View allAll Photos Tagged Structure
At 1:27PM on June 11, 2023 the Los Angeles Fire Department responded to a reported structure fire in the 1030 block of N Vermont Ave in East Hollywood.
Firefighters arrived to a six story apartment building in the wood framing stage of construction with fire on the 3rd floor.
A surface fire was quickly extinguished before it extending into the framing of the structure. Workers were present conducting a tarring operation at the time.
No injuries were reported.
© Photo by Henry Berkson
LAFD Incident 061123-0836
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Dans ma quête pour la photo 16 de mon Projet 52, j'ai pensé choisir celle-ci. Elle est arrivée 2e.
L'édifice est situé sur la rue Sanguinet, au nord de René-Lévesque, à côté d'un pavillon de l'UQAM.
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Searching for photo 16 of my Project 52, I took this picture. It came in 2nd place.
The building is located on Sanguinet street, north of René-Lévesque, next to a UQAM building.
Subject: the girl
Rule-of-Thirds: toward the left
Light: soft
DOF: shallow
Color: B&W
Special Technique: no
Rule Breaking Clause: I put this photo in black and white to isolate the subject more- the background seemed pretty cluttered
The Halifax Branch Canal in Halifax, Calderdale, West Yorkshire.
The canal was a branch line of the still running Calder and Hebble Navigation Canal. The Canal opened in 1828, having been authorised by Act of Parliament in 1825. It was a major breakthrough, bringing 'cheap' coal to Halifax and it was one of the key events of the Industrial Revolution. There were fourteen locks which raised the canal one hundred feet from Salterhebble to the town's terminal basin, known as Bailey Hall. (Close to the present Nestlé factory, previously Mackintosh's toffee factory, home of the famous 'Quality Street' brand.)
Along the canal horse-drawn barges were used to bring coal to the John Holdsworth & Co Ltd.’s Shaw Lodge Mills boiler house where boilers generated steam to drive the massive steam engines, as well as to heat the buildings. Coal was also used by the Company to produce coal gas, which was required for indoor lighting. Workmen used to unload two barges a day, each bringing about thirty-six tons of coal to Shaw Lodge Mills.
The canal was rapidly superseded by the railways and fell into disrepair and was finally abandoned by Warrant of the Minister of Transport in 1942. Whilst the route of the canal is visible through the valley, the canal walls and bed are no longer visible. There is still evidence of many of the old structures such as bridges although very few of the lock workings are visible.
Although there are currently no plans to reopen the canal, nor to restore it, as it would not be cost effective, the historic nature of the canal and features such as the sites of locks mean that it has been protected by the Calderdale Metropolitan Borough Council from development which would see the remaining features removed or obliterated.
At 11:30PM on November 7, 2021 the Los Angeles City Fire Department responded to a reported structure fire in the 8100 block of N Sunland Bl in Sun Valley. Firefighters arrived to a two story, commercial building (site of previous burn) with heavy fire showing. In a mostly defensive operation, 87 firefighters battled flames with at least four ladder pipes and several other heavy streams in operation on the commercial building for over two hours before safely achieving a knockdown.
© Photo by Mike Meadows
LAFD Incident 120721-1589
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According to Wiki - USS Iowa (BB-61) was the lead ship of her class of battleship and the fourth in the United States Navy to be named in honor of the 29th state. Owing to the cancellation of the Montana-class battleships, Iowa is the last lead ship of any class of United States battleships and was the only ship of her class to have served in the Atlantic Ocean during World War II.
During World War II, she carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt across the Atlantic to Mers El Kébir, Algeria, en route to a crucial 1943 meeting in Tehran with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet leader Josef Stalin. She has a bathtub — an amenity installed for Roosevelt, along with an elevator to shuttle him between decks.[1] When transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1944, Iowa shelled beachheads at Kwajalein and Eniwetok in advance of Allied amphibious landings and screened aircraft carriers operating in the Marshall Islands. She also served as the Third Fleet flagship, flying Adm. William F. Halsey's flag at the Japanese surrender in Tokyo Bay. During the Korean War, Iowa was involved in raids on the North Korean coast, after which she was decommissioned into the United States Navy reserve fleets, better known as the "mothball fleet." She was reactivated in 1984 as part of the 600-ship Navy plan and operated in both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets to counter the recently expanded Soviet Navy. In April 1989, an explosion of undetermined origin wrecked her No. 2 gun turret, killing 47 sailors.
