel Square mit Skulpturen der vier südafrikanischen Friedensnobelpreisträger eingeweiht.
Mitte 2006 entschieden sich die Inhaber der Waterfront, Transnet und die unternehmenseigenen Altersvorsorgefonds, zu verkaufen. Ein Konsortium aus verschiedenen Unternehmen, mit Hauptanteilseigner aus Dubai, kauften sie für 7,04 Milliarden Rand (rund 700 Millionen Euro zur Zeit des Verkaufs). Insgesamt hatten sich neun Bewerber für den Kauf qualifiziert, es wurde aber zu Gunsten des L&R (London & Regional) Consortiums entschieden, da seine Anteilseigner bereits Erfahrungen mit ähnlichen Projekten wie dem The Palm, The World und der Dubai Waterfront in Dubai hatten.
Da in Südafrika das Black Economic Empowerment bei jeder Übernahme beachtet werden muss, wurde bei der Zusammensetzung des Eigentümerkonsortiums auf die Mitgliedschaft schwarzer Personen und Unternehmen in schwarzer Hand gesetzt. Insgesamt stellt es sich wie folgt zusammen: Istithmar PJSC, ein internationales Immobilienunternehmen, London & Regional Group Holdings, und 23,1 Prozent gehen an schwarze Eigentümer und weitere zwei Prozent kommen den schwarzen Angestellten der Waterfront zugute.
Im Land wurde der Verkauf kritisiert, da die Waterfront als die Prestigeimmobilie Südafrikas gilt und an ausländische Investoren verkauft wurde.
Nach weniger als fünf Jahren wurde sie am 14. Februar 2011 wiederum verkauft. Sie ging für 9,7 Milliarden Rand (rund 980 Millionen Euro zur Zeit des Verkaufs) zu gleichen Teilen an die südafrikanische Investmentgesellschaft Growthpoint und die staatliche Pensionsgesellschaft Public Investment Corporation (PIC) über.
2014 begann die Umgestaltung eines Silogebäudes, das am 22. September 2017 als Zeitz Museum of Contemporary Art Africa eröffnet wurde.
Es gibt vielfältige Freizeit- und Unterhaltungsmöglichkeiten in einer Atmosphäre zwischen Straßenmusikanten, Laienschauspielern, Segelyachten, ein- und auslaufenden Ausflugs- und Fischerbooten sowie Frachtschiffen in dem weiterhin betriebenen Seehafen, in dem auch Werftarbeiten ausgeführt werden. Zu den Angeboten zählt das Two Oceans Aquarium. Es werden Helikopter-Rundflüge über die Stadt und über die Kap-Halbinsel angeboten.
(Wikipedia)
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
The oldest convict-built structure surviving in Queensland, the windmill tower has accommodated a range of uses. Constructed in 1828 to process the wheat and corn crops of the Moreton Bay penal settlement, it had a treadmill attached for times when there was no wind but also as a tool for punishing convicts. The mill ceased grinding grain in 1845 and the treadmill was removed sometime before 1849. From 1855 the tower was reused as a signal station to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town. Substantial renovations were made to it in 1861 including the installation of a time ball to assist in regulating clocks and watches. Twenty years later a cottage for the signalman was constructed to the immediate west of the tower, with a detached kitchen erected to the south two years after that. Both were later demolished. The windmill tower was used as a facility for early radio, telephony and television communications research from the 1920s and underwent substantial conservation work in the 1980s and 2009.
In May 1825, after eight months of occupation at Redcliffe, the contingent of convicts, soldiers, administrators and their families comprising the Moreton Bay penal settlement relocated to the site of present-day Brisbane's central business district. The growing settlement was to be self-sufficient in feeding its residents by cultivating corn (also known as maize) and wheat crops at the government farm, which were then processed into meal and flour by hand mills.[1] By 1827, with a substantial crop to process, the settlement storekeeper recommended a treadmill be erected to grind the crop into flour. Commandant Logan indicated at this time that such a devise at Brisbane town would be of service and also provide an avenue for the punishment of convicts.[2]
There is little evidence confirming details of the windmill tower's planning and construction. In July 1828, Peter Beauclerk Spicer, the Superintendent of Convicts at the time, recorded in his diary that convicts were 'clearing ground for foundations for the Mill' and proceeded to dig a circular trench that reached bedrock and had a circumference of approximately 9 metres.[3] Allan Cunningham noted soon after that construction was in progress. The mill was constructed on the highest point overlooking the settlement on what is now Wickham Terrace. By 31 October 1828 the first grain was being ground at the site by a mill gang; however it is supposed that this was done by a treadmill as the rotating cap and sails associated with the wind-powered operation of the mill were not brought to the site until November.[4] Circumstantial evidence suggests that the wind-powered grinding of grain did not begin until December.
There were two pairs of millstones inside the tower, each driven independently by the treadmill and sail mechanisms. The former was located outside the tower, a shaft connecting the treadwheel and the mill cogwheels inside. Two sketches from the early 1830s show the windmill tower and its sail stocks in place,[5] while an 1839 description depicts a tower built from stone and brick, comprising four floors, a treadmill and windmill. From 1829 the windmill tower was said to be continually requiring repair, possibly because its equipment was all made from locally-available timber rather than iron[6].
The treadmill was an important component of the mill, for use as punishment without trial, and for times when there was no wind but the amounts of grain sufficient to sustain the settlement still required processing. No plans exist of the Brisbane treadmill, however, the Office of the Colonial Architect produced a standard Design for Tread Mill Adapted for Country Districts Average Estimate £120.[7] Between 25 and 30 men worked at the mill at any one time. Sixteen operated the treadmill, although as there are no plans, it is uncertain whether it comprised a standard 16-place treadmill, or two 8-place sections connected to a common shaft. Each man would climb five steps to get onto the wheel, standing on the 9 inch wide treads and holding on to the rail. The men would then work as though ascending steps to operate the treadmill. Some undertook this task while in leg irons, while the more able used one hand to hold on and the other to draw sketches of people, animals and scenes on the boards of the mill. The men would work from sunrise to sunset with three hours rest in the middle of the day in summer, and two hours in winter.[8] [9] The first casualty of the treadmill, which produced the first official record of its existence, occurred in September 1829 when prisoner Michael Collins lost his life after being entangled in the operating mechanism. Maps of 1840s Brisbane feature a rectangular structure attached to the outside of the tower, Robert Dixon's in particular showing a 6 x 5 metre structure, probably the treadmill, located on ground that was to become Wickham Terrace.
In July 1841 the Brisbane tower was reputedly the site of a public execution of two Aboriginal men who had been convicted in Sydney of the murder of Assistant Surveyor Stapylton and one of his party near Mount Lindsay. They were returned to Moreton Bay and hanged with about 100 Aboriginal people present, however it may be that the execution took place elsewhere on what was known as Windmill Hill.[10]
Indicative of the prominence of its physical position, the tower served as one of the stations for the trigonometrical survey of the Moreton Bay district conducted by Robert Dixon, Granville Stapylton and James Warner from May 1839 in preparation for the area being opened to free settlement.[11]
In February 1836 the windmill tower was struck by lightning, causing severe damage throughout, including to the treadmill. A convict millwright was brought from Sydney in June for the repairs, which amounted to a major rebuild of the structure that was not completed until May 1837.[12] In April 1839, with the closure of the Moreton Bay penal settlement being planned, the windmill tower was one of the buildings recommended for transfer to the colony. This was approved in 1840-41 but it continued to sporadically process grain until 1845, when due to crop failure, a stagnant population and the availability of imported flour, it finally ceased being used. The penal settlement had officially closed in February 1842. The treadmill operated until 1845 and had been removed by October 1849[13].
