Well, 40 HP is still speed...right...

Lowbridge RLH65 arriving at Upminster Station terminus of route 248. 12th.June 1967.

Teenagers doing what teenagers do

Desde el portezuelo al sur del volcán Chillán, en las nacientes del valle del río Diguillín.

 

Pink Floyd Pigs live Oakland 1977

 

Región del Biobío, Chile central.

Terme del Corallo - Livorno

Seen at the end of term, resting after a long shift.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean

   

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's oceanic divisions. With a total area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi),[1] it covers approximately 20% of the Earth's surface and about 26% of its water surface area. The first part of its name refers to Atlas of Greek mythology, making the Atlantic the "Sea of Atlas".

The oldest known mention of "Atlantic" is in The Histories of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): Atlantis thalassa (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: Sea of Atlas); see also: Atlas Mountains. The term Ethiopic Ocean, derived from Ethiopia, was applied to the southern Atlantic ocean as late as the mid-19th century.[2] Before Europeans discovered other oceans, the term "ocean" itself was synonymous with the waters beyond the Strait of Gibraltar that we now know as the Atlantic. The early Greeks believed this ocean to be a gigantic river encircling the world.

The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean (which is sometimes considered a sea of the Atlantic), to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south. (Other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica.) The equator subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean.

   

Geography

 

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. To the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe; the Strait of Gibraltar (where it connects with the Mediterranean Sea–one of its marginal seas–and, in turn, the Black Sea, both of which also touch upon Asia) and Africa.

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. Some authorities show it extending south to Antarctica, while others show it bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean.[3]

In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. The man-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific. Besides those mentioned, other large bodies of water adjacent to the Atlantic are the Caribbean Sea; the Gulf of Mexico; Hudson Bay; the Arctic Ocean; the Mediterranean Sea; the North Sea; the Baltic Sea and the Celtic Sea.

Covering approximately 22% of Earth's surface, the Atlantic is second in size to the Pacific. With its adjacent seas, it occupies an area of about 106,400,000 square kilometres (41,100,000 sq mi);[1] without them, it has an area of 82,400,000 square kilometres (31,800,000 sq mi). The land that drains into the Atlantic covers four times that of either the Pacific or Indian oceans. The volume of the Atlantic with its adjacent seas is 354,700,000 cubic kilometers (85,100,000 cu mi) and without them 323,600,000 cubic kilometres (77,640,000 cu mi).

The average depth of the Atlantic, with its adjacent seas, is 3,339 metres (1,826 fathoms; 10,950 ft); without them it is 3,926 metres (2,147 fathoms; 12,880 ft). The greatest depth, Milwaukee Deep with 8,380 metres (4,580 fathoms; 27,500 ft), is in the Puerto Rico Trench. The Atlantic's width varies from 1,538 nautical miles (2,848 km; 1,770 mi) between Brazil and Sierra Leone to over 3,450 nautical miles (6,400 km; 4,000 mi) in the south

  

Cultural significance

 

Transatlantic travel played a major role in the expansion of Western civilization into the Americas. It is the Atlantic that separates the "Old World" from the "New World". In modern times, some idioms refer to the ocean in a humorously diminutive way as the Pond, describing both the geographical and cultural divide between North America and Europe, in particular between the English-speaking nations of both continents. Many British people refer to the United States and Canada as "across the pond", and vice versa

   

Ocean bottom

 

The principal feature of the bathymetry (bottom topography) is a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.[5] It extends from Iceland in the north to approximately 58° South latitude, reaching a maximum width of about 860 nautical miles (1,590 km; 990 mi). A great rift valley also extends along the ridge over most of its length. The depth of water at the apex of the ridge is less than 2,700 metres (1,500 fathoms; 8,900 ft) in most places, while the bottom of the ridge is three times as deep. Several peaks rise above the water and form islands.[6] The South Atlantic Ocean has an additional submarine ridge, the Walvis Ridge.[7]

The Mid-Atlantic Ridge separates the Atlantic Ocean into two large troughs with depths from 3,700–5,500 metres (2,000–3,000 fathoms; 12,000–18,000 ft). Transverse ridges running between the continents and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge divide the ocean floor into numerous basins. Some of the larger basins are the Blake, Guiana, North American, Cape Verde, and Canaries basins in the North Atlantic. The largest South Atlantic basins are the Angola, Cape, Argentina, and Brazil basins.

The deep ocean floor is thought to be fairly flat with occasional deeps, abyssal plains, trenches, seamounts, basins, plateaus, canyons, and some guyots. Various shelves along the margins of the continents constitute about 11% of the bottom topography with few deep channels cut across the continental rise.

 

Ocean floor trenches and seamounts:

•Puerto Rico Trench, in the North Atlantic, is the deepest trench at 8,605 metres (4,705 fathoms; 28,230 ft)[8]

•Laurentian Abyss is found off the eastern coast of Canada

•South Sandwich Trench reaches a depth of 8,428 metres (4,608 fathoms; 27,650 ft)

•Romanche Trench is located near the equator and reaches a depth of about 7,454 metres (4,076 fathoms; 24,460 ft).

 

Ocean sediments are composed of:

•Terrigenous deposits with land origins, consisting of sand, mud, and rock particles formed by erosion, weathering, and volcanic activity on land washed to sea. These materials are found mostly on the continental shelves and are thickest near large river mouths or off desert coasts.

