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March 2007 was my second example of Rail Rover week, but spending Tuesday in Shropshire was already emerging as something of a tradition. On this occasion I found myself in Craven Arms, gathering photos of the station and the town including this picture of the station sign.
Acaba de terminar el Athletic-Sevilla de Liga y nos han dado un repaso de juego habiendo sacado un equipo de amiguetes, 1-2. Aún así, hemos tenido el empate a punto de caramelo en los últimos minutos...
El partido de verdad es el miércoles 4 a las 8 de la tarde, la semifinal de Copa, y ahí sí que tiene que aparecer la garra del león y los golitos de Llorente (o de quien sea).
Bilbao está encartelado de rojo y blanco, qué bonitos colores... Y aquí va mi granito de arena...
Aupa Athletic!
Explore 28 febrero 2009 - #279
Christian and Muslim faith leaders at the demonstration outside the conference of theright-wing, racist UKIP party. Doncaster: 2014.
26 shots in an album:
flickriver.com/photos/javier1949/popular-interesting/
Proyecto paisaje urbano en Tetuán
Plaza del poeta Leopoldo Luis, calles Matadero con Ángel Puech, Hierbabuena, Lope de Haro, Marqués de Viana, Almortas… Barrio de Tetuán, Madrid
Proyecto Tetuán para la mejora de paisaje urbano de Tetuán tiene como objeto desarrollar una experiencia para explorar las posibilidades de mejora del paisaje urbano mediante intervenciones de carácter artístico durante 2013. Esta acción se encuentra entre las recogidas en el Plan Estratégico de Cultura del Ayuntamiento de Madrid 2012-2015 (PECAM) y se inscribe dentro de las líneas encaminadas al fomento de la creatividad, la participación pública y la difusión en la mejora del paisaje urbano. El proyecto contempla, por tanto, dos ámbitos de trabajo: por un lado el orientado a los artistas y sus intervenciones y, por otro, las tareas de difusión y participación ciudadana.
Tras varias sesiones de trabajo abiertas llevadas a cabo durante este año, se generado un grupo de trabajo para la gestión compartida del proyecto del que forman parte: integrantes de Red de agentes culturales de Tetuán (entre los que se encuentran Moenia, Pkmn, Taller de Casquería, Mood Studio o Bea Burgos, de Aquí Tetuán) colectivos dedicados a la creación, la arquitectura o el paisajismo vinculados o interesados en trabajar en el distrito de Tetuán, como Estudio Montes, Pez Arquitectos, Ahora Arquitectura y La Galería Magdalena, representantes o agentes vecinales del barrio, agentes de la Dirección General de Paisaje Urbano, de la Junta Municipal de Distrito e Intermediae.
Tras desarrollar conjuntamente el proyecto y definir las actuaciones a llevar a cabo, el grupo de trabajo ha invitado a otros colectivos a implicarse en acciones concretas acompañadas por agentes vinculados al distrito de Tetuán que han participado en la definición del proyecto. Entre ellos Germinando, Perricac, La Fresquera, Basurama y Zuloark.
También forman parte del proyecto los artistas implicados en los muros artísticos gestionados por el equipo de la Dirección General de Paisaje Urbano testeando el funcionamiento de la Oficina de Gestión de Muros. Entre ellos se encuentran Suso 33, San, E1000, Spy y Borondo.
La propuesta global del proyecto se concreta en cuatro emplazamientos principales, definidos colectivamente y gracias a la colaboración de la junta municipal de distrito que elaboró el catalogo de solares de propiedad municipal, así como del Área de Urbanismo que facilitó la información sobre la calificación de los terrenos para elegir el lugar del Huerto: la Plaza Leopoldo Luis, el solar situado en la calle Nuestra Señora del Carmen, el solar de la calle López de Haro con Berruguete y el solar de calle Matadero con Ángel Puech. Cada emplazamiento agrupa las distintas intervenciones y colaboradores.
- La Plaza Leopoldo Luis: Intervienen Estudio Montes y Pez Arquitectos, Germinando y Perricac.
- El solar de calle Matadero con Ángel Puech: Intervienen Moenia, La Fresquera, La Galería Magadena y Mood Studio.
- El solar situado en la Calle Hierbabuena: Intervienen Pkmn y Taller de Casquería.
- El solar de la calle Lope de Haro: Intervienen Basurama y Zuloark.
- Además Aquí Tetuán, Bea Burgos, llevará a cabo la intervención “Ventanas a Tetuán” basado participación vecinal y la recuperación de la memoria del distrito. A través de las ventanas, metáforas de la memoria de los ciudadanos, el proyecto trata de recuperar el paisaje urbano que no está presente físicamente, o que tan solo se intuye a partir de ciertos elementos - una fuente, un ladrillo, una acera, un adoquín -pero sigue existiendo en la mente de los vecinos. Mood Studio y La Galería Magdalena llevarán a cabo la documentación del proyecto a través de fotografías, retratos de los vecinos e interacciones a pie de calle que generarán un material fotográfico que será expuesto a posteriori. Miguel Díaz de Ahora Arquitectura propone un programa de paseos donde encontramos de lugares desconocidos y un itinerario guiado desde un punto de vista urbano para mostrar las intervenciones realizadas, su desarrollo y su entorno.