The windmill tower in Brisbane is the oldest of its type left standing in Australia and further distinguished by having been built by convict labour. The earliest standing stone windmill towers extant around the country date from the 1830s and include: one built in 1837 in South Perth, Western Australia[14]; another built in the same year at Oatlands in Tasmania which operated until 1890[15]; and another built at Mount Gilead near Campbelltown in New South Wales in 1836[16]. Most were built to process grains into flour. Other surviving mill towers are the one built in 1842 by FR Nixon at Mount Barker in South Australia; Chapman's mill built around 1850 at Wonnerup in Western Australia[17], and another built at a similar time on an island in the Murray River near Yunderup in Western Australia[18]. None of the nineteen windmill towers that characterised the early settlement at Sydney have survived.[19] Technological developments, most particularly steam power which was more dependable than wind power or that generated by convict labour at a treadmill, rendered wind-driven mills largely redundant.
After the cessation of milling operations there were discussions about possible future use of Brisbane's windmill tower. In December 1849 the tower was put up for auction and bought by a government official who promptly sought tenders for removal of it and its machinery (the auction terms required it to be cleared away by three months after the sale).[20] Ownership of the place quickly reverted to the Crown because of a legal problem with the sale, but not before some dismantling had occurred.[21] In a January 1850 article the Moreton Bay Courier continued its appeal for the windmill not to be pulled down and secured by the town, arguing that aside from its landmark and picturesque qualities it was the ‘best fixed point for land measurement in the district'. In this vein the site was the most accessible viewing point for the picturesque landscape of Brisbane and its environs. Despite earlier calls to erase evidence of Brisbane's convict past, 'sentiment and pragmatism combined to override the detrimental taint of convictism' saving the tower from destruction. The sails were still in place in 1854 and appear in a painting of the windmill completed in 1855.[22]
By 1855 Brisbane was the leading Queensland port and it became important to establish signal stations to communicate shipping news between the entrance of the Brisbane River and the town, one of which was set up on Windmill Hill. This required modifications to the tower to include a semaphore station connected to the electric telegraph. Information on ships entering the river was converted to semaphore signals using flags hoisted on a mast erected on top of the tower. The renovations were undertaken by John Petrie in October 1861 to plans by colonial architect Charles Tiffin and included the removal of the windmill stocks or arms and wheels; the laying of floors on each storey; new doors and windows; a weatherproof floor on the top of the tower with an iron railing; a new winding staircase from bottom to top; repair of stone, brickwork and plastering; and the installation of a high flagstaff to fly signals.[23] The tower's renovation at this time also fitted it out as a public observatory and it became known by that term.[24] The following year it became the first home of the newly founded Queensland Museum; serving this purpose until 1868 when other accommodation was provided in the old convict barracks or parliamentary building on Queen Street.[25]
Petrie also installed a time ball on the tower to provide a reliable authority for regulating clocks and watches. It was dropped at one o'clock each day based on observations relayed by telegraph from Sydney. The time ball was replaced by a time gun in 1866, with an embankment and shed constructed to hold the gun in 1874. After 1882 the gun and shed were moved to the eastern section of the current reserve before the shed was demolished in 1908. The time gun proved useful to people as far away as Logan, Caboolture and Ipswich. The old gun was replaced in 1888 with another before a new electrically-controlled time ball was installed in 1894. This was associated with the legislated implementation of a single time throughout the colony, being designated as ten hours earlier than the mean time at Greenwich. Adjustments were made to the tower at this time to accommodate the new time ball. The roof was lowered and the flagstaff pared down.[26]
A cottage for the signalman was constructed in 1883 to the immediate west of the tower to plans prepared by Government Architect FDG Stanley and on part of the Waterworks reserve. Two years later a detached kitchen was also constructed behind it to the south of the tower. Use of the signal station was discontinued in 1921 by the state government, which then sought a new use for the structure and land. [27] Despite this the flagstaff remained in place until 1949. From January 1893 the Fire Brigade implemented a nightly observation post from a specially-constructed platform on top of the tower. This was used until around 1922.
The Commonwealth government assumed responsibility for the site in 1901 but control reverted to the state in 1908 when it was designated as an Observatory Reserve. In 1902 it had been connected to the Railway Telegraph Office at Roma Street so that the railways had the correct time for their operations. The evidence of historical photographs suggests that sometime between 1902 and 1912 the cabin at the top was increased in size.[28] The time ball remained in operation until 1930.
The site was placed under the trusteeship of the Brisbane City Council in 1922. The site of the cottage remained in the hands of the Waterworks Board and a boundary re-arrangement had to occur to allow its continued use in relation to the observatory. At this time the Queensland Institute of Radio Engineers began wireless radio and telephony research at the tower, and used the signalman's cottage to meet two nights a month. Apparatus to operate a wireless radio station was installed in 1926. The cottage was occupied on a more regular basis in order to reduce the risk of vandalism to the tower, but fell vacant. In 1926 the City Architect, AH Foster, proposed a plan for beautifying the observatory, which included removal of the cottage and adjacent sheds. The tender of Messrs Guyomar and Wright to remove the cottage, shed and outhouse for £60 was accepted.[29] At this time the stone and wrought iron wall along Wickham Terrace was erected. It was intended to add 'dignity to the historical reserve, and harmonise with the massive character of the Tower'.[30]
From 1924 Thomas Elliott installed equipment in the tower to undertake cutting-edge television research; he and Allen Campbell giving a demonstration from the site in 1934 which constituted Queensland's first television broadcast. It was considered by many at the time as the most outstanding achievement thus far in the history of television in Australia. They gained a license from the government and continued experimental broadcasting from the tower until about 1944.[31]
From 1945 the Brisbane City Council was considering suitable action to preserve the tower, which had become a popular visitor attraction. Some restoration work was carried out in 1950 on the advice of Frank Costello (then Officer in Charge of Planning and Building with the City Council), which included removal of old render and re-rendering the entire structure. It was at this time that the flagstaff was removed in preparation for making the open ground of the reserve 'a real park'. Certainly these conservation efforts considered the heritage value of the place as well as the public's use of it.
However by 1962 the windmill tower was again in poor condition. Floodlighting to enhance its appearance for tourists was undertaken for the first time during the Warana Festival five years later. In the early 1970s the Council and the National Trust of Queensland undertook detailed investigations regarding restoration and transfer of trusteeship from the council to the trust (the latter were abandoned in 1976). None of the original plans or any of the original windmill machinery parts could be located at that time. Based on these findings the National Trust formed the opinion that the building should be preserved in its present form and not reconstructed to its windmill form.
In 1982 City Council undertook some external maintenance work on the observation house or cabin, including replacement of deteriorated timber to the balcony and sills, and corrugated iron on the roof, and repair of the time ball and its mast (which was shortened by about 300 mm to remove some part affected by dry rot).[32]
In 1987 a consortium of companies involved in the construction of the Central Plaza office building offered to assist the Brisbane City Council with the conservation of the Windmill Tower. To inform this work a conservation study was undertaken by Allom Lovell Marquis-Kyle Architects, which also oversaw conservation work[33]. Preliminary archaeological investigations undertaken at this time identified the remains of the original flagstaff base which was reinstated.[34] The conserved Windmill Tower was opened by the Lord Mayor of Brisbane on 3 November 1988. A further archaeological investigation was carried out at the site in 1989-90 by a University of Queensland team, revealing clear stratigraphic layers datable to each of the key phases of use of the site.[35] In August 1993 further investigations of the fabric of the tower were undertaken to explore the extent of the footings and the nature of construction of the curb and cap frame. More conservation work was carried out in May 1996.
In 2009 the Brisbane City Council received considerable funding to carry out restoration work of the windmill tower through the State Government's Q150 Connecting Brisbane project. It was intended that the structure be publically accessible to allow visitors to experience the view from its observation platform, a practice that has been commented on since the 1860s. In 2008 - 2009 the Brisbane CBD Archaeological Plan assessed the area of the observatory reserve and a length of Wickham Terrace associated with it as having exceptional archaeological research potential because of the combination of its association with the penal settlement and the low level of ground disturbance that has occurred there since.