Iowa was decommissioned for the last time in 1990, and was initially stricken from the Naval Vessel Register in 1995. She was reinstated from 1999 to 2006 to comply with federal laws that required retention and maintenance of two Iowa-class battleships. In 2011 Iowa was donated to the Los Angeles-based non-profit Pacific Battleship Center and was permanently moved to Berth 87 at the Port of Los Angeles in the summer of 2012, where she was opened to the public to serve as a museum and memorial to battleships.
Powering Scotland's Largest City
15 exposure HDR with custom settings to produce as near to natural visuals that the eye sees
I used JPEG from camera so I can later do a comparison from Raw files to Tiffs then make HDR using custom settings from these tiffs and hopefully get more detail
Press Z Button to Zoom
The Ribblehead Viaduct or Batty Moss Viaduct carries the Settle–Carlisle railway across Batty Moss in the Ribble Valley at Ribblehead, in North Yorkshire, England. The viaduct, built by the Midland Railway, is 28 miles (45 km) north-west of Skipton and 26 miles (42 km) south-east of Kendal. It is a Grade II* listed structure. Ribblehead Viaduct is the longest and the third tallest structure on the Settle–Carlisle line.
The viaduct was designed by John Sydney Crossley, chief engineer of the Midland Railway, who was responsible for the design and construction of all major structures along the line. The viaduct was necessitated by the challenging terrain of the route. Construction began in late 1869. It necessitated a large workforce, up to 2,300 men, most of whom lived in shanty towns set up near its base. Over 100 men lost their lives during its construction. The Settle to Carlisle line was the last main railway in Britain to be constructed primarily with manual labour.
By the end of 1874, the last stone of the structure had been laid; on 1 May 1876, the Settle–Carlisle line was opened for passenger services. During the 1980s, British Rail proposed closing the line. In 1989, after lobbying by the public against closure, it was announced that the line would be retained. Since the 1980s, the viaduct has had multiple repairs and restorations and the lines relaid as a single track. The land underneath and around the viaduct is a scheduled ancient monument; the remains of the construction camp and navvy settlements (Batty Wife Hole, Sebastopol, and Belgravia) are located there.
In the 1860s, the Midland Railway, keen to capitalise on the growth in rail traffic between England and Scotland, proposed building a line between Settle and Carlisle. The line was intended to join the Midland line between Skipton and Carnforth to the city of Carlisle. On 16 July 1866, the Midland Railway (Settle to Carlisle) Act was passed by Parliament, authorising the company "to construct Railways from Settle to Hawes, Appleby, and Carlisle; and for other Purposes".
After the Act passed, the Midland Railway came to an agreement with the London & North Western Railway, to run services on the LNWR line via Shap. The company applied for a bill of abandonment for its original plan but Parliament rejected the bill on 16 April 1869 and the Midland Railway was compelled to build the Settle to Carlisle line.
The line passed through difficult terrain that necessitated building several substantial structures. The company's chief engineer, John Sydney Crossley and its general manager, James Joseph Allport, surveyed the line. Crossley was responsible for the design and construction of the major works, including Ribblehead Viaduct.
On 6 November 1869, a contract to construct the Settle Junction (SD813606) to Dent Head Viaduct section including Ribblehead Viaduct was awarded to contractor John Ashwell. The estimated cost was £343,318 and completion was expected by May 1873. Work commenced at the southern end of the 72-mile (116 km) line.
By July 1870, work had started on the foundations for Ribblehead Viaduct. On 12 October 1870, contractor's agent William Henry Ashwell laid the first stone. Financial difficulties came to greatly trouble John Ashwell; on 26 October 1871, his contract was cancelled by mutual agreement. From this date, the viaduct was constructed by the Midland Railway who worked on a semi-contractual basis overseen by William Ashwell.
The viaduct was built by a workforce of up to 2,300 men. They lived, often with their families, in temporary camps, named Batty Wife Hole, Sebastopol, and Belgravia on adjacent land. More than a hundred workers lost their lives in construction-related accidents, fighting, or from outbreaks of smallpox. According to Church of England records, there are around 200 burials of men, women, and children in the graveyard at Chapel-le-Dale and the church has a memorial to the railway workers.
In December 1872, the design for Ribblehead Viaduct was changed from 18 arches to 24, each spanning 45 feet (13.7 m). By August 1874, the arches had been keyed and the last stone was laid by the end of the year. A single track was laid over the viaduct and on 6 September 1874 the first train carrying passengers was hauled across by the locomotive Diamond. On 3 August 1875, the viaduct was opened for freight traffic and on 1 May 1876, the whole line opened for passenger services, following approval by Colonel F. H. Rich from the Board of Trade.
