Wassily Kandinsky was one of the great masters of modern art, also with a wide arrange of his artworks, was born in Moscow as original and influential artists. As of 1886 he studies law and economy , the Russian painter, printmaker, stage designer, decorative artist and theorist of twentieth-century, artist in high detail, Wassily Kandinsky, including abstract painting, is a central figure in the history of Art Worldwide. Considered by many to be the father of abstract art using brilliant colors in compositions of geometric shapes and lines,His father was a tea merchant and his mother was a homemaker. fascinating and often moving the history of their life with works of his art motif symbolized his crusade against conventional aesthetic values artists alongside Pablo Picasso and Henri Matisse,of the largest collections of paintings at auction in the world which alone could inspire art could visually express load to music,Kandinsky spent his early childhood in Odessa,enjoyed success not only as a teacher but also wrote extensively on spirituality, Kandinsky himself learned the piano moves beyond imitation of the physical world.

Tower of London - The major art installation Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red at the Tower of London, marked one hundred years since the first full day of Britain's involvement in the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies progressively filled the Tower's famous moat between 17 July and 11 November 2014. Each poppy represented a British military fatality during the war.

The poppies encircled the iconic landmark, creating not only a spectacular display visible from all around the Tower but also a location for personal reflection. The scale of the installation was intended to reflect the magnitude of such an important centenary and create a powerful visual commemoration.

All of the poppies that made up the installation were sold, raising millions of pounds which were shared equally amongst six service charities.

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Antique Center of Red Bank

226 West Front Street, Red Bank, NJ 07701

Phone: (732) 842-4336

We pride ourselves as a family of dealers dedicated to providing those hard to find treasures, collectibles, jewelry and furnishings. The Red Bank Antique Center has been the destination for designers, collectors, movie & stage designers and dealers for over 40 years. The center was started in 1964 by the Johnson family as a permanent antique show with 12 dealers. Today it has grown to over 100 dealers in two building in the heart of the Red Bank Historical District located 1/2 mile from the shoreline of the Navesink River. Operated by Guy Johnson, we have grown to be the largest antique district in New Jersey.

Pen and black and brown ink, and graphite; sheet: 24.3 x 19 cm.

Arthur Szyk was a graphic artist, book illustrator, stage designer and caricaturist. He was born into a Jewish family in Łódź, in the part of Poland which was under Russian rule in the 19th century. He always regarded himself both as a Pole and a Jew. From 1921, he lived and created his works mainly in France and Poland, and in 1937 he moved to the United Kingdom. In 1940 he settled permanently in the United States, where he was granted American citizenship in 1948.

Arthur Szyk became a renowned graphic artist and book illustrator as early as the interwar period – his works were exhibited and published not only in Poland, but also in France, the United Kingdom, Israel, and the United States. However, he gained real popularity through his war caricatures, in which, after the outbreak of World War II, he depicted the leaders of the Axis powers – mainly Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini and Emperor Hirohito. After the war, he also devoted himself to political issues, this time supporting the creation of Israel.

Szyk's work is characterized in its material content by social and political commitment, and in its formal aspect by its rejection of modernism and drawing on the traditions of medieval and renaissance painting, especially illuminated manuscripts from those periods. Unlike most caricaturists, Szyk always showed great attention to the coloristic effects and details in his works.

Today, Szyk is a well-known and often exhibited artist only in his last home country – the United States. In Europe, since the late 1990s exhibitions of his art has been mounted in the Polish cities of Kraków, Warsaw, and Łódź as well as in Berlin, Germany. The recent publication of a Polish-language edition Szyk's biography and public broadcasts of the documentary film "Arthur Szyk - Illuminator" (Marta Tv & Film, Telewizja Polska (Łódź), 2005) also have improved Szyk's stature in his mother country, Poland.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=fhJmRWQc6Yg

Statua ( In rete metallica ) di Edoardo Tresoldi

Statue (made of wire mesh) by Edoardo Tresoldi

Siponto Manfredonia Foggia Puglia Italia © 2016 All rights reserved by Michele Masiero

FotoSketcher: lively

Nikon coolpix p 7100

Il Parco archeologico di Siponto, è situato a pochi chilometri dalla città di Manfredonia in Puglia.

Nell’area archeologica accanto alla chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore di origine medievale, sono presenti i resti di una basilica paleocristiana del IV sec. d.C. a tre navate con abside centrale e pavimento a mosaico. Al fine di valorizzare tutta l’area archeologica, che comprende anche il restauro del complesso della chiesa di San Leonardo posto nelle vicinanze, e preservare i resti archeologici della basilica paleocristiana, il ministero dei beni culturali e la sopraintendenza archeologica della Puglia utilizzando fondi europei , ha approvato e finanziato il progetto dello scultore lombardo Edoardo Tresoldi.

L’opera d’arte a carattere permanente di Edoardo Tresoldi, ricostruisce sui resti archeologici della basilica

paleocristiana , i volumi in scala reale della basilica stessa sino ad una altezza di 14 metri ,utilizzando reti in metallo galvanizzato trasparenti. L’Opera d’arte,unica al mondo, ha richiesto l’utilizzo di sette tonnellate di rete metallica leggera e trasparente , e un lavoro protrattosi per circa tre mesi di una equipe di una trentina di persone tra cui archeologi, ingegneri e architetti e il gruppo di giovani creativi che collaborano con Tresoldi da diversi anni.

Edoardo Tresoldi

Scultore, pittore e scenografo, Edoardo Tresoldi ha un approccio artistico e di ricerca creativa e libera. Studia design e arti visive all'istituto d'arte di Monza. Nel 2009 si trasferisce a Roma e inizia a lavorare come pittore di scena per vari progetti cinematografici. La scenografia diventa un laboratorio di sperimentazione. Dal 2013 realizza sculture ed installazioni in rete metallica. Edoardo ha 28 anni, è di Cambiago, in provincia di Milano ed è considerato uno dei talenti della street art italiana. Si fa aiutare da una squadra in cui l’età media è 25 anni e anche i responsabili di Sovrintendenze ed Ente Paesaggistici, hanno riconosciuto il valore delle sue opere. A lui sono state affidati luoghi importanti, come le installazioni alla Vigna di Leonardo a Milano e alla Basilica di Siponto a Manfredonia.

.The Archaeological Park of Siponto, is located a few kilometers from the town of Manfredonia in the Puglia region. In the archaeological site next to the church of Santa Maria Maggiore of medieval origin, there are the remains of a paleoChristian basilica of the fourth century. after Christ, with three naves and central apse and mosaic floor. In order to enhance the whole archaeological area, which also includes the restoration of the complex of the church of San Leonardo nearby, and preserve the archaeological remains of an early Christian basilica, the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and the archaeological superintendence of Puglia using European funds, have approved and funded the project the Lombard sculptor Edoardo Tresoldi. The work of art, unique in the world, a permanent nature by Edoardo Tresoldi, reconstructs on the archaeological ruins of the paleoChristian basilica, the full-scale real volumes of the basilica itself up to a height of 14 meters, using wire mesh galvanized transparent.The Art work required the use of seven tons of transparent metal mesh, and a job that lasted for about three months in a team of thirty people including archaeologists, engineers and architects and the group of young creatives that cooperate with Tresoldi from several years.

Edoardo Tresoldi

Sculptor, painter and stage designer, Edoardo Tresoldi has an artistic and creative research approach and free. He has studied design and visual arts at the Institute of Art of Monza. In 2009 he moved to Rome and began working as a scene painter for various film projects. The scenery becomes a testing laboratory. From 2013 makes sculptures and installations made of wire mesh. Edoardo is 28 years old, is born at Cambasio, in the province of Milan and is considered one of the talents of the Italian street art. It was helped by a team where the average age is 25 years. To him they were

From facebook and Dailybest

Closed theatres were covered in taped messages of support reading 'Missing Live Theatre' on July 3rd 2020. The project was led by stage designers group Scene Change.

www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53276472

Lifeline (5th July) www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-53302415

This image was taken during the Covid-19 pandemic and phase two of moving out of lockdown in Scotland. Non-essential retail with doors to the street were allowed to open from 29th June.

www.gov.scot/news/route-map-for-moving-out-of-lockdown

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Altman was born in Vinnytsia, Imperial Russia. From 1902 to 1907 he studied painting and sculpture at the Art College in Odessa. In 1906 he had his first exhibition in Odessa. In 1910 he went to Paris, where he studied at the Free Russian Academy, working in the studio of Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine, and had contact with Marc Chagall, Alexander Archipenko, and David Shterenberg. In 1910 he became a member of the group Union of Youth. His famous Portrait of Anna Akhmatova, conceived in Cubist style, was painted in 1914. After 1916 he started to work as a stage designer.

In 1918 he was the member of the Board for Artistic Matters within the Department of Fine Arts of the People's Commissariat of Enlightenment together with Malevich, Baranoff-Rossine and Shevchenko. In the same year he had an exhibition with the group Jewish Society for the Furthering of the Arts in Moscow, together with Wladimir Baranoff-Rossine, El Lissitzky and the others. In 1920 he became a member of the Institute for Artistic Culture, together with Kasimir Malevich, Vladimir Tatlin and others. In the same year, he participated in the exhibition From Impressionism to Cubism in the Museum of Painterly Culture in Petrograd. From 1920 to 1928 he worked on stage designs for the Habimah Theatre and the Jewish State Theatre in Moscow. In 1923 a volume of his Jewish graphic art was published in Berlin. In 1925 he participated in Exposition Internationale des Arts Decoratifs et Industriels Moderns (Art Deco) in Paris. His first solo exhibition in Leningrad was in 1926.

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Oil on canvas; 290 x 290 cm.

Jörg Immendorff was one of the best known contemporary German painters; he was also a sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his left-wing political activities and neo-dadaist actions. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe. In 1989 he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf -- the same school that had dismissed him as a student.

His paintings are sometimes reminiscent of surrealism and often use irony and heavy symbolism to convey political ideas. He named one of his first acclaimed works "Hört auf zu malen!" ("Stop painting!"). He was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde. Best known is his Cafe Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977-1984) that were inspired by Renato Guttuso’s Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden in East Germany. He created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. In 1984 he opened the bar La Paloma in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 1997 he won the best endowed art prize in the world, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose Immendorff to paint the official portrait of Schröder for the Bundeskanzlerleramt. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Immendorff was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions. On May 27, 2007, at age 61, he succumbed to the disease.

Studley Royal Park including the ruins of Fountains Abbey is a designated World Heritage Site in North Yorkshire, England. The site, which has an area of 800 acres (323 ha), features an 18th-century landscaped garden, some of the largest Cistercian abbey ruins in Europe, ruins of a Jacobean mansion and a Victorian church designed by William Burges.

Originally separate estates, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the Fountains estate was owned by the Gresham, Proctor, and Messenger families. At the same time, the Studley estate was separately held by the Mallorie (or Mallory) and then Aislabie families, after the marriage of Mary Mallory and George Aislabie. The estates were combined on 22 December 1767, when William Aislabie purchased the Fountains estate from John Messenger. In 1966, the property came into public ownership after its purchase by West Riding County Council. In 1983, it was acquired by the National Trust.

The gardens and park reflect every stage in the evolution of English garden fashion, from the late 17th century to the 1780s and beyond. Most unusually, both John and William embraced new garden fashions by extending their designed landscape rather than replacing and remaking outmoded parts. As a result, the cumulative whole is a catalogue of significant landscaping styles.