Proyecto paisaje urbano en Tetuán
intermediae.es/project/blog_del_proyecto_paisaje_tetuan/p...
intermediae.es/project/blog_del_proyecto_paisaje_tetuan
www.mataderomadrid.org/ficha/3663/proyecto-paisaje-tetuan...
www.mataderomadrid.org/ficha/3019/proyecto-paisaje-tetuan...
madridstreetartproject.com/%E2%86%92-paisaje-tetuan/
www.tetuanmadrid.com/nuevos-proyectos-en-la-mejora-del-pa...
www.tetuanmadrid.com/tag/paisaje-tetuan/
www.principiafilms.es/Paisaje-Tetuan
La segunda fase de “Paisaje Tetuán” arranca en septiembre de 2014 con dos nuevas intervenciones artísticas en El Mercado de Tetuán y en la instalación Hypertube. Los artistas David de la Mano y Pablo Sánchez Herrero han sido los encargados de plasmar su arte pictórico urbano con la colaboración de la empresa SACYR Construcción SAU.
La primera intervención, a gran escala, tiene lugar en el Mercado de Tetuán, en su fachada de la calle Marqués de Viana nº 4. El Mercado Municipal de Tetuán se proyecta en 1947 y se inaugura en 1952 como Mercado de Chamartín para dar servicio al pueblo de Chamartín de la Rosa, al arrabal de Tetuán de las Victorias y a las barriadas de Valdeacederas y La Ventilla. En la actualidad, tras superar la posibilidad de su desaparición, ha estrenado nueva fachada. Se realiza a petición de la Asociación de Comerciantes, con el objetivo de dotar de mayor visibilidad a un equipamiento tan apreciado por los ciudadanos como es un mercado tradicional.
La segunda se lleva a cabo para acondicionar la pieza Hypertube, una intervención de la primera fase del proyecto instalada en el solar de la calle Hierbabuena esquina a Nuestra Señora del Carmen, y que consiste en un elemento de gran tamaño realizado mediante el apilamiento de tubos prefabricados de hormigón armado de 2 metros de diámetro y 2,5 metros de longitud, conectados mediante escaleras, obra de arquitectos PKMN y Taller de Casquería.
Para que madrileños y visitantes puedan conocer las diferentes actuaciones de arte urbano realizadas en este distrito, la empresa municipal Madrid Destino organiza el itinerario “Paisaje Tetuán: Arte en la Calle”, todos los lunes a las 11 horas: un paseo por las obras llevadas a cabo en el barrio por artistas como Suso 33, Borondo, E1000INK, Sam o Spy. Además, durante este año, la Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural y Calidad del Paisaje Urbano continuará con el desarrollo de su Plan de Intervención de mejora del paisaje urbano, en colaboración con diferentes creadores, mediante intervenciones artísticas en los distritos de Usera y Villaverde.
lasogaalcielo.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/driade-con-david-de...
lasogaalcielo.blogspot.com.es/2014/09/silo-con-david-de-l...
www.tetuanmadrid.com/el-mercado-de-tetuan-se-viste-de-lar...
www.vaguada.es/noticia/9284/Tetuan/El-arte-urbano-decora-...
www.abc.es/madrid/20140922/abci-tetuan-mercado-graffiti-2...
urbancidades.wordpress.com/2014/12/02/mercado-municipal-d...
blogs.km77.com/nimeva/11243/un-nuevo-paisaje-urbano-para-...
www.unurth.com/Pablo-Sanchez-Herrero-David-de-la-Mano-Spain
www.sacyr.com/syv/repositorio/syv/ficheros/980/es/visitaP...
www.grupoppmadrid.es/tetuan-el-distrito-renueva-su-paisaj...
David de la Mano
daviddelamano.blogspot.com.es/
usbarcelona.com/es/david-de-la-mano/
culturacolectiva.com/david-de-la-mano-murales-sobre-la-re...
Pablo Sánchez Herrero
الله يسلمكم هاي قوانين كرنيش بوظبي
ههههه شمعنى هالرياضه بالذات
هه
وشلون بيعيشون الهنادوه الحين هههههه
Natchez is the only city and county seat of Adams County, Mississippi, United States. Natchez has a total population of 15,792 (as of the 2010 census). Located on the Mississippi River some 90 miles (140 km) southwest of Jackson, the capital of Mississippi, and 85 miles (137 km) north of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, it is named for the Natchez tribe of Native Americans whose territory it was.
Established by French colonists in 1716, Natchez is one of the oldest and most important European settlements in the lower Mississippi River Valley; it later served as the capital of the Mississippi Territory under the United States and then the state of Mississippi. It predates Jackson which replaced Natchez as the capital in 1822, by more than a century. The strategic location of Natchez, on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi River, ensured that it would become a pivotal center of trade, commerce, and the interchange of ethnic Native American, European, and African cultures in the region for the first two centuries of its existence. In U.S. history, it is recognized particularly for its role in the development of the Old Southwest during the first half of the nineteenth century. It was the southern terminus of the historic Natchez Trace. This was used by many pilots of flatboats and keelboats to return north to their homes in the Ohio River Valley after unloading their cargo in the city. Today the modern Natchez Trace Parkway, which commemorates this route, still has its southern terminus in Natchez.