Ribblehead Viaduct is 440 yards (400 m) long, and 104 feet (32 m) above the valley floor at its highest point, it was designed to carry a pair of tracks aligned over the sleeper walls. The viaduct has 24 arches of 45 feet (14 m) span, the foundations of which are 25 feet (7.6 m) deep. The piers are tapered, roughly 13 feet (4 m) across at the base and 5 feet 11 inches (1.8 m) thick near the arches and have loosely-packed rubble-filled cores. Every sixth pier is 50 per cent thicker, a mitigating measure against collapse should any of the piers fail. The north end is 13 feet (4 m) higher in elevation than the south, a gradient of 1:100.
The viaduct is faced with limestone masonry set in hydraulic lime mortar and the near-semicircular arches are red brick, constructed in five separate rings, with stone voussoirs. Sleeper walls rise from the arches to support the stone slabs of the viaduct's deck and hollow spandrels support plain solid parapet walls. In total, 1.5 million bricks were used; some of the limestone blocks weigh eight tons.
Ribblehead Viaduct is 980 feet (300 m) above sea level on moorland exposed to the prevailing westerly wind. Its height, from foundation to rails is 55 yards (50.3 m). It is 442.7 yards (404.8 m) long on a lateral curve with a radius of 0.85 miles (1.37 km).
The viaduct is the longest structure on the Settle–Carlisle Railway which has two taller viaducts, Smardale Viaduct at 131 feet (40 m) near Crosby Garrett, and Arten Gill at 117 feet (36 m). Ribblehead railway station is less than half a mile to the south and to the north is Blea Moor Tunnel, the longest on the line, near the foot of Whernside.
During 1964, several Humber cars were blown off their wagons while being carried over the viaduct on a freight train.
By 1980, the viaduct was in disrepair and many of its piers had been weakened by water ingress. Between 1981 and 1984, repairs were undertaken as a cost of roughly £100,000. Repairs included strengthening the piers by the addition of steel rails and concrete cladding. For safety reasons, the line was reduced to single track across the viaduct to avoid the simultaneous loading from two trains crossing and a 20mph speed limit was imposed. During 1988, minor repairs were carried out and trial bores were made into several piers. In 1989, a waterproof membrane was installed.
In the 1980s, British Rail proposed closing the line, citing the high cost of repairs to its major structures. Vigorous campaigning by the Friends of the Settle-Carlisle Line, formed during 1981, garnered and mobilised public support against the plan. In 1989, the line was saved from closure. According to Michael Portillo, who took the decision in his capacity as Minister of State for Transport, the economic arguments for closing it had been weakened by a spike in passenger numbers, and further studies by engineers had determined that restoration work would not be nearly as costly as estimated.
In November 1988, Ribblehead Viaduct was Grade II* listed. The surrounding land where the remains of its construction camps are located has been recognised as a scheduled monument.
Between 1990 and 1992, Ribblehead Viaduct underwent major restoration. Between September 1999 and March 2001, a programme of improvements was implemented involving renewal of track, replacement of ballast and the installation of new drainage. Restoration has allowed for increased levels of freight traffic assuring the line's viability.
The Settle–Carlisle Line is one of three north–south main lines, along with the West Coast Main Line through Penrith and the East Coast Main Line via Newcastle. During 2016, the line carried seven passenger trains from Leeds to Carlisle per day in each direction, and long-distance excursions, many hauled by preserved steam locomotives.
Regular heavy freight trains use the route avoiding congestion on the West Coast Main Line. Timber trains, and stone from Ingleton quarry, pass over the viaduct when they depart from the yard opposite Ribblehead railway station. The stone from Ingleton is ferried to the terminal at Ribblehead by road. Limestone aggregate trains from Arcow quarry sidings (near Horton-in-Ribblesdale) run to various stone terminals in the Leeds and Manchester areas on different days – these trains reverse in the goods loop at Blea Moor signal box because the connection from the quarry sidings faces north.
Major restoration work started in November 2020 as a £2.1 million project to re-point mortar joints and replace broken stones got underway. Network Rail released a timelapse video of the works in June 2021.
Building the viaduct was the inspiration behind the ITV period drama series Jericho. The viaduct appears in the 1970 film No Blade of Grass and also in the 2012 film Sightseers. A number of other films and television programmes have also included the viaduct.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
* Extended stills (87) video in 5 sections at Woodburn Junction, Woodburn Bridge, Nunnery Bank, Beighton Station, Beighton Junction & back at Woodburn Junction, 113Mby, it is 7mins 20secs long, so video will have to be down-loaded to watch the full extent. To obtain the full version, right click the link at lower right of the video, and select 'Save Link As' to save the file to the desktop.
