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Witch Head Nebula (left up) illuminated through Rigel (upper middel), Orion Nebula, Running Man Nebula and many surrounding emission (red) and reflexion structures (blue). Captured 2015-11-07 in Tenerife, 1180 m altitude. Sony A7s (CentralDS modded and cooled), Canon F1.8/200mm @ F2.2, ISO 3200, 40 x 270 sec and 12 x 30 sec, IDAS-V4 filter, EQ8 mound autoguided.
Doorways at Aztec Ruins. Despite the name, bestowed in the 19th century, the site has nothing to do with the Aztec people. This pueblo was built by Native Americans in the 11th century and occupied through the late 13th century. It may originally have been an outlying part of the Chaco Canyon culture that later evolved into the center of its own extended community. Aztec Ruins National Monument. San Juan County, New Mexico.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiergarten_(park)
The Tiergarten (formal German name: Großer Tiergarten), is an urban public park of Germany located in the middle of Berlin, completely in the district of same name. The park is of 210 hectares (520 acres); and among urban gardens of Germany, only the Englischer Garten of Munich (417 ha or 1,030 acres) is larger.[1]
16th century
The beginnings of the Tiergarten can be traced back to 1527. It was founded as a hunting area for the king, and was situated to the west of the Coelln city wall, which was the sister town of Old Berlin. It also sat in the same vicinity as the Berlin Stadtschloss. In 1530 the expansion began; acres of land were purchased and the garden began to expand towards the north and west. The total area extended beyond the current Tiergarten, and the forests were perfect for hunting deer and other wild animals. The king had wild animals placed within the Tiergarten, which was fenced off from the outside to prevent the creatures from escaping, and was the main hunting ground for the electors of Brandenburg. This king’s hobby, however, began to fade away as the city of Berlin began to expand and the hunting area shrank to accommodate the growth.
17th–18th centuries
Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg from 1688 until 1713, feeling the need to bring change to the hunting grounds, built many structures that are still visible today. As the King was expanding Unter den Linden, a roadway that connected the Berlin Stadtschloss and the Tiergarten, he had a swath of forest removed in order to connect his castle to the newly built Charlottenburg Palace. "Der Grosse Stern", the central square of the Tiergarten, and the "Kurfuerstenplatz", the electoral plaza, were added, with seven and eight boulevards, respectively. This is seen as the beginning of a transformation in the Tiergarten, a movement from the king’s personal hunting territory to a forest park designed for the people.
Frederick II did not appreciate the hunt as his predecessors did, and in 1742 he instructed the architect Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff to tear down the fences that surrounded the territory and to turn the park into a "Lustgarten", or, loosely translated, a "pleasure garden", one that would be open to the people of Berlin. In the baroque style popular at the time he added flowerbeds, borders and espaliers in geometrical layouts, along with mazes, water basins and ornamental ponds; he also commissioned sculptures to add cultural significance. Unique to the time period, areas of congregation called "salons" were established along the many different walkways in the park. These salons were blocked off from the walking path by hedges or trees and often furnished with seating, fountains and vases, offering guests a change of pace and a place to discuss intellectual matters in private. Such freedom was common under the rule of Frederick II; there were even residents allowed to live within the Tiergarten. Refuges, Huguenots in hiding from the French, were allowed to erect tents and sell refreshments to the pedestrians walking through the park. A pheasant house was erected, which would later become the core of the Zoologischer Tiergarten, a zoo founded in 1844 that lies within the greater Tiergarten. During the year of the revolution, 1848, the park hosted another significant event, as the first assembly demanded the abolishment of the national censors.