Studley Royal Park is an estate in North Yorkshire, England. The land broadly slopes and east-facing views are a feature of its landscape. The River Skell runs through the site, cutting through layers of Upper Carboniferous sandstone and Permian Magnesian limestone. The park was formed through the aggregation of the former land-holdings of Fountains Abbey, which were purchased by the Gresham family after the Dissolution, and the estate of Studley Royal.

Whilst the prehistoric origins of the land upon which Studley Royal Park now stands are under-researched, there is evidence for settlement in the area. An excavated flint assemblage from the park demonstrates the presence of people working flint on the site. There is evidence of farming activity dated to 4,500 years ago.

Material from the Iron Age is also associated with the site, including a lost gold torc. Iron Age enclosures at Mackershaw date from the sixth to fifth centuries BC. In the later phases of that enclosure, Romano-British material, including an Egyptian glass bangle, has also been discovered. The presence of Romano-British communities is also attested by the excavation of four skeletons by the vicar of Wath in 1881.

Documentary sources and place-name evidence, rather than archaeological excavation, provide insight into the early medieval period in the area. The Venerable Bede recorded that king Alhfrith of Deira granted land for a monastery near Ripon to Eata.

Fountains Abbey was founded in 1132 by Benedictine monks who left St Mary's Abbey, York to follow the Cistercian order. During the medieval period, monastic landholding steadily increased. For example, in the 1220s, Cassandra de Aleman donated land at Swanley to become part of the monastic grange.

After the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 by Henry VIII, the Abbey buildings and over 40% of the former monastic estate was sold by the Crown to Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant. The Greshams, as new owners of a formerly monastic site had a responsibility to render it incapable of future religious use. This was done through a programme of demolition and sale of goods, which included the stripping of lead from the buildings, the removal of glass and Nidderdale 'marble' from the church. 

The property was passed down through several generations of Sir Richard's family, then sold to Stephen Proctor in 1596. This included the precinct, Fountains Park and Swanley Grange. It was Proctor who built Fountains Hall probably between 1598 and 1604. The hall is a Jacobean mansion, built partly with stone from the Abbey ruins. Proctor was subsequently imprisoned and sold Fountains Park to pay his legal fees.  In April 1622 the Fountains estate was re-combined by Timothy Whittingham, who re-mortgaged it the same year to Humphrey Wharton. Over the subsequent two years, parts of the estate were ceded to several creditors, but ultimately Wharton regained control. The 1627 estate sale includes details for a lead casting workshop in the Warming House; the estate was bought by Richard Ewens and his son-in-law John Messenger.  During the English Civil War Messenger reputedly fought at the Battles of Marston Moor and at Naseby. In 1655 Ewens' grandson, William Messenger, inherited the estate. 

The Messengers were never wealthy, and in 1676 William Messenger had to arrange mortgages on the estate in order to pay for his daughters marriages. Other financial troubles led William to leave his family, and he died in Paris in 1680, leaving his three-year-old son, John Messenger, to inherit.  He married Margaret Scrope in 1698, a year after he came of age, and around this time he began re-building works on Fountain Hall. He rented out areas of the former abbey, including the mill; however these leases excluded mineral extraction, which were kept by Messenger. The family were also keenly interested in the ruins of the abbey itself, and allowed people to visit from as early as 1655. 

In 1736, William's son Michael James married Elizabeth Sayer and took responsibility for the estate. He commissioned the first measured survey of the abbey in 1758. The family's financial position was declining and by 1765 Michael was selling oaks from the estate. Michael James died in 1766 and his son John Michael inherited. On 22 December 1767, John Michael sold the Fountains estate to William Aislabie for £18,000. 

From 1452 onwards, Studley Royal was inhabited by the Mallory family, most notably by MPs John Mallory and William Mallory. A depiction of the enclosed park first appeared on Christopher Saxton's 1577 map of Yorkshire. In 1607 John Mallory commissioned the first surviving survey of the estate. This listed land-holdings and it demonstrated that the estate formerly extended beyond the park.  During the English Civil War, William Mallory and his son John, were loyal to the Crown; John commanded a force that defended Skipton Castle. They only surrendered in December 1645. William died in 1646 and John was fined by Parliament for half the value of the estate. Paying off the fine was attempted by selling off his wife's family estate, as well as other property, including a mill at Galphay and a farm at Nunwick. However, despite this, when John died in January 1656, and his son William inherited, aged only eight years old, debts had mounted up to £10,000. During this time it was John's widow, Mary, who managed the estate and managed to bring it within its means once more. However, in 1667, William died aged nineteen and the estate passed to his sisters: the eldest Mary, who was married to George Aislabie, as well as Jane and Elizabeth. 

Aislabie was the son of a farmer from Osgodby in North Yorkshire. He worked as a clerk for William Turbutt in the church courts at York. As part of Turbutt's household, Aislabie inherited £200 at his death in November 1648. After Turbutt's death Aislabie remained as part of the household, working for the widowed Elizabeth Turbutt. There is a suggestion made by John Richard Walbran that the pair may have had a romantic attachment, but this is unproven. Nevertheless he was the primary beneficiary of Turbutt's will when she died in 1662 – a result of which he purchased Treasurer's House in York. It was around this time that he married Mary Mallorie. George was killed in a duel in 1676.  It was George who began plans for the re-establishment of an enlarged park with Studley Royal in its centre. Studley Great Gate, now more commonly known as East Gate, the largest probable remnant of his plans.

George Aislabie's wife, Mary, preserved the estate, but by the time of her death in 1683 was in debt. Trustees to the estate were appointed until the heir, Mallorie Aislabie, came of age: William Robinson, husband of the eldest daughter Mary and Arthur Ingram.  Mallorie died in 1685 and was succeeded as heir by his brother George, who inherited but then died in 1693. The third brother, John Aislabie inherited the Studley estate.  A survey in 1694 describes both an 'old park' and a 'new park' which invites consideration of expansion under his father.

By 1695 John Aislabie was the Tory Member of Parliament for Ripon, and in 1718 became Chancellor of the Exchequer.  This enabled some of the family's perhaps long held plans, to landscape the park, to begin. This included the construction of a tower on How Hill, and the canal and cascade that became the foundation of the Water Garden. Aislabie was a principal sponsor of the South Sea Company scheme, the bill for which was promoted by him personally. In 1720 this vast financial operation collapsed, and in 1721 he was expelled from Parliament and disqualified for life from public office. Stocks from the South Sea Company were grafted to the East India Company, of which his brother William was a director.

Aislabie returned to Yorkshire and from 1723 devoted himself to the landscaping of the estate. This included the construction of a boundary wall along the western side of the valley between the Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estates. This wall had at least one viewing platform and connected to the path known as High Walk. Boundaries including ha-has were also constructed at this time.  It is possible the design was influenced by his kinsman William Benson's knowledge of neo-Palladian design. Other early features included The Upper Canal and Drum Falls. Flooding subsequently damaged these early developments, and by 1726 approximately 100 men were working to create water features, which included canals and ponds.  The design of the cascade and the fishing lodges is attributed to Roger Morris, who worked with Colen Campbell. The cascade and the canal was described in 1729 by Stephen Switzer in his volume of engineering, Hydrostatics. Aislabie and Morris's works did not just extend to the water gardens, but also to other areas of the estate. By 1728 work was also underway on the High Stables, which can still be seen in the deer park. 

During the 1730s and 1740s, there were a number of head gardeners employed by Aislabie. William Fisher worked on the estate from at least 1717 to 1732, when he was paid off. He was followed by John Hossack (left 1738), Mathias Mitchell (dismissed 1742) and then James Lockey (died 1744). Another significant employee was Robert Doe, who was a builder, mason and later head gardener too. Doe later worked on building projects for Castle Howard and for Swinton Castle.  This was also a period of expansion, during which Aislabie changed the lease on Mackershaw – making it permanent, rather than leased for agriculture. During this phase, the Grotto was constructed and changes were made to footpaths around its location; the Temple of Piety was also built.

In 1738 the first known plan of the gardens was made by Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, who was visiting them as part of a northern tour. At the same time the Octagon Tower was also constructed and it was glazed and decorated during 1735; subsequently stuccowork was added by Francesco Vassalli.  Other buildings constructed at this time include the Bathing House and the Boathouse. The planting at this time was perhaps sparser than that of the estate in the early twenty-first century: eighteenth-century visitors reported seeing bare rock between the trees.  The late 1730s also saw a revision of the statuary scheme in the gardens, which included the introduction of a statue of Neptune, centrally located in the Moon Pond. 

After Aislabie's death on 18 June 1742, his son William inherited, and whilst little is known about William's life, it is known that he set out on a Grand Tour in 1720, which was thwarted by political turmoil in France. In 1724 he married Lady Elizabeth Cecil, with whom he had six children: two sons and four daughters. Elizabeth and two of their daughters died in a smallpox outbreak in 1733. William's first scheme for the gardens was the construction of a funerary pyramid, modelled on the one at Stowe Gardens. He also extended the designed landscape further down the Skell Valley and introduced in 1745 a 'Chinese house', inspired by fashion at the time. 

In 1745 William re-married, to Elizabeth Vernon, who was the niece of his step-mother.  Perhaps, as a result, Studley Hall was renovated, which included the decoration of two rooms in a chinoiserie style. In the 1750s a gardeners house was built near the Kitchen Garden and two ice houses were constructed. A private garden with aviary was also created next to Studley Hall during this period. William also added new architectural features to the park: an obelisk at the western end of the main avenue and the Belvedere, which was a Gothic garden room. In addition to new buildings, existing ones had a change of character: for example the Temple of Venus had family portraits installed in it and its name changes to that of 'Banqueting House'.  In the 1750s the network of footpaths around the gardens were also much greater than the modern-day lay-out. Overall, William extended the landscaped area in the picturesque romantic style, contrasting with the formality of his father's work. Between them, the two created what is arguably England's most important 18th-century landscape gardens.

On 22 December 1767, William Aislabie purchased the Fountains estate from John Messenger, combining the Studley and Fountains estates. 

In February 1768, the gardens were flooded, which resulted in repairs and renovations. Subsequently the reservoir was expanded from a two acre, to a three and a half acre capacity. This period also included the insertion of new garden buildings, such as the Green Arch and the White Seat. In addition, new water features were added to the south-east of the gardens.  1768 also saw Robert Doe, on the instruction of Aislabie, begin to clear and stabilise the abbey ruins; work which continued until at least 1773.  Part of this scheme of work included the demolition of the Lay Brothers' Cloister. It also included construction: the Gazebo was built under the east Window, which provided visitors with an elevated view of the nave.

Anne Boleyn's Hill is first named as part of the gardens in 1771, where an antiquarian headless statue looked out on the valley. The statue moved and was restored to its location in 2004. The last mention of the Rotondo and the Coffin Lawn date to 1775, and it is likely the former was used to infill the latter. The canalisation of the Skell near the Abbey was undertaken in 1773, which used the river as a framing device for the view of the abbey from Anne Boleyn's Seat (constructed c.1789–91).

William also added ornamentation to parts of the ruins, adding detailing, but most significantly recreating the location of the high alter through the repositioning of medieval tiles found throughout the site. He also added planting to the cloister, in the form of shrubs and flowers. Greater security was also introduced to the abbey, with lockable doors and gates. However there was contemporary criticism of these changes, in particular from William Gilpin, who visited Studley on a tour of the north of England. 

William died on 17 May 1781 in London. The estate passed to his elder daughter, Elizabeth Allanson, after his two sons predeceased him.  Whilst she spent the majority of her time as owner at her home in Twickenham, Elizabeth did continue her family's civic work in Ripon – donating to the poor, funding streetlighting and building Ripon Town Hall.  However, although she appointed Christopher Hall as agent, during her ownership, and her lack of presence at the estate, many areas of the designed landscape became neglected.

