Men in Kippah
View allAll Photos Tagged Small-cap
Il possède un petit chapeau, peu charnu, ovoïde ou
campanulé conique, de couleur jaune citron à jaune doré au début. Ensuite il s’étale (2 à 5 cm de diamètre), s’éclaircit à l’exception de son centre qui garde sa couleur vive, et se fendille profondément à la marge. Enfin, il se dessèche et prend une couleur ocre rouille. Les lames minces et serrées de couleur blanchâtre deviennent rouille vif en vieillissant. Le pied creux (4-11 cm x 1-4mm) blanc à sommet jaune clair, souvent entièrement floconneux est très fragile. La chair mince, ne dégage pas d’odeur particulière. Le sporophore pousse de l'été à la fin de l'automne sur les sols gras et fumés, il est non comestible .,/
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It has a small cap, not very fleshy, ovoid or conical campanulate, lemon yellow to golden yellow in color at first. Then it spreads (2 to 5 cm in diameter), lightens except for its center which keeps its bright color, and cracks deeply at the margin. Finally, it dries out and takes on a rusty ocher color. The thin, tight blades are whitish in color and turn bright rust as they age. The cavus (4-11 cm x 1-4 mm) white with a light yellow top, often entirely flaky, is very fragile. The thin flesh does not give off any particular smell. The sporophore grows from summer to late fall on oily and smoky soils.
it is inedible
for Looking Close on... Friday!
The title is different because my photo is very different from the photo's I saw in the group until now.
And different, because this small cap is maybe somthething different than you think.
De titel is anders omdat mijn foto heel anders is dan de foto's die ik tot nu toe in de groep zag. En anders, want dit mutsje is misschien wel iets anders dan je denkt.
Hoodoos at Palo Duro Canyon State Park-------------------------------Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone, or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone, or basalt. In glaciated mountainous valleys the soft eroded material may be glacial till with the protective capstones being large boulders in the till. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion.
A thriving group of Common Bonnets (Mycena galericulata) covered a thick fallen tree branch all over. This is a widespread species of fungi belonging to a big Mycena family. The genus name “Mycena” originates from the ancient Greek work” mykes” meaning “fungus”. The scientific epithet “galericulata” comes from the Latin word ‘galer’ which is be translated as ‘helmet’ or ‘hat’. If you compare its small cap with the length of the stem it sits on – it is indeed an elegant ‘fungus with a small hat’. Their appearance also reflected in other names like the ‘helmeted high-stool’, the ‘togue mycena’, and the ‘rosy-gill fairy helmet’. A rosy colour refers to the tint of the gills these fungi could develop when aged. Beechwood fungi. Lansdown near Bath, BANES, Somerset, England UK.
Thank you for your visit, favours and comments, much appreciated.
Looking at the results, I should have probably taken a few images to get the cap totally in focus but...now the focus is on the leading edge, which for this mushroom is nice.
Banff National Park, Canada
From Wikipedia:
"Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone, or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone, or basalt. In glaciated mountainous valleys the soft eroded material may be glacial till with the protective capstones being large boulders in the till. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion."
In a battered Farrah's Original Harrogate Toffee tin, I have my mother's sargeant stripes, two ATS badges, and this small cap badge which was very black and tarnished and which I have never looked at closely. I cleaned it up and seeing that it is an RAOC badge realise it must have been my dad's. He never told me his regiment, just that he worked inthe Quartermaster's Stores, but ordnance - that makes sense. The badge is 2.5 cm across at the widest part and is missing one of the little flanges at the back which would have fixed it to the cap.
Wikipedia: Built to replace its ruinous 12th-century predecessor nearby, this church was designed in 1869 by Edgar Brock. The stone used to build it was quarried locally. Its distinctive spire was removed in 1966 and replaced with a small cap.
Bamff National Park, Canada
Banff National Park, Canada
From Wikipedia:
"Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone, or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone, or basalt. In glaciated mountainous valleys the soft eroded material may be glacial till with the protective capstones being large boulders in the till. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion."