In the middle of the nineteenth century, the city attracted extremely wealthy Southern planters as residents, who built mansions to fit their ambitions; their plantations were vast tracts of land in the surrounding lowlands of Mississippi and Louisiana, where they grew large crops of cotton and sugar cane using slave labor. Natchez became the principal port from which these crops were exported, both upriver to Northern cities and downriver to New Orleans, where much of the cargo was exported to Europe. The planters' fortunes allowed them to build huge mansions in Natchez before 1860, many of which survive to this day and form a major part of the city's architecture and identity. Agriculture remained the primary economic base for the region until well into the twentieth century.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez,_Mississippi
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_...
Cook is a railway station and crossing loop on the standard gauge Trans-Australian Railway from Adelaide to Perth, with no inhabited places around.
The town was created in 1917 when the railway was built and is named after former Prime Minister Joseph Cook. The town depended on the Tea and Sugar Train for the delivery of supplies, and is on the longest stretch of straight railway in the world, at 479 km which stretches from Ooldea to beyond Loongana. When the town was active, water was pumped from an underground Artesian aquifer but now, all water is carried in by train. Attempts have been made to introduce trees and other vegetation, but these have not been successful.
Today, it is said to have a resident population of four, and is essentially a ghost town. The town was effectively closed in 1997 when the railways were privatised and the new owners did not need a support town there, although the diesel refuelling facilities remain, and there is overnight accommodation for train drivers. Cook is the only scheduled stop on the Nullarbor Plain for the Indian Pacific passenger train across Australia and has little other than curiosity value for the passengers. The bush hospital is closed, and the shop is only opened while the Indian Pacific is in town. It has a few houses and fuel tanks for the locomotives. The crossing loop can cross trains up to 1800m long.
This sign is posted in the House of Representatives chamber in the Texas State Capitol.
Be careful, because once you become a politician, you're trapped there forever.
--
Purchase this image and learn more about it at the source.
Source: photos.jdhancock.com/photo/2009-09-15-043023-no-exit-beyo...
Many in Denmark were threatened by the ruling of an Amsterdam court:
THE HAGUE, 14/06/07 - The municipality of Diemen may not freeze the welfare benefit of a Muslim woman who wears clothing that covers her entirely. She cannot be asked to remove her burqa to improve her chance of getting a job. Nor is she required to accept work that is contrary to the Koran, according to a ruling by an Amsterdam court.
Many Danish say this will allow niqabis to live off welfare. I am going to expermiment, here in Canada, how many job I get when applying with a niqab. These women WANT to work. When people see us Muslim women working in an everyday enviroment those stereo types WILL break down. I've seen it in my own work enviroment.
IF YOU HIRE THEM-DANES-YOU WILL NOT HAVE TO COVER THEIR WELFARE WITH YOUR TAXES---it's that simple. Don't be like the Nazis, taking away the rights of the Jews.
Chittorgarh Fort (Hindi/Rajasthani: चित्तौड दुर्ग Chittorgarh Durg) is the largest fort in India and the grandest in the state of Rajasthan. It is a World Heritage Site. The fort, plainly known as Chittor, was the capital of Mewar and is today situated several kilometres south of Bhilwara. It was initially ruled by Guhilot and later by Sisodias, the Suryavanshi clans of Chattari Rajputs, from the 7th century, until it was finally abandoned in 1568 after the siege by Emperor Akbar in 1567. It sprawls majestically over a hill 180 m in height spread over an area of 280 ha above the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River. The fort precinct with an evocative history is studded with a series of historical palaces, gates, temples and two prominent commemoration towers. These monumental ruins have inspired the imagination of tourists and writers for centuries.
The fort was sacked three times between the 15th and 16th centuries; in 1303 Allauddin Khilji defeated Rana Ratan Singh, in 1535 Bahadur Shah, the Sultan of Gujarat defeated Bikramjeet Singh and in 1567 Emperor Akbar defeated Maharana Udai Singh II who left the fort and founded Udaipur. Each time the men fought bravely rushing out of the fort walls charging the enemy but lost every time. Following these defeats, Jauhar was committed thrice by more than 13,000 ladies and children of the Rajput heroes who laid their lives in battles at Chittorgarh Fort, first led by Rani Padmini wife of Rana Rattan Singh who was killed in the battle in 1303, and later by Rani Karnavati in 1537 AD.
Thus, the fort represents the quintessence of tribute to the nationalism, courage, medieval chivalry and sacrifice exhibited by the Mewar rulers of Sisodia and their kinsmen and women and children, between the 7th and 16th centuries. The rulers, their soldiers, the women folk of royalty and the commoners considered death as a better option than dishonor in the face of surrender to the foreign invading armies.