19th century
At the end of the eighteenth century, Knobeldorff’s late-baroque form had been all but replaced by ideas for a new, scenic garden ideal. The castle park Bellevue and Rousseau Island were laid out by court gardener Justus Ehrenreich Sello in the late 1700s. It was then in 1818 that the king commissioned the help of Peter Joseph Lenné, a young man who was at the time the gardener’s assistant at Sanssouci in Potsdam. His plans involved the creation of a rural "Volkspark", or peoples park, that would also serve as a sort of Prussian national park that would help lift the spirits of those who visited. However, the King Frederick William III rejected Lenné’s plan. Against the opposition of a hesitant bureaucracy, Lenné submitted a modified version of his concept. This plan was accepted and realized between 1833 and 1840. The park was modeled after English gardens, but Lenné made sure to pay attention to Knobelsdorff’s structures and layouts. By draining forests areas he allowed for more footpaths, roadways, and bridal paths to be laid down. Several features became characteristic components of the Tiergarten. Wide-open grass lawns traversed by streams and clusters of trees, lakes with small islands, countless bridges like the Löwenbrücke, and a multitude of pathways became distinguishing features of the new garden.
Up until 1881, the Tiergarten was owned by the monarchy, and came under the direct control of the king. Soon after the king abolished his rights to the forest, he added the boundaries to the district of Berlin, so that the people may use and uphold it. However, until the middle of the twentieth century, the Tiergarten remained in the style that Lenné had left it in. The biggest changes came in the form of nationalistic memorials that began construction in 1849. These monuments were seen as patriotic contributions to the culture of the Tiergarten. The Siegesallee, or "Victory Avenue", could be considered the most famous addition. Built under the orders of Kaiser William II, It was lined with statues of former Prussian royal figures of varying historical importance. "Prachtboulevard", or the magnificence boulevard, was added in 1895 and became the area known as the Königsplatz, which would later become Platz der Republik.
The park is covered in statues commemorating those famous to the Prussians and the activities they enjoyed doing. Animal statues are to be found throughout the park, playing the counterpart to the stone hunters that also inhabit the area. Built by famous sculptor Friedrich Drake, a statue to Queen Louise, beloved queen of the Prussians, is also to be found here alongside her husband, Friedrich Wilhelm III. Statues of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing, Heinrich Theodor Fontane, Wilhelm Richard Wagner and Gustav Albert Lortzing were also erected. The "Komponistendenkmal", or the Beethoven-Haydn-Mozart memorial, is another example of how the Germans wanted to respect and honor the men and women who gave them a unique culture.
20th century
Under Nazi control
The Nazi party took control in 1933, causing a dramatic change of idealism. This change was not just social; in fact, Hitler had planned the complete innovation of the city of Berlin. "Welthauptstadt Germania", or World Capital Germania, was the idea the Nazis wanted to bring to fruition. The Tiergarten was to be a central location in the new city. The Charlottenburger Chaussee, today known as the Straße des 17. Juni, was to be the central line between the east and west, and was widened from 27 to 53 meters, the same width as the current street. The Berlin victory column was also moved to the Grosser Stern, where it remains to this day.
The Second World War caused significant damage to the Tiergarten and its various cultural elements. Many statues were destroyed or damaged; some of the statues still need minor repair. After the war, the Tiergarten underwent a sudden, violent change. Much of the wooded area was felled and turned to firewood due to the shortage of coal, and the now empty fields were turned into temporary farmland by order of the British occupational troops in the region; there were around 2,550 plots of land available for growing potatoes and vegetables. However, these two factors caused the once great forest to nearly disappear; only 700 trees survived out of over 200,000 that once lined the parkway, the bodies of water turned silty, every bridge was destroyed, the monuments lie on their sides, badly damaged. Plans to fill the waterways with debris from the war were also suggested, but were prevented by the head of the Berlin Central Office of Environmental Planning, Reinhold Lingner.
In 1945, almost directly after the fall of Berlin, the Soviets erected a monument for the fallen soldiers of the Red Army on the north side of the current Straße des 17. Juni. Situated less than a mile away from the Reichstag, It was built in such short notice that it sat in West Berlin, which belonged to the British, Americans and French. When the wall went up around East Berlin, the monument became inaccessible to the people for whom it was built.