•Pelagic deposits, which contain the remains of organisms that sink to the ocean floor, include red clays and Globigerina, pteropod, and siliceous oozes. Covering most of the ocean floor and ranging in thickness from 60–3,300 metres (33–1,800 fathoms; 200–11,000 ft) they are thickest in the convergence belts, notably at the Hamilton Ridge and in upwelling zones.

•Authigenic deposits consist of such materials as manganese nodules. They occur where sedimentation proceeds slowly or where currents sort the deposits, such as in the Hewett Curve.

  

Water characteristics

 

On average, the Atlantic is the saltiest major ocean; surface water salinity in the open ocean ranges from 33 to 37 parts per thousand (3.3 – 3.7%) by mass and varies with latitude and season. Evaporation, precipitation, river inflow and sea ice melting influence surface salinity values. Although the lowest salinity values are just north of the equator (because of heavy tropical rainfall), in general the lowest values are in the high latitudes and along coasts where large rivers enter. Maximum salinity values occur at about 25° north and south, in subtropical regions with low rainfall and high evaporation.

Surface water temperatures, which vary with latitude, current systems, and season and reflect the latitudinal distribution of solar energy, range from below −2 °C (28 °F). Maximum temperatures occur north of the equator, and minimum values are found in the polar regions. In the middle latitudes, the area of maximum temperature variations, values may vary by 7–8 °C (12–15 °F).

The Atlantic Ocean consists of four major water masses. The North and South Atlantic central waters make up the surface. The sub-Antarctic intermediate water extends to depths of 1,000 metres (550 fathoms; 3,300 ft). The North Atlantic Deep Water reaches depths of as much as 4,000 metres (2,200 fathoms; 13,000 ft). The Antarctic Bottom Water occupies ocean basins at depths greater than 4,000 metres.

Within the North Atlantic, ocean currents isolate the Sargasso Sea, a large elongated body of water, with above average salinity. The Sargasso Sea contains large amounts of seaweed and is also the spawning ground for both the European eel and the American eel.

The Coriolis effect circulates North Atlantic water in a clockwise direction, whereas South Atlantic water circulates counter-clockwise. The south tides in the Atlantic Ocean are semi-diurnal; that is, two high tides occur during each 24 lunar hours. In latitudes above 40° North some east-west oscillation occurs.

   

Climate

 

Climate is influenced by the temperatures of the surface waters and water currents as well as winds. Because of the ocean's great capacity to store and release heat, maritime climates are more moderate and have less extreme seasonal variations than inland climates. Precipitation can be approximated from coastal weather data and air temperature from water temperatures.

The oceans are the major source of the atmospheric moisture that is obtained through evaporation. Climatic zones vary with latitude; the warmest zones stretch across the Atlantic north of the equator. The coldest zones are in high latitudes, with the coldest regions corresponding to the areas covered by sea ice. Ocean currents influence climate by transporting warm and cold waters to other regions. The winds that are cooled or warmed when blowing over these currents influence adjacent land areas.

The Gulf Stream and its northern extension towards Europe, the North Atlantic Drift, for example, warms the atmosphere of the British Isles and north-western Europe and influences weather and climate as far south as the northern Mediterranean. The cold water currents contribute to heavy fog off the coast of eastern Canada (the Grand Banks of Newfoundland area) and Africa's north-western coast. In general, winds transport moisture and air over land areas. Hurricanes develop in the southern part of the North Atlantic Ocean. More local particular weather examples could be found in examples such as the; Azores High, Benguela Current, Nor'easter.

  

History

 

The Atlantic Ocean appears to be the second youngest of the five oceans. It did not exist prior to 130 million years ago, when the continents that formed from the breakup of the ancestral super continent Pangaea were drifting apart from seafloor spreading. The Atlantic has been extensively explored since the earliest settlements along its shores.

The Vikings, the Portuguese, and the Spaniards were the most famous among early explorers. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.

As a result, the Atlantic became and remains the major artery between Europe and the Americas (known as transatlantic trade). Scientific explorations include the Challenger expedition, the German Meteor expedition, Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory and the United States Navy Hydrographic Office.

  

Notable crossings

  

Ra II, a ship built from papyrus, was successfully sailed across the Atlantic by Thor Heyerdahl proving that it was possible to cross the Atlantic from Africa using such boats in early epochs of history.

•Around 980 – 982, Eric the Red discovered Greenland, geographically and geologically a part of the Americas.

•In 985 or 986, Bjarni Herjólfsson was the first European to sight the Americas. He did not go ashore, though.

•In the year 1000, the Icelander Leif Ericson was the first European to set foot on North American soil, corresponding to today's Eastern coast of Canada, i. e. the province of Newfoundland and Labrador, including the area of land named "Vinland" by Ericson. The Norse discovery was documented in the 13th century Icelandic Sagas and was corroborated by recent L'Anse aux Meadows archeological evidence.

•Around 1010, Thorfinnr Karlsefni led an attempted Viking settlement in North America with 160 settlers, but was later driven off by the natives. His son Snorri Thorfinnsson was the first American born (somewhere between 1010 and 1013) to European (Icelandic) immigrant parents.

•In 1419 and 1427, Portuguese navigators reached Madeira and Azores, respectively.

•From 1415 to 1488, Portuguese navigators sailed along the Western African coast, reaching the Cape of Good Hope.

•In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on the island of San Salvador in The Bahamas.

•In 1497, John Cabot landed at Bonavista Newfoundland and Labrador.

•In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral reached Brazil.

•In 1524, Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano discovered the United States of America's east coast.

•In 1534, Jacques Cartier entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence and reached the mouth of the St. Lawrence River.