Banff National Park, Canada
From Wikipedia:
"Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone, or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone, or basalt. In glaciated mountainous valleys the soft eroded material may be glacial till with the protective capstones being large boulders in the till. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion."
Texture by Shadowhouse Creation. Thank You.
Thank you everyone for your visits, faves, and kind comments.
Since I saw the first photo of Bryce Canyon some thirty years ago, I wanted to go see this place. A few weeks ago, this dream finally came true - and I was overwhelmed by how large and colorful the canyon is!
Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone or basalt.
Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion. The heavy cap pressing downwards gives the pedestal of the hoodoo its strength to resist erosion.
The primary weathering force at Bryce Canyon is frost wedging. The hoodoos at Bryce Canyon experience over 200 freeze/thaw cycles each year. In the winter, melting snow, in the form of water, seeps into the cracks and then freezes at night. When water freezes it expands by almost 10% and pries open the cracks bit by bit, making them even wider, much like the way a pothole forms in a paved road.
(Wikipedia)
Very small cap of an acorn left behind and in a puddle on the boardwalk handrail after heavy rain the evening and night before, even had some giant snowflakes mixed in for good measure. :) Taken with my 70-200 and 1.4x so can't get very close due to minimum focus distance plus detail not as good as if I had used my macro which I didn't have. :) Can't seem to pass up things in puddles there. Lighting was too dark from the other side.
Marasmius haematocephalus. Pink coloured variety. Absent for several years & only group so far this year. Small, caps less than 1 cm. My block.
Sponsored RP post - Sponsored by Mamaa Duee and guys this one, seriously, I could not get it fast enough I love it so much.
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The photo set had been bought in preparation but what she hadn’t expected was the hilarious image of the infant in the pumpkin that was entirely too big for her yet. Curious eyes looked up at her as she tried to settle her somewhere so she could still get the photo. Thankfully, well fed, well slept, Eden was more than happy to curiously explore the inside of the fake pumpkin, even a blanket put in place couldn’t help the infant hold her body up enough. A happy gargle came from Eden as Akemo tried to tuck in some of the blanket that had been a gift from Willow and the twins, something familiar to her in those nights spent in the crib.
Yet no success with the pumpkin.
Frazzled, Akemo blew out a breath, sending her hair moving and heard the sound of almost bells- a sharp giggle and she blinked in surprise down at the infant below her. She was too young yet surely- but the sound came again as she huffed out a breath at herself and that same bang shifted across her face. Akemo echoed the laugh, wiggling her daughter free to lift her up to her, watching as those eyes that had faded from their newborn blue to the soft brown that remind her so much of the little one she always saw in her dreams.
The sound echoed over and over again until a little tired huff came from Eden and Akemo had to wipe the tears from her face - nearly belatedly remembering the makeup. A quick check let her know that all was well, and she was grateful. Turning to the small delivery box that had already been opened she removed the small cap and bib that had already been washed with her sensitive skin Formula. Handing Eden the small pacifier she watched as her daughter turned and latched onto it.
An idea struck, and she scooped up both baby and Pumpkin, and even though there was no way to hide her arm… she shifted the camera on the stand and set the timer before taking a few steps back. Adjusting the bib into place she helped to put the cap on and adjusted it into place… and checked. “You look perfect,” she grinned at her sweet little slumped daughter before moving to get into place.
“Okay. This may be the cutest thing I’ve ever seen.” Still the hormones, Akemo told herself as she blinked away happy tears, reaching over to half-lean Eden against the pumpkin and reaching her arm to hold her, surprised as tiny hands closed around her hand. She glanced down, then remembered to look up just as the click of the camera went off.
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No more bad marks, summer is our
Now we can swim or scout
It is turnabout in our life.
School S.U.C.K.S. school was like blackout for us
Now we can shout freedom, goodbye boredom!
Without school it will be so cool.
We will not miss school, what about you ???