GEOGRAPHY
Chittorgarh, located in the southern part of the state of Rajasthan, 233 km from Ajmer, midway between Delhi and Mumbai on the National Highway 8 (India) in the road network of Golden Quadrilateral. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No. 76 & 79 intersect.
The fort rises abruptly above the surrounding plains and is spread over an area of 2.8 km2. The highest elevation at the fort is 1,075 m. It is situated on the left bank of the Berach river (a tributary of the Banas River) and is linked to the new town of Chittorgarh (known as the 'Lower Town') developed in the plains after 1568 AD when the fort was deserted in light of introduction of artillery in the 16th century, and therefore the capital was shifted to more secure Udaipur, located on the eastern flank of Aravalli hill range. Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked and sacked this fort which was but one of the 84 forts of Mewar,but the capital was shifted to Aravalli hills where heavy artillery & cavalry were not effective. A winding hill road of more than 1 km length from the new town leads to the west end main gate, called Ram Pol, of the fort. Within the fort, a circular road provides access to all the gates and monuments located within the fort walls.
The fort that once boasted of 84 water bodies has only 22 of them now. These water bodies are fed by natural catchment and rainfall, and have a combined storage of 4 billion litres that could meet the water needs of an army of 50,000. The supply could last for four years. These water bodies are in the form of ponds, wells and step wells.
HISTORY
Chittorgarh Fort is considered to be the largest fort of India in terms of area. It is stated that the fort was constructed by the Mauryans during the 7th century AD and hence derives its name after the Mauryan ruler, Chitrangada Mori, as inscribed on coins of the period. Historical records show Chittorgarh fort as the capital of Mewar for 834 years. It was established in 734 AD by Bappa Rawal, founder ruler in the hierarchy of the Sisodia rulers of Mewar. It is also said that the fort was gifted to Bappa Rawal as part of Solanki princess’s dowry in the 8th century. The fort was looted and destroyed at the hands of Emperor Akbar in 1568 AD and subsequently never resettled but only refurbished in 1905 AD. Three important battles were fought for control of the fort; in 1303, Ala-ud-din Khilji besieged the fort; in 1535, Sultan of Gujarat Bahadur Shah besieged the fort; and in 1568, Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked the fort. Not that there were only defeats at the fort. Excluding the periods of siege, the fort had always remained in possession of the Sisodias of the Guhilot (or Gehlot/Guhila) clan of Rajputs, who descended from Bappa Rawal. There were also success stories of establishment of the fort and its reconstruction after every siege, before it was finally abandoned in 1568, all of which are narrated.
Chittor is cited in the Mahabharat epic. It is said that Bhima, the second of the Pandava brothers of Epic Mahabaharata fame, known for his mighty strength gave a powerful hit with his fist to the ground that resulted in water springing up to form a large reservoir. It is called Bhimlat kund, an artificial tank named after Bhima. Folk legend also mentions that Bhima started building the fort.
BAPPA RAWAL
The earliest history linked to the Bappa Rawal's fort is that of the Huna Kingdom of Sialkot (of Mihir Kula 515-540 AD) that was destroyed by Yashodharman. This was subsequently seized by a new dynasty of kshatriyas called Tak or Taxaka. According to historians, the Taxak Mori were the lords of Chittor from a very early period. After a few generations, the Guhilots supplanted them. From 725 to 735 AD, there were numerous defenders who appear to have considered the cause of Chittor their own, the Tak from Asirgarh. This race appears to have retained possession of Asirgarh for at least two centuries after this event and one of its chieftain Bappa Rawal was the most conspicuous leader in the lineage of Prithvi Raj. In the poems of Chandar he is called the "Standard, bearer, Tak of Asir."
SIEGE OF 1303
Ala ud din Khilji, Sultan of Delhi, rallied his forces against Mewar, in 1303 AD. The Chittorgarh fort was till then considered impregnable and grand, atop a natural hill. But his immediate reason for invading the fort was his obsessive desire to capture Rani Padmini, the unrivalled beautiful queen of Rana Ratan Singh and take her into his harem. The Rana, out of politeness, allowed the Khilji to view Padmini through a set of mirrors. But this viewing of Padmini further fired Khilji’s desire to possess her. After the viewing, as a gesture of courtesy, when the Rana accompanied the Sultan to the outer gate, he was treacherously captured. Khilji conveyed to the queen that the Rana would be released only if she agreed to join his harem. But the queen had other plans. She agreed to go to his camp if permitted to go in a Royal style with an entourage, in strict secrecy. Instead of her going, she sent 700 well armed soldiers disguised in litters and they rescued the Rana and took him to the fort. But Khilji chased them to the fort where a fierce battle ensued at the outer gate of the fort in which the Rajput soldiers were overpowered and the Rana was killed. Khilji won the battle on August 26, 1303. Soon thereafter, instead of surrendering to the Sultan, the royal Rajput ladies led by Rani Padmini preferred to die through the Rajput’s ultimate tragic rite of Jauhar (self immolation on a pyre). In revenge, Khilji killed thirty thousand Hindus. He entrusted the fort to his son Khizr Khan to rule and renamed the fort as 'Khizrabad'. He also showered gifts on his son by way of
a red canopy, a robe embroidered with gold and two standards one green and the other black and threw upon him rubies and emeralds.