Elizabeth died on 8 March 1808 and was succeeded by her niece, Elizabeth Sophia Lawrence, who lived at Studley from 1808 until her death in 1845.  An influential woman in the area, she used her position to influence (and punish) voters.[10] Under her ownership, she made further additions to the grounds, which included the stone Obelisk, as well as Robin Hood's Well, which enclosed a small spring. She also made repairs to the abbey, including to Huby's Tower. It was under her ownership that John Richard Walbran first undertook excavations in 1840.  In her will she left bequests totalling £237,000, including £1000 to fund a dispensary in Ripon.

The estate then devolved to Thomas Philip, 2nd Earl de Grey, a distant relative. Under de Grey, Walbran undertook further excavation.  These excavations in the 1850s also piqued public interest further in the site. This was furthered by the opening of curative springs nearby in Harrogate bringing a large tourism audience with it.  Management of the huge increases in the numbers of tourists entailed the creation of new routes, including the De Grey Walk and the Well Walk. In 1847 a new one shilling entrance fee was introduced.  The first record of a school trip to the site was from St Peter's School, Dallowgill, in September 1851. In 1858 the first museum for the site was opened in the Muniments Room, above the Warming House.  The 1850s also saw major events held at the estate for the first time. These raised funds for a variety of causes, such as the Ripon Mechanics Institute, to celebrate peace in Crimea, and a 'Great Musical Celebration' in 1868. In 1869 the third-earliest bicycle race to be held in England ran through the estate. 

On de Grey's death in 1859, the estate passed to his nephew, George Frederick Samuel Robinson, the Marquess of Ripon, and later the Viceroy of India. He redeveloped areas of Studley Hall, as well as renovating the gardens near the house. He also constructed the Pheasantry at the edge of the estate, as well as building a golf course, whose first professional was Harry Vardon. He also built St Mary's church in the park.  During his ownership of the estate, three structures were added: Studley tea room, an oval island in the lake, and the High Seat in the west of the gardens. During this period, more exotic trees were introduced as part of the planting scheme – for example a Wellingtonia gigantea was planted by the Prince of Wales in 1863.  In 1886 a pageant was held on the estate, celebrating Ripon's millennium; a similar event was repeated in 1896 for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria.

George Frederick Samuel Robinson, the Marquess of Ripon died in 1909 and his son Frederick Oliver inherited the estate. On the death of Frederick Robinson, 2nd Marquess of Ripon in 1923, the estate was acquired by his cousin Clare George Vyner. Visitor income became more significant for the Vyner family, than it had been for the Robinsons, yet the family had a strong sense of social responsibility and in the 1930s established the Fountains Abbey Settlers Society, which provided work and skills to unemployed families. This also included a work scheme that dredged the river.  In addition to the scheme on the estate, Vyner also funded the construction of a model village in Swarland, Northumberland. The Settlers Society ended at the outbreak of the Second World War, but its accommodation was repurposed to house German and Polish refugees.  During the war much of the estate's land was cultivated for the first time in 600 years, as part of the 'Dig For Victory' campaign.  Studley Hall after doing war service as the home of Queen Ethelburga's School, was destroyed by fire in April 1946. After the war, the upkeep of the estate became too expensive for the Vyner family, who sold it to Broadlands Properties for £1,250,000. They subsequently also sold Fountains Hall to West Riding County Council in 1969.

In 1966 much of the estate was purchased by West Riding County Council from Broadlands Properties, and the property was reopened to the public in 1967. However resource pressures meant that the local authority was keen to find another owner for the estate. There had been previous appeals to the National Trust to undertake running the site, including in 1923. In 1983 the property was acquired by the National Trust.

English Heritage is responsible for conservation of the abbey under a guardianship agreement, but managed on a day to day basis by the National Trust. St Mary’s Church is owned by the State and managed by the National Trust under a local management agreement. In 1986 the entire estate was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It gained recognition as it fulfils the criteria of “being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history”.  The initial proposal for World Heritage Status only extended to Fountains Abbey and St Mary's Church; it was on the recommendation of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS) that the listing extended to include Studley Royal. In 1992, a new visitor centre and car parks were designed by Ted Cullinan to accommodate growing visitor numbers. Lying north-west of the Abbey above the valley floor, the new visitor centre incorporated a shop, large restaurant, lecture theatre and exhibition space (currently office space) arranged around an open courtyard.

In 2015 stage designer Gary McCann was commissioned to produce work in response to the buildings on the property; the resulting exhibition, entitled Folly!, installed works in spaces such as the Banqueting House. In 2016, Mat Collishaw created Seria Ludo and The Pineal Eye in the Temple of Piety. In 2018, Charles Holland, Lucy Orta and Flea Folly Architects created artworks to reimagine lost follies in the landscape. In 2021, Steve Messam created three artworks in an exhibition entitled These Passing Things and in 2022 Joe Cornish created a photographic exhibition Still Time to Wonder in various buildings on the property.

Studley Royal, under National Trust ownership, is the preserved core of a once much more substantial Aislabie project, which incorporated the surrounding agrarian landscape that they owned, long distance views to Ripon and beyond, and rides extending to other designed landscapes including Laver Banks and Hackfall (seven miles from Studley), 177–184 The gardens and park reflect every stage in the evolution of English garden fashion, from the late seventeenth-century to the 1780s and beyond. Most unusually both John and William embraced new garden fashions by extending their designed landscape rather than replacing and remaking outmoded parts. As a result, the cumulative whole is a catalogue of significant landscaping styles. This includes John Aislabie's ground-breaking appreciation of natural topographical landforms, for him it was not necessary to level ground and create a garden, the garden could be made to accommodate and display the underlying landscape.

The park incorporates Fountains Abbey, Fountains Hall, and a number of other notable historic features.

The water garden at Studley Royal created by John Aislabie in 1718 is one of the best surviving examples of a Georgian water garden in England. It was expanded by his son, William who purchased the adjacent Fountains Estate. The garden's elegant ornamental lakes, canals, temples and cascades provide a succession of dramatic eye-catching vistas. It is also studded with a number of follies including a neo-Gothic tower and a palladian-style banqueting house.

St Mary's Church was built by the architect William Burges and commissioned by the family of the First Marquess of Ripon. It has been suggested that the construction of this place of worship was prompted by the death of Frederick Grantham Vyner, who was kidnapped and killed in Greece in 1870.

Burges' appointment as architect was most likely due to the connection between his greatest patron, John Crichton-Stuart, 3rd Marquess of Bute and Vyner, who had been friends at Oxford. St Mary's, on Lady Ripon's estate at Studley Royal, was commissioned in 1870 and work began in 1871. The church was consecrated in 1878. As at Skelton, Burges' design demonstrates a move from his favoured Early-French, to an English style. Pevsner writes of "a Victorian shrine, a dream of Early English glory." The interior is spectacular, exceeding Skelton in richness and majesty. The stained glass is of particularly high quality. St Mary's is Burges' "ecclesiastical masterpiece."

Both marquesses and their wives are buried there.

How Hill Tower

Prior to 1346, a chapel dedicated to St Michael the Archangel was built on How Hill. This became a minor medieval pilgrimage site. Visitors to the site could see both York Minster and Ripon Cathedral from its summit. The flooring was made of mosaic tiles, similar to those attributed to a painted pavement dating to between 1236 and 1247. The chapel was repaired by Marmaduke Huby between 1494 and 1526. Post-reformation the chapel continued to be used between 1551–54 for the churching of women, until falling into ruin.

A tower was constructed next to the ruins, and re-using some of their masonry by, John Aislabie. Likely designed by Sir John Vanburgh, the view from the tower extended across the Studley estates, and York could even be seen twenty-six miles away.

In 1810 an estate survey recorded a farmhouse on the site, but by 1822 the description had changed to 'How Hill House & Tower'. Presumably the site had lost its significance as a garden building in a designed landscape and was commissioned to a more functional use. Whilst its role as a home stopped in the 1930s, there was another use-change: during the Second World War the Home Guard used it as an observation post.

Deer park

The deer park, where the church stands, is home to deer, and a wealth of other flora and fauna. At Studley there are three types of deer: Red Deer, Fallow Deer and Sika Deer. John Clerk, visiting in 1738, described how the buck deer moved in a group, so that they "resemble a moving forrest [sic]".

Buildings and structures

Studley Royal House (or Hall) stood in the north-west corner of the park. Originally a medieval manor house, there is a record from the 1220s of an extensive garden created by Cassandra de Aleman. It consisted of a main block with forward projecting wings, it burned down in 1716 and was rebuilt by John Aislabie. He filled in the centre, to which his son William added a portico in 1762 to complete its Palladian appearance.

It was altered and developed by the First Marquess of Ripon, who created a new entrance hall, a royal suite, and the reorganisation of the domestic service areas. He also added a Catholic chapel at the western side of the house in 1878.

The house burnt down in 1946, and its remains were demolished by the Vyner family, who could not afford repairs to it. Instead the splendid Georgian stable block, built for John Aislabie’s racehorses between 1728 and 1732, was converted into an elegant Palladian country house set in 2½ acres of private formal gardens on high ground overlooking the deer park towards Ripon Cathedral in the distance.

Built of stone under a slate roof with distinctive pavilion towers in each of the four corners, the pristine, 11,708sq ft house surrounds a central square courtyard overlooked by all the main rooms and dominated by the working clock tower.

Studley Magna

The deserted medieval village of Studley Magna mainly lies within the boundaries of the park. Excavation demonstrated that the village was aligned with the important road to Aldfield. The earliest ceramics from the site date to c.1180–1220, whilst the latest finds date from c.1300. The site included a large two-storey miller's house with a stone fireplace that was rare for the period. The house was sold in 1362 by Widow Horner to Richard Tempest.

The Banqueting House

Documentary evidence suggests that the Banqueting House was being completed in 1731, and is described in the estate accounts as 'the new building'. The structure had several phases of alteration after construction, and other documents refer to it as 'the Greenhouse'. In front of the façade a deep coffin-shaped lawn was introduced, who sightlines connected the building and the Rotondo. Above the Banqueting House, amongst the trees, is an oval platform, which is likely to be the Dial Lawn, which is described in accounts in 1730s.

The Temple of Piety

The building was constructed based on a sketch by Palladio owned by Lord Burlington, and was initially known as the Temple of Hercules. Documentary evidence shows that it was constructed and named by April 1736.

Mackershaw Lodges

These buildings were constructed after 1731, with the change in terms of the loan (to acquisition) of the Mackershaw area. They compromise two small lodges with classical pediments either side of a central arch, constructed from rough, undressed stone, with Venetian windows.

Lost buildings

Wattle Hall

One of the buildings most frequently attested in the early eighteenth-century is the Wattle Hall. Surviving records suggest that it was made of bent branches rather than brick or stone, and it was repaired in 1732.

Rotondo

Close to Kendall's Walk and in the north-east corner of Coffin Lawn, evidence for the Rotondo first appears in a painting dating to 1734–41. It was demolished in the 1770s. A close comparison to this would have been the Temple of Venus in Stowe Gardens. 

Pyramid

William's first building work for the gardens was ordering the construction of a funerary pyramid, modelled on the one at Stowe Gardens. Whilst designs for this building exist, its location is unknown. It is possible that the stone was cut, but it was never constructed.