According to testimony reported in the 1995 documentary film On the Desperate Edge of Now, statues of historical military figures from the park were buried by Berlin citizens in the grounds of the nearby Bellevue Palace in order to prevent their destruction by the occupying American forces. They were not recovered until 1993.
Restoration
On June 2, 1945, the Berlin Magistrate decided they would restore the Greater Tiergarten. The first suggestions came in 1946/47. Reinhold Lingner and Georg Pniower, Professor of Garden Design at Berlin University, were the first to offer plans, but both were rejected during the division of Berlin by the Allied powers. Instead, they decided to follow the plans of the Tiergarten Director Willi Alverdes, whose plan seemed to be a more pragmatic approach; instead of rebuilding the park in a new fashion, Alverdes plans depended on the existing design of the park. He wanted to establish a tranquil, spacious park where one could relax and recover. Being called a crisis, the Tiergarten was reforested between 1949 and 1959. On March 17, 1949, the Lord Mayor Ernst Reuter planted the first tree, a linden, to signify the beginning of the restoration. West Germany took over the operation and sponsorship; about 250,000 young trees were delivered to the former capital from all over the Bundesrepublik, even being delivered via plane during the Berlin Blockade. Alverdes’ concept did away with the pre-existing baroque-styled structures in the park, claiming the style was not in keeping with the period. The combination of baroque and regional art was tossed out. Being a very natural park landscape, the Tiergarten was a very important area for rest and relaxation for the West Berliners, who were separated from their homeland by the Berlin Wall.
Several buildings have been added to the area surrounding the park, many of which were constructed by foreign architects. The Kongresshalle is a prime example. It began construction in 1956 under the initiative of Eleanor Dulles as an American contribution to the Interbau, an International Architecture Exhibition employed to exhibit new social, cultural, and ecological ideas in architecture.
Today
The Tiergarten’s culture began to stagnate until the fall of the Berlin Wall and the GDR in 1989. After the reunification of East and West Berlin in 1990, many of the outskirts of the park changed drastically. For instance, along the streets that border the southern boundary of the park, dilapidated embassy buildings that had stood for decades were reoccupied and others were rebuilt from the ground up, such as the Nordic embassies. On the northern border the new German Chancellery was built, along with office buildings for the everyday work of the delegates. The Reichstag was refurbished with a new, glass dome that has become a popular tourist attraction. Several overgrown areas that had been used for picnics and soccer were replaced with open spaces and grassy lawns that have added to the prestige of the park. Due to its status as a garden memorial of the city of Berlin, encroachment onto the Tiergarten from businesses and residents has been illegal since 1991.
A large tunnel has been built under the Tiergarten, allowing easy movement from north to south for motor vehicles, streetcars, and, more recently, subway trains. The original proposal for the tunnel was met with great opposition from environmentalists, who believed the vegetation would be damaged due to shifts in ground-water levels; in fact, the first plans for construction were denied by a court order.
In the northerly neighbouring quarter of Moabit a much smaller park bears the same name, thus both are differentiated as Großer and Kleiner Tiergarten.
Tiergarten has around 210 Hectares and after Tempelhofer Freiheit, it is the second biggest parkland in Berlin and the third biggest inner-city parkland in Germany.
Geography
The park is located on the northern and central side of Tiergarten Ortsteil and is bordered, on the northern side, by the river Spree. The little quarter Hansaviertel borders on it at the north-western side and the Zoological Garden is situated on the south-western side. The principal road is the Straße des 17. Juni which ends, in the east, at the Brandenburg Gate. Other main roads are the Altonaer Straße, Spreeweg and Hofjägerallee. In the middle of the park is the square named Großer Stern ("Great Star") with the Siegessäule (Victory column) located in its centre. In addition to the Brandenburg Gate, other notable buildings and structures located close to the park are the Soviet War Memorial, the Reichstag, the Bundestag (all in the eastern borders), the new central railway station (in the north) and, on the southeastern borders, the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, the Memorial to the Sinti and Roma victims of National Socialism and the central square of Potsdamer Platz.