He returned to Delhi after the fierce battle at the fort.
RANA HAMMIR & SUCCESSORS
Khizr Khan’s rule at the fort lasted till 1311 AD and due to the pressure of Rajputs he was forced to entrust power to the Sonigra chief Maldeva who held the fort for 7 years. Hammir Singh, usurped control of the fort from Maldeva by “treachery and intrigue” and Chittor once again regained its past glory. Hammir, before his death in 1364 AD, had converted Mewar into a fairly large and prosperous kingdom. The dynasty (and clan) fathered by him came to be known by the name Sisodia after the village where he was born. His son Ketra Singh succeeded him and ruled with honour and power. Ketra Singh’s son Lakha who ascended the throne in 1382 AD also won several wars. His famous grandson Rana Kumbha came to the throne in 1433 AD and by that time the Muslim rulers of Malwa and Gujarat had acquired considerable clout and were keen to usurp the powerful Mewar state.
RANA KUMBHA & CLAN
There was resurgence during the reign of Rana Kumbha in the 15th century. Rana Kumbha, also known as Maharana Kumbhakarna, son of Rana Mokal, ruled Mewar between 1433 AD and 1468 AD. He is credited with building up the Mewar kingdom assiduously as a force to reckon with. He built 32 forts (84 fortresses formed the defense of Mewar) including one in his own name, called Kumbalgarh. But his end came in 1468 AD at the hands of his own son Rana Udaysimha (Uday Singh I) who assassinated him to gain the throne of Mewar. This patricide was not appreciated by the people of Mewar and consequently his brother Rana Raimal assumed the reins of power in 1473. After his death in May 1509, Sangram Singh (also known as Rana Sanga), his youngest son, became the ruler of Mewar, which brought in a new phase in the history of Mewar. Rana Sanga, with support from Medini Rai (a Rajput chief of Alwar), fought a valiant battle against Mughal emperor Babar at Khanwa in 1527. He ushered in a period of prestige to Chittor by defeating the rulers of Gujarat and also effectively interfered in the matters of Idar. He also won small areas of the Delhi territory. In the ensuing battle with Ibrahim Lodi, Rana won and acquired some districts of Malwa. He also defeated the combined might of Sultan Muzaffar of Gujarat and the Sultan of Malwa. By 1525 AD, Rana Sanga had developed Chittor and Mewar, by virtue of great intellect, valour and his sword, into a formidable military state. But in a decisive battle that was fought against Babar on March 16, 1527, the Rajput army of Rana Sanga suffered a terrible defeat and Sanga escaped to one of his fortresses. But soon thereafter in another attack on the Chanderi fort the valiant Rana Sanga died and with his death the Rajput confederacy collapsed.
SIEGE OF 1534
Bahadur Shah who came to the throne in 1526 AD as the Sultan of Gujarat besieged the Chittorgarh fort in 1534. The fort was sacked and, once again the medieval dictates of chivalry determined the outcome. Following the defeat of the Rana, it is said 13,000 Rajput women committed jauhar (self immolation on the funeral pyre) and 3,200 Rajput warriors rushed out of the fort to fight and die.
SIEGE OF 1567
The final Siege of Chittorgarh came 33 years later, in 1567, when the Mughal Emperor Akbar invaded the fort. Akbar wanted to conquer Mewar, which was being ably ruled by Rana Uday Singh II, a fine prince of Mewar. To establish himself as the supreme lord of Northern India, he wanted to capture the renowned fortress of Chittor, as a precursor to conquering the whole of India. Shakti Singh, son of the Rana who had quarreled with his father, had run away and approached Akbar when the later had camped at Dholpur preparing to attack Malwa. During one of these meetings, in August 1567, Shakti Singh came to know from a remark made in jest by emperor Akbar that he was intending to wage war against Chittor. Akbar had told Shakti Singh in jest that since his father had not submitted himself before him like other princes and chieftains of the region he would attack him. Startled by this revelation, Shakti Singh quietly rushed back to Chittor and informed his father of the impending invasion by Akbar. Akbar was furious with the departure of Shakti Singh and decided to attack Mewar to humble the arrogance of the Ranas. In September 1567, the emperor left for Chittor, and on October 20, 1567, camped in the vast plains outside the fort. In the meantime, Rana Udai Singh, on the advice of his council of advisors, decided to go away from Chittor to the hills of Udaipur. Jaimal and Patta, two brave army chieftains of Mewar, were left behind to defend the fort along with 8,000 Rajput warriors under their command. Akbar laid siege to the fortress. The Rajput army fought valiantly and Akbar himself had narrowly escaped death. In this grave situation, Akbar had prayed for divine help for achieving victory and vowed to visit the shrine of the sufi saint Khwaja at Ajmer. The battle continued till February 23, 1568. On that day Jaymal was seriously wounded but he continued to fight with support from Patta. Jayamal ordered jauhar to be performed when many beautiful princesses of Mewar and noble matrons committed self-immolation at the funeral pyre. Next day the gates of the fort were opened and Rajput soldiers rushed out bravely to fight the enemies. Jayamal and Patta who fought bravely were at last killed in action. One figure estimates that 30,000 soldiers were killed in action. Akbar immediately repaired himself to Ajmer to perform his religious vow.