Chinese house

The Chinese house was constructed in 1745 and a 1751 visitor described it as having blue columns, gilded decoration, a white ceiling, a variety of Chinese ornaments and stuccowork by Giuseppe Cortese. It also had a balustrade seat running inside the columns.  There is a surviving sketch of the building, but only the plinth for its survives. It was located beyond the southern limit of National Trust estate.  The area around the house was known as the Chinese Wood, to which two chinoiserie-style bridges provided access.

Oil on canvas; 270 x 180 cm.

Jörg Immendorff was one of the best known contemporary German painters; he was also a sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his left-wing political activities and neo-dadaist actions. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe. In 1989 he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf -- the same school that had dismissed him as a student.

His paintings are sometimes reminiscent of surrealism and often use irony and heavy symbolism to convey political ideas. He named one of his first acclaimed works "Hört auf zu malen!" ("Stop painting!"). He was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde. Best known is his Cafe Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977-1984) that were inspired by Renato Guttuso’s Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden in East Germany. He created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. In 1984 he opened the bar La Paloma in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 1997 he won the best endowed art prize in the world, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose Immendorff to paint the official portrait of Schröder for the Bundeskanzlerleramt. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Immendorff was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions. On May 27, 2007, at age 61, he succumbed to the disease.

Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) was a Spanish painter, sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer, born in Málaga, Spain. He showed extraordinary artistic talent from a very young age, receiving formal training from his father, an art teacher, and later at prestigious art schools in Barcelona and Madrid.

Picasso is best known as one of the founders of Cubism, together with Georges Braque. Cubism broke away from traditional perspective and representation, instead presenting subjects from multiple viewpoints at once, revolutionizing Western art. His famous early Cubist work, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon (1907), shocked the art world with its radical style inspired in part by African and Iberian art.

His artistic career is usually divided into several periods:

• Blue Period (1901–1904): somber paintings in shades of blue, reflecting poverty, loneliness, and human suffering.

• Rose Period (1904–1906): warmer tones with circus performers, acrobats, and more romantic themes.

• African-influenced Period (1907–1909): marked by Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, inspired by African masks and sculpture.

• Cubism (1909–1919): developed with Braque, including both Analytical and Synthetic Cubism.

• Neoclassicism & Surrealism (1920s–1930s): explored classical forms, mythology, and surrealist influence.

One of his most famous works, Guernica (1937), was painted in response to the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica during the Spanish Civil War. The mural-sized painting is a haunting anti-war statement and remains one of the most powerful political artworks of the 20th century.

Throughout his long career, Picasso produced over 20,000 works in different media, constantly reinventing his style. He spent much of his later life in France, where he continued working until his death in 1973. Picasso’s impact on modern art is immeasurable: he challenged conventions, redefined artistic expression, and influenced countless artists around the world.

________________________________________

Na hrvatskom:

Pablo Picasso (1881.–1973.) bio je španjolski slikar, kipar, grafičar, keramičar i scenograf, rođen u Malagi, Španjolska. Od najranije dobi pokazivao je izniman talent za crtanje i slikanje. Njegov otac, učitelj umjetnosti, bio mu je prvi mentor, a kasnije se školovao na uglednim umjetničkim akademijama u Barceloni i Madridu.

Picasso je najpoznatiji kao jedan od osnivača kubizma, zajedno s Georgesom Braqueom. Kubizam je potpuno promijenio zapadnu umjetnost jer je napustio tradicionalnu perspektivu i realističan prikaz te prikazivao predmete i figure iz više kutova istovremeno. Njegovo djelo Gospođice iz Avignona (1907.) bilo je revolucionarno i nadahnuto afričkom i iberijskom umjetnošću.

Njegov se opus obično dijeli na nekoliko razdoblja:

•Plavo razdoblje (1901.–1904.): tmurni tonovi plave boje, teme siromaštva, tuge i ljudske patnje.

• Ružičasto razdoblje (1904.–1906.): toplije boje, motivi cirkusa i akrobata, romantičniji ugođaj.

• Afričko razdoblje (1907.–1909.): obilježeno djelima nadahnutim afričkim maskama i skulpturom.

• Kubizam (1909.–1919.): analitički i sintetički kubizam, razvijen u suradnji s Braqueom.

• Neoklasicizam i nadrealizam (1920-e i 1930-e): povratak klasičnim formama, mitološkim temama i istraživanje nadrealizma.

Njegovo najpoznatije političko djelo je Guernica (1937.), monumentalna slika koja prikazuje stradanje stanovnika baskijskog grada Guernice, bombardiranog u Španjolskom građanskom ratu. To je snažna antiratna poruka i jedno od najutjecajnijih djela 20. stoljeća.

Picasso je tijekom života stvorio više od 20.000 umjetničkih djela u različitim tehnikama i stilovima, uvijek iznova mijenjajući svoj pristup. Veći dio života proveo je u Francuskoj, gdje je i preminuo 1973. godine. Njegov utjecaj na modernu umjetnost je nemjerljiv – razbio je stare kanone, otvorio nove putove umjetničkog izraza i ostavio nasljeđe koje je oblikovalo generacije umjetnika.

Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) 20150707 S 2447 Prag 11700 MusCZPragueWaxMuseumAI

Oil on canvas; 150.3 x 200.4 cm.

Jörg Immendorff was one of the best known contemporary German painters; he was also a sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his left-wing political activities and neo-dadaist actions. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe. In 1989 he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf -- the same school that had dismissed him as a student.

His paintings are sometimes reminiscent of surrealism and often use irony and heavy symbolism to convey political ideas. He named one of his first acclaimed works "Hört auf zu malen!" ("Stop painting!"). He was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde. Best known is his Cafe Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977-1984) that were inspired by Renato Guttuso’s Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden in East Germany. He created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. In 1984 he opened the bar La Paloma in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 1997 he won the best endowed art prize in the world, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose Immendorff to paint the official portrait of Schröder for the Bundeskanzlerleramt. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Immendorff was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions. On May 27, 2007, at age 61, he succumbed to the disease.

Gouache, watercolour, pencil, pen and ink on paper; 45.7 x 36.3 cm.

By the time László Moholy-Nagy turned towards painting after graduating from law school and developed his own abstract style influenced by Malewitsch and El Lissitzky, it was inevitable that he would become one of the most important artists of Constructivism. He soon exposed himself in Hungary as the founder of the artist group "Ma", but left his home country after the failure of the revolution.

He moved to Berlin In 1920 where Gropius noticed him and invited him to join the "Bauhaus" in 1923. There Moholy-Nagy ran the metal class but also worked in all other areas of design in which he was equally influential. The artist published his ideas in the series of Bauhaus books, for example "Malerei, Fotografie, Film" (1925). Moholy-Nagy wanted an "experimental, functional artist […] who considers art as a laboratory for new forms of expression which were then supposed to be employed in all areas of modern life" (Karin Thomas).

The expectations of the age of technology and his new media led Moholy-Nagy to a functional use of Abstraction, which he managed to show in all areas of design and which guided him through different phases of experimenting. His varied oeuvre ranges from painting, photography, film, design and stage design to experiments with photograms which considerably influenced the development of light art and kinetic art. László Moholy-Nagy left the "Bauhaus" in 1928 together with Gropius and worked in Berlin as a stage designer, exhibition organiser, typographer and film producer. He emigrated to the USA in 1937 and ran the "New Bauhaus" in Chicago. Moholy-Nagy opened his own art institute, the "School of Design", in Chicago in 1938 and enlarged it in the following years by adding the faculties economics, psychology and information theory.

László Moholy-Nagy became severely ill and died one year later, in 1946.

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Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red created by ceramic artist Paul Cummings , with setting by stage designer Tom Piper . 888,246 ceramic poppies surrounding the Tower of London , marking the centenary of the First World War

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"Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red" by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper.

Poppies in the moat of the Tower of London.

WO2 (BSM) Brill stands ready to play The Last Post.

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Poppies in the moat at The Tower of London.

5 August – 11 November 2014

Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, marking the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies will progressively fill the Tower’s famous moat. The last will be planted at 11.00am on the 11th of November 2014 - Armistice Day.

poppies.hrp.org.uk/

There can be few, if any, national acts of remembrance that have taken hold of the people's hearts more than this one. Visitors have flocked literally in their millions (over 4 million to date) to pay their respects and to marvel at the achievement of the event organisers and volunteer 'poppy planters'.

The "Ode of Remembrance" is an ode taken from Laurence Binyon's poem, "For the Fallen", which was first published in The Times in September 1914.

"They went with songs to the battle, they were young.

Straight of limb, true of eye, steady and aglow.

They were staunch to the end against odds uncounted,

They fell with their faces to the foe.

They shall grow not old, as we that are left grow old:

Age shall not weary them, nor the years condemn.

At the going down of the sun and in the morning,

We will remember them.

They mingle not with their laughing comrades again;

They sit no more at familiar tables of home;

They have no lot in our labour of the day-time;

They sleep beyond England's foam"

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ode_of_Remembrance

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Oil on panel; 266 x 633 cm.

Swedish painter, draughtsman, tapestry and stage designer. After studying under various artists in Tumba and elsewhere, in 1922–3 he attended the Konsthögskolan in Stockholm and in 1922 visited Berne, Nuremberg and Berlin. His early works, such as Jeårj (1923; Stockholm, Mod. Mus.), were loosely painted and naive in appearance and drew on vernacular art. In 1924 he visited Paris and Italy, and in 1924–5 he helped decorate the cinema in Malmö, one of numerous early decorative projects. In 1925 he was a founder-member of the Fri Konst group of artists, which included Carl Alexandersson (1897–1941), Sven Hempel (1896–1944) and others. The following year the membership was expanded to nine by the addition of such artists as Gustav Alexanderson (b 1901) to form the Nio Unga (Nine Young Men) group. Erixson travelled extensively around Europe in the late 1920s, and in 1932, after the dissolution of Nio Unga, he was a founder-member of Färg och Form (Colour and Form) with whom he exhibited thereafter. His painting of this period retained the earlier naivety but became more expressive, as in Dance Hall at Telemarken (1931; Stockholm, Mod. Mus.). After travels in Spain and Morocco in 1935–6 Erixson designed two large tapestry cartoons for the Konserthus in Göteborg, which were executed by the Gobelins. In 1938–40 he executed two large frescoes for the chapel at Skogskyrkogardens crematorium in Stockholm. From 1942–3 he produced painted glass windows for the St Gertrud chapel at Malmö crematorium, and in 1943 he became a professor at the Konstakademi in Stockholm. Erixson produced numerous theatrical set designs in the 1940s and 1950s, such as those for Federico García Lorca’s Blood Wedding (1944), and Shakespeare’s Richard III (1946) and Romeo and Juliet (1953), which were performed at the Dramaten theatre in Stockholm. He continued to paint interior scenes, townscapes and landscapes in this period, such as Autumn in Tattby (1944; Göteborg, Kstmus.), which still showed the influence of folk art. His later work was of much the same style though the details were pared away as in the powerful Memory of Nacka Hospital (1965; see 1969–70 exh. cat.). He was also involved in further decorative projects, producing cartoons, painted windows and theatre designs. Together with Bror Hjorth, Erixson was influential in revitalizing the folk art tradition in Sweden.

Grove Art excerpts - Electronic ©2003, Oxford Art Online

Oil on canvas; 250 x 330 cm.

Jörg Immendorff was one of the best known contemporary German painters; he was also a sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his left-wing political activities and neo-dadaist actions. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe. In 1989 he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf -- the same school that had dismissed him as a student.