Source: Queensland Heritage Register.
Table Mountain is a flat-topped mountain forming a prominent landmark overlooking the city of Cape Town in South Africa, and is featured in the Flag of Cape Town and other local government insignia.It is a significant tourist attraction, with many visitors using the cableway or hiking to the top. The mountain forms part of the Table Mountain National Park.
The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately 3 kilometres (2 mi) from side to side, edged by impressive cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 metres (3,563 ft) above sea level, about 19 metres (62 ft) higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.
The cliffs of the main plateau are split by Platteklip Gorge ("Flat Stone Gorge"), which provides an easy and direct ascent to the summit and was the route taken by António de Saldanha on the first recorded ascent of the mountain in 1503.
The flat top of the mountain is often covered by orographic clouds, formed when a south-easterly wind is directed up the mountain's slopes into colder air, where the moisture condenses to form the so-called "table cloth" of cloud. Legend attributes this phenomenon to a smoking contest between the Devil and a local pirate called Van Hunks.When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest.
Table Mountain is at the northern end of a sandstone mountain range that forms the spine of the Cape Peninsula. To the south of the main plateau is a lower part of the range called the Back Table. On the Atlantic coast of the peninsula, the range is known as the Twelve Apostles. The range continues southwards to Cape Point.
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
First things first. I'm NOT bragging that this image is a perfect 10. I'm celebrating the fact that it took ten times to the altar to come away with the bride (the moon) standing behind the groom (the Pigeon Point Lighthouse). Mind you they are actually separated by a boatload of atmosphere and 238,857 miles - part of the reason they don't get together very often.
The other reason is that the moon is cranky. It goes through monthly cycles, is tilted 5 degrees off kilter and is eccentric to boot. All things you must know to get them together respectfully.
There is a bit of science, a bit of trigonometry, and for this particular location a healthy bit of meteorological luck required for everything to come together.
My 9 prior attempts over the last 3.5 years were litterally fogged, clouded, and rained out. But not this time!
I've been teaching a Webinar on how to get this marriage.
I blush when I read what people write about the webinar - and they come from all over. Texas, New Hampshire, California, Virginia, Maryland, Washington...
"Steven is very knowledgeable about the subject and presented the material in a manner that was easy to follow and understand."
"Steven provided us with a wealth of information to get us to start crunching numbers to figure out the best date, time, and place to catch the moon to take interesting photos as well as tips and techniques to use to capture them. He was quite engaging and provided us with more than a handful of tools to get us started. For all the wonderful nitty gritty details, I recommend that you check out one of his webinars"
"If you want to understand more about photographing the moon, this IS the meet-up to attend. I've shot the moon before but this will help eliminate a lot of the "just got lucky" shots. "
"The Web Seminar was awesome. The seminar is well structured with lots of examples. We got lots of good and detailed information from the speaker. Steven was very clear, patient and funny during the lecture. He is very knowledgeable and I am glad he is willing to share his notes with us. Thank you Steven"
About this shot It is a SINGLE shot. Minimal processing (straighten, sharpen, frame). I didn't even attempt to correct the chromatic aberration around the moon.
© Copyright 2012, Steven Christenson
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All rights reserved. Curious what "all rights reserved means?" it means that without written permission you may not: copy, transmit, modify, use, print or display this image in any context other than as it appears in Flickr.
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
Shot with a point n shoot back in 2008
The name K2 is derived from the notation used by the Great Trigonometric Survey. Thomas Montgomerie made the first survey of the Karakoram from Mount Haramukh, some 210 km (130 miles) to the south, and sketched the two most prominent peaks, labelling them K1 and K2.
The policy of the Great Trigonometric Survey was to use local names for mountains wherever possible and K1 was found to be known locally as Masherbrum. K2, however, appeared not to have acquired a local name, possibly due to its remoteness.
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Mesdames et messieurs, les Dentelles du Cygne ! (V3)
Cette nébuleuse est le rémanent d'une supernova, une explosion cataclysmique signant la fin de vie d'une étoile et parfois le début d'une autre (les supernovæ finissent soir par l'explosion complète de l'étoile, soit par l'éjection des couches supérieures de l'étoile, le reste s'effondrant sous sa propre masse et finissant en naine blanche, étoile à neutron ou trou noir). Cette supernova a du se produire il y a environ une dizaine de milliers d'années et se trouve à 1440 années lumières. Autrement dit, si elle a explosé il y a 10000 ans exactement, votre ancêtre d'il y a 8560 ans (10000-1440) en est encore à tailler des pointes de flèche en silex un peu moches (mésolithique) tandis qu'en Chine ils sont au néolithique. A la même époque, la mer monte, passant d'un niveau de -15m à -3m (par rapport au niveau actuel) et la Manche se forme. Bref, à ce moment là, dégustant un des derniers mammouths au coin du feu, il assiste à un formidable spectacle céleste, éblouissant, même en pleine nuit : la supernova dont on observe les traces maintenant.
Les astronomes qui aiment bien découper les objets célestes en petits bouts, principalement pour distinguer les parties bien visibles des extensions faiblement lumineuses, distinguent la grande dentelle, la plus lumineuse à gauche, et la petite dentelle, à droite. Oui, je sais, c'est paradoxal car la grande dentelle est la plus petite sur l'image et la petite est la plus grande ; une histoire de luminosité probablement ... La grande dentelle est composée de NGC 6992 (la partie la plus brillante) et de NGC 6995 (la partie qui rebique), ainsi qu'IC 1340, les extensions faiblement lumineuses de la petite dentelle. La petite dentelle est composée de NGC 6990 (quasiment toute la petite dentelle) et de 2 petites parties en haut, NGC 6979 et NGC 6974. Les Dentelles du Cygne ne sont pas visible à l'œil nu et à peine aux jumelles avec un très bon ciel si vous savez où les chercher (je l'ai fait le soir même et c'est parce que je savais quoi chercher que je les ai identifiées aux jumelles, sinon c'est vraiment difficile), mais la petite dentelle est collée à une étoile visible (magnitude 4.2) par un très bon ciel, 52 cygni (la 52ème étoile de la constellation du cygne), ce qui permet en se servant également de l'étoile Aljanah (epsilon cygni), une étoile très brillante, de localiser la nébuleuse, de pointer dessus (ce que j'ai fait avec un viseur point rouge sur mon appareil photo) et de cadrer la photo.
Sur cette photo, il y a également d'autres étoiles de la constellation du cygne qui sont identifiées comme 41, 48, 49 cygni, ainsi que 2 étoiles de la constellation du petit renard (vulpecula en latin ; renard = vulpes), 26 et 27 vulpeculi.
De plus, on observe sans peine à droite de l'image un amas ouvert, NGC 6940, âgé de 720 millions d'années et situé à 2500 années lumière de nous. Ses dimensions apparentes étant de 25' d'arc (1 seconde d'arc = 1/60 degré), je vous laisse faire le calcul de sa dimension réelle, un peu de trigonométrie ne peut pas vous faire de mal !
Enfin, toujours sur cette image, j'ai attrapé une galaxie qui, certes, apparaît toute petite vu la faible focale employée ici, NGC 7013. Ne cherchez pas sur l'image non annotée, sauf si vous vous ennuyez à mort. C'est un point vaguement nébuleux et allongé verticalement tout en bas de l'image, au premier quart gauche de celle-ci. C'est une galaxie dont la classification la situe entre les galaxies spirales et lenticulaires. Elle est distante d'environ 40 millions d'années lumières et fait 43680 années lumières de diamètre. En comparaison, la notre (la voie lactée) en fait environ 120000. Là où je suis assez content, c'est d'arriver à la faire sortir sur cette photo car sa magnitude est de 12.4 (donc assez faible).