** It has just come to my notice (10/12/23) that the Download option below and to the right of the media _does not_ allow you to download the full version, only the 3 minutes available here. So, I am going to try and 'fix' this for all videos lasting more than 3 minutes, this is the link to obtain the full version shown here-
www.flickr.tightfitz.com/Video/Lincoln_Line_Rail_Possessi...
* Music in the background is Dreamstate Logic Ambient-Earthbound
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oJXksJxXjk4
The video shown here covers 5 locations- Woodburn Junction, Woodburn Bridge, Nunnery Bank, Beighton Station, Beighton Junction and Woodburn Junction again, over the period this week 13th to 16th March and today, Friday 19th March, I have re-visited Woodburn Junction & Bridge and, more importantly, to view the demolishing of Woodhouse Junction Signalbox. This will then mark the end of the changes in this area and N.R. are now in the testing and completion phase; the lines are back in operation from early next Monday morning, the Spring Equinox, March 22nd.
There will be pictures of Woodburn Junction & Bridge and a demolition video from the Woodhouse Junction box area, as Part 6, to finish off this series, early next week.
The workings in the area extended from late Friday 12th March and the last one left on Wednesday 17th March on these days came and went with 18 freight trains carrying various materials coming into the Network Rail possession, which latterly ran from here at Nunnery Bank and all the way through Woodburn, Darnall, Woodhouse, Beighton Station Crossing and along to Beighton Junction. It commenced at 08:00 on Saturday 6th March at Beighton Station crossing and until 08:00 next Monday, the 22 March at this location but the complete line block now including the locations here, came in last Saturday, 13th March, again until Monday 22nd. A lot of works and resulting changes, have taken place, though it now seems the heavy freights with new materials, ballast, track panels, switch panels, signalling etc, and old materials removed, is now about complete. As far as I can make out, the workings which came into and subsequently left the site, starting late last Friday, 12th March, were, upto the time of the last pictures which will be shown here, 16th March, are-
Friday 12th March
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GBRf
23:53 6X40 66787 Belmont Down Yard via Rotherham Central, Meadowhall & Chesterfield to Woodburn Junction
Freightliner
00:04 6Y30 66547+66597 Toton North Yard to Woodburn Junction
00:04 6Y31 66523 Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction
Saturday 13th March
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Freightliner
08:45 6Y32 66533 Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction (loco name: 'Hanjin Express/Senator Express')
10:20 6Y30 66547 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard (with 66597 'Viridor')
12:24 6Y33 66516 Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction
15:19 6Y31 66597 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard (loco name: 'Viridor')
Sunday 14th March
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GBRf
08:54 6X41 66731 Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction (loco name: 'Capt Tom Moore(A True British Inspiration)' 'Thank You NHS' livery)
D.B. Shenker(for GBRf)
09:10 6Z40 66078+66134 Doncaster Up Decoy to Nunnery Main Line Junction (emergency move due to replacement for broken down SB Rail crane)
Freightliner
11:20 6Y32 66523 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard
16:25 6Y33 66516+66533 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard (66533 loco name: 'Hanjin Express/Senator Express')
GBRf
20:43 6G42 66717 Belmont Down Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction (loco name: 'Good Old Boy')
Tuesday 16th March
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Freightliner
07:12 6G42 66516 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard
Colas Rail
09:09 6C83 70802 Belmont Down Yard to Sheffield, runs round then on to Nunnery Main Line Junction (with 20 full Autoballasters)
GBRf
12:31 6Y20 66717 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton Up Sidings (loco name: 'Good Old Boy')
Freightliner
16:08 6Y21 66523 Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard (the one parked under the Darnall Flyover)
Colas Rail
16:21 6C84 70810 Belmont Down Yard to Sheffield, runs round then on to Nunnery Main Line Junction
Volker Rail
21:52 6J31 Track Machine Chesterfield Down Sidings to Nunnery Main Line Junction
Colas
23:11 6C83 70802/810? Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton Up Sidings (with 20 empty Autoballasters)
Wednesday 17th March
----------------------
Colas
02:53 ???? 70810? Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard
Volker Rail
13:37 6J31 Track Machine Nunnery Main Line Junction to Chesterfield Down Sidings (THE LAST ONE OUT)
(This table was modified and added too slightly compared to the one shown in the last video)
Highlights of this video in chronological order-
1. Beighton & Woodhouse Station, March 13th. The views look across the level crossing with the box on the wast side Woodhouse Junction is to the north and Beighton Junction, with the 'Old Road' is away to the south. The station was opened in June 1840 and subsequently had two rebuilds, the 3rd station closing on 1st November 1954; the box survived, until this week! It was 'manned' 24 hours a day by all accounts but saw very little traffic during a 24 hour period. By the time I got to Woodhouse Station, all the action of the 1st week's operation on the 7th March, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/vinc2020/51029375533/
was over and the almost all the associated equipment had been removed. Looking south towards Woodhouse Junction, with the box there still in tact at this stage, a fox calmly walks across the traction-less tracks behind the down line Signal, WH27, caring not what events are happening just away south... WH51, was still in place and lit at hits time, but not more, it has been removed during the last few days; signal control now having been moved to the York R.O.C. Also visible in these shots, a bracket arm with two semaphores, this too has now gone, a multi-aspect signal having now replaced it. Between the semaphores and the Woodhouse Box, the new order in signalling can be seen, a large post controlling the exit from the two sidings now remaining; today, this signal was glowing red.