His paintings are sometimes reminiscent of surrealism and often use irony and heavy symbolism to convey political ideas. He named one of his first acclaimed works "Hört auf zu malen!" ("Stop painting!"). He was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde. Best known is his Cafe Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977-1984) that were inspired by Renato Guttuso’s Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden in East Germany. He created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. In 1984 he opened the bar La Paloma in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 1997 he won the best endowed art prize in the world, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose Immendorff to paint the official portrait of Schröder for the Bundeskanzlerleramt. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Immendorff was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions. On May 27, 2007, at age 61, he succumbed to the disease.

Watercolor and Gouache; 40.8 x 33.5 cm.

Russian painter, mainly in watercolour, art historian and stage designer. Born in St Petersburg of French and Italian descent, son of Nikolai Benois, architect to the Imperial Palaces in Peterhof. Briefly attended a part-time course in stage design at the Academy of Arts 1887, but otherwise self-taught as an artist. Studied law at the University of St Petersburg 1890-4, and while still a student formed a circle with a number of friends, including Diaghilev, Somov and Bakst, for the purpose of studying art. This later developed into the World of Art (Mir Iskusstva), which held exhibitions and published a journal of the same name, 1898-1904. Travelled widely in Europe and was influenced by the art of the eighteenth century. Became very active and influential as a stage designer, including sets and costumes for Le Pavillon d'Armide 1907 and (for Diaghilev) Petrushka 1911 and Le Rossignol 1914. Edited the periodical Khudozhestvennye sokrovishcha Rossii (Art Treasures of Russia) 1901-3, and wrote several books on art and volumes of memoirs. Curator of Painting at the Hermitage 1918-25, then moved in 1926 to Paris, where he continued to paint and design for the theatre. Died in Paris.

Published in:

Ronald Alley, Catalogue of the Tate Gallery's Collection of Modern Art other than Works by British Artists, Tate Gallery and Sotheby Parke-Bernet, London 1981, p.48

Mother & Child, 1963, etching, 12-3/4 x 9-3/4",

Swiss painter, draughtsman, sculptor and stage designer. He took an apprenticeship as a draughtsman-architect (1924–7) and then studied at the Ecole des Arts et Métiers in Lucerne (1927–8). Between 1928 and 1929 he stayed for the first time in Paris, where he attended the Académie Julian. He continued his training at the Vereinigte Staatschulen für freie und angewandte Kunst, Berlin (1929–30). The works of this period are signed François Grècque, a pseudonym that shows his admiration for ancient Greek art, traces of which are found in his works. In the course of many visits to Paris between 1932 and 1934, he had contacts with many artists, including Brancusi, Alexander Calder, Kandinsky, Mondrian and Henry Moore, and he was strongly influenced by the works of Braque and Picasso. In October 1933 he joined the Abstraction–Création group. In 1935 he collaborated in the exhibition Thèse, antithèse, synthèse at the Kunstmuseum in Lucerne, and in the same year he won a competition organized by that city, which involved the creation of a fresco, The Three Graces of Lucerne, to decorate the railway station. Many official commissions for frescoes or mural reliefs followed.

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Shot in Dungeness E Sussex, Derek Jarman's Cottage; Prospect

Derek Jarman was an English film director, stage designer, artist, and writer.

Jarman's work broke new ground in creating and expanding the fledgling form of 'the pop video' in England, and as a forthright and prominent gay rights activist. Several volumes of his diaries have been published.

Jarman also directed the 1989 tour by the UK duo Pet Shop Boys. By pop concert standards this was a highly theatrical event with costume and specially shot films accompanying the individual songs. Jarman was the stage director of Sylvano Bussotti's opera L'Ispirazione, first staged in Florence in 1998.

He is also remembered for his famous shingle cottage-garden, created in the latter years of his life, in the shadow of the Dungeness power station. The house was built in tarred timber. Raised wooden text on the side of the cottage is the first stanza and the last five lines of the last stanza of John Donne's poem, The Sun Rising. The cottage's beach garden was made using local materials and has been the subject of several books. At this time, Jarman also began painting again (see the book: Evil Queen: The Last Paintings, 1994).

Jarman was the author of several books including his autobiography Dancing Ledge, a collection of poetry A Finger in the Fishes Mouth, two volumes of diaries Modern Nature and Smiling In Slow Motion and two treatises on his work in film and art The Last of England (also published as Kicking the Pricks) and Chroma. Other notable published works include film scripts (Up in the Air, Blue, War Requiem, Caravaggio, Queer Edward II and Wittgenstein: The Terry Eagleton Script/The Derek Jarman Film), a study of his garden at Dungeness Derek Jarman's Garden, and At Your Own Risk, a defiant celebration of gay sexuality.

Tempera on paper; 65.3 x 50 cm

Swiss painter, draughtsman, sculptor and stage designer. He took an apprenticeship as a draughtsman-architect (1924–7) and then studied at the Ecole des Arts et Métiers in Lucerne (1927–8). Between 1928 and 1929 he stayed for the first time in Paris, where he attended the Académie Julian. He continued his training at the Vereinigte Staatschulen für freie und angewandte Kunst, Berlin (1929–30). The works of this period are signed François Grècque, a pseudonym that shows his admiration for ancient Greek art, traces of which are found in his works. In the course of many visits to Paris between 1932 and 1934, he had contacts with many artists, including Brancusi, Alexander Calder, Kandinsky, Mondrian and Henry Moore, and he was strongly influenced by the works of Braque and Picasso. In October 1933 he joined the Abstraction–Création group. In 1935 he collaborated in the exhibition Thèse, antithèse, synthèse at the Kunstmuseum in Lucerne, and in the same year he won a competition organized by that city, which involved the creation of a fresco, The Three Graces of Lucerne, to decorate the railway station. Many official commissions for frescoes or mural reliefs followed.

Deutschland / Bayern - Schloss Neuschwanstein

Neuschwanstein Castle (German: Schloss Neuschwanstein, pronounced [nɔʏˈʃvaːnʃtaɪn], Southern Bavarian: Schloss Neischwanstoa) is a 19th-century Romanesque Revival palace on a rugged hill above the village of Hohenschwangau near Füssen in southwest Bavaria, Germany. The palace was commissioned by Ludwig II of Bavaria as a retreat and in honour of Richard Wagner. Ludwig paid for the palace out of his personal fortune and by means of extensive borrowing, rather than Bavarian public funds.

The castle was intended as a home for the king, until he died in 1886. It was open to the public shortly after his death. Since then more than 61 million people have visited Neuschwanstein Castle. More than 1.3 million people visit annually, with as many as 6,000 per day in the summer.

The municipality of Schwangau lies at an elevation of 800 m (2,620 ft) at the southwest border of the German state of Bavaria. Its surroundings are characterised by the transition between the Alpine foothills in the south (toward the nearby Austrian border) and a hilly landscape in the north that appears flat by comparison.

In the Middle Ages, three castles overlooked the villages. One was called Schwanstein Castle. In 1832, Ludwig's father King Maximilian II of Bavaria bought its ruins to replace them with the comfortable neo-Gothic palace known as Hohenschwangau Castle. Finished in 1837, the palace became his family's summer residence, and his elder son Ludwig (born 1845) spent a large part of his childhood here.

Vorderhohenschwangau Castle and Hinterhohenschwangau Castle sat on a rugged hill overlooking Schwanstein Castle, two nearby lakes (Alpsee and Schwansee), and the village. Separated by only a moat, they jointly consisted of a hall, a keep, and a fortified tower house. In the nineteenth century only ruins remained of the twin medieval castles, but those of Hinterhohenschwangau served as a lookout place known as Sylphenturm.

The ruins above the family palace were known to the crown prince from his excursions. He first sketched one of them in his diary in 1859. When the young king came to power in 1864, the construction of a new palace in place of the two ruined castles became the first in his series of palace building projects. Ludwig called the new palace New Hohenschwangau Castle; only after his death was it renamed Neuschwanstein.[9] The confusing result is that Hohenschwangau and Schwanstein have effectively swapped names: Hohenschwangau Castle replaced the ruins of Schwanstein Castle, and Neuschwanstein Castle replaced the ruins of the two Hohenschwangau Castles.

Neuschwanstein embodies both the contemporaneous architectural fashion known as castle romanticism (German: Burgenromantik), and Ludwig II's immoderate enthusiasm for the operas of Richard Wagner.

In the 19th century, many castles were constructed or reconstructed, often with significant changes to make them more picturesque. Palace-building projects similar to Neuschwanstein had been undertaken earlier in several of the German states and included Hohenschwangau Castle, Lichtenstein Castle, Hohenzollern Castle, and numerous buildings on the River Rhine such as Stolzenfels Castle. The inspiration for the construction of Neuschwanstein came from two journeys in 1867 — one in May to the reconstructed Wartburg near Eisenach, another in July to the Château de Pierrefonds, which Eugène Viollet-le-Duc was transforming from a ruined castle into a historistic palace.

The king saw both buildings as representatives of a romantic interpretation of the Middle Ages, as well as the musical mythology of his friend Wagner, whose operas Tannhäuser and Lohengrin had made a lasting impression on him.

In February 1868, Ludwig's grandfather Ludwig I died, freeing the considerable sums that were previously spent on the abdicated king's appanage. This allowed Ludwig II to start the architectural project of building a private refuge in the familiar landscape far from the capital Munich, so that he could live out his idea of the Middle Ages.

It is my intention to rebuild the old castle ruin of Hohenschwangau near the Pöllat Gorge in the authentic style of the old German knights' castles, and I must confess to you that I am looking forward very much to living there one day [...]; you know the revered guest I would like to accommodate there; the location is one of the most beautiful to be found, holy and unapproachable, a worthy temple for the divine friend who has brought salvation and true blessing to the world. It will also remind you of "Tannhäuser" (Singers' Hall with a view of the castle in the background), "Lohengrin'" (castle courtyard, open corridor, path to the chapel) ...

— Ludwig II, Letter to Richard Wagner, May 1868

The building design was drafted by the stage designer Christian Jank and realised by the architect Eduard Riedel. For technical reasons, the ruined castles could not be integrated into the plan. Initial ideas for the palace drew stylistically on Nuremberg Castle and envisaged a simple building in place of the old Vorderhohenschwangau Castle, but they were rejected and replaced by increasingly extensive drafts, culminating in a bigger palace modelled on the Wartburg. The king insisted on a detailed plan and on personal approval of each and every draft. Ludwig's control went so far that the palace has been regarded as his own creation, rather than that of the architects involved.

Whereas contemporary architecture critics derided Neuschwanstein, one of the last big palace building projects of the nineteenth century, as kitsch, Neuschwanstein and Ludwig II's other buildings are now counted among the major works of European historicism. For financial reasons, a project similar to Neuschwanstein – Falkenstein Castle – never left the planning stages.

The palace can be regarded as typical for nineteenth-century architecture. The shapes of Romanesque (simple geometric figures such as cuboids and semicircular arches), Gothic (upward-pointing lines, slim towers, delicate embellishments) and Byzantine architecture and art (the Throne Hall décor) were mingled in an eclectic fashion and supplemented with 19th-century technical achievements. The Patrona Bavariae and Saint George on the court face of the Palas (main building) are depicted in the local Lüftlmalerei style, a fresco technique typical for Allgäu farmers' houses, while the unimplemented drafts for the Knights' House gallery foreshadow elements of Art Nouveau. Characteristic of Neuschwanstein's design are theatre themes: Christian Jank drew on coulisse drafts from his time as a scenic painter.

The basic style was originally planned to be neo-Gothic but the palace was primarily built in Romanesque style in the end. The operatic themes moved gradually from Tannhäuser and Lohengrin to Parsifal.