Pour vous aider à vous y retrouver dans tout ça, je vous encourage à aller jeter un oeil à l'image annotée sur astrometry.net : nova.astrometry.net/annotated_full/6780553
Bon, parlons techno maintenant. Pour cette reprise de mes sessions astro, j'y suis allé tranquille ; j'ai fonctionné à l'objectif seulement ; pas de telescope. Donc, ce sont 416 photos de 45 secondes de pose unitaire (espacées de 5 secondes), iso 800, prises au Canon 1200D DP-Photomax + objectif Samyang 135 mm f/2 ouvert à f/2.8 (très ouvert donc, ce qui me vaut un léger halo sur les étoiles non centrées, les brillantes principalement), prises entre 22h34 (samedi 30/07/22) et 4h09 (dimanche 31 donc), que j'ai triées pour ne conserver que les 315 meilleures, cumulant ainsi 3h56 de signal. Le suivi était assuré par une monture Star Adventurer 2i.
Tout le pré-traitement jusqu'à l'empilement des images a été fait sous Siril 1.3 en utilisant 35/35/35 DOF.
Pour le post-traitement, la photo a subit une réduction d'étoiles. J'ai commencé par faire une starless (virer les étoiles) en utilisant StarNet V2. J'ai ensuite fait tout le reste sous Gimp : masque d'étoiles, recombinaison des images nébuleuse seule + étoiles seules, travail sur le niveau de noir / balance des blancs, ... Cette version est un retraitement complet effectué à partir des photos d'origine.
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Ladies and gentlemen, the Cygnus Loop (V3)
This nebula is the remnant of a supernova, a cataclysmic explosion that ends a star's life and sometimes sounds the birth of another one. Supernovae indeed end either with the complete explosion of the star, or with the ejection of the layers of the star, the remains collapsing under their own mass and ending up as a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole.
This supernova must have occurred about ten thousand years ago and is located 1440 light years away. In other words, if it exploded exactly 10,000 years ago, your ancestor from 8,560 years ago (10,000-1440) was carving ugly flint arrowheads (Mesolithic) while in China Neolithic yet started. At the same time, the seas were rising, going from a level of -15m to -3m (compared to the current level) and the Channel formed. At that moment, tasting one of the last mammoths by the fireside, your ancestor witnessed a formidable celestial spectacle, dazzling, even in the middle of the night: the supernova whose traces we now observe.
Astronomers who often cut celestial objects into small pieces, distinguish the bright visible parts from the weakly luminous extensions. The brightest part on the left is called the Western veil, and the weaker part, on the right, is called the Eastern veil. The Eastern veil is composed of NGC 6992 (the brightest part of the Eastern veil) and NGC 6995 (the part that bends), as well as IC 1340, the weakly luminous extensions of the Eastern veil. The Western veil is composed of NGC 6990 (almost all the western part of the nebula) and 2 small parts at the top, NGC 6979 and NGC 6974. The Cygnus loop is not visible to the naked eye and barely to binoculars with a very good skies ... if you know where the nebula stays of course. The Western veil is stuck to a star that can be observed under good skies (magnitude 4.2), 52 cygni (the 52nd star of Cygnus constellation). If you also locate the star Aljanah (epsilon cygni), a very bright star, you will be able to locate the nebula that stands between the two.
In this photo there are also other stars in the Cygnus constellation which are identified as 41, 48, 49 cygni, as well as 2 stars in the constellation of the Little Fox (vulpecula in Latin; fox = vulpes), 26 and 27 vulpeculi.
Moreover, we easily observe on the right of the image an open cluster, NGC 6940, 720 million years old and located 2500 light years from us. Its apparent dimensions being 25' of arc (1 second of arc = 1/60 degree), I let you do the calculation of its real dimensions, a bit of trigonometry can't hurt you!
Finally, I caught a galaxy which, admittedly, appears very small given the low focal length used here, NGC 7013. Don't try to look for it on the non-annotated image, unless you are bored to death. It is a vaguely nebulous and vertically elongated point at the very bottom of the image, in the first left quarter. It is a galaxy classified between spiral and lenticular galaxies. It is about 40 million light years away and 43680 light years diameter. In comparison, ours (the Milky Way) is about 120,000 LY. I'm quite happy is to get it because its magnitude is 12.4 (therefore quite low : 86000 times less brighter than Vega).
To help you figure it all, may I encourage you to take a look at the annotated image on astrometry.net: nova.astrometry.net/annotated_full/6780553
Let's talk tech now. I took 416 photos of 45 seconds of exposure (5 seconds between each), iso 800, taken with a Canon 1200D filter partially removed + Samyang 135 mm f/2 lens opened to f/2.8 (very open, therefore, which produced a slight halo on the non-centered stars, mainly the bright ones). Photos were taken between 10:34 p.m. (Saturday 07/30/22) and 4:09 a.m. (Sunday 31 therefore). I kept only the best 315 ones, thus accumulating 3:56 signal. Tracking was provided by a Star Adventurer 2i mount.
All pre-processing up to image stacking was done in Siril 1.3 using 35/35/35 DOF.
For post-processing, the photo underwent star reduction. I started by doing a starless (turning the stars) using StarNet V2. Post-treatment was done with Gimp: star mask, recombination of nebula images only + stars alone, ...
This version is a new treatment from scratch from original data.
Windsor (/ˈwɪnzər/) is a town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British Royal Family.
The town is situated 23 miles (37 km) west of Charing Cross, London. It is immediately south of the River Thames, which forms its boundary with Eton. The village of Old Windsor, just over 2 miles (3 km) to the south, predates what is now called Windsor by around 300 years; in the past Windsor was formally referred to as New Windsor to distinguish the two.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The Last Supper by Franz de Cleyn in the West Gallery of Windsor parish church of St John The Baptist.[3]
New Windsor was a nationally significant town in the Middle Ages, certainly one of the fifty wealthiest towns in the country by 1332. Its prosperity came from its close association with the royal household. The repeated investment in the castle brought London merchants (goldsmiths, vintners, spicers and mercers) to the town in the late 13th century and provided much employment for townsmen. The development of the castle under Edward III, between 1350–68, was the largest secular building project in England of the Middle Ages, and many Windsor people worked on this project, again bringing great wealth to the town. Although the Black Death in 1348 had reduced some towns' populations by up to 50%, in Windsor the building projects of Edward III brought money to the town, and possibly its population doubled: this was a 'boom' time for the local economy. People came to the town from every part of the country, and from continental Europe. The poet Geoffrey Chaucerheld the honorific post of 'Clerk of the Works' at Windsor Castle in 1391.
The development of the castle continued in the late 15th century with the rebuilding of St George's Chapel. With this Windsor became a major pilgrimage destination, particularly for Londoners. Pilgrims came to touch the royal shrine of the murdered Henry VI, the fragment of the True Cross and other important relics. Visits to the chapel were probably combined with a visit to the important nearby Marian shrine and college at Eton, founded by Henry VI in 1440, and dedicated to the Assumption; which is now better known as Eton College. Pilgrims came with substantial sums to spend. From perhaps two or three named inns in the late 15th century, some 30 can be identified a century later. The town again grew in wealth. For London pilgrims, Windsor was probably – but briefly – of greater importance than Canterbury and the shrine of the City's patron Saint Thomas Becket. With the closures of the Reformation, however, Windsor's pilgrim traffic died out. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in 1547, next to Jane Seymour, the mother of his only legitimate son, Edward (Edward VI). Henry, the founder of the Church of England, may have wanted to benefit from the stream of Catholic pilgrims coming to the town. His will gives that impression.