2. Woodburn Junction, March 14th. As a prelude to the Woodburn Junction shots, the first picture in this section is a screen-grab taken from the Sheffield RailCam on March 13th, as material starts to be brought into the site in the form of Freightliner 66533, named, extensively, ''Hanjin Express/Senator Express', on the 6Y32, Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction, 1200 tonne ballast working. At the site on the following day, Saturday March 14th, the working is in top gear, having commenced a few days earlier, with yellow coloured 'plant' of various sorts around and the old rail having already been removed from the Tinsley to Deepcar branch line, over on the right. New sleepers, track and ballast have been laid and work is now proceeding on the main Lincoln Lines. Another Freightliner, this one 66516, loaded with ballast, has come along having arrived yesterday, March 13th, at 13:05, on the 6Y33 working from Toton North Yard. It is seen here having come along, 'wrong-line' but is now crossing over to the up line, this cross-over has now been removed and replaced with another, further west, behind the camera, to permit the East Midlands Railway to continue to use this area for Empty Coaching Stock reversals and to allow moves onto and off the Deepcar branch from the main lines. It transpired that a VSTP working had been put in the time-table to permit a replacement SB Rail crane to be brought in as the one on the site had broken down; it can be seen in the next shot, parked up just beyond the Darnall Flyover in the distance. The junction off the Tinsley line, seen in the picture with 4 'orange-suits' sat on the ballast shows a brand new set of very impressive looking point and associated control gear. An old track panel has been discarded beyond them not sure why it hasn't been cleared away with other stuff and it was still there today, Friday, 19th.
3. Woodburn Bridge, March 14th, looking east along the work-site next to the Woodburn Junction signal cabin which, it appears, is to be retained for the present. The Stocksbridge/Deepcar branch line is on the far left, the up line is missing and the down line has the rake of JNA wagons, full of ballast, brought along by Freightliner 66516, seen earlier. A tele shot from the Woodburn Bridge shows the old section of footbridge in the distance with Freightliner 66516 parked on the cross-over to the up line and beyond that bridge, in the distance, the old Darnall Flyover which took locos off the up line to cross over the formation and into the large Darnall Engine Shed, off on the right in the further distance. 'Siemens AG Ltd', 'S&B Rail', 'R.P. Webb' and 'Mculloch' are some of the contractors in the area, and everyone likes yellow, for 'hi-viz' purposes of course, just like the attire the track-workers are wearing.. can't miss any of it really! A shot between the two decks of the Woodburn Road Bridge follows, the left deck carries Woodburn Road and the right deck the Sheffield Supertram. Between the two decks is a small space and the shot here shows the Deepcar Branch in the foreground with the main Lincoln down line beyond with one of the JNA wagons visible. At this stage the cross over from the main lines to the Deepcar Branch hadn't been put in place but as will be seen, by the 16th March, it was there, the installation needing completion.