In 1868, the ruins of the medieval twin castles were completely demolished; the remains of the old keep were blown up. The foundation stone for the palace was laid on 5 September 1869; in 1872 its cellar was completed and in 1876, everything up to the first floor, the gatehouse being finished first. At the end of 1882 it was completed and fully furnished, allowing Ludwig to take provisional lodgings there and observe the ongoing construction work. In 1874, management of the civil works passed from Eduard Riedel to Georg von Dollmann. The topping out ceremony for the Palas was in 1880, and in 1884, the king was able to move in to the new building. In the same year, the direction of the project passed to Julius Hofmann, after Dollmann had fallen from the King's favour.

The palace was erected as a conventional brick construction and later encased in various types of rock. The white limestone used for the fronts came from a nearby quarry. The sandstone bricks for the portals and bay windows came from Schlaitdorf in Württemberg. Marble from Untersberg near Salzburg was used for the windows, the arch ribs, the columns and the capitals. The Throne Hall was a later addition to the plans and required a steel framework.

The transport of building materials was facilitated by scaffolding and a steam crane that lifted the material to the construction site. Another crane was used at the construction site. The recently founded Dampfkessel-Revisionsverein (Steam Boiler Inspection Association) regularly inspected both boilers.

For about two decades the construction site was the principal employer in the region. In 1880, about 200 craftsmen were occupied at the site, not counting suppliers and other persons indirectly involved in the construction. At times when the king insisted on particularly close deadlines and urgent changes, reportedly up to 300 workers per day were active, sometimes working at night by the light of oil lamps. Statistics from the years 1879/1880 support an immense amount of building materials: 465 tonnes (513 short tons) of Salzburg marble, 1,550 t (1,710 short tons) of sandstone, 400,000 bricks and 2,050 cubic metres (2,680 cu yd) of wood for the scaffolding.

In 1870, a society was founded for insuring the workers, for a low monthly fee, augmented by the king. The heirs of construction casualties (30 cases are mentioned in the statistics) received a small pension.

In 1884, the king was able to move into the (still unfinished) Palas, and in 1885, he invited his mother Marie to Neuschwanstein on the occasion of her 60th birthday. By 1886, the external structure of the Palas (hall) was mostly finished. In the same year, Ludwig had the first, wooden Marienbrücke over the Pöllat Gorge replaced by a steel construction.

Despite its size, Neuschwanstein did not have space for the royal court, but contained only the king's private lodging and servants' rooms. The court buildings served decorative, rather than residential purposes: The palace was intended to serve Ludwig II as a kind of inhabitable theatrical setting. As a temple of friendship it was also dedicated to the life and work of Richard Wagner, who died in 1883 before he had set foot in the building. In the end, Ludwig II lived in the palace for a total of only 172 days.

Neuschwanstein welcomes almost 1.5 million visitors per year making it one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe. For security reasons the palace can only be visited during a 35-minute guided tour, and no photography is allowed inside the castle. There are also special guided tours that focus on specific topics. In the peak season from June until August, Neuschwanstein has as many as 6000 visitors per day, and guests without advance reservation may have to wait several hours. Ticket sales are processed exclusively via the ticket centre in Hohenschwangau. As of 2008, the total number of visitors was more than 60 million In 2004, the revenues were booked as €6.5 million.

Neuschwanstein is a global symbol of the era of Romanticism. The palace has appeared prominently in several movies such as Helmut Käutner's Ludwig II (1955) and Luchino Visconti's Ludwig (1972), both biopics about the king; the musical Chitty Chitty Bang Bang (1968) and the war drama The Great Escape (1963). It served as the inspiration for Disneyland's Sleeping Beauty Castle and later, similar structures. It is also visited by the character Grace Nakimura alongside Herrenchiemsee in the game The Beast Within: A Gabriel Knight Mystery (1996).

In 1977, Neuschwanstein Castle became the motif of a West German definitive stamp, and it appeared on a €2 commemorative coin for the German Bundesländer series in 2012. In 2007, it was a finalist in the widely publicised on-line selection of the New Seven Wonders of the World.

A meteorite that reached Earth spectacularly on 6 April 2002, at the Austrian border near Hohenschwangau was named Neuschwanstein after the palace. Three fragments were found: Neuschwanstein I (1.75 kg (3.9 lb), found July 2002) and Neuschwanstein II (1.63 kg (3.6 lb), found May 2003) on the German side, and Neuschwanstein III (2.84 kg (6.3 lb), found June 2003) on the Austrian side near Reutte. The meteorite is classified as an enstatite chondrite with unusually large proportions of pure iron (29%), enstatite and the extremely rare mineral sinoite (Si2N2O).

Since 2015, Neuschwanstein and Ludwig's Linderhof and Herrenchiemsee palaces are on the German tentative list for a future designation as UNESCO World Heritage Sites. A joint candidature with other representative palaces of the romantic historicism is discussed (including Schwerin Palace, for example).

(Wikipedia)

Das Schloss Neuschwanstein steht oberhalb von Hohenschwangau bei Füssen im südöstlichen bayerischen Allgäu. Der Bau wurde ab 1869 für den bayerischen König Ludwig II. als idealisierte Vorstellung einer Ritterburg aus der Zeit des Mittelalters errichtet. Die Entwürfe stammen von Christian Jank, die Ausführung übernahmen Eduard Riedel und Georg von Dollmann. Der König lebte nur wenige Monate im Schloss, er starb noch vor der Fertigstellung der Anlage. Neuschwanstein wurde ursprünglich als Neue Burg Hohenschwangau bezeichnet, seinen heutigen Namen trägt es seit 1886. Eigentümer des Schlosses ist der Freistaat Bayern; es wird von der Bayerischen Verwaltung der staatlichen Schlösser, Gärten und Seen betreut und bewirtschaftet.

Neuschwanstein ist das berühmteste der Schlösser Ludwigs II. und eine der bekanntesten Sehenswürdigkeiten Deutschlands. Es wird jährlich von etwa 1,5 Millionen Touristen besucht. Das oftmals als „Märchenschloss“ bezeichnete Neuschwanstein ist nahezu ganzjährig für Besucher geöffnet. Die Architektur und Innenausstattung sind vom romantischen Eklektizismus des 19. Jahrhunderts geprägt; das Schloss gilt als ein Hauptwerk des Historismus. Eine Aufnahme der „Ludwig-Schlösser“ Neuschwanstein, Linderhof und Herrenchiemsee in die Liste des Weltkulturerbes der UNESCO wird angestrebt.

Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde ein »Castrum Swangowe« im Jahre 1090. Damit gemeint waren die im Mittelalter an der Stelle des heutigen Schlosses Neuschwanstein stehenden zwei kleinen Burgen: Die aus einem Palas und einem Bergfried bestehende Burg Vorderhohenschwangau an der Stelle des heutigen Palas und, nur durch einen Halsgraben getrennt, ein befestigter Wohnturm namens Hinterhohenschwangau, der sich dort befand, wo zwischen heutigem Ritterhaus und Kemenate auch Ludwig II. einen hohen Bergfried geplant hatte, zu dessen Errichtung er jedoch nicht mehr kam. Beide Gebäude gingen auf die Herren von Schwangau zurück, die in der Region als Lehensnehmer der Welfen (bis 1191) und der Staufer (bis 1268), danach als reichsunmittelbare Ritter ansässig waren, bis zu ihrem Aussterben im Jahre 1536. Der Minnesänger Hiltbolt von Schwangau stammt aus diesem Geschlecht. Hinterhohenschwangau war wahrscheinlich der Geburtsort von Margareta von Schwangau, der Ehefrau des Minnesängers Oswald von Wolkenstein. Als 1363 Herzog Rudolf IV. von Österreich Tirol unter habsburgische Herrschaft brachte, verpflichteten sich Stephan von Schwangau und seine Brüder, ihre Festen Vorder- und Hinterschwangau, die Burg Frauenstein und den Sinwellenturm dem österreichischen Herzog offenzuhalten.

Eine Urkunde von 1397 nennt zum ersten Mal den Schwanstein, das heutige Schloss Hohenschwangau, das um diese Zeit unterhalb der älteren Doppelburg auf einer Anhöhe zwischen Alpsee und Schwansee errichtet worden war. Seit dem 16. Jahrhundert befand sich die reichsunmittelbare Herrschaft Schwangau unter Oberhoheit der Wittelsbacher, welche die Burg Schwanstein zur Bärenjagd sowie als Sitz für jüngere Söhne und später für ein Pfleggericht nutzten. Sie hatten den gesamten Besitz 1567 aus dem Nachlass der bankrotten Augsburger Patrizierfamilie Baumgartner erworben.

Im 19. Jahrhundert waren die beiden oberen Burgen zu Ruinen verfallen, die Überreste Hinterhohenschwangaus zu einem Sylphenturm genannten Aussichtsplatz umgestaltet. Ludwig II. verbrachte einen Teil seiner Kindheit in der Nähe der Burgruinen auf dem benachbarten Schloss Hohenschwangau, das sein Vater König Maximilian II. um 1837 von einer spätmittelalterlichen Burg zu einem wohnlichen Schloss im Sinne der Romantik hatte umgestalten lassen. Hohenschwangau war ursprünglich als Schloss Schwanstein bekannt, seine neue Bezeichnung erhielt es erst während des Wiederaufbaus. Damit wurden die Namen der Burg Schwanstein und der älteren Doppelburg Vorder- und Hinterhohenschwangau vertauscht. Max II. hatte 1855 Baurat Eduard Riedel beauftragt, für den Turm von Hinterhohenschwangau zunächst einen Aussichtspavillon in Glas-Eisen-Konstruktion zu entwerfen, im Jahr darauf dann einen Plan für die Reparatur des Turms und die Herstellung eines Zimmers mit einem Zeltdach darüber. Beides wurde jedoch zurückgestellt.

Die oberhalb des Wohnschlosses gelegenen Ruinen waren dem Kronprinzen – wie auch der Frauenstein und der Falkenstein – häufiges Wanderziel und deshalb gut bekannt. 1859 zeichnete er die Überreste der Vorderhohenschwangauer Burg erstmals in sein Tagebuch. 1837 pries ein Anonymus das wiederaufgebaute Schloss Hohenschwangau als „die Wiege einer neuen Romantik“ und schwärmte von dem Gedanken, dass „auch die Ruinen von dem vorderen Schlosse Schwangau (gemeint war die Doppelburg Vorder- und Hinterhohenschwangau), die mit Falkenstein und Hohen-Freyberg ein langgezogenes Dreieck bilden, zu einem großen einfachen Fest- und Sängersaal wiederaufgerichtet werden …“ Damit war die Idee eines Wiederaufbaus der Ruinen im Sinne einer Wiedergeburt des Austragungsortes des Sängerkriegs auf der Wartburg in der Welt; 20 Jahre bevor die thüringische Wartburg durch Hugo von Ritgen wiederaufgebaut wurde und 30 Jahre bevor Ludwig II. die Idee in die Tat umsetzte, indem er auf dem „Jugend“ genannten Burgfelsen von Vorder- und Hinterhohenschwangau ein neues „Sängerschloss“ nach dem Vorbild der Wartburg errichten ließ.

ach der Regierungsübernahme durch den jungen König 1864 war der Wiederaufbau der Vorderhohenschwangauer Burgruine – des späteren Neuschwansteins – das erste größere Schlossbauprojekt Ludwigs II. Er plante damit durchaus nichts Außergewöhnliches: In ganz Europa bauten sich zur gleichen Zeit gekrönte Häupter und Adelsfamilien Schlösser und Burgen in historischen Stilen oder ließen bedeutende mittelalterliche Monumente rekonstruieren. Kurz nach dem väterlichen Hohenschwangau hatte Ludwigs Onkel, König Friedrich Wilhelm IV. von Preußen, das Schloss Stolzenfels und von 1850 bis 1867 die Burg Hohenzollern wiedererrichten lassen. Der hannoversche König hatte von 1858 bis 1869 das Schloss Marienburg gebaut. Die britische Königin Victoria ließ ab 1845 Osborne House und kurz darauf Balmoral Castle umbauen, nachdem ihr Onkel Georg IV. schon zwischen 1820 und 1830 Windsor Castle bedeutend erweitert hatte. Ein weiteres Beispiel aus Europa war ab 1840 der Bau des Palácio Nacional da Pena durch den portugiesischen König Ferdinand II. Zur gleichen Zeit ließen die Fürsten zu Schwarzenberg das böhmische Schloss Frauenberg errichten und die Fürsten von Urach das Schloss Lichtenstein bauen. Auch die umfangreiche Restaurierung der Hohkönigsburg im Elsass durch den deutschen Kaiser, die allerdings erst im frühen 20. Jahrhundert stattfand, kann hier erwähnt werden.