The town began to stagnate about ten years after the Reformation. The castle was considered old-fashioned and shrines to the dead were thought to be superstitious. The early modern period formed a stark contrast to the medieval history of the town. Most accounts of Windsor in the 16th and 17th centuries talk of its poverty, badly made streets and poor housing. Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Windsor is set in Windsor and contains many references to parts of the town and the surrounding countryside. Shakespeare must have walked the town's streets, near the castle and river, much as people still do. The play may have been written in the Garter Inn, opposite the Castle, but this was destroyed by fire in the late 17th century. The long-standing – and famous – courtesan of king Charles II, Nell Gwyn, was given a house on St Albans Street: Burford House (now part of the Royal Mews). Her residence in this house, as far as it is possible to tell, was brief. Only one of her letters addressed from Burford House survives: it was probably intended as a legacy for her illegitimate son, the Earl of Burford, later the Duke of St Albans.
Windsor was garrisoned by Colonel Venn during the English Civil War. Later it became the home of the New Model Army when Venn had left the castle in 1645. Despite its royal dependence, like many commercial centres, Windsor was a Parliamentarian town. Charles Iwas buried without ceremony in St George's Chapel after his execution at Whitehall in 1649. The present Guildhall, built in 1680–91, replaced an earlier market house that had been built on the same site around 1580, as well as the old guildhall, which faced the castle and had been built around 1350. The contraction in the number of old public buildings speaks of a town 'clearing the decks', ready for a renewed period of prosperity with Charles II's return to the Castle. But his successors did not use the place, and as the town was short of money, the planned new civic buildings did not appear. The town continued in poverty until the mid 19th century.
In 1652 the largest house in Windsor Great Park was built on land which Oliver Cromwell had appropriated from the Crown. Now known as Cumberland Lodge after the Duke of Cumberland's residence there in the mid 18th century, the house was variously known as Byfield House, New Lodge, Ranger's Lodge, Windsor Lodge and Great Lodge.
In 1778, there was a resumption of the royal presence, with George III at the Queen's Lodge and, from 1804, at the castle. This started a period of new development in Windsor, with the building of two army barracks. However the associated large numbers of soldiers led to a major prostitution problem by 1830, in a town where the number of streets had little changed since 1530. In the 18th c. the town traded with London selling the Windsor Chair which was actually made in Buckinghamshire.
A number of fine houses were built in this period, including Hadleigh House on Sheet Street, which was built in 1793 by the then Mayor of Windsor, William Thomas. In 1811 it was the home of John O'Reilly, the apothecary-surgeon to George III.
Windsor Castle was the westernmost sighting-point for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which measured the precise distance between the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Paris Observatory by trigonometry. Windsor was used because of its relative proximity to the base-line of the survey at Hounslow Heath.
The substantial redevelopment of the castle in the subsequent decade and Queen Victoria's residence from 1840, as well as the coming of two railways in 1849, signalled the most dramatic changes in the town's history. These events catapulted the town from a sleepy medieval has-been to the centre of empire – many European crowned heads of state came to Windsor to visit the Queen throughout the rest of the 19th century. Unfortunately, excessive redevelopment and 'refurbishment' of Windsor's medieval fabric at this time resulted in widespread destruction of the old town, including the demolition of the old parish church of St John the Baptist in 1820. The original had been built around 1135.
Most of the current town's streets date from the mid to late 19th century.[5] However the main street, Peascod Street (pronunciation: /ˈpɛskɒd/) is very ancient, predating the castle by many years, and probably of Saxon origin. It formed part of the 10th-century parish structure in east Berkshire[citation needed] and is first referred to as Peascroftstret in c. 1170. The 1000-year-old royal Castle, although the largest and longest-occupied in Europe, is a recent development in comparison. "New Windsor" was officially renamed "Windsor" in 1974.
is accessible from Junction 6 of the M4 and from Slough via a 3 mile long dual carriageway. Bus services in the town are mostly provided by First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, although a park-and-rideservice and one local route are operated by Courtney Coaches.
Windsor has two railway stations. Windsor & Eton Central railway station has a shuttle service to Slough. Windsor & Eton Riverside station provides a service to London Waterloo. Both stations were time in the 19th century, as the two train companies which owned the lines both wanted to carry Queen Victoria to Windsor, with the first line opened gaining the privilege.[8] From 1883 to 1885, the London Underground's District line's westbound service ran as far as Windsor.
Windsor has frequent bus services to/from London Heathrow Airport, Victoria Coach Station in central London and Legoland Windsor Resort.
plus three in comments.
thank you so so much abbi for such a sweet testimonial. thank you so much girl, i love you!
my first half decent picture of fireworks :'D
hey guys! how are you all?
so yes ive been gone for 4 weeks straight without a warning..
im so sorry. D:
so
so
so
so
oh
so
sorry.
take me back? :3
i miss you all so much and i miss everyone and everything on here. aahh such a world of inspiration this website is.
i love you all.
just an update on anything and everything-
-marching season ended last week, which basically also meant my life in school ended. haha jk. but seriously..
-our marching band competition was great :D we got like 40th out of 53rd i think.. haha.. likeaboss.
-homecoming was the greatest. oh god. ihop at midnight? i think yes.
-half way done with with first semester of school :D time flies fastttttt maaann.
-ITS GETTIN COOLD AS CHIZ.
-halloween on monday? who is freaking pumped. tell me what youre gonna be!!! im gonna be part of a mini mariachi band with my amigo :) hehe we were originally gonna be mario and luigi, but the little boy costumes were too small for us fatties. + i didnt want to spend $20 more for adult costumes so i was like screw it, mini merachi band it is.
-saw the three muskateers yesterday with my friends! it was overall a good movie but pretty cheesy, i recommend it :) and plus it has logan lerman in it. eheheheeheee. (shae. ;D)
-MARIO KART PARTY TODAY. cant you just tell im the coolest person ever...
-alright so i recently got the highest grade on a math test ive ever gotten before. xD 98% on my geometry test.. :'D and we're starting our trigonometry unit. holygeezus.
i hope you guys are doing great great great and wonderful because i know i am! try not to die for those of you who are in school.. you can do it :)
TELL ME WHAT YOU GUYS ARE GONNA BE FOR HALLOWEEEEEN! I WANNA KNOW I WANNA KNOW
EXPLORED. oh goodness thank you all so so much <3
-
if you join ill love you forever:D
Happiness.Is.You. / © All rights reserved
One for the Trig Monuments project, the Ordnance Survey trigonometry monument atop Hampshire's Butser Hill that I captured an a drive back from site on summer's evening.
cause i'm thinking of you.
you showed me how to live like i do.
if it wasn't for you, i would never be who i am.
orientation tomorrow. ick. here are the classes i'm taking:
trigonometry, earth science, US history, english 11, religion 11, painting, vocal technique and phys. ed. (i don't take a language, in case you were wondering.)
what are yours? i'm curious about the curriculum of other schools!
#fact 51: i watch full house more than any normal person should. if you follow me on twitter, you probably already knew that. ;)
De rekenliniaal is een analoog wiskundig instrument waarmee men berekeningen kan uitvoeren.
The slide rule, also known colloquially in the United States as a slipstick, is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used primarily for multiplication and division, and also for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry.
Symbols usually represent objects and give clues to abstract or supernatural events and the opinions or concepts of historical cultures. They are products of collective thinking and are the shortest way to describe something.
In the opinion of Carl Gustav Jung, symbols are not a sign of the ordinary; they are images of an invisible spirit and have a meaning far beyond themselves. When words are inadequate symbols provide there own language of communication.
Although symbols are perceivable, sometimes there true meaning is not visible.
The best way to express the intangible, invisible, fantastic, imaginative and emotional elements is by using symbols. For thousands of years it was believed, that symbols were sacred and pointed to specific situations and specific energies.
Christ taught by symbols and parables. The mysterious knowledge of the Druids was embodied in signs and symbols. The Mysteries were a series of symbols.