•In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for the English Crown.

•In 1764 William Harrison (the son of John Harrison) sailed aboard the HMS Tartar, with the H-4 time piece. The voyage became the basis for the invention of the global system of Longitude.

•In 1858, Cyrus West Field laid the first transatlantic telegraph cable (it quickly failed).

•In 1865 Brunel's ship the SS Great Eastern laid the first successful transatlantic telegraph cable .

•In 1870 the small City of Ragusa (Dubrovnik) became the first small Lifeboat to cross the Atlantic from Cork to Boston with two men crew, John Charles Buckley and Nikola Primorac (di Costa), only.[9]

•In 1896 Frank Samuelsen and George Harbo from Norway became the first people to ever row across the Atlantic Ocean.

•On April 15, 1912 the RMS Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg with a loss of more than 1,500 lives.[10]

•1914–1918, the First Battle of the Atlantic took place.

•In 1919, the American NC-4 became the first seaplane to cross the Atlantic (though it made a couple of landings on islands and the sea along the way, and taxied several hundred miles).

•Later in 1919, a British aeroplane piloted by Alcock and Brown made the first non-stop transatlantic flight, from Newfoundland to Ireland.

•In 1921, the British were the first to cross the North Atlantic in an airship.

•In 1922, Sacadura Cabral and Gago Coutinho were the first to cross the South Atlantic in an airship.

•In 1927, Charles Lindbergh made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight in an aircraft (between New York City and Paris).

•In 1931, Bert Hinkler made the first solo non-stop transatlantic flight across the South Atlantic in an aircraft.

•In 1932, Amelia Earhart became the first female to make a solo flight across the Atlantic

•1939–1945, the Second Battle of the Atlantic. Nearly 3,700 Allied ships were sunk at a cost of 783 German U-boats.[11]

•In 1952, Ann Davison was the first woman to single-handedly sail the Atlantic Ocean.

•In 1965, Robert Manry crossed the Atlantic from the U.S. to England non-stop in a 13.5 foot (4.05 meters) sailboat named "Tinkerbell".[12] Several others also crossed the Atlantic in very small sailboats in the 1960s, none of them non-stop, though.

•In 1969 and 1970 Thor Heyerdahl launched expeditions to cross the Atlantic in boats built from papyrus. He succeeded in crossing the Atlantic from Morocco to Barbados after a two-month voyage of 6,100 km with Ra II in 1970, thus conclusively proving that boats such as the Ra could have sailed with the Canary Current across the Atlantic in prehistoric times.[13]

•In 1975, Fons Oerlemans crossed the Atlantic in 82 days, starting from Safi (Morocco) to Trinidad and Tobago, on a selfmade raft.

•In 1980, Gérard d'Aboville was the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean rowing solo.

•In 1984, Five Argentines sail in a 10-meter-long raft made from tree trunks named Atlantis from Canary Islands and after 52 days 3,000 miles (4,800 km) journey arrived to Venezuela in an attempt to prove travelers from Africa may have crossed the Atlantic before Christopher Columbus.[14][15]

•In 1994, Guy Delage was the first man to allegedly swim across the Atlantic Ocean (with the help of a kick board, from Cape Verde to Barbados).

•In 1998, Benoît Lecomte was the first man to swim across the northern Atlantic Ocean without a kick board, stopping for only one week in the Azores.

•In 1999, after rowing for 81 days and 4,767 kilometres (2,962 mi), Tori Murden became the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by rowboat alone when she reached Guadeloupe from the Canary Islands.

   

Ethiopic Ocean

 

The Aethiopian Sea, Ethiopic Ocean or Ethiopian Ocean (Okeanos Aithiopos), is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean, which is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The use of this term illustrates a past trend towards referring to the whole continent of Africa by the name Aethiopia. The modern nation of Ethiopia, in northeast Africa, is nowhere near the Ethiopic Ocean, which would be said to lie off the west coast of Africa. The term Ethiopian Ocean sometimes appeared until the mid-19th century.[

  

Economy

 

The Atlantic has contributed significantly to the development and economy of surrounding countries. Besides major transatlantic transportation and communication routes, the Atlantic offers abundant petroleum deposits in the sedimentary rocks of the continental shelves. The Atlantic hosts the world's richest fishing resources, especially in the waters covering the shelves. The major fish are cod, haddock, hake, herring, and mackerel.

The most productive areas include Newfoundland's Grand Banks, the Nova Scotia shelf, Georges Bank off Cape Cod, the Bahama Banks, the waters around Iceland, the Irish Sea, the Dogger Bank of the North Sea, and the Falkland Banks. Eel, lobster, and whales appear in great quantities. Various international treaties attempt to reduce pollution caused by environmental threats such as oil spills, marine debris, and the incineration of toxic wastes at sea.

   

Terrain

 

From October to June the surface is usually covered with sea ice in the Labrador Sea, Denmark Strait, and Baltic Sea. A clockwise warm-water gyre occupies the northern Atlantic, and a counter-clockwise warm-water gyre appears in the southern Atlantic. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge, a rugged north-south centerline for the entire Atlantic basin, first discovered by the Challenger Expedition dominates the ocean floor. This was formed by the vulcanism that also formed the ocean floor and the islands rising from it.

The Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. These include the Norwegian Sea, Baltic Sea, North Sea, Labrador Sea, Black Sea, Gulf of Saint Lawrence, Bay of Fundy, Gulf of Maine, Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean Sea.