Dem als Sinnbild einer Ritterburg gedachten Neuschwanstein folgten mit Linderhof noch ein Lustschloss aus der Epoche des Rokoko und mit Schloss Herrenchiemsee ein barocker Palast, der als Denkmal für die Zeit des Absolutismus stand. Angeregt zu dem Bau Neuschwansteins wurde Ludwig II. durch zwei Reisen: Im Mai 1867 besuchte er mit seinem Bruder Otto die wieder aufgebaute Wartburg bei Eisenach, im Juli desselben Jahres besichtigte er in Frankreich Schloss Pierrefonds, das damals von Eugène Viollet-le-Duc für Kaiser Napoleon III. von einer Burgruine zu einem historistischen Schloss umgestaltet wurde. Im Verständnis des Königs entsprachen beide Bauten einer romantischen Darstellung des Mittelalters, ebenso wie die musikalischen Sagenwelten Richard Wagners. Dessen Werke Tannhäuser und Lohengrin hatten den König nachhaltig beeindruckt. Am 15. Mai 1868 teilte er dem befreundeten Komponisten in einem Brief mit:

„Ich habe die Absicht, die alte Burgruine Hohenschwangau bei der Pöllatschlucht neu aufbauen zu lassen, im echten Styl der alten deutschen Ritterburgen“

Durch den Tod seines 1848 abgedankten Großvaters Ludwig I. konnte der junge König ab 1868 dessen Apanage einbehalten, wodurch ihm umfangreiche finanzielle Mittel zur Verfügung standen. Der König wollte mit dem nun entstehenden Bauprojekt in der ihm aus Kindertagen vertrauten Landschaft ein privates Refugium abseits der Hauptstadt München schaffen, in dem er seine Vorstellung des Mittelalters erleben konnte, zumal das von ihm gern genutzte Schloss Hohenschwangau jeweils während der Sommermonate von seiner ungeliebten Mutter, der Königin Marie, besetzt war. Die Entwürfe für das neue Schloss lieferte der Münchner Theatermaler Christian Jank, umgesetzt wurden sie durch den Architekten Eduard Riedel. Überlegungen, die Burgruinen in den Bau zu integrieren, wurden wegen der damit verbundenen technischen Schwierigkeiten nicht weiter verfolgt. Erste Pläne für das Schloss, die sich stilistisch an der Nürnberger Burg orientierten und einen schlichten Neubau anstelle der alten Burg Vorderhohenschwangau vorsahen, wurden wieder verworfen und gegen zunehmend umfangreichere Entwürfe ersetzt, die zu einem größeren Schloss nach dem Vorbild der Wartburg führten. Der König bestand auf einer detaillierten Planung und ließ sich jeden Entwurf zur Genehmigung vorlegen. Sein Einfluss auf die Entwürfe reichte so weit, dass das Schloss vor allem als seine eigene Schöpfung und weniger als die seiner beteiligten Architekten gelten kann.

Mit dem Bau des Schlosses wurde 1869 begonnen. Die Wünsche und Ansprüche Ludwigs II. wuchsen mit dem Bau ebenso wie die Ausgaben, und die Entwürfe und Kostenvoranschläge mussten mehrfach überarbeitet werden. So war anstelle des großen Thronsaales ursprünglich nur ein bescheidenes Arbeitszimmer geplant, und vorgesehene Gästezimmer wurden aus den Entwürfen wieder gestrichen, um Platz für einen Maurischen Saal zu schaffen, der aufgrund der ständigen Geldknappheit nicht realisiert werden konnte. Die ursprünglich schon für 1872 vorgesehene Fertigstellung des Schlosses verzögerte sich wiederholt. Als Dank für den Kaiserbrief erhielt der König ab 1871 zwar Zuwendungen aus dem Welfenfonds durch Bismarck, doch wurden seine finanziellen Mittel nun zunehmend auch durch seine weiteren Bauprojekte vereinnahmt. Der Palas und das Torhaus Neuschwansteins waren bis 1886 im Außenbau weitgehend fertiggestellt; ab 1884 konnte der König den Palas erstmals bewohnen. Ludwig II. lebte bis zu seinem Tod 1886 insgesamt nur 172 Tage im Schloss, das bis dahin noch einer Großbaustelle glich. 1885 empfing er hier anlässlich ihres 60. Geburtstags seine auf dem unteren Hohenschwangau residierende Mutter, die vormalige Königin Marie.

Neuschwanstein sollte Ludwig II. gewissermaßen als bewohnbare Theaterkulisse dienen. Es war als Freundschaftstempel dem Leben und Werk Richard Wagners gewidmet, der es jedoch nie betreten hat. Trotz seiner Größe war das Schloss nicht für die Aufnahme eines Hofstaats vorgesehen; es bot lediglich der Privatwohnung des Königs und Zimmern für die Dienerschaft Raum. Die Hofgebäude dienten weniger Wohn- als vielmehr dekorativen Zwecken. So war zum Beispiel der Bau der Kemenate – die erst nach Ludwigs Tod vollendet wurde – eine direkte Reminiszenz an den zweiten Akt von Lohengrin, wo ein solches Gebäude einen der Schauplätze darstellte.

Ludwig II. bezahlte seine Bauprojekte selbst aus seinem Privatvermögen und dem Einkommen seiner Zivilliste. Anders als oft kolportiert wird, wurde die Staatskasse für seine Bauten nicht belastet. Die Baukosten Neuschwansteins betrugen bis zum Tod des Königs 6.180.047 Mark, ursprünglich veranschlagt waren 3,2 Millionen Mark. Seine privaten Mittel reichten für die ausufernden Bauprojekte jedoch nicht mehr aus, und so musste der König laufend neue Kredite aufnehmen. 1883 war er bereits mit über 7 Millionen Mark verschuldet, 1885 drohte ihm erstmals eine Pfändung.

Die Streitigkeiten um die Verschuldung des Staatsoberhaupts veranlassten die bayerische Regierung 1886, den König zu entmündigen und für regierungsunfähig erklären zu lassen. Ludwig II. hielt sich zur Zeit seiner Entmündigung am 9. Juni 1886 in Neuschwanstein auf; es war das letzte seiner selbst in Auftrag gegebenen Schlösser, das er bewohnte. Die anlässlich seiner bevorstehenden Absetzung am 10. Juni 1886 nach Neuschwanstein gereiste Regierungskommission ließ der König im Torhaus festsetzen. Nach einigen Stunden wurden die Mitglieder der Kommission freigelassen. Am 11. Juni erschien eine zweite Kommission unter der Leitung Bernhard von Guddens. Der König musste Neuschwanstein daraufhin am 12. Juni 1886 verlassen und wurde nach Schloss Berg verbracht, wo er am 13. Juni 1886 im Starnberger See ertrank.

Ludwig II. errichtete Schloss Neuschwanstein nicht als Repräsentationsbau oder zur Machtdemonstration, sondern ausschließlich als seinen privaten Rückzugsort. Im Gegensatz dazu steht die heutige Bedeutung des Schlosses als eines der wichtigsten Touristenziele Deutschlands. Der Deutsche Tourismusverband macht auf internationaler Ebene mit Neuschwanstein Werbung für Bayern als ein Land der Märchenschlösser. So nimmt es nicht Wunder, dass bei einer Umfrage der Deutschen Zentrale für Tourismus (DZT) unter 15.000 ausländischen Gästen über deren liebstes Besucherziel das Schloss Neuschwanstein Platz 1 erreichte. Im nationalen Vergleich wählten 350.000 Teilnehmer die Schlossanlage in der ZDF-Show Unsere Besten – die Lieblingsorte der Deutschen indes nur auf Rang 19. Bei der Abstimmung über die neuen Weltwunder im Jahr 2007 war Schloss Neuschwanstein auf dem achten Platz zu finden.

Seit ihrer Öffnung für den Besucherverkehr im Todesjahr Ludwigs zählt die Anlage beständig steigende Gästezahlen. Allein in den ersten acht Wochen besuchten rund 18.000 Menschen das Schloss. 1913 zählte es über 28.000 Gäste, 1939 waren es bereits 290.000. Bis 2001 war die Zahl auf rund 1,3 Millionen Besucher angewachsen, darunter 560.000 Deutsche und 385.000 Amerikaner sowie Engländer. Drittstärkste Gruppe waren in jenem Jahr die 149.000 Japaner. Bis 2005 wurden insgesamt über 50 Millionen Besucher gezählt. 2013 wurde mit 1,52 Millionen Besuchern ein neuer Rekord aufgestellt, das waren 31 Prozent der gesamten Besucher in den staatlichen Schlössern, Burgen und Residenzen. Damit ist Schloss Neuschwanstein der unangefochtene Besuchermagnet der Bayerischen Schlösserverwaltung und deren einzige Anlage, die mehr Gewinn einbringt als Kosten verursacht. 2004 wurden über 6,5 Millionen Euro an Einnahmen verbucht. Die Anlage zählt in der Hochsaison von Juni bis August durchschnittlich mehr als 6000 Besucher am Tag, in Stoßzeiten bis zu 10.000. Aufgrund des hohen Andrangs müssen Gäste ohne Voranmeldung zum Teil mit mehreren Stunden Wartezeit rechnen. Der Ticketverkauf erfolgt – vor Ort und online – ausschließlich über das Ticketcenter in Hohenschwangau. Aus Gründen der Sicherheit ist es nur im Rahmen einer etwa 35-minütigen Führung möglich, das Schloss zu besichtigen. Daneben gibt es noch sogenannte Themenführungen, die sich beispielsweise mit den Sagenwelten der jeweiligen Bilder befassen.