4. Nunnery Bank, March 14th. What a mess it all was, plant everywhere, mud, it was wet and a lot of the fence had been removed and was strewn around the place. The first shot shows, above the parked Ford hatchback car, an old LMSR bracket signal post can be seen, long disused of course, but never removed, it is barely visible here, but can be seen in a later shot at Nunnery, on March 16th. The bracket signal is also featured in this picture of a class 37 test train, led by 37419, as long ago as January, 2014, seen coming up the Nunnery Bank, with explanatory map beneath the picture, showing what the area used to look like in the early 1900s, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/imarch1/49525243126/
Moving on from that, the next shots show 'the arrival of the cavalry'. This is in the form of a red DBS pair of 66s, in top-and-tail fashion, hauling a replacement 'SB Rail', 'Kirow Rail Crane', number, 'KFA FS97415' and at present the set was parked up on the bank awaiting instructions. This is the VSTP working, 6Z40, from Toton North Yard to Nunnery Main Line Junction with an SG Rail Crane to replace the broke down one, now parked away east along the line, the other side of the old Darnall Flyover. As 'Baz' approaches, trying to keep dry in one of the shots, I was informing him that the N.R. guy who was controlling events here asked if we would like the DBS set brough forwards so we could get better shots, now, I am sure this is what was going to happen anyway, but still.. well, what could I say. The events here with DBS class 66s, 66078 leading and 66134 at the rear, were what formed the basis of the video which was shown earlier and is a complete, 'proper', sequence of the DBS move along the line when it was stopped, the crane brakes put on and a sleeper set across the rails behind the rear loco; looked as if it might be there for a bit!
To the right of the two locos, on the 'correct line' a long rake of yellow track panel carriers with, at the front, GBRf 66731, named, 'Captain Tom Moore (A True British Inspiration)' and with the 'Thank You NHS' livery, applied a while ago. The track panels had come in that morning with 66731 on 6X41 and, as the signaller at York rightly knows, 'Tom Moore' has been an inspiration over the past months, sadly he died just recently, during the on-going Covid crisis. So with this in mind, another screen grab follows showing the state of the the signalling at the north end of Sheffield Station and in particular that of S0123, on one of the Down Slow lines, indicating 'GONE' and below it, controlling the exit from platform 2, Signal S0127, with 6X41, the track panel move from Toton with 66731. 'Tom Moore' in charge. 'GONE', set on the signal aspect above it meaning I suppose, 'Gone but not forgotten'; the shot here reflecting what was an out-of-gauge freight, the 'X', which came through the station earlier on at 09:04. A few minutes after the first shots were taken of the red DBS pair, the guy on the ground, called the set slowly forward so we could have a look at the SB Rail replacement Crane, KFA FS97415, apparently this was supposed to be a GBRf move, but looks like no locos were available and so DBS provided the traction, 66078 and 66134. in the next shots the 'Crane Train' pulls up to a halt and the accommodating guy on the phone can be seen next to one of the many 'Sunbelt Rentals' high-output portable LED lamp standards. 'Baz with Bobble hat' appears again getting one of the last shots before we leave as the weather deteriorates and the 2 red DBS locos look to be grounded for a while, though not to the liking of personnel on the ground as they are extra hire-ins replacing the GBRf locos which weren't available and had to be sent back to Toton as quickly as possible...
5. Woodburn Bridge, March 16th, looking east along the work-site next to the Woodburn Junction signal cabin which, it appears, is to be retained for the present. The Stocksbridge/Deepcar branch line is on the left and now the main line at centre is in place, unlike the earlier shot on March 14th when this was just being relaid. The new formation of the junction and the lack of connection to the Deepcar Branch, is now clear to see. The Deepcar Branch connection is now behind the camera under the Woodburn Road bridge and the double-track junctions at either end have been removed with the Tinsley line connecting as before but now with a single cross-over onto the down line. A view of what the formation used to look like can be seen here, the RHTT with class 37s in charge passes through the area on October 1st, last year, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/vinc2020/50410651113/
and
www.flickr.com/photos/vinc2020/50594058761/
So instead of moves coming off the branch line and onto the main line, right in front of the camera as seen in the above shots, it will now take place behind the camera and under the bridge. Freightliner 66523, has come forward to the Woodburn footbridge with a rake of yellow JNA and MLA wagons full of what looks like old ballast, so it may be parked up waiting a passage out of the area back to Toton. It was time-tabled that afternoon as the 6Y21, Nunnery Main Line Junction to Toton North Yard but got cancelled at 15:39. It however left at 16:16 that afternoon on what was a very VSTP diagram with origin, remarkable, as Chinley, on the Manchester side of the Pennines, to Toton! It did however carry out the 6Y21 diagram from here, weird or what! I suspect therefore that the load is spent ballast being taken back to Toton to be recycled. As can be seen in these shots, there is much work proceeding all over the show from Nunnery along the branch and along the main lines, its a large job and today marked the last day when traction came into the possession with materials. The last shot in this section shows the new crossover from/to the Deepcar branch line, now, inconveniently placed, for photographs, underneath the Woodburn and Supertram bridge and new ballast still has to be off-loaded onto all three tracks.