Islands include Newfoundland (including hundreds of surrounding islands), Greenland, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Great Britain (including numerous surrounding islands), Ireland, Rockall, Sable Island, Azores, St. Pierre and Miquelon, Madeira, Bermuda, Canary Islands, Caribbean, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Annobón Province, Fernando de Noronha, Rocas Atoll, Ascension Island, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martim Vaz, Tristan da Cunha, Gough Island (Also known as Diego Alvarez), Falkland Islands, Tierra del Fuego, South Georgia Island, South Sandwich Islands, and Bouvet Island.

   

Natural resources

The Atlantic harbors petroleum and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales), sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, and precious stones.

  

Natural hazards

 

Icebergs are common from February to August in the Davis Strait, Denmark Strait, and the northwestern Atlantic and have been spotted as far south as Bermuda and Madeira. Ships are subject to superstructure icing in the extreme north from October to May. Persistent fog can be a maritime hazard from May to September, as can hurricanes north of the equator (May to December).

The United States' southeast coast has a long history of shipwrecks due to its many shoals and reefs. The Virginia and North Carolina coasts were particularly dangerous.

The Bermuda Triangle is popularly believed to be the site of numerous aviation and shipping incidents because of unexplained and supposedly mysterious causes, but Coast Guard records do not support this belief.

Hurricanes are also a natural hazard in the Atlantic, but mainly in the northern part of the ocean, rarely tropical cyclones form in the southern parts. Hurricanes usually form between June 1 and November 30 of every year. The most notable hurricane in the Atlantic would be Hurricane Katrina in the 2005 season

 

Current environmental issues

 

Endangered marine species include the manatee, seals, sea lions, turtles, and whales. Drift net fishing can kill dolphins, albatrosses and other seabirds (petrels, auks), hastening the fish stock decline and contributing to international disputes.[16] Municipal pollution comes from the eastern United States, southern Brazil, and eastern Argentina; oil pollution in the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, Lake Maracaibo, Mediterranean Sea, and North Sea; and industrial waste and municipal sewage pollution in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and Mediterranean Sea.

In 2005, there was some concern that warm northern European currents were slowing down, but no scientific consensus formed from that evidence.[17]

On June 7, 2006, Florida's wildlife commission voted to take the manatee off the state's endangered species list. Some environmentalists worry that this could erode safeguards for the popular sea creature.

 

Marine pollution

 

Marine pollution is a generic term for the entry into the ocean of potentially hazardous chemicals or particles. The biggest culprits are rivers and with them many agriculture fertilizer chemicals as well as livestock and human waste. The excess of oxygen-depleting chemicals leads to hypoxia and the creation of a dead zone.[18]

Marine debris, which is also known as marine litter, describes human-created waste floating in a body of water. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter

  

Bordering countries and territories

The states (territories in italics) with a coastline on the Atlantic Ocean (excluding the Baltic and Mediterranean Seas) are:

 

Europe

• Belgium

• Denmark

• Germany

• Spain

• France

• Faroe Islands

• Guernsey

• Isle of Man

• Ireland

• Iceland

• Jersey

• Netherlands

• Norway

• Portugal

• Sweden

• United Kingdom

  

Africa

• Morocco

• Angola

• Benin

• Bouvet Island

• Côte d'Ivoire

• Cameroon

• Democratic Republic of the Congo

• Republic of the Congo

• Cape Verde

• Western Sahara (claimed by Morocco)

• Spain (Canary Islands)

• Gabon

• Ghana

• Guinea

• Gambia

• Guinea-Bissau

• Equatorial Guinea

• Liberia

• Mauritania

• Namibia

• Nigeria

• Senegal

• Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha

• Sierra Leone

• São Tomé and Príncipe

•

 

South America

• Argentina

• Brazil

• Chile

• Colombia

• Falkland Islands

• France (French Guiana)

• Guyana

• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands

• Suriname

• Uruguay

• Venezuela

  

Caribbean

• Aruba

• Anguilla

• Antigua and Barbuda

• Bahamas

• Saint Barthélemy

• Barbados

• Cuba

• Curaçao

• Cayman Islands

• Dominica

• Dominican Republic

• France (Martinique and Guadeloupe)

• Grenada

• Haiti

• Jamaica

• Saint Lucia

• Saint Martin

• Montserrat

• Netherlands (Caribbean Netherlands)

• Puerto Rico

• Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Sint Maarten

• Turks and Caicos Islands

• Trinidad and Tobago

• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

• British Virgin Islands

• United States Virgin Islands

 

Central and North America

• Belize

• Bermuda

• Canada

• Costa Rica

• Greenland

• Guatemala

• Honduras

• Mexico

• Nicaragua

• Panama

• Saint Pierre and Miquelon

• United States

 

K1M22178

W809 gets to move, finally. L535s crew took IC 9571 down to Winnebago Siding to get a FRED on the south end. They would then drag the train north to the wye in Neenah before heading to Shops.

Viatge a la comarca de Calatayud (Saragossa) i a la comarca de La Cerdanya (Lleida)

 

EXPLORE Aug 21, 2008 #321

 

Llac Termal al Balneari Termas Pallarés, a Alhama de Aragón. L'aigua es troba a 32ºC i és únic a Europa.

 

Lago Termal en el Balneario Termas Pallarés, en Alhama de Aragón. El agua se encuentra a 32ºC y es único en Europa.

 

Lake Thermal Baths in Bath Pallares, Alhama de Aragon. The water is 32ºC and is unique in Europe.