Written by Yasha Jakovsky
www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8XeX_5IIWA
Song for you ;o)
On the photo you can see my funny vision of last day of school (physical education). On the photo we can see female lion evil teacher that really enjoy to "torture" her pupil on the last day of school.
This teacher remind me a little of my elementary teacher, she didn't like boys pupil. I think school shoud learn us about creativity not to memorize some boring text (what is a purpose of that???). I think I loose 12 years in school + 5 year at university. I think I spend my best part of life sitting in a chair near school / university bench. I think school can be interesting if we change many things. I think if we stop with stupid memorizing exams than we can succeed.
Can you imagine subject in which children learn to play guitar, piano, keyboards but not for exam, or learn how to do good photos, learn how to mix music like a D.J. or girls can learn how to sew on machine, or how to cook nice food. In my vision of school exams will not exist or marks. I think it is stupidity to ask people or student on university to memorize book or books, that means that USB stick is smarter than a human because on USB stick we can put 1000 books without a problem. I don't understand why children at 21 century need to memorize multiplication table ??? Every cheap mobile phone have calculator.
In my photo I used my brother's pionir red book and pionir red star so photo have more retro look from 1980's (I was first generation that wasn't pionir). Big pen my family bought somewhere in the 1980's. Small Cap bag was mine from high school when I bought my school bag, small bag was attached as pendant. Small plastic ruler I found in my pencil box from elementary school. In my idea I also used pen eraser, pencil sharpener and protractor. I think I explain everything here ;o).
Location is on the beach near electrics office in Zadar.
P.s. Photo was explored on Flickr, place 394 / 500
a cosmetics range from Provence. I kept a few tins that once contained small tubes of handcream. Occitane is the medieval language spoken in this part of France, when the country was divided by the Loire, with the "langue d'Oc" to the south and "langue d'Oil" to the north (two versions of "yes"). In 2016 the French regions were reorganized, and the former Languedoc-Roussillon and Midi-Pyrénées were combined and given the old name Occitanie.
In cities such as Toulouse, street names are now written in French and Occitan.
It just takes your breath away.
Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock, such as mudstone, poorly cemented sandstone or tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), is covered by a thin layer of hard rock, such as well-cemented sandstone, limestone or basalt. Over time, cracks in the resistant layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos form where a small cap of the resistant layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion. The heavy cap pressing downwards gives the pedestal of the hoodoo its strength to resist erosion. With time, erosion of the soft layer causes the cap to be undercut, eventually falling off, and the remaining cone is then quickly eroded.
Typically, hoodoos form from multiple weathering processes that continuously work together in eroding the edges of a rock formation known as a fin. The primary weathering force at Bryce Canyon is frost wedging. The hoodoos at Bryce Canyon experience over 200 freeze/thaw cycles each year. In the winter, melting snow, in the form of water, seeps into the cracks and then freezes at night. When water freezes it expands by almost 10%, prying open the cracks bit by bit, making them even wider, much like the way a pothole forms in a paved road.
In addition to frost wedging, rain is another weathering process causing erosion. In most places today, the rainwater is slightly acidic, which lets the weak carbonic acid slowly dissolve limestone grain by grain. It is this process that rounds the edges of hoodoos and gives them their lumpy and bulging profiles. Where internal mudstone and siltstone layers interrupt the limestone, you can expect the rock to be more resistant to the chemical weathering because of the comparative lack of limestone.
Rain is also the chief source of erosion (the actual removal of the debris). In the summer, monsoon type rainstorms travel through the Bryce Canyon region bringing short duration high intensity rain. (Wikipedia)
Die Paiute-Indianer gaben diesem Ort den Namen Unka-timpe-wa-wince-pock-ich, der frei übersetzt etwa „Rote Felsen, die wie Männer in einer Schüssel stehen“ bedeutet...
www.google.de/maps/place/Bryce+Canyon+National+Park/@37.6...