RETURN OF THE FORT TO MEWAR
But in 1616, Jehangir returned Chittor fort to the Rajputs, when Maharana Amar Singh was the chief of Mewar. However, the fort was not resettled though it was refurbished several centuries later in 1905 during British Raj.
PRECINCTS
The fort which is roughly in the shape of a fish has a circumference of 13 km with a maximum width of 3 km and it covers an area of 700 acres. The fort is approached through a zig zag and difficult ascent of more than 1 km from the plains, after crossing over a bridge made in limestone. The bridge spans the Gambhiri River and is supported by ten arches (one has a curved shape while the balance have pointed arches). Apart from the two tall towers, which dominate the majestic fortifications, the sprawling fort has a plethora of palaces and temples (many of them in ruins) within its precincts.
The 305 hectares component site, with a buffer zone of 427 hectares, encompasses the fortified stronghold of Chittorgarh, a spacious fort located on an isolated rocky plateau of approximately 2 km length and 155m width.
It is surrounded by a perimeter wall 4.5 kilometres long, beyond which a 45° hill slope makes it almost inaccessible to enemies. The ascent to the fort passes through seven gateways built by the Mewar ruler Rana Kumbha (1433- 1468) of the Sisodia clan. These gates are called, from the base to the hill top, the Paidal Pol, Bhairon Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ganesh Pol, Jorla Pol, Laxman Pol, and Ram Pol, the final and main gate.
The fort complex comprises 65 historic built structures, among them 4 palace complexes, 19 main temples, 4 memorials and 20 functional water bodies. These can be divided into two major construction phases. The first hill fort with one main entrance was established in the 5th century and successively fortified until the 12th century. Its remains are mostly visible on the western edges of the plateau. The second, more significant defence structure was constructed in the 15th century during the reign of the Sisodia Rajputs, when the royal entrance was relocated and fortified with seven gates, and the medieval fortification wall was built on an earlier wall construction from the 13th century.
Besides the palace complex, located on the highest and most secure terrain in the west of the fort, many of the other significant structures, such as the Kumbha Shyam Temple, the Mira Bai Temple, the Adi Varah Temple, the Shringar Chauri Temple, and the Vijay Stambh memorial were constructed in this second phase. Compared to the later additions of Sisodian rulers during the 19th and 20th centuries, the predominant construction phase illustrates a comparatively pure Rajput style combined with minimal eclecticism, such as the vaulted substructures which were borrowed from Sultanate architecture. The 4.5 km walls with integrated circular enforcements are constructed from dressed stone masonry in lime mortar and rise 500m above the plain. With the help of the seven massive stone gates, partly flanked by hexagonal or octagonal towers, the access to the fort is restricted to a narrow pathway which climbs up the steep hill through successive, ever narrower defence passages. The seventh and final gate leads directly into the palace area, which integrates a variety of residential and official structures. Rana Kumbha Mahal, the palace of Rana Kumbha, is a large Rajput domestic structure and now incorporates the Kanwar Pade Ka Mahal (the palace of the heir) and the later palace of the poetess Mira Bai (1498-1546). The palace area was further expanded in later centuries, when additional structures, such as the Ratan Singh Palace (1528–31) or the Fateh Prakash, also named Badal Mahal (1885-1930), were added. Although the majority of temple structures represent the Hindu faith, most prominently the Kalikamata Temple (8th century), the Kshemankari Temple (825-850) the Kumbha Shyam Temple (1448) or the Adbuthnath Temple (15th- 16th century), the hill fort also contains Jain temples, such as Shringar Chauri (1448) and Sat Bis Devri (mid-15th century) Also the two tower memorials, Kirti Stambh (13th-14th century) and Vijay Stambha (1433-1468), are Jain monuments. They stand out with their respective heights of 24m and 37m, which ensure their visibility from most locations of the fort complex. Finally, the fort compound is home to a contemporary municipal ward of approximately 3,000 inhabitants, which is located near Ratan Singh Tank at the northern end of the property.
GATES
The fort has total seven gates (in local language, gate is called Pol), namely the Padan Pol, Bhairon Pol, Hanuman Pol, Ganesh Pol, Jodla Pol, Laxman Pol and the main gate named the Ram Pol (Lord Rama's Gate). All the gateways to the fort have been built as massive stone structures with secure fortifications for military defense. The doors of the gates with pointed arches are reinforced to fend off elephants and cannon shots. The top of the gates have notched parapets for archers to shoot at the enemy army. A circular road within the fort links all the gates and provides access to the numerous monuments (ruined palaces and 130 temples) in the fort.