 

The full version of this video can be found at the Glotzsee You Tube channel. youtu.be/UKM9q4Goecg

 

Normally these drainage

canals would be an

interconnected system of

waterways. They drain the

surrounding area and offer

a lush habitat for wildlife.

 

Here you can see that, due to

drought, they have become

isolated pools in many places.

 

If you look closely you can see

movement in the crevices betweenthe huge metal flow pipes and the ground.

These are fish packed tightly below the surface of the water, attempting to avoid the

predators that are concentrated around the vanishing food supply.

 

The frequency of droughts, and their duration is on the increase in Florida.

 

“DEP officials have been ordered not to use the term “climate change” or “global warming” in any official communications, emails, or reports, according to former DEP employees, consultants, volunteers and records obtained by the Florida Center for Investigative Reporting.” Miami Herald

 

Florida Gov. Rick Scott does not believe in climate change.

 

Reality remains reality, whether you look it in the face, or not.

 

... en d'autre termes: hors de prix.

 

ENGLISH :

Here nestles the famous House Petrossian and his restaurant-bar Art Deco offering vodka sampler, cigars, smoked salmon, caviar or a simple tea amid the etched mirrors of Erte, sconces Lalique and pink granite Finland ... In other words: overpriced

roma

© copyrighted image; all rights reserved

Terme di Saturnia, 2014

A Class 150/153 diesel multiple unit combination comprising Nos. 150263 and 153325 arrives at Yatton with the 07:37 Weston-super-Mare to Cardiff Central service on Saturday 4th June 2011.

 

I'm sharing this photo to illustrate the temporary footbridge that was erected at the west end of Yatton station for a short while during 2011 to allow the original footbridge (at the east end) to undergo maintenance.

 

© Ten Years After archive series 2021

Regulation uniform; white shirt, tie, grey skirt, with white bra, black knickers, black suspender belt and black stockings.

🔍 Plaghunter protects this beautiful picture against image theft. Get your own account for free! 👊

Boeing 767-216(ER) ZS DJI a long term resident in store at St Athan (EGDX) South Wales, originally delivered to LAN Chile as CC CJV in 1986. At the rear is a more recent arrival 737 at one time belonging to JINAIR (South Korea).

(aka The Judgement of Paris).

model: Nikola, shoot by me in Milan, Dec.2018

Ridgways of Port Talbot currently has Alexander PS-bodied Volvo B10M P830 FVU on hire from Chepstow Classic Buses for its small network of local bus services in the town, which are usually maintained by a pair of former Bus Eireann Pointer-bodied Darts.

 

She was one of a large number new to Stagecoach Manchester and was transferred to the South East fleet in 1999. Chepstow Classic Buses acquired her in May 2014, as one of a number of the type hired out for transporting fruit pickers in places such as Cornwall. Stagecoach's South Wales fleet had 20824-6 from the same batch, and Chepstow subsequently purchased 20825.

 

This late November 2015 photo of her was taken in Victoria Road when operating Sunday only Service 8 (Port Talbot-Sandfields), which is in the hands of First Cymru on Weekdays.

 

Wonderful Machines.

Visiten micamara.es/ badajoz / Badajoz.

 

Naveguen en micamara.es/ para disfrutar de muchos lugares del mundo.

Levico Terme

Fuji X-H1 + fuji 100-400

View On Black

Fort Boyard

Coordonnées45° 59′ 59″ nord, 1° 12′ 50″ ouest

Pays : France

Région :Nouvelle-Aquitaine

Département :Charente-Maritime

Commune (France)Île-d'Aix

Premiers travaux des assises du fort (1801-1809)

La construction du fort (1841 - 1857)

Le fort est construit sur un banc de sable nommé « longe de Boyard », située à l'origine à 4,50 m de profondeur sous les Plus Basses Eaux, qui a donné son nom au fort. Dans un premier temps, la désignation sur des cartes hollandaises du xviie siècle de ce banc de sable sous l'appellation Banjaert Hollandis a laissé penser à une origine néerlandaise de ce nom. Ce terme, prononcé banyard, aurait pu se transformer pour devenir le Boyard connu aujourd'hui. Cette origine a été réfutée par des études ultérieures qui ont conclu que l'emprunt s'est certainement fait dans l'autre sens et que l'appellation originale viendrait du nom commun boyart qui désigne une partie de charpente dans une écluse de salines. La saunerie étant une activité historiquement installée sur l'île d'Oléron proche viendrait expliquer cette étymologie.

 

De forme oblongue, le positionnement du fort est situé à 2 900 m de l'île d'Aix et à 2 400 m de l'île d'Oléron. Il mesure 68 mètres de long dans l'axe sur 31 mètres de large, pour une superficie au sol de 2 065 m2 et totale de 2 689 m2. La cour intérieure mesure 43 m de long dans l'axe, 12 m de large et sa surface est de 565 m2. Les murs d'enceinte culminent à 20 mètres depuis les fondations. Il est visible depuis Fouras, depuis l'île d'Oléron, depuis le pont qui relie le sud de l'île au continent, depuis le phare de Chassiron par beau temps, à l'extrême nord de l'île ainsi que d'une bonne partie de la côte est de celle-ci, notamment depuis Boyardville, mais aussi depuis la ville de La Rochelle et bien sûr de la côte ouest de l'île d'Aix, où de nombreux touristes et enfants viennent en été voir le fort de plus près.

Informations en provenance du site:

fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Boyard_(monument)#La_construction_du_fort_(1841_-_1857)

 

Je vous remercie mes amis de m'avoir accordé un peu de votre temps pour visualiser mes photos, vos commentaries et mise en favoris.