Transport
The park is principally served by the S-Bahn at the rail stops of Berlin Tiergarten (situated at the western entrance on the Straße des 17. Juni) and Berlin Bellevue.
Atout (previously known as Cypria, Driever, and Miltiadis Junior III) (IMO: 9354648) is a container type-ship registered and sailing under the flag of Libera. Her gross tonnage is 18,199, her overall length (loa) is 182.52 m and her container capacity is 1,702 TEU. She was built in 2001 and is operated by Capital Ship Management Corporation.
Lago Hermoso - Siete Lagos - San Martin de los Andes - Neuquen - Patagonia - Argentina
One of the most beautiful lakes ever
The bridge in Etobicoke near Humber Bay Park East.
The sun was setting giving the side of it a nice, orange glow.
Mission accomplie ! La structure pour les futurs panneaux solaires et un nouveau déperditeur statique sont installés et fonctionnels ☑️ Incroyable d’avoir vécu ça avec Aki à l’extérieur : c’est le genre d’expérience qui vous lie encore plus. Et grâce au professionnalisme de Megan, Mark et Shane à l’intérieur, aidés par Oleg et Piotr qui se remettaient tout juste de leur sortie à eux et avaient du travail tout le weekend, et des équipes sur 🌎, on ne s’est jamais senti seuls dans le grand vide. (Et on nous a même gardé de la 🍦 pour le retour, si ce n’est pas un équipage de rêve…) (oui, après presque 7 heures à se mouvoir dans un scaphandre aussi rigide que protecteur, les calories et un dîner roboratif sont *très* bienvenus). Emploi du temps léger aujourd'hui pour récupérer, puis retour des expériences mardi. 💪
My first spacewalk without Shane is a wrap, more than happy to be with Aki though! Even though it was just the two of us outside, we never feel alone, with Mark, Megan and Shane on the inside following and helping, and the best teams on Earth over the radio we felt like an extension of a well-oiled machine! They even saved some 🍨 for us afterwards, #dreamteam. Spacewalks last 7 hours and are like top sport so we need the calories afterwards! The new solar panels are ready to be slotted in to the base structure we assembled, these will be installed sometime next year, handing over to the next team to keep maintaining and improving the station and what it stands for.
Credits: ESA/NASA
607J6482
This historic structure is in the heart of Farningham Village in Kent. It is thought to be a cattle screen.
The entire structure is quite impressive. The choice of red for a "Golden Gate" was also an interesting choice but makes sense as you can clearly make it out on a cloudy and foggy day!
DSC_4059 Kings Cross Station. - Effect created by Nikon lens with a Jessops Semi-fisheye 0.42x Macro Lens Attachment.
A traffic free moment along the B6225 Canal Street, as Northern Class 195/0 195013 was passing over Littleborough viaduct with the 12.12 Leeds to Manchester Victoria service (1J15) on April 26th 2022. The short viaduct with its stone arch over the A58 was designed by George Stephenson for the Manchester & Leeds Railway and was completed in 1839. It is now a Grade II listed structure.
This revolving restaurant design was prepared for submission to the Chicago World’s Fair Centennial committee. According to the magazine article: “The structure is spiral in effect with promenades and spaces for indoor and outdoor dining rooms. Both building and column revolve once each half hour, thus affording an opportunity for sightseeing while dining or strolling on the platforms. The model provides space inside the column for elevators, while at the base are foyers and a space for parking of automobiles.”
Glacier palace
Who can claim to have explored the inside of a glacier, 15 metres under the surface? Here it’s possible!
Sparkling ice crystals and glittering ice sculptures enchant visitors to the glacier palace. A lift carries guests 15 metres below the surface of the glacier to a fairy-tale palace deep under the perennial snows. An ice tunnel leads through the glacier to sites such as a glacier crevasse and an ice toboggan run. Cosy furs adorn ice benches; ice sculptures evoke the world of the ice fairy tales. Ice sculptors regularly create new artworks.