Merrimac Butte is an erosional feature on BLM land just north of the Island in the Sky District of Canyonlands National Park. The domes in the foreground are formed by the Navajo Sandstone of Jurassic Age. The butte is formed by the overlying Entrada Sandstone, also of Jurassic age. Three members of Entrada are well displayed here: the basal slope-forming Dewey Bridge member, the middle cliff-forming Slick Rock member and the small cap rock of the Moab member. BLM Labyrinth Rims / Gemini Bridges Special Recreation Management Area. Grand Co., Utah.
It was mostly overcast to the west in the late afternoon while I was hiking in the Bisti badlands, so I only got a few shots with good light on the rocks....
Hoodoos typically form in areas where a thick layer of a relatively soft rock is covered by a thin layer of hard rock. Over time, cracks in the hard layer allow the much softer rock beneath to be eroded and washed away. Hoodoos are formed where a small cap of the hard layer remains, and protects a cone of the underlying softer layer from erosion. Wijipedia: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(geology)
Lenticular (small cap-like) cloud above a cumulonimbus cloud and indicates a strong updraft within the cloud.
Anguillara Sabazia è un comune di 17.987 abitanti situato nel nord della provincia di Roma (Regione Lazio), 37 km a nord-ovest della Capitale. Il comune è stato insignito nel 2001 del titolo di città. Anguillara si estende su un promontorio sulla sponda sud-orientale del Lago di Bracciano, il terzo per estensione fra i laghi dell'Italia centrale. Ciò ne fa un importante centro turistico e balneare.
Il nome del paese deriva da un'antica villa romana, detta "Angularia", perché edificata dove il lago forma un angolo. Il suffisso Sabazia, derivante dal nome della zona, serve a distinguerlo da un omonimo centro del padovano, Anguillara Veneta. (Fonte: Wikipedia)
Anguillara Sabazia is a town and comune in the Province of Rome, Lazio, central Italy, around 37 km northwest of Rome. It nestles on a small cape on the coast of the Lake Bracciano; its medieval center and its beach make it a popular destination for tourists.
Anguillara is served by a local train ("FR3") which connects it with Rome (stations of Roma Ostiense and of Valle Aurelia) in around 40 minutes.
Three kilometres east of the town lies the small, volcanic Lake Martignano, also popular with tourists. The two lakes and the surrounding area have been declared as Regional Park and are under a strict naturalistic control.
An episode of the popular American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond was shot in the town. (From: Wikipedia)
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Aperture: f/8
Focal Lenght: 24mm
Iso Speed Rating: ISO 200
Shutter Speed: 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, 1/640, 1/1250, 1/2500, 1/5000
My 1st ever sighting of a Blackcap
The Eurasian blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) usually known simply as the blackcap, is a common and widespread typical warbler. It has mainly olive-grey upperparts and pale grey underparts, and differences between the five subspecies are small. Both sexes have a neat coloured cap to the head, black in the male and reddish-brown in the female. The male's typical song is a rich musical warbling, often ending in a loud high-pitched crescendo, but a simpler song is given in some isolated areas, such as valleys in the Alps. The blackcap's closest relative is the garden warbler, which looks quite different but has a similar song.
The blackcap breeds in much of Europe, western Asia and northwestern Africa, and its preferred habitat is mature deciduous woodland. The male holds a territory when breeding, which is defended against garden warblers as well as other blackcaps. The nest is a neat cup, built low in brambles or scrub, and the clutch is typically 4–6 mainly buff eggs, which hatch in about 11 days. The chicks fledge in 11–12 days, but are cared for by both adults for some time after leaving the nest. The blackcap is a partial migrant; birds from the colder areas of its range winter in scrub or trees in northwestern Europe, around the Mediterranean and in tropical Africa. Some German birds have adapted to spending the winter in gardens in Great Britain and Ireland. Insects are the main food in the breeding season, but, for the rest of the year, blackcaps survive primarily on small fruit. Garden birds also eat bread, fat and peanuts in winter.
Despite extensive hunting in Mediterranean countries and the natural hazards of predation and disease, the blackcap has been extending its range for several decades, and is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as least concern. Its rich and varied song has led to it being described as the "mock nightingale" and it has featured in literature, films and music. In Messiaen's opera Saint François d'Assise, the saint is represented by themes based on the blackcap's song.