Der mit Neuschwanstein verbundene Massentourismus ist für die Region jedoch nicht nur ein lukratives Geschäft, sondern bringt auch Probleme mit sich. Vor allem in den Sommermonaten ist die Verkehrssituation rund um die Königsschlösser Hohenschwangau und Neuschwanstein extrem angespannt. Der ausufernde Parksuchverkehr in Schwangau wirkt belastend auf die Bewohner, und der sich stauende Verkehr in der Augsburger Straße in Füssen ist zu einem Drittel auf den An- und Abreiseverkehr der Schlosstouristen zurückzuführen. Seit über 20 Jahren stehen die Stadt Füssen und die Gemeinde Schwangau in Verhandlung zur Beseitigung ihrer Verkehrsprobleme, doch die verschiedenen Interessenlagen und gegensätzliche Positionen der Beteiligten führten bislang zu keiner Lösung. Trotz langer Parkplatzsuche sowie Schlangestehen vor dem Ticketcenter und dem Schlossportal reißt der Besucherstrom nach Schloss Neuschwanstein nicht ab, denn

„Der Nimbus des „Märchenkönigs“ übt offensichtlich auf die Umwelt eine derartige Faszination aus, dass jeder Versuch, die Besucherströme auf andere, weniger besuchte Objekte abzulenken, bisher vergeblich war und wohl auch bleiben wird.“

Die bayerische Regierung investiert regelmäßig Summen in Millionenhöhe in die Erhaltung des Schlosses und in die touristische Erschließung der Anlage. 1977 musste der Felsberg unter der Kemenate für 500.000 DM saniert werden. Mit rund 640.000 DM schlug noch einmal die damalige Sanierung der Marienbrücke zu Buche, während für die Erneuerung der Schlossdächer 2,1 Millionen Mark aufgewendet werden mussten. In den 1980er Jahren war das Abtäufen eines Treppenhauses und die Anlage eines weiteren Besucheraufgangs nötig geworden. Sie kosteten insgesamt 4,2 Millionen Mark. In der Zeit von 1990 bis 2008 gab der Freistaat weitere 14,5 Millionen Euro für Instandhaltungsmaßnahmen – darunter die Instandsetzung der einzigen Zufahrtsstraße sowie eine jahrelange Fassadensanierung – und die Verbesserung der Besucherbetreuung aus. Auch die Innenräume müssen regelmäßig instandgesetzt und restauriert werden. So wurden 2009 und 2011 für über 425.000 Euro die original erhaltenen Textilien im Schlaf- sowie Wohnzimmer Ludwigs II. restauriert und durch Licht- sowie Tastschutz vor weiterem Verfall bewahrt.

Die Schlossverwaltung warnt davor, dass mit jährlich etwa 1,5 Millionen Besuchern das Schloss an die Grenzen seiner Kapazität gelangt sei. Die Besuchermassen würden – zusammen mit dem alpinen Klima und dem Licht – die wertvollen Möbel und Textilien stark belasten. Eine besondere Rolle scheint dabei die von den Besuchern ausgeatmete Feuchtigkeit zu spielen. Wissenschaftler sollen untersuchen, inwiefern die Schlossverwaltung diese Belastung verringern kann.

Neuschwanstein gilt als Sinnbild für die Zeit der Romantik und ist weltweit bekannt. In amerikanischer Werbung ist es das meistgenutzte Schlossmotiv. Schon im Mai 1954 zeigte die amerikanische Illustrierte Life in einer Sonderausgabe über das deutsche Wirtschaftswunder Schloss Neuschwanstein auf seiner Titelseite.

Das Schloss inspirierte Künstler wie Andy Warhol, der es zum Thema einer seiner Pop-Art-Sequenzen machte, nachdem er es 1971 besucht hatte. 2002 stürzten in der Nähe Neuschwansteins Trümmerstücke eines Meteoriten auf die Erde, die seitdem unter dem Namen des Schlosses katalogisiert sind.

Die Anlage war Vorbild für mehrere Bauten auf der ganzen Welt, allen voran für das Sleeping-Beauty-Schloss im Disneyland Resort im kalifornischen Anaheim. Auch das Dornröschen-Schloss im Disneyland Paris wurde dem bayerischen „Märchenschloss“ nachempfunden und folgt der internationalen Einordnung, die den Anblick von Neuschwanstein mit Disney's Cinderella bzw. mit Aschenputtel in Verbindung bringt. Ähnliches gilt für das Excalibur Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas. Der 1990 eröffnete, 290 Millionen Dollar teure Komplex zeigt starke Anlehnungen an Neuschwanstein. In Deutschland ließ der Kommerzienrat Friedrich Hoepfner in der Karlsruher Haid-und-Neu-Straße von 1896 bis 1898 seine „Hoepfner-Burg“ nach Plänen von Johann Hantschel errichten. Der als Betriebsgebäude für Hoepfners Brauerei errichtete Bau zeigt ebenfalls Reminiszenzen an Schloss Neuschwanstein.

Schloss Neuschwanstein diente unzählige Male als Kulisse für Verfilmungen über das Leben Ludwigs II. Es war zum Beispiel Drehort für Filme wie Helmut Käutners Ludwig II. von 1955 und Luchino Viscontis Ludwig II. von 1972. Auch die neueste Filmbiografie, Ludwig II. von Peter Sehr und Marie Noëlle aus dem Jahr 2012, wurde an Originalschauplätzen gedreht.

Die Anlage kam aber nicht nur bei Verfilmungen des Lebens Ludwigs II. zum Einsatz. Zum Beispiel fand auch ein Teil der Dreharbeiten zu Ken Hughes’ Fantasy-Komödie Tschitti Tschitti Bäng Bäng aus dem Jahr 1968 dort statt, und in Mel Brooks’ 1987 veröffentlichter Star-Wars-Parodie Spaceballs stellte Schloss Neuschwanstein das Zuhause von Prinzessin Vespa auf dem Planeten Druidia dar. Auch für Peter Zadeks Die wilden Fünfziger von 1983 und in dem 2008 erstmals ausgestrahlten TV-Spielfilm Die Jagd nach dem Schatz der Nibelungen diente Neuschwanstein als Kulisse.

In dem DEFA-Märchenfilm Die vertauschte Königin von Dieter Scharfenberg findet in der Anfangssequenz ein Schlossmodell Verwendung, das eine Adaption Neuschwansteins ist.

Die in dem Film Sherlock Holmes: Spiel im Schatten aus dem Jahr 2011 gezeigte Festung in den Schweizer Alpen wurde digital gestaltet, als Vorlage diente neben der Festung Hohenwerfen auch Schloss Neuschwanstein.

(Wikipedia)

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Linoleum cut; 99.2 x 78.6 cm.

Jörg Immendorff was one of the best known contemporary German painters; he was also a sculptor, stage designer and art professor. He studied at the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf under Joseph Beuys. The academy expelled him because of some of his left-wing political activities and neo-dadaist actions. From 1969 to 1980 he worked as an art teacher at a public school, and then as a free artist, holding visiting professorships all over Europe. In 1989 he became professor at the Städelschule in Frankfurt am Main and in 1996 he became professor at the Art Academy in Düsseldorf -- the same school that had dismissed him as a student.

His paintings are sometimes reminiscent of surrealism and often use irony and heavy symbolism to convey political ideas. He named one of his first acclaimed works "Hört auf zu malen!" ("Stop painting!"). He was a member of the German art movement Neue Wilde. Best known is his Cafe Deutschland series of sixteen large paintings (1977-1984) that were inspired by Renato Guttuso’s Caffè Greco; in these crowded colorful pictures, Immendorff had disco-goers symbolize the conflict between East and West Germany. Since the 1970s, he worked closely with the painter A. R. Penck from Dresden in East Germany. He created several stage designs, including two for the Salzburg Festival. In 1984 he opened the bar La Paloma in Hamburg St. Pauli and created a large bronze sculpture of Hans Albers there. He also contributed to the design of André Heller's avant-garde amusement park "Luna, Luna" in 1987. Immendorff created various sculptures; one spectacular example is a 25 m tall iron sculpture in the form of an oak tree trunk, erected in Riesa in 1999.

In 1997 he won the best endowed art prize in the world, the MARCO prize of the Museum of Contemporary Art in Monterrey, Mexico. In the following year he received the merit medal (Bundesverdienstkreuz) of the Federal Republic of Germany. He was a friend and the favorite painter of former German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder, who chose Immendorff to paint the official portrait of Schröder for the Bundeskanzlerleramt. The portrait, which was completed by Immendorff's assistants, was revealed to the public in January 2007; the massive work has ironic character, showing the former Chancellor in stern heroic pose, in the colors of the German flag, painted in the style of an icon, surrounded by little monkeys. These "painter monkeys" were a recurring theme in Immendorff's work, serving as an ironic commentary on the artist's business.

Immendorff was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig's disease in 1998. When he could not paint with his left hand any more, he switched to the right. As of 2006, he used a wheelchair full-time and did not paint anymore; instead he directed his assistants to paint following his instructions. On May 27, 2007, at age 61, he succumbed to the disease.

Tower of London, Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, marking the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies will progressively fill the Tower’s famous moat.

Rosenberg Lev Samoylovich called Bakst was a painter and a stage designer of Belorussian birth. Born into a middle class Jewish family, Bakst was educated in St Peterburg, attending the Academy of Arts. Bakst traveled regularly to Europe and North Africa and studied in Paris with a number of notable artists at the Academie Julian. With Alexander Benois and Serge Diaghlev he was a founder of the WORLD OF ART group in 1898. In 1906 he became a drawing teacher at the Yelizaveta Zvantseva's private school in St Peterburg.

Bakst realized his greatest artistic success in the theatre. In 1909 he collaborated with Diaghilev in the founding of Ballets Russes, where he acted as artistic director, and his stages designs rapidly brought him international fame. Between 1909 and 1921 his name became inseparable from the Ballets Russes. He also designed for other celebrities, included the artist producers Vera Komissarzhervskaya in 1906, Ida Rubinstein between 1911 to 1924. He settled in Paris in 1912, having being exiled from St Peterburg where, as a Jew he was unable to obtain a residence permit.

Bakst was arguably the most accomplish painter, as well as designer, in the World of Art group. His early preferences were for Realist painters and Old Masters, such as Rembrandt and Velazquez. The animated line and relaxed postures in his portraiture also suggest the influence of his close friend Valentin Serov. Through Benois and his circle Bakst was attracted to "retrospectivism" and Orientalism, and motifs from ancient Greece and Egypt became signatures in his easel paintings and theoretical work. The Benois circle also introduced him to Symbolism and Art Nouveau.

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The wall mural, Awning and Bubble Bottle Prop at South Cleveland Church of God's Children's Church Stage Set.

The Grand Foyer of the Granada, evoking a mediaeval great hall, with coffered ceiling and heraldic decoration. It was designed, along with the rest of the interior, by Russian émigré Theodore Komisarjevsky, a stage designer and theatre director.

"The Granada Cinema in Tooting, an area in the borough of Wandsworth, London was one of the great luxurious cinemas built in the 1930s. It is considered by many to be the most spectacular cinema in Britain.

"The cinema opened on 7 September 1931, as one of the Granada chain, with the film Monte Carlo and screened movies sometimes with stage shows or organ recitals until it closed as a cinema on 10 November 1973 (showing The Good, the Bad and the Ugly). The organ was a Wurlitzer theatre organ that had originally been used in Sacramento, California. It had a full size stage on which a number of theatrical productions were performed. The normal programme consisted of either two feature films, or one with a variety show.

"The building, which became the first cinema to be preserved and given a Grade I listing, was designed by Cecil Massey in the Art Deco style with four Corinthian style pillars over the entrance. It was the interior, however that was (and is still) spectacular. This was designed by Theodore Komisarjevsky, a set designer, making use of ornamental plasterwork by Clark and Fenn. It has marble foyers both at the main and balcony entrances, and a hall of mirrors and deep ceilings more suitable for a palace than a cinema.

"The seating capacity was over 3000, and was often completely sold-out. Stars such as [The Beatles], Frank Sinatra, Danny Kaye, The Andrews Sisters and Carmen Miranda gave concerts there. After closing as a cinema the building reopened as a bingo hall."

Source: Wikipedia

Blood Swept Lands and Seas of Red, marking the centenary of the outbreak of the First World War. Created by ceramic artist Paul Cummins, with setting by stage designer Tom Piper, 888,246 ceramic poppies will progressively fill the Tower’s famous moat.

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