More to come :)
Bern – shop window at LOEB.
The department store LOEB in Bern is well known for its original and exceptional shop-window decorations.
Bern – LOEB Schaufenster. Das Warenhaus ist bekannt für seine originellen, aufwändigen und aussergewöhnlichen, oftmals auch themenbezogenen Schaufensterdekorationen.
An Ostern z.B. sieht man schon mal Hasen darin herumhoppeln.
=> LOEB
(46.94766, 07.44097); [160°] – by smart phone
SITUATED NEAR THE NORTH-WEST TIP OF WALES, THE TINY ISLET KNOWN AS SOUTH STACK ROCK LIES SEPARATED FROM HOLYHEAD ISLAND BY 30 METRES OF TURBULENT SEA, SURGING TO AND FRO IN CONTINUOUS MOTION. THE COASTLINE FROM THE BREAKWATER AND AROUND THE SOUTH WESTERN SHORE IS MADE OF LARGE GRANITE CLIFFS RISING SHEER FROM THE SEA TO 60 METRES. THE LIGHTHOUSE TOWER IS 28METRES TALL. THE LIGHTHOUSE FLASHES A WHITE LIGHT ONCE EVERY 10 SECONDS AND CAN BE SEEN FOR 24 NAUTICAL MILES.
SOUTH STACK LIGHTHOUSE WAS FIRST ENVISAGED IN 1665 WHEN A PETITION FOR A PATENT TO ERECT THE LIGHTHOUSE WAS PRESENTED TO CHARLES II. THE PATENT WAS NOT GRANTED AND IT WAS NOT UNTIL 9TH FEBRUARY 1809 THAT THE FIRST LIGHT APPEARED TO MARK THE ROCK. THE LIGHTHOUSE, ERECTED AT A COST OF £12,000, WAS DESIGNED BY DANIEL ALEXANDER AND ORIGINALLY FITTED WITH ARGAND OIL LAMPS AND REFLECTORS. AROUND 1840 A RAILWAY WAS INSTALLED BY MEANS OF WHICH A LANTERN WITH A SUBSIDIARY LIGHT COULD BE LOWERED DOWN THE CLIFF TO SEA LEVEL, WHEN FOG OBSCURED THE MAIN LIGHT.
IN THE MID 1870'S THE LANTERN AND LIGHTING APPARATUS WAS REPLACED BY A NEW LANTERN. NO RECORDS ARE AVAILABLE OF THE LIGHT SOURCE AT THIS TIME BUT IT WAS PROBABLY A PRESSURISED MULTIWICK OIL LAMP. IN 1909 AN EARLY FORM OF INCANDESCENT LIGHT WAS INSTALLED AND IN 1927 THIS WAS REPLACED BY A MORE MODERN FORM OF INCANDESCENT MANTLE BURNER. THE STATION WAS ELECTRIFIED IN 1938.
ON 12TH SEPTEMBER, 1984, THE LIGHTHOUSE WAS AUTOMATED AND THE KEEPERS WITHDRAWN. THE LIGHT AND FOG SIGNAL ARE NOW REMOTELY CONTROLLED AND MONITORED FROM THE TRINITY HOUSE OPERATIONAL CONTROL CENTRE IN HARWICH, ESSEX.
THE CHASM BETWEEN THE MAINLAND AND THE ROCK WAS AT FIRST TRAVERSED BY A HEMPEN CABLE 21 METRES ABOVE SEA LEVEL, ALONG WHICH A SLIDING BASKET WAS DRAWN CARRYING A PASSENGER OR STORES. THIS SYSTEM WAS REPLACED IN 1828 BY AN IRON SUSPENSION BRIDGE 1.5 METRES WIDE AND AGAIN IN 1964 BY AN ALUMINIUM BRIDGE. THE PRESENT FOOTBRIDGE WAS COMPLETED IN MID-1997. GRANTS TOTALLING £182,000 WERE RECEIVED FROM THE WELSH DEVELOPMENT AGENCY TO FUND THE STRUCTURE WHICH WAS DESIGNED AND BUILT BY LAINGS/MOTT MACDONALD. THE LANDWARD APPROACH TO THE BRIDGE IS BY DESCENDING 400 STEPS CUT INTO THE CLIFF FACE.