During the second siege, Prince Bagh Singh died at the Padan Pol in 1535 AD. Prince Jaimal of Badnore and his clansman Kalla were killed by Akbar at a location between the Bhairon Pol and Hanuman Pol in the last siege of the fort in 1567 (Kalla carried the wounded Jaimal out to fight). Chhatris, with the roof supported by corbeled arches, have been built to commemorate the spots of their sacrifice. Their statues have also been erected, at the orders of Emperor Akbar, to commemorate their valiant deaths. At each gate, cenotaphs of Jaimal (in the form of a statue of a Rajput warrior on horseback) and Patta have also been constructed. At Ram Pol, the entrance gate to the fort, a Chaatri was built in memory of the 15 year old Patta of Kelwa, who had lost his father in battle, and saw the sword yielding mother and wife on the battle field who fought valiantly and died at this gate. He led the saffron robed Rajput warriors, who all died fighting for Mewar’s honour. Suraj Pol (Sun Gate) provides entry to the eastern wall of the fort. On the right of Suraj Pol is the Darikhana or Sabha (council chamber) behind which lie a Ganesha temple and the zenana (living quarters for women). A massive water reservoir is located towards the left of Suraj Pol. There is also a peculiar gate, called the Jorla Pol (Joined Gate), which consists of two gates joined together. The upper arch of Jorla Pol is connected to the base of Lakshman Pol. It is said that this feature has not been noticed anywhere else in India. The Lokota Bari is the gate at the fort’s northern tip, while a small opening that was used to hurl criminals into the abyss is seen at the southern end.
VIJAY STAMBHA
The Vijay Stambha (Tower of Victory) or Jaya Stambha, called the symbol of Chittor and a particularly bold expression of triumph, was erected by Rana Kumbha between 1458 and 1468 to commemorate his victory over Mahmud Shah I Khalji, the Sultan of Malwa, in 1440 AD. Built over a period of ten years, it raises 37.2 metres over a 4.4 m2 base in nine stories accessed through a narrow circular staircase of 157 steps (the interior is also carved) up to the 8th floor, from where there is good view of the plains and the new town of Chittor. The dome, which was a later addition, was damaged by lightning and repaired during the 19th century. The Stamba is now illuminated during the evenings and gives a beautiful view of Chittor from the top.
KIRTI STAMBHA
Kirti Stambha (Tower of Fame) is a 22 metres high tower built on a 9.1 m base with 4.6 m at the top, is adorned with Jain sculptures on the outside and is older (probably 12th century) and smaller than the Victory Tower. Built by a Bagherwal Jain merchant Jijaji Rathod, it is dedicated to Adinath, the first Jain tirthankar (revered Jain teacher). In the lowest floor of the tower, figures of the various tirthankars of the Jain pantheon are seen in special niches formed to house them. These are digambara monuments. A narrow stairway with 54 steps leads through the six storeys to the top. The top pavilion that was added in the 15th century has 12 columns.
RANA KUMBHA PALACE
At the entrance gate near the Vijaya Stamba, Rana Kumbha's palace (in ruins), the oldest monument, is located. The palace included elephant and horse stables and a temple to Lord Shiva. Maharana Udai Singh, the founder of Udaipur, was born here; the popular folk lore linked to his birth is that his maid Panna DaiPanna Dhai saved him by substituting her son in his place as a decoy, which resulted in her son getting killed by Banbir. The prince was spirited away in a fruit basket. The palace is built with plastered stone. The remarkable feature of the palace is its splendid series of canopied balconies. Entry to the palace is through Suraj Pol that leads into a courtyard. Rani Meera, the famous poetess saint, also lived in this palace. This is also the palace where Rani Padmini, consigned herself to the funeral pyre in one of the underground cellars, as an act of jauhar along with many other women. The Nau Lakha Bandar (literal meaning: nine lakh treasury) building, the royal treasury of Chittor was also located close by. Now, across from the palace is a museum and archeological office. The Singa Chowri temple is also nearby.
FATEH PRAKASH PALACE
Located near Rana Khumba palace, built by Rana Fateh Singh, the precincts have modern houses and a small museum. A school for local children (about 5,000 villagers live within the fort) is also nearby.
GAUMUKH RESERVOIR
A spring feeds the tank from a carved cow’s mouth in the cliff. This pool was the main source of water at the fort during the numerous sieges.
PADMINI´S PALACE
Padmini's Palace or Rani Padmini's Palace is a white building and a three storied structure (a 19th-century reconstruction of the original). It is located in the southern part of the fort. Chhatris (pavilions) crown the palace roofs and a water moat surrounds the palace. This style of palace became the forerunner of other palaces built in the state with the concept of Jal Mahal (palace surrounded by water). It is at this Palace where Alauddin was permitted to glimpse the mirror image of Rani Padmini, wife of Maharana Rattan Singh. It is widely believed that this glimpse of Padmini's beauty besotted him and convinced him to destroy Chittor in order to possess her. Maharana Rattan Singh was killed and Rani Padmini committed Jauhar. Rani Padmini's beauty has been compared to that of Cleopatra and her life story is an eternal legend in the history of Chittor. The bronze gates to this pavilion were removed and transported to Agra by Akbar.