Thank you my friends for giving me a bit of your time to view my photos, comments and favorites.

- Vous pouvez voir mes vidéos sur ma chaine Youtube M.V.D

- You can see my videos on my YouTube channel M.V.D

Saturday morning's 6C22 Kingmoor - Sellafield approaches Workington Main behind Nos.37604 & 37059.

The FNA was the result of a Thursday / Friday 6S99 / 6M98 trip to / from Georgemas Junction and the load originated at the Dounreay site.

The Dounreay FNAs are always bookended by PFA flats and that is the case here.

The shot itself has only become possible in the past few weeks owing to vegetation clearance alongside the rugby ground between the footbridge at Merchants' Quay and Ha'penny Billy's bridge over the Derwent (which the train has just traversed).

I suspect that palisade fence will obscure this view sooner rather than later.

joseanabad.blogspot.com.es/2014/06/montbrio-del-camp.html

Toronto Island (Billy Bishop) 30/07/2018 CYTZ/YTZ

My gorgeous wife Chelsea is Full Term (37 weeks) with our first child, Colton.

Was also able to use my Yongnuo 568EX II with high speed sync and an 8" Octobox diffuser camera mounted.

On the Penguin Trail City South Library Christchurch January 2021 New Zealand.

 

Over Term Two and Three in 2020, we had 65 schools from across the city and surrounding towns take part in the Pop Up Penguins Learning Programme. This wasn’t an easy time for students and teachers as Term Two began in the midst of New Zealand’s lockdown period! And yet, with resilience and determination, the schools signed up to take part in this citywide art project.

 

The Pop Up Penguins Learning Programme has been supported by an amazing line up

of organisations: the International Antarctic Centre, Antarctica New Zealand, the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs, Gateway Antarctica and the College of Education, Health and Human Development at the University of Canterbury.

 

The Learning Partners shared their vast knowledge and expertise within the Learning Programme resource pack and educators from International Antarctic Centre, Gateway Antarctica and the College of Education, Human Development and Health delivered a bespoke Pop Up Penguins themed presentation to over 50 of the schools registered on the Learning Programme.

 

Students across our city have learned about penguin conservation, Christchurch’s global significance as one of five Gateways to Antarctica and kaitiakitanga, guardianship and protection of the environment. As you find the little penguins in displays around the city, learn about the themes that inspired them.

popuppenguins.co.nz/popup-waddles/

The Postcard

 

A postally unused postcard that was published by the Smith Novelty Co. of 460, 9th. Street, San Francisco, California.

 

The card was printed by the Dexter Press of West Nyack, New York.

 

On the divided back of the card is printed the following:

 

'Double Exposure.

A panoramic view of San

Francisco's principal tourist

attractions, from a painting

by San Francisco artist

Homer Ansley.'

 

Coit Memorial Tower

 

Note the tower on the right.

 

Coit Tower (also known as the Coit Memorial Tower) is a 210-foot (64 m) tower in the Telegraph Hill neighborhood of San Francisco, overlooking the city and San Francisco Bay.

 

The tower, in the city's Pioneer Park, was built between 1932 and 1933 using Lillie Hitchcock Coit's bequest to beautify the city of San Francisco. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 29, 2008.

 

The Art Deco tower, built of unpainted reinforced concrete, was designed by architects Arthur Brown Jr. and Henry Temple Howard. The interior features fresco murals in the American Social Realism style, painted by 25 different onsite artists and their numerous assistants, plus two additional paintings installed after creation offsite.

 

The structure was dedicated to the volunteer firemen who had died in San Francisco's five major fires. A concrete relief of a phoenix by sculptor Robert Boardman Howard is placed above the main entrance. It was commissioned by the architect and cast as part of the building.

 

Although an apocryphal story claims that the tower was designed to resemble a fire hose nozzle due to Coit's affinity with the San Francisco firefighters of the day, the resemblance is coincidental.

 

The San Francisco Cable Car System

 

The iconic San Francisco cable car system is the world's last manually operated cable car system. Of the 23 lines established between 1873 and 1890, only three remain: two routes from downtown near Union Square to Fisherman's Wharf, and a third route along California Street.

 

While the cable cars are used to a certain extent by commuters, the vast majority of their seven million annual passengers are tourists, and as a result, the wait to get on can often reach two hours or more.

 

The San Francisco Cable Car System is owned by the San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency whose headquarters are at the San Francisco Cable Car Museum.

 

The system serves the areas of Chinatown, the Financial District, Fisherman's Wharf, Nob Hill, Russian Hill, and Union Square. The track gauge is 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm), and the cars' top speed is 9.5 mph (15.3 km/h).

 

The system has 62 stations with a daily ridership (1914) of 20,100 and an annual ridership (1914) of 7,409,400.

 

There are three lines:

 

-- Line 59 - Powell-Mason

 

The Powell-Mason Line (shown in the artwork) began operation in 1888. It is 1.6 mi (2.6 km) long.

 

-- Line 60 - Powell-Hyde

 

The Powell-Hyde Line began operation in 1957. It is 2.1 mi (3.4 km) long. Powell-Mason/Hyde lines run 28 single-ended cars.

 

-- Line 61 - California Street

 

The California Street Line began operation in 1878. It is 1.4 mi (2.3 km) long, and runs 12 double-ended cars.

 

The Early Beginnings of the System

 

In 1869, Andrew Smith Hallidie had the idea for a cable car system in San Francisco, reportedly after witnessing an accident in which a streetcar drawn by horses over wet cobblestones slid backwards, killing the horses.