By developing symbolic languages, information was protected and not disclosed, thus preventing the misuse or degeneration of the information. For example, Archaic schools saw secrets and mysteries in symbols and used them, as a language of communication and these symbols remain unchanged today.
The compass describes circles, and deals with spherical trigonometry, the science of the spheres and heavens. The square therefore is a symbol of what concerns the earth and the body; the compass of what concerns the heavens and the soul.
The Cross has been a sacred symbol from earliest antiquity.. It is found upon all the enduring monuments of the world; in Egypt, Assyria, India, Persia and on the Buddhist Towers of Ireland. Pointing to the four quarters of the world it was the symbol of universal Nature.
The Temple of Solomon presented a symbolic image of the Universe; and resembled in its arrangements and furniture, all the temples of the ancient nations that practiced the Mysteries.
In our thinking we make use of a great variety of symbol-systems: linguistic, mathematical, pictorial, musical, ritualistic.
Symbols can bring people together and unite them for a cause. Nevertheless, symbols can divide and hurt. When complex conflicts escalate to the point of organized violence, the “us versus them” dynamic of confrontation can easily develop an autonomous dynamism.
What may well have begun as a simple dispute over resources or governance becomes a clash of identities; symbols of collective identity and belonging become banners of war.
We transform symbols and images projected by others into reservoirs for our own fear, loathing, and insecurity; we transform our own group’s symbols into instruments of self-justification, through which we bless our own sense of righteous indignation and grievance. Thus do we become enmeshed in a clash of symbols.
Darke Peak, South Australia
The town takes its name from the explorer John Charles Darke, who was injured in a spear attack by Indigenous people while he was climbing nearby Waddikee Rock on 24 October 1844. Waddikee Rock is a sacred site of the Barngarla people.[10] He died the next day and was buried at the foot of the Rock.[11] Governor Grey expressed a wish that some landform in the region of the grave should be named to honour him. In 1865 surveyor Thomas Evans who was performing a trigonometrical survey of the Gawler Ranges and named the 1,564 ft (477 m) high mount, 'Darke's Peak'.[12]
In 1909, another surveyor, W.G. Evans, reported that he had found bones in a grave and was satisfied they were the remains of Darke. Darke's grave and monument are located on the western side of the range, still standing as a memorial to the first European who explored this area. The memorial was erected by the SA Government in 1910.[11]
The township of Darke Peak was originally proclaimed Carappee in 1914. The town was renamed in 1940 after the peak that bears John Charles Darke's name as further honour to the explorer. A school opened in the town in 1917.[13]
Wilpena Pound.
For this northern latitude Wilpena Pound has good rainfall and a microclimate because of the surrounding hills. It was always a special place for Aboriginal people and a prized location for sheep pastoralists. At Cradock they average 250 mms annually, Hawker rises to 300 mm and Wilpena has 390 mms (15 inches in the old rainfall). Further north at Marree the average is just 136 mm a year. Wilpena Creek flows out of the Pound which covers 80 square kilometres (20,000 acres). It is 6 kms wide and 16 kms long and its highest surrounding peak is Mt Mary at 1,171 m or 3,842 feet. In 1840 Edward John Eyre and others explored parts of the Flinders Ranges but they did not discover Wilpena Pound. That was achieved by C Bagot in 1851. Bagot said in the press that there was only one ingress or egress to flat land with a permanent running creek suitable for depasturing 500 cattle. This plain was surrounded by steep rocky walls up to 1,000 feet high. The government responded by immediately sending Mr Burr of the Survey Office to the Pound for a trigonometrical survey in June 1851. Bagot gave it its Aboriginal name. The furthest north leasehold run in 1851 was at Kanyaka between Quorn and Hawker. The Wilpena run was also taken out in 1851 and originally covered 850 square miles but that was soon reduced into other leaseholds. Drs William and John Browne took over the Wilpena leasehold and by 1853 the pine slab homestead was built (demolished 1931) and shearing sheds and workers cottages soon followed. George Marchant got a 14 year lease of 85 square miles on 1 January 1855. In 1857 he employed a manager Charles Powell, whose father had planted the first mulberry tree at Kingscote in 1836, and he stayed at Wilpena station until 1882 but with various owners. By 1860 Dr William Browne held Wilpena run and he sold off the Arkaba section in 1863 before the big drought. By 1861 Henry Strong Price owned the leasehold which he tried to sell but could find no buyer. A report on Wilpena in 1865 says it covered 154 square miles and employed 19 married men and their wives, 24 single men and 41 children making a total of 101 people. Later in the 19th century Dr William Browne owned Wilpena again and the government resumed most of it in January 1880. Tourism came to Wilpena Pound in 1920 when the Wilpena Forest Reserve was created but the run was leased to graziers until 1945. At that time the Rasheed family established the chalet and all grazing in the Pound ceased. In 1970 the adjoining Orraparinna station was purchased by the government to create Flinders Ranges National Park. Finally in 1985 the government bought the leasehold to Wilpena station to add to the park. Its name was changed from Flinders National Park to Ikara Flinders National Park in 2016 thus incorporating, an Adnyamathanha word from the traditional land occupiers, into the title. The Adnyamathanha people and their sub clans have been in the area for around 15,000 years.
The Pound is a natural amphitheatre with Rawnsley Bluff at the southern end (he was the surveyor of runs in the 1850s). The Pound has a fascinating geomorphological structure. The landscape here was deeply folded with synclines and anticlines. Synclines are downward folds of earth layers with a trough at the bottom i.e. Wilpena Pound. Anticlines are the peaks of the layers but in the Flinders Ranges the anticlines have been eroded away over vast geological eras leaving rugged edges above the synclines or troughs. The trough of Wilpena Pound has a layer of quartzite, then other layers beneath that. The end of the anticline from the western side of the Pound is the Elder Range. The true shape of the formation reveals itself from the air.
I should probably have made this a DOI entry (maybe i'll re-visit it later) but for now i like it as it is, so i can concentrate on all the lines and angles (i think that might be why i made a B+W version too)
Do you belive in good or bad luck 'omens'? If so, here's one for you. This is a photograph of Venus transiting our sun. The transit event occurs in pairs a little more than a century apart. The last time it happened in our lifetimes was 2004, just before the Tsunami in Indonesia. It won't happen again for something like 105 1/2 years from now.
So why am I posting this image? For one, I think it's kind of interesting when things like this happen. But the real reason was because it took a lot of effort to learn how to safely take a picture of the sun with a digital SLR. There are a few excellent resources (below) that will help you if you want to take a picture of the sun in the future (like in 2017 when we have a full solar eclipse here in the midwest...) Best spot to view the eclipse in the world (Hopkinsville, Kentucky). Major cities like Des Moines, Chicago, Kansas City, etc will all be in the 90th percentile for "quality" of view.
The Story of the transit in ancient times
Since there are dozens of better images of this event than mine, I thought it would be interesting to share the story of the early astronomers who tried to witness this event. Some of them are quite tragic... The first person ever to record the phenomenon was a young astronomer called Jeremiah Horrocks in Much Hoole, England. In November 1639 he used a tiny telescope to view the event.
Horrocks died of unknown causes two years later at 22. Later, Edmond Halley (yeah, that guy 'Halley' of Halley Comet fame) took charge of documenting this phenomenon. In 1716, Halley called on nations to join forces and record the event from different positions around the world.
Halley figured out that the transit from different spots would give astronomers comparative figures to calculate the distance between the Earth and the Sun using trigonometry. This was the first time accurate data could be obtained for the event.
My favorite story happened a half-century later in 1761. French astronomer Guillaume Le Gentil went to India in answer to Halley’s call, but showed up late due to bad weather. He lived in India eight years until the next one in 1769, but missed that, too, because of poor weather. To add insult to injury, when he returned home Le Gentil found out that he had been declared "dead" by his wife who actually remarried and spent all of his money with her new husband... nice!