WITH THE COMPLETION OF THE FOOTBRIDGE THE ISLAND AND THE LIGHTHOUSE WERE REOPENED TO VISITORS.
"Berwick Bridge, also known as the Old Bridge, spans the River Tweed in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England. The current structure is a Grade I listed stone bridge built between 1611 and 1624.
Prior to the construction of the stone bridge, the crossing was served by a series of wooden bridges. which were variously destroyed by flooding and military action. James Burrell became Surveyor of Works of the town in 1604, making him responsible for maintenance of the bridge. He was previously also occupied on the fortifications around Berwick before James VI and I ascended the throne of England, rendering them redundant.
In 1608, ten piers of the wooden bridge were destroyed by ice, and Burrell wrote to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, then Secretary of State, to recommend the construction of a stone bridge. Arrangements were made in May 1608 to collect funds, but only £3,300 had been collected by 1611, but the Captain of Berwick Sir William Bowyer was unsatisfied with this progress, and a proposal was made for a bridge with seven stone arches over the deepest part of the river and the rest built of wood. After further collapse of the old wooden bridge, a modified proposal, for an entirely stone bridge with 13 arches, and estimated to cost a further £8,462, was put to the Privy Council, and on 16 May 1611 the King ordered £8,000 to be put towards the bridge. Work started on the bridge on 19 June that year, and by September 170 men were employed on its construction. At some point it was decided to build it with 15 arches instead.
In 1618, a further £4,000 grant was given, but this money had been used by 1620 and the Privy Council placed the bridge project under the supervision of the Bishop of Durham Richard Neile before any more money was given. Neile contracted Burrell and the leading mason Lancelot Bramston to finish the bridge at a cost of £1,750, and installed John Johnson of Newcastle as supervisor. The bridge was completed by September 1621 except for the parapets and paving, but a flood in October 1621 swept away some masonry and the wooden centring. In light of the accident, a grant of £3,000 was made and work restarted the following March, and the bridge was opened to traffic in 1624, although minor work continued for the next decade.
The bridge became less important for road traffic as the main route moved westwards, first to the concrete Royal Tweed Bridge built in the 1920s, and then in the 1980s a bypass took the A1 road out of Berwick altogether.
It is a Grade I listed building and a scheduled monument.
Berwick-upon-Tweed (/ˌbɛrɪk-/; Scots: Sooth Berwick, Scottish Gaelic: Bearaig a Deas) is a town in the county of Northumberland. It is the northernmost town in England, at the mouth of the River Tweed on the east coast, 2 1⁄2 miles (4 kilometres) south of the Scottish border (the hamlet of Marshall Meadows is the actual northernmost settlement). Berwick is approximately 56 mi (90 km) east-south east of Edinburgh, 65 mi (105 km) north of Newcastle upon Tyne and 345 mi (555 km) north of London.
The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded Berwick's population as 12,043. A civil parish and town council were created in 2008 comprising the communities of Berwick, Spittal and Tweedmouth.
Berwick was founded as an Anglo-Saxon settlement during the time of the Kingdom of Northumbria, which was annexed by England in the 10th century. The area was for more than 400 years central to historic border wars between the Kingdoms of England and Scotland, and several times possession of Berwick changed hands between the two kingdoms. The last time it changed hands was when Richard of Gloucester retook it for England in 1482. To this day many Berwickers feel a close affinity to Scotland.
Berwick remains a traditional market town and also has some notable architectural features, in particular its medieval town walls, its Georgian Town Hall, its Elizabethan ramparts, and Britain's earliest barracks buildings, which Nicholas Hawksmoor built (1717–21) for the Board of Ordnance." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
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