 

The first successful cable-operated street running train was the Clay Street Hill Railroad, which opened on the 2nd. August 1873. The promoter of the line was Hallidie, and the engineer was William Eppelsheimer. The line involved the use of grip cars, which carried the grip that engaged with the cable. The term 'grip' became synonymous with the operator.

 

The line started regular service on the 1st. September 1873, and its success led it to become the template for other cable car systems. It was a financial success, and Hallidie's patents were enforced on other cable car promoters, making him wealthy.

 

Expansion of the System

 

The next cable car line to open was the Sutter Street Railway, which converted from horse operation in 1877. This line introduced the side grip and lever operation, both designed by Henry Casebolt and his assistant Asa Hovey, and patented by Casebolt. This idea came about because Casebolt did not want to pay Hallidie royalties of $50,000 a year for the use of his patent. The side grip allowed cable cars to cross at intersections.

 

In 1878, Leland Stanford opened his California Street Cable Railroad (Cal Cable). This company's first line was on California Street and is the oldest cable car line still in operation. In 1880, the Geary Street, Park & Ocean Railway began operation. The Presidio and Ferries Railway followed two years later, and was the first cable company to include curves on its routes. The curves were "let-go" curves, in which the car drops the cable and coasts around the curve on its own momentum.

 

In 1883, the Market Street Cable Railway opened its first line. This company was controlled by the Southern Pacific Railroad and grew to become San Francisco's largest cable car operator. At its peak, it operated five lines, all of which converged on Market Street to a common terminus at the Ferry Building. During rush hours, cars left that terminus every 15 seconds.

 

In 1888, the Ferries and Cliff House Railway opened its initial two-line system. The Powell–Mason line is still operated on the same route today; their other route was the Powell–Washington–Jackson line, stretches of which are used by today's Powell–Hyde line.

 

The Ferries & Cliff House Railway was also responsible for the building of a car barn and powerhouse at Washington and Mason, and this site is still in use today. In the same year, it also purchased the original Clay Street Hill Railway, which it incorporated into a new Sacramento–Clay line in 1892.

 

In 1889, the Omnibus Railroad and Cable Company became the last new cable car operator in San Francisco. The following year the California Street Cable Railroad opened two new lines, these being the last entirely new cable car lines built in the city. One of them was the O'Farrell–Jones–Hyde line, the Hyde section of which still remains in operation as part of the current Powell–Hyde line.

 

In all, twenty-three lines were established between 1873 and 1890.

 

The Decline of the System

 

The first electric streetcars in San Francisco began operation in 1892 under the auspices of the San Francisco and San Mateo Electric Railway. At that time, it was estimated that it cost twice as much to build and six times as much to operate a line with cable cars as with electric streetcars.

 

By the beginning of 1906 many of San Francisco's remaining cable cars were under the control of the United Railroads of San Francisco (URR). URR was pressing to convert many of its cable lines to overhead electric traction, but this was met with resistance from opponents who objected to what they saw as ugly overhead lines on the major thoroughfares of the city centre.

 

Those objections disappeared after the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The quake and resulting fire destroyed the power houses and car barns of both the Cal Cable and the URR's Powell Street lines, together with the 117 cable cars stored within them. The subsequent race to rebuild the city allowed the URR to replace most of its cable car lines with electric streetcar lines. At the same time the independent Geary Street line was replaced by a municipally owned electric streetcar line – the first line of the San Francisco Municipal Railway (Muni).

 

By 1912, only eight cable car lines remained, all with steep gradients impassable to electric streetcars. In the 1920's and 1930's, these remaining lines came under pressure from the much improved buses of the era, which could now climb steeper hills than the electric streetcar. By 1944, the only cable cars remaining were the two Powell Street lines – by then under municipal ownership, as part of Muni – and the three lines owned by the still-independent Cal Cable.

 

The Fight to Remain Open

 

In 1947, Mayor Roger Lapham proposed the closure of the two municipally owned lines. In response, a joint meeting of 27 women's civic groups, led by Friedel Klussmann, formed the Citizens' Committee to Save the Cable Cars.

 

In a famous battle of wills, the Citizens' Committee eventually forced a referendum on an amendment to the city charter, compelling the city to continue operating the Powell Street lines. This passed overwhelmingly, by 166,989 votes to 51,457.

 

In 1951, the three Cal Cable lines were shut down when the company was unable to afford insurance. The city purchased and reopened the lines in 1952, but the amendment to the city charter did not protect them, and the city proceeded with plans to replace them with buses. Again Klussmann came to the rescue, but with less success.

 

The result was a compromise that formed the current system: a protected system made up of the California Street line from Cal Cable, the Powell-Mason line already in municipal ownership, and a third hybrid line formed by grafting the Hyde Street section of Cal Cable's O'Farrell-Jones-Hyde line onto a truncated Powell-Washington-Jackson line, now known as the Powell-Hyde line.

 

Rebuilding the System

 

By 1979, the cable car system had become unsafe, and it needed to be closed for seven months for urgently needed repairs. A subsequent engineering evaluation concluded that it needed comprehensive rebuilding at a cost of $60 million.

 

Mayor Dianne Feinstein took charge of the effort, and helped win federal funding for the bulk of the rebuilding job. In 1982 the cable car system was closed again for a complete rebuild. This involved the complete replacement of 69 city blocks' worth of tracks and cable channels, the complete rebuilding of the car barn and powerhouse within the original outer brick walls, new propulsion equipment, and the repair or rebuild of 37 cable cars.