Whether you are superstitious or not, do not look at the sun with the naked eye.
Either use special solar viewing glasses (make sure they come with a CE safety mark) or use a telescope to safely project the image on to a screen.
More Information
Good thread on "welding glass" as a ND Filter
Excellent article about today's transit
NASA's live and extended coverage of the event
I shot this with a Canon 100-400L plus 2x teleconverter mounted on a 7d. It was all held in place with a Vanguard Tripod.
Quick point of scale... Venus is 23.7million miles away (at its closest point) and the Sun is about 150 million miles from earth on average. Venus is 0.9488 the size of Earth. These two figures give you an idea of how massive the sun is compared to Earth / Venus (and how far away everything is as well).
Set-up
I mounted the gear on a tripod and used gaffer's tape to attach a #14 shade welder's glass to the lens hood. If you do this - make sure you use the right welding glass. You also need to make sure absolutely no light can get in behind the welding glass. It will create relfections and distoritons.
Follow me here, too!
Mars' tiny moon Deimos in the skies over Arabia Terra, imaged by Viking Orbiter 1 on January 2, 1978. This image was made possible by the spacecraft's highly elongated orbit, which took it well above Deimos' orbital altitude of 23,500 km. Image sets like this helped track the long-term orbital motion of Deimos, as the exact location of the spacecraft was known at all times, allowing Deimos' position to be calculated through trigonometry.
This was a single-color observation, with imaging data only collected using red light. I have artificially colorized this image using a process to estimate Mars' appearance in blue and green light from the spectral properties of the light and dark and materials.
Image Credit: NASA / JPL / USGS / Aster Cowart
Large Size on Black at: 'My neck hurts, he mutters, quickly realizing a critical trigonometry miscalculation' On Black
From Stuck In Customs www.stuckincustoms.com
Kangchenjunga (Nepali: कञ्चनजङ्घा; Hindi: कंचनजंघा; Sikkimese: ཁང་ཅེན་ཛོཾག་), also spelled Kanchenjunga, is the third highest mountain in the world, and lies partly in Nepal and partly in Sikkim, India.[3] It rises with an elevation of 8,586 m (28,169 ft) in a section of the Himalayas called Kangchenjunga Himal that is limited in the west by the Tamur River, in the north by the Lhonak Chu and Jongsang La, and in the east by the Teesta River.[1]
Mount Kangchenjunga lies about 125 km (78 mi) east-south-east of Mount Everest.[4] It is the second highest mountain of the Himalayas. Three of the five peaks – Main, Central and South – are on the border between North Sikkim and Nepal.[5] Two peaks are in Nepal's Taplejung District.[6]
Kangchenjunga Main is the highest mountain in India, and the easternmost of the mountains higher than 8,000 m (26,000 ft). It is called Five Treasures of Snow after its five high peaks, and has always been worshipped by the people of Darjeeling and Sikkim.[7]
Until 1852, Kangchenjunga was assumed to be the highest mountain in the world, but calculations based on various readings and measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of India in 1849 came to the conclusion that Mount Everest, known as Peak XV at the time, was the highest. Allowing for further verification of all calculations, it was officially announced in 1856 that Kangchenjunga is the third highest mountain in the world.[8]
Kangchenjunga was first climbed on 25 May 1955 by Joe Brown and George Band, who were part of a British expedition. They stopped short of the summit as per the promise given to the Chogyal that the top of the mountain would remain inviolate. Every climber or climbing group that has reached the summit has followed this tradition.[7] Other members of this expedition included John Angelo Jackson and Tom Mackinon.[9]
Warm yellow shot back from the times where snow was not an issue and the burning august sun painted shadows on a basket ball field in Hamburg Hafencity...
Leica M6 TTL 2.0/35mm Summicron (I)
Fuji Superia 200 (C-41)
Epson 700 (scan from negative)
Windsor (/ˈwɪnzər/) is a town and unparished area in the Royal Borough of Windsor and Maidenhead in Berkshire, England. It is widely known as the site of Windsor Castle, one of the official residences of the British Royal Family.
The town is situated 23 miles (37 km) west of Charing Cross, London. It is immediately south of the River Thames, which forms its boundary with Eton. The village of Old Windsor, just over 2 miles (3 km) to the south, predates what is now called Windsor by around 300 years; in the past Windsor was formally referred to as New Windsor to distinguish the two.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The early history of the site is unknown, although it was almost certainly settled some years before 1070 when William the Conquerorhad a timber motte and bailey castle constructed.[2] The focus of royal interest at that time was not the castle, however, but a small riverside settlement about 3 miles (5 km) downstream, possibly established from the 7th century.
Windsor, or Windlesora as it was called in the 11th century, is first mentioned in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. The name originates from old English Windles-ore, or 'winch by the riverside'. The settlement had used an earlier name, but this is unknown. From about the 8th century, high status people started to visit the site occasionally, and possibly this included royalty. From the 11th century the site's link with king Edward the Confessor is documented, but again, information about his use of the place is scant. After the Conquest of 1066 royal use of the site increased, probably because it offered good access to woodlands and opportunities for hunting – a sport which also practised military skills. By the late 12th century, and the relocation of the royal household to an enlarged castle in 1110, the site was renamed Old Windsor.
Windsor Castle is noted in the Domesday Bookunder the entry for Clewer, the neighbouring manor to Windsor. Although this might seem strange, it occurred because plans for the castle had changed since 1070, and more land had been acquired in Clewer on which to site a castle town. This plan was not actioned until the early 12th century. By 1110, meetings of the Great Council, which had previously taken place at Windlesora, were noted as taking place at the Castle – referred to as New Windsor, probably to indicate that it was a two ward castle/borough complex, similar to other early castle designs, such as Denbigh. Henry I – according to one chronicle – had rebuilt it, and this followed the Norman kings' actions at other royal sites, such as Westminster, where larger and more magnificent accommodation was thought necessary for the new dynasty. King Henry married his second wife at Windsor Castle in 1121, after the White Ship disaster. The settlement at Old Windsor largely transferred to New Windsor during the 12th century, although substantial planning and setting out of the new town (including the parish church, marketplace, bridge, hermitage and leper hospital) did not take place until c. 1170, under Henry II, following the civil war of Stephen's reign. At about the same time, the present upper ward of the castle was rebuilt in stone. Windsor Bridge is the earliest bridge on the Thames between Staines and Reading, built at a time when bridge building was rare; it was first documented in 1191, but had probably been built, according to the Pipe rolls, in 1173. It played an important part in the national road system, linking London with Reading and Winchester, but also, by diverting traffic into the new town, it underpinned the success of its fledgling economy.
The town of New Windsor, as an ancient demesne of the Crown, was a privileged settlement from the start, apparently having the rights of a 'free borough', for which other towns had to pay substantial fees to the king. It had a merchant guild (known by the 14th century as the Fraternity or brotherhood of the Holy Trinity) from the early 13th century and, under royal patronage, was made the chief town of the county in 1277, as part of its grant of royal borough status by Edward I's charter. Somewhat unusually, this charter gave no new rights or privileges to Windsor but probably codified the rights which it had enjoyed for many years. Windsor's position as chief town of Berkshire was short-lived, however, as people found it difficult to reach. Wallingford took over this position in the early 14th century. As a self-governing town Windsor enjoyed a number of freedoms unavailable to other towns, including the right to hold its own borough court, the right of membership (or 'freedom') and some financial independence. The town accounts of the 16th century survive in part, although most of the once substantial borough archive dating back to the 12th century was destroyed, probably in the late 17th century.