The blackcap is a mainly grey warbler with distinct male and female plumages. The nominate subspecies is about 13 cm (5.1 in) long with a 7–8 cm (2.8–3.1 in) wing length.[12] The weight is typically 16–25 g (0.56–0.88 oz), but can be up to 31 g (1.1 oz) for birds preparing to migrate.[16] The adult male has olive-grey upperparts, other than a paler grey nape and a neat black cap on the head. The underparts are light grey, becoming silvery white on the chin, throat and upper breast. The tail is dark grey, with an olive tint to the outer edge of each feather. The bill and long legs are grey, and the iris is reddish brown. The female resembles the male, but has a reddish-brown cap and a slightly browner tone to the grey of the upperparts. Juveniles are similar to the female, but their upperparts have a slight rufous tinge, and the breast and flanks have a more olive tone; young males have a darker brown cap than their female counterparts. This species is unmistakable; other dark-headed Sylvia species, such Sardinian and Orphean warblers have extensive black on the head instead of a small cap. They are also larger and have white edges on the tail.
Blackcaps have a complete moult in their breeding areas in August and September prior to migration. Some birds, typically those migrating the greatest distances, have a further partial moult between December and March. Juveniles replace their loosely structured body feathers with adult plumage, starting earlier, but taking longer to complete, than the adults. Blackcaps breeding in the north of the range have an earlier and shorter post-juvenile moult than those further south, and cross-breeding of captive birds shows that the timing is genetically controlled.
The male's song is a rich musical warbling, often ending in a loud high-pitched crescendo, which is given in bursts of up to 30 seconds. The song is repeated for about two-and-a-half minutes, with a short pause before each repetition. In some geographically isolated areas, such as islands, peninsulas and valleys in the Alps, a simplified fluting song occurs, named the Leiern (drawling) song by the German ornithologists who first described it. The song's introduction is like that of other blackcaps, but the final warbling part is a simple alternation between two notes, as in a great tit's call but more fluting. The main song is confusable with that of the garden warbler, but it is slightly higher pitched than in that species, more broken into discrete song segments, and less mellow. Both species have a quiet subsong, a muted version of the full song, which is even harder to separate. The blackcap occasionally mimics the song of other birds, the most frequently copied including the garden warbler and the common nightingale. The main call is a hard tac-tac, like stones knocking together, and other vocalisations include a squeaking sweet alarm, and a low-pitched trill similar to that of a garden warbler.
Male blackcaps will sometimes sing even when incubating, especially with the second brood. This appears to be intended to maintain the bond with the female. Wintering birds in Africa are quiet initially, but start singing in January or February prior to their return north.
The blackcap's main breeding habitat is mature deciduous woodland, with good scrub cover below the trees. Other habitats, such as parks, large gardens and overgrown hedges, are used as long as they meet the essential requirements of tall trees for songposts and an established understory. Where other Sylvia warblers also breed, blackcaps tend to use taller trees than their relatives, preferably those with a good canopy, such as pedunculate oak. In prime habitat, breeding densities reach 100–200 pairs per square kilometre (250–500 pairs per square mile) in northern Europe, and 500–900 pairs per square kilometre (1,250–2,250 pairs per square mile) in Italy. Densities are much lower in poorer habitats such as conifer forests. Breeding occurs in Europe at altitudes up to 2,200 m (7,200 ft).
The preferred winter habitat around the Mediterranean is scrub and olive orchards, where densities approach the levels found in the best breeding areas. The British wintering population is atypical, with 95% found in gardens, mostly in towns at altitudes below 100 m (330 ft). In Africa, habitats include cultivated land, acacia scrub, mangroves and forest, and these warblers are found at altitudes up to 3,600 m (11,800 ft) in the east of the continent. Wintering birds wander in search of good fruit supplies, but often stay in good feeding areas, and return in subsequent winters. Migrants may occur in a wide variety of habitats, such as reed bed and fen, but show a preference for shrubland.