 

The system reopened on the 21st. June 1984, in time to benefit from the publicity that accompanied San Francisco's hosting of that year's Democratic National Convention.

 

Recent History of the System

 

Since 1984, Muni has continued to upgrade the system. Work has included rebuilding of another historical car, the building of nine brand new replacement cars, the building of a new terminal and turntable at the Hyde and Beach terminus, and a new turntable at the Powell and Market terminus.

 

The cable cars are principally used by tourists rather than commuters. The two lines on Powell Street (Powell-Hyde and Powell-Mason) both serve only residential and tourist/shopping districts (Union Square, Chinatown, North Beach, Nob Hill, Aquatic Park and Fisherman's Wharf), with the 'downtown' end of both lines a substantial distance from the Financial District. The California Street Line is used more by commuters, due to its terminus in the Financial District.

 

Fraud

 

In 2006, the then-mayor Gavin Newsom reported that he had observed several conductors pocketing cash fares from riders without receipt. The following year, the San Francisco auditor's office reported that the city was not receiving the expected revenue from the cable cars, with an estimated 40% of cable car riders riding for free.

 

Muni's management disputed this figure, and pointed out that safe operation, rather than revenue collection, is the primary duty of conductors. In 2017, after an audit showing that some conductors were consistently turning in low amounts of cash and a sting operation, one conductor was arrested on charges of felony embezzlement.

 

Safety

 

Among US mass transportation systems, the cable cars have the most accidents per year and per vehicle mile, with 126 accidents and 151 injuries reported in the 10 years ending in 2013. In the three years ending in 2013 the city paid some $8 million to settle four dozen cable car accident claims.

 

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the system was shut down to protect operators from infection, as cable cars do not offer a compartment separating them from passengers.

 

Cables and Grip

 

The cable cars are pulled by a cable running below the street, held by a grip that extends from the car through a slit in the street surface, between the rails. Each cable is 1.25 inches (3.2 cm) in diameter, running at a constant speed of 9.5 miles per hour (15.3 km/h), and driven by a 510 horsepower (380 kW) electric motor located in the central power house.

 

Each cable has six steel strands, with each strand containing 19 wires, wrapped around a sisal rope core (to allow easier gripping). The cables are coated with a tar-like material which serves as a sacrificial lubricant - much like a pencil eraser erodes away rather than the paper.

 

To start and stop the movement of the car, the gripman closes and opens the grip around the cable. The grip's jaws exert a pressure of up to 30,000 pounds per square inch (210,000 kPa) on the cable. Due to wear and tear, a grip's dies have to be replaced after three days of usage.

 

There are four separate cables: one 16,000-foot (4,900 m) length and one 10,300-foot (3,100 m) length for the Hyde and Mason segments, a 9,300-foot (2,800 m) length for their common Powell section, and one 21,000-foot (6,400 m) length for the California Street line.

 

Brakes

 

Apart from the cable itself (which exerts a braking force when going downhill), the cable cars use three separate braking systems:

 

- Metal brake shoes on the wheels, which the gripman operates via a pedal. (On the Powell-Mason line, they can also be activated by the conductor, via a lever at the back of the car.)

 

- Wooden brake blocks pressed against the track when the gripman pulls a lever. The four blocks are made of Douglas fir (pine) and can produce a smell of burning wood when in operation. They have to be replaced after just a few days.

 

- An emergency brake consisting of a piece of steel, around 1.5 inches thick and 18 inches long, suspended beneath the car and pushed into the track slot when the gripman pulls a lever. It wedges tightly into the slot and often has to be removed with a welding torch.

 

The Network

 

The Powell-Hyde and Powell-Mason lines use single-ended cars, which must be looped or turned around like a bus at the end of the line; the single-ended cable cars use manual non-powered turntables to rotate the car. In the photograph you can see the conductor pulling the end of car in order to rotate it.

 

There are three street turntables to do this, one at the end of each of the three terminals: at Market & Powell Streets, Taylor & Bay Streets, and Hyde & Beach Streets, with a fourth turntable located inside the car barn on Washington and Jackson Streets.

 

The California street cable-cars use double-ended cars with grip levers at both ends which are operated in each direction without the cars needing to be turned at the ends of the line.

 

The system starts operating at 5:32 am each day and shuts down at 1:30 am.

 

Fares and Revenues

 

As of the 1st. January 2020, riding a cable car costs $8 for a single ride, except for seniors riding before 7am or after 9pm when the senior fare is $4. In the 1960's, the fare for a single ride was 15 cents.

 

By 2017, the San Francisco Chronicle described the cable cars as a 'cash cow' for Muni, yielding a yearly revenue of around $30 million.

Using a cheap toy thermo paper printer camera in the effect mode.

After printing, I coated the back of the paper with Raps-oil to make it more transparent. Then used the print as negative on normal cyanotype coated paper.

 

This camera from Action is great, it has also a negative mode and the print is fine and dark black.

They also have a pack of the termic paper 5 for 3 Euro (25 meter enought for hundreds of pictures )

www.action.com/de-de/p/3216908/vision-sofortbildkamera/

  

Termal is a town and district of Yalova Province in the Marmara region of Turkey. It is renowned for its hot springs. Yalova Thermal Baths (Turkish: Termal) are located in Yalova, about 80 km away from Istanbul. The huge complex, lying on a land of about 1,6M square metres, is located 12 km away from Yalova. There are four hotels in the complex, one of which is an apart. There are also five baths which possess historical value.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termal