The Last Supper by Franz de Cleyn in the West Gallery of Windsor parish church of St John The Baptist.[3]
New Windsor was a nationally significant town in the Middle Ages, certainly one of the fifty wealthiest towns in the country by 1332. Its prosperity came from its close association with the royal household. The repeated investment in the castle brought London merchants (goldsmiths, vintners, spicers and mercers) to the town in the late 13th century and provided much employment for townsmen. The development of the castle under Edward III, between 1350–68, was the largest secular building project in England of the Middle Ages, and many Windsor people worked on this project, again bringing great wealth to the town. Although the Black Death in 1348 had reduced some towns' populations by up to 50%, in Windsor the building projects of Edward III brought money to the town, and possibly its population doubled: this was a 'boom' time for the local economy. People came to the town from every part of the country, and from continental Europe. The poet Geoffrey Chaucerheld the honorific post of 'Clerk of the Works' at Windsor Castle in 1391.
The development of the castle continued in the late 15th century with the rebuilding of St George's Chapel. With this Windsor became a major pilgrimage destination, particularly for Londoners. Pilgrims came to touch the royal shrine of the murdered Henry VI, the fragment of the True Cross and other important relics. Visits to the chapel were probably combined with a visit to the important nearby Marian shrine and college at Eton, founded by Henry VI in 1440, and dedicated to the Assumption; which is now better known as Eton College. Pilgrims came with substantial sums to spend. From perhaps two or three named inns in the late 15th century, some 30 can be identified a century later. The town again grew in wealth. For London pilgrims, Windsor was probably – but briefly – of greater importance than Canterbury and the shrine of the City's patron Saint Thomas Becket. With the closures of the Reformation, however, Windsor's pilgrim traffic died out. Henry VIII was buried in St George's Chapel in 1547, next to Jane Seymour, the mother of his only legitimate son, Edward (Edward VI). Henry, the founder of the Church of England, may have wanted to benefit from the stream of Catholic pilgrims coming to the town. His will gives that impression.
The town began to stagnate about ten years after the Reformation. The castle was considered old-fashioned and shrines to the dead were thought to be superstitious. The early modern period formed a stark contrast to the medieval history of the town. Most accounts of Windsor in the 16th and 17th centuries talk of its poverty, badly made streets and poor housing. Shakespeare's play The Merry Wives of Windsor is set in Windsor and contains many references to parts of the town and the surrounding countryside. Shakespeare must have walked the town's streets, near the castle and river, much as people still do. The play may have been written in the Garter Inn, opposite the Castle, but this was destroyed by fire in the late 17th century. The long-standing – and famous – courtesan of king Charles II, Nell Gwyn, was given a house on St Albans Street: Burford House (now part of the Royal Mews). Her residence in this house, as far as it is possible to tell, was brief. Only one of her letters addressed from Burford House survives: it was probably intended as a legacy for her illegitimate son, the Earl of Burford, later the Duke of St Albans.
Windsor was garrisoned by Colonel Venn during the English Civil War. Later it became the home of the New Model Army when Venn had left the castle in 1645. Despite its royal dependence, like many commercial centres, Windsor was a Parliamentarian town. Charles Iwas buried without ceremony in St George's Chapel after his execution at Whitehall in 1649. The present Guildhall, built in 1680–91, replaced an earlier market house that had been built on the same site around 1580, as well as the old guildhall, which faced the castle and had been built around 1350. The contraction in the number of old public buildings speaks of a town 'clearing the decks', ready for a renewed period of prosperity with Charles II's return to the Castle. But his successors did not use the place, and as the town was short of money, the planned new civic buildings did not appear. The town continued in poverty until the mid 19th century.
In 1652 the largest house in Windsor Great Park was built on land which Oliver Cromwell had appropriated from the Crown. Now known as Cumberland Lodge after the Duke of Cumberland's residence there in the mid 18th century, the house was variously known as Byfield House, New Lodge, Ranger's Lodge, Windsor Lodge and Great Lodge.
In 1778, there was a resumption of the royal presence, with George III at the Queen's Lodge and, from 1804, at the castle. This started a period of new development in Windsor, with the building of two army barracks. However the associated large numbers of soldiers led to a major prostitution problem by 1830, in a town where the number of streets had little changed since 1530. In the 18th c. the town traded with London selling the Windsor Chair which was actually made in Buckinghamshire.
A number of fine houses were built in this period, including Hadleigh House on Sheet Street, which was built in 1793 by the then Mayor of Windsor, William Thomas. In 1811 it was the home of John O'Reilly, the apothecary-surgeon to George III.
Windsor Castle was the westernmost sighting-point for the Anglo-French Survey (1784–1790), which measured the precise distance between the Royal Greenwich Observatory and the Paris Observatory by trigonometry. Windsor was used because of its relative proximity to the base-line of the survey at Hounslow Heath.
The substantial redevelopment of the castle in the subsequent decade and Queen Victoria's residence from 1840, as well as the coming of two railways in 1849, signalled the most dramatic changes in the town's history. These events catapulted the town from a sleepy medieval has-been to the centre of empire – many European crowned heads of state came to Windsor to visit the Queen throughout the rest of the 19th century. Unfortunately, excessive redevelopment and 'refurbishment' of Windsor's medieval fabric at this time resulted in widespread destruction of the old town, including the demolition of the old parish church of St John the Baptist in 1820. The original had been built around 1135.
Most of the current town's streets date from the mid to late 19th century.[5] However the main street, Peascod Street (pronunciation: /ˈpɛskɒd/) is very ancient, predating the castle by many years, and probably of Saxon origin. It formed part of the 10th-century parish structure in east Berkshire[citation needed] and is first referred to as Peascroftstret in c. 1170. The 1000-year-old royal Castle, although the largest and longest-occupied in Europe, is a recent development in comparison. "New Windsor" was officially renamed "Windsor" in 1974.
is accessible from Junction 6 of the M4 and from Slough via a 3 mile long dual carriageway. Bus services in the town are mostly provided by First Berkshire & The Thames Valley, although a park-and-rideservice and one local route are operated by Courtney Coaches.
Windsor has two railway stations. Windsor & Eton Central railway station has a shuttle service to Slough. Windsor & Eton Riverside station provides a service to London Waterloo. Both stations were time in the 19th century, as the two train companies which owned the lines both wanted to carry Queen Victoria to Windsor, with the first line opened gaining the privilege.[8] From 1883 to 1885, the London Underground's District line's westbound service ran as far as Windsor.
Windsor has frequent bus services to/from London Heathrow Airport, Victoria Coach Station in central London and Legoland Windsor Resort.
Rime ice clings to a trig beacon at Mt Holdsworth after a winter storm. At 1470 m, this is one of the higher, yet more accessible peaks in the Tararua Range. The beacon itself is about 4 m tall.
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Mount Trickett is a mountain located on the Great Dividing Range six kilometres west of Jenolan Caves and can be seen from the nearby Jenolan-Oberon Road. The 'summit' or the area generally known as Mount Trickett is topped by a high tower, and stands over 500 metres above Jenolan Caves in the valley below. The tower location (around 1349m and called "The Porcupine") is not actually Mount Trickett or indeed the highest point. The true location of Mount Trickett is approximately 800 metres further west along Edith road where it reaches an altitude of 1362 metres.
Snowfalls are relatively common on Mount Trickett from autumn through to spring with perhaps ten to fifteen falls per season. Five or six of these snowfalls are typically heavy enough to close the roads near the summit. Icy roads during the colder months can also make travel in the area hazardous although it is usually navigable by 2WD vehicles. Particularly strong cold outbreaks make an approach from the Jenolan Caves side quite risky and the Oberon road is preferred. There is a non-descript gravel turnoff that leads you to a brick building at the summit with a sign that says "Navigational Facility".
Mount Trickett may have been named after Oliver Trickett, as he visited Jenolan Caves and was a surveyor for the NSW Department of Lands. There are no survey control marks (including trigonometrical stations) located at the summit of Mount Trickett.