When male blackcaps return to their breeding areas, they establish a territory. Adults that have previously bred return to the site they have used in previous summers, whereas inexperienced birds either wander until they find a suitable area, or establish a very large initial territory which contracts under pressure from neighbours. Territorial boundaries are established initially by loud singing, performed while the male displays with his crown raised, tail fanned and slow wingbeats. This display is followed, if necessary, by a chase, often leading to a fight. The typical territory size in a French study was 1.12 hectares (2.8 acres), but in insect-rich tall maquis in Gibraltar, the average was only 0.16 hectares (0.40 acres). Females feed within a home range which may overlap other blackcap territories, and covers up to six times the area of the defended zone.
Sylvia warblers are unusual in that they vigorously defend their territories against other members of their genus as well as conspecifics. Blackcaps and garden warblers use identical habits in the same wood, yet aggressive interactions mean that their territories never overlap. Similar songs are a feature of the Sylvia warblers as a group, and it has been suggested that this promotes interspecific competition and helps to segregate territories between related species. It appears more likely from later studies that segregation of sympatric species, other than the blackcap and garden warbler, is due to subtle habitat preferences rather than interspecies aggression.
Blackcaps first breed when they are one year old, and are mainly monogamous, although both sexes may sometimes deviate from this. A male attracts a female to his territory through song and a display involving raising the black crown feathers, fluffing the tail, slow wingbeats, and a short flapping flight. He also builds one or more simple nests (cock nests), usually near his songpost. The final nest, which may be one of the cock nests or built from scratch, is a neat cup of roots, stems and grasses lined with fine material such as hair. The nest is typically 5.5 cm (2.2 in) deep and 10 cm (3.9 in) across, and is built in the cover of bramble, scrubs or trees. It is constructed mainly by the female, and may be up to 4.5 m (15 ft) above the ground, although lower than 1 m (3.3 ft) is more typical. The clutch is typically 4–6 eggs (range 2–7), which are usually buff with grey and brown blotches and a few dark brown spots. The average size of the egg is 19.7 mm × 14.7 mm (0.78 in × 0.58 in).
The eggs are incubated for an average of 11 days (range 10–16). Both adults incubate, although only the female stays on the nest at night. The chicks are altricial, hatching naked and with closed eyes, and are fed by both parents. They fledge about 11–12 days after hatching, leaving the nest shortly before they are able to fly. They are assisted with feeding for a further two or three weeks. If the nest is threatened, the non-incubating bird gives an alarm call so that the sitting parent and chicks stay still and quiet. A male blackcap may mob a potential predator, or try to lure it away with disjointed runs and flaps on the ground. The blackcap normally raises just one brood, but second nestings are sometimes recorded, particularly in the milder climate of the Mediterranean and the Atlantic islands; triple brooding has been observed once, the female laying a total of 23 eggs in the season.
Of eggs laid, 65–93% hatch successfully, and 75–92% of the chicks go on to fledge. The productivity (young fledged per nest) varies with location, level of predation and quality of habitat, but the national figure for the UK was 2.5. The adult annual survival rate is 43% (males 46%, females 29%), and 36% of juveniles live through their first year. The typical life expectancy is two years, but the record is 13 years and 10 months for a bird in the Czech Republic.
The blackcap feeds mainly on insects during the breeding season, then switches to fruit in late summer, the change being triggered by an internal biological rhythm. When migrants arrive on their territories they initially take berries, pollen and nectar if there are insufficient insects available, then soon switch to their preferred diet. They mainly pick prey off foliage and twigs, but may occasionally hover, flycatch or feed on the ground. Blackcaps eat a wide range of invertebrate prey, although aphids are particularly important early in the season, and flies, beetles and caterpillars are also taken in large numbers. Small snails are swallowed whole, since the shell is a source of calcium for the bird's eggs. Chicks are mainly fed soft-bodied insects, fruit only if invertebrates are scarce.