6. Nunnery Bank, March 16th. Well, it 'Good Old Boy' time, the name of the GBRf loco which is about to leave the area with a rake of, this time, a mixture of yellow MLA and JNA wagons, the former look remarkably similar to the JNA variety to me.. The area is a little drier than it was just 2 days ago and there looks to have been some removal of 'plant'. The third shot in this sequence at Nunnery, once again shows the view towards Sheffield down the Nunnery Bank to the Nunnery Main Line Junction, the latter being the destination for all the Civil Engineering trains which came into the Possession which extended from here, all the way along the lines to Beighton Junction, south of Beighton Station Crossing. The scene in the view shows once again, the old LMSR bracket signal post, long disused of course, but never removed. The trackbed which took moves, past the Nunnery Single Line Junction signalbox, from Midland Station and into the LMSR carriage sidings behind the camera; the box was to the left, atop the Bernard Road bank, on the left. It is also featured in this picture of a class 37 test train, led by 37419, as long ago as January, 2014, seen coming up the Nunnery Bank, with explanatory map beneath the picture, showing what the area used to look like in the early 1900s, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/imarch1/49525243126/
Further, a picture of this area with the signal and an ECS propelling move with 4F, 0-6-0, 43900 in charge, on 4th of October 1958, is featured in Steven Batty's, 'Rail Centres' book, 'No. 11 on Sheffield', p.41. The trackbed over the bridge and the bracket signal post look exactly the same, after 53 years! Today, GBRf 66717, 'Good Old Boy', is about to depart on the 6Y20, Nunnery Main Line Junction via Sheffield to Toton Up Sidings and is in dramatic contrast to the 4F, 43900, seen in this area in 1958...
7. Woodburn Junction, March 16th. Its almost at the point where the new ballast is ready to drop on the lines and Freightliner 66523 has now reversed back along the down line and is parked up under the Darnall Flyover, just 20 minutes after being photographed next to the Woodburn footbridge. The limit of the new work can be seen in the foreground and the 'orange-jackets' are about to do some work to interface the old and new track-work. In the distance in the 3rd shot, under the Woodburn Road bridge, the front of a Colas class 70 can be seen just right of centre, this is 70802 which come in at 09:09 that morning on the 6C83, Belmont Down Yard via a run-around at Sheffield Midland then to Nunnery Main Line Junction. It has a rake of 20 full 'Autoballasters', timing load 1800 tonnes, and is the first of two such workings these, presumably, are the means by which the new ballast will be dropped straight onto the 3 sections of new line. The second of the two workings, 6C84, with Colas class 70, 70810, came in at 16:19 with the same type of 'Autoballasters' and another 1800 tonnes of new material, this one crossing over to do the drop on the Deepcar Branch line. The two empty workings left the area at 19:06, 243 minutes early though it was held in Heeley Loop by the looks of things for about 3 hours! and the second, 100 mins early at 01:07 the following morning, both going back to Toton. The last shot in this section, shows what is termed a 'Fast Clipper' on the up Lincoln Line with, behind it, the operator with console in hand controlling the operation of the device. Its a 'Rosenqvist/Speedy CD400SP Fast Clipper' unit and goes along the rails putting in the clips which hold the rail-head to the concrete sleepers... Much of the work now appears to have a machine perfected for the arduous tasks, all in all, speeding the rail replacement operation up very significantly; something which in the past would have all been undertaken manually by a large crowd of 'gangers'. The ballast drops of the Colas 'Autoballasters' meaning that around 800 tonnes of the material can all be dropped on one section of line, in one go; all of which I guess, is why this work possession has 'only' been for two weeks..