In July, the diet switches increasingly to fruit. The protein needed for egg-laying and for the chicks to grow is replaced by fruit sugar which helps the birds to fatten for migration. Aphids are still taken while they are available, since they often contain sugars from the plant sap on which they feed. Blackcaps eat a wide range of small fruit, and squeeze out any seeds on a branch before consuming the pulp. This technique makes them an important propagator of mistletoe. The mistle thrush, which also favours that plant, is less beneficial since it tends to crush the seeds. Although any suitable fruit may be eaten, some have seasonal or local importance; elder makes up a large proportion of the diet of northern birds preparing for migration, and energy-rich olives and lentisc are favoured by blackcaps wintering in the Mediterranean.
The German birds wintering in British gardens rely on provided food, and the major items are bread and fat, each making up around 20% of the diet; one bird survived the whole winter eating only Christmas cake. Fruit is also eaten, notably cotoneaster (41% of the fruit consumed), ivy and honeysuckle, and apple if available. Some birds have learned to take peanuts from feeders. Blackcaps defend good winter food sources in the wild, and at garden feeding stations they repel competitors as large as starlings and blackbirds. Birds occasionally become tame enough to feed from the hand.
Blackcaps are caught by Eurasian sparrowhawks in the breeding range, and by Eleonora's falcons on migration. Eurasian jays and Eurasian magpies take eggs and young, as do mammals such as stoats, weasels and squirrels. Domestic cats are the most important predator, possibly killing up to 10% of blackcaps.
Blackcaps are occasionally hosts of the common cuckoo, a brood parasite. The level of parasitism is low because the cuckoo's eggs are often rejected. Blackcaps have evolved adaptations which make it difficult for the parasitic species to succeed, despite the cuckoo's tendency to lay eggs which resemble those of their host. Blackcaps are good at spotting alien eggs, and their own eggs are very alike within a clutch, making it easier to spot the intruder. There is, however, considerable variation between different clutches, making it harder for the cuckoo to convincingly mimic a blackcap egg. The open habitat and cup nest of the warbler make it a potential target for the cuckoo; it may have experienced much higher levels of parasitism in the past, and countermeasures would have spread rapidly once they evolved.
The only blood parasites found in a study of blackcaps trapped on migration were protozoans from the genera Haemoproteus and Plasmodium. Of those affected, 45.5% were males and 22.7% were females, but the number of parasites was small, and the ability to store fat for the migration flight was unimpaired. Seventeen strains of H. parabelopolskyi are found only in the blackcap, and form a monophyletic group; three further members of that group are found only in the garden warbler, and another three occur in the African hill babbler, supporting the shared ancestry of the three bird species. The protozoan Isospora ashmoonensis was first identified in a blackcap in Egypt. Blackcaps may carry parasitic worms that sometimes kill their hosts. External parasites include chewing lice and feather mites. The latter do little damage, although heavy infestations cause individual tail feathers to develop asymmetrically.
The film was wound on the reels in total darkness - a neat trick. These reels were for 120 film; smaller reels could be used in the same tank for 35mm. After the reels were placed in the tank the top was pushed on firmly. The baffled opening in the top was used to pour solutions (always referred to as “chemistry,” never as “chemicals”) in and out. The small cap was held in place when the tank was inverted, which was done frequently to replace the spent chemistry near the film surface with fresh.
A fairy chimney is a conical rock formation, typically found in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. It consists of a cap of hard rock resting on a cone-shaped pinnacle of softer rock.
The geology of areas where fairy chimneys form typically comprises a thick layer of tuff (consolidated volcanic ash), covered by a thin layer of basalt or other volcanic rock that is more resistant to erosion than the underlying tuff. Over time, cracks in the basalt allow the much softer tuff to be eroded and washed away. Fairy chimneys are formed where a small cap or boulder of the original basalt remains, and protects a cone of tuff beneath it from erosion.
Eventually, the tuff will be undercut to the extent that the cap falls off, and the remaining cone is then quickly eroded.