8. Beighton & Woodhouse Station, March 16th. The final stop on this day, was back to the Beighton area to see what the place looked like now the box had been demolished. It, like its counterpart further south at Woodhouse, took a matter of a few hours and here, you now wouldn't know that there had once been a signal box here at all. Beighton Station was opened in June 1840 and subsequently had two rebuilds, the 3rd station closing on 1st November 1954. The box survived, until this week and had been 'manned' 24 hours a day by all accounts but saw very little traffic during a 24 hour period, various ECS moves by the EMR, freight traffic to and from Barrow Hill, the odd stone trains and diversions which not infrequent for one reason or another. Now, after this Spring Equinox weekend, control will pass to a Panel in the York R.O.C., the same for Woodhouse Box which was demolished yesterday, March 19th. The scene looks to be dominated by the track personnel and there was little left of the infra-structure to reasonably photograph, of course a train passing through would have helped but that was 6 days away when the line block was lifted for the Monday morning service to re-start on the 22nd. And finally, a quick jaunt southwards along the line to the Beighton Junction area and a look back, to see what was to be seen.. The Beighton BX33 signal which is still evident on the track diagram has already been changed, ts seen glowing red here of course and is now identified as WN8131; which looks like a Woodburn designation. Its a single head, multi-colour type, like the ones now installed in the Woodhouse Station/Junction area and well, they don't look all that interesting compared to the two-head multi-aspect type elsewhere.. And, finally a freight... not planned but had a look and noticed the lunchtime 'rails train' was on-track and heading this way and would pass in around 15 minutes. Looking from the newly re-furbished GCR footbridge, with new, open, '#' type wire fencing along the sides and with NO apertures cut to poke the camera lens through, though, I can see that changing, is the the Advanced Metal Recycling works skip compound in the foreground, the area once being the ex-Thomas Ward steam engine scrapyard. Passing south along the 'Old Road', in similar 'livery' to the blue skips, is GBRf class 66, 66786 on the 6X01, Scunthorpe Trent T.C. to Eastleigh East Yard working and this marks the end of the last 5 days ventures to chronicle the work on-going until this coming weekend on the GCR's old formation out of Sheffield and as far as Woodhouse Junction.
At 13:37 on Wednesday March 17th, the last working out of the possession was 6J31, a Volker Rail On-Track Machine, from Nunnery Main Line Junction to the Chesterfield Down Sidings. From that time, the area was left to the resident N.R. Personell and Contractors to finish off, as mentioned above; finishing off and extensive testing now appears to be going on. More pictures will follow taken yesterday morning, from Woodburn and Woodhouse, with the demolition of the box at the latter, early next week. By Monday, the 22nd March, all the works will/should have been completed on the Sunday evening and by that stage, all signalling control along this line from Woodburn Junction's area will be in the authority of the York Railway Operating Centre, outside York Station. This relatively extensive Civil Engineering work along this line marks a change in both the available semaphore signalling in the area and the interest residing in the railway infra-structure; the engineering work having simplified the rail layout at Woodburn and Woodhouse Junctions and with the two old boxes which will be gone by this weekend.
This has been a long job too, all in, it will have taken 20 hours to put all this together, a lot of the time spent on sorting out the workings which came and went, getting the video shots into a consistent sequence and, repeatedly, it turned out, correcting the text labels in the video which I had made several mistakes with, when typing them in. The last one I noticed as I was typing these very words, had the GBRf as 66731, 'Capt Tom Moore' on the Eastleigh working, not 66786...
One of the light structures in the centre of Bristol due to be illuminated from the 6th march www.facebook.com/BristolLightFestival
It measures up at 87 studs or so. Getting there. It's also surprisingly stable. The ladder structures made of window frames to the upper part of the triangular space frame are just resting, they need to be attached which should further enhance stability at the central area. I have succumbed, like the brickb*t*h that I am, to a Cracklink order. I just had to get more of those 6x5x1 triangulated elements plus other bits, and one thing led to another. You know how it is...
I cropped out the top because it for some reason is looking a bit "castle" and without wanting to offend my esteemed castle building colleagues, even thinking about that castle-y bit on top of my SHIP is giving me facial tics.
Also the scale I had originally envisioned is all wrong. It's a smaller thing now. The spheres have gone back to being planted biomes, not cities. The three mini booms will now not be tipped by landers, but by sensors (but better than the idiotic prongy things currently shown). The front of the SHIP, just to make doubly sure it doesn't get mistaken for a medieval fortification, will now in itself be a crew quarter/detachable lander combo thingy. Engines to the rear still to be worked on. With engines plus the front lander it should easily get me into 100+ stud territory.
The yellow feature colour is now getting on my nerves. It will soon be stripped out and replaced with light grey.
I have cunning plans for the biomes and the stickering. I will keep my powder dry on those items.
Taken at Chalky Beach, Swansea Heads, NSW, Australia.
The rock structures here are varied and complex and help make a variety of compositions possible.
As always, thanks for any comments, views or favorites, they are much appreciated!
Copyright © Paul Hollins. All my images are protected under international authors copyright laws and may not be downloaded, reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without my explicit written permission.