OTHER SIGHTS
Close to Kirti Sthamba is the Meera Temple, or the Meerabai Temple. Rana Khumba built it in an ornate Indo–Aryan architectural style. It is associated with the mystic saint-poet Mirabai who was an ardent devotee of Lord Krishna and dedicated her entire life to His worship. She composed and sang lyrical bhajans called Meera Bhajans. The popular legend associated with her is that with blessings of Krishna, she survived after consuming poison sent to her by her evil brother-in-law. The larger temple in the same compound is the Kumbha Shyam Temple (Varaha Temple). The pinnacle of the temple is in pyramid shape. A picture of Meerabai praying before Krishna has now been installed in the temple.
Across from Padmini’s Palace is the Kalika Mata Temple. Originally, a Sun Temple dated to the 8th century dedicated to Surya (the Sun God) was destroyed in the 14th century. It was rebuilt as a Kali temple.
Another temple on the west side of the fort is the ancient Goddess Tulja Bhavani Temple built to worship Goddess Tulja Bhavani is considered sacred. The Tope Khana (cannon foundry) is located next to this temple in a courtyard, where a few old cannons are still seen.
JAUHAR MELA
The fort and the city of Chittorgarh host the biggest Rajput festival called the "Jauhar Mela". It takes place annually on the anniversary of one of the jauhars, but no specific name has been given to it. It is generally believed that it commemorates Padmini’s jauhar, which is most famous. This festival is held primarily to commemorate the bravery of Rajput ancestors and all three jauhars which happened at Chittorgarh Fort. A huge number of Rajputs, which include the descendants of most of the princely families, hold a procession to celebrate the Jauhar. It has also become a forum to air one's views on the current political situation in the country.
WIKIPEDIA
Academic High School (Vienna)
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Beethovenplatz
school form - general secondary school (high school humanistic)
Founded in 1553
♁ coordinates 48 ° 12 '5 " N, 16 ° 22 ' 34" OKoordinaten : 48 ° 12 '5 " N, 16 ° 22' 34" E | |
Support public
About 610 students (4 April 2010)
About 60 teachers (4 April 2010)
Website www.akg -wien.at
The Academic Gymnasium in Vienna was founded in 1553 and is the oldest high school in Vienna. The school orientation is humanistic and compared with other traditional high schools of the city rather liberal. The current number of students is about 610 students, divided on 24 classes.
History
16th and 17th Century
At the time of the foundation of the high school, the University of Vienna had the privilege to decide about the estabilishment of educational institutions. In March of 1553, the Jesuits received permission from the university to the founding of the Academic Gymnasium.
The primary objectives of the exclusively Jesuit teaching corps was the provision of religious instruction, the practice of the Catholic faith and the strengthening of the religious attitude of the students. The Academic Gymnasium was located at the time of its inception in the Dominican monastery opposite the then university. The former language was Latin.
18th and 19 Century
The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV led to a conversion of the teaching staff and educational goals. The new focus was on history, mathematics, German, literature and geography. The management of the school was transferred to the Piarist. Subsequently the school was somewhat cosmopolitan conducted and the spirit of the Enlightenment prevailed both among teachers and among the students. Likewise, new didactic and educational measures, and later the school fees were introduced.
As a result of high school reform in 1849, the eight-year school with the final matriculation examination was developed. The humanistic aspects crystallized out more and more, the focus of the lesson were mainly linguistic-historical, mathematical and scientific aspects not being neglected. The first high school graduates made their final exams at the end of the school year 1850 /51.
Academic High School before the vaulting of the Vienna River (Wienfluß - as small as possible)
Since 1866 the building of the Academic Gymnasium is located on Beethoven place in the first district of Vienna. It was built by Friedrich von Schmidt, who also designed the City Hall, in his typical neo-Gothic style.
The first students (female ones) gratuated in 1886 and 1887 (every year an external student), since the school year 1896/97 there were almost every year high school graduates, a general admission of girls there since 1949 /50.
20th Century
The years following the First World War were extremely distressing for the high school, because there was a very narrow escape for not being closed, the cause was a sharp decline in students. The educational institution was menaced from losing its good reputation and attractiveness.
GuentherZ 2007-02-22 2707 Wr Akad Gym plaque Jewish students and Lehrer.jpg
After the "Anschluss" of Austria in 1938, the Jewish students had to leave the school, they were 28 April 1938 transfered, some of the students but had logged off before this date. The total loss amounted to nearly 50 percent of the students because the school from all Viennese schools was attended most of all of children of Jewish families. Today, several plaques remember on the outer facade of the high school the transfer and the horrors of Nazism. A known victim of that action was the future Nobel laureate Walter Kohn, he had to leave school in the 5th class.
Wolfgang Wolfring (1925-2001) popularized the high school from 1960 as the site of classical Greek drama performances in ancient Greek original language. Annually took place performances of the classical Greek dramatic literature, among them, King Oedipus, Oedipus at Colonus and Philoctetes of Sophocles, the Oresteia of Aeschylus and The Trojan Women and Alcestis of Euripides. Protagonists of these performances were later Lawyers Josef and Eduard Wegrostek, Liliana Nelska, Doris Dornetshuber, Gerhard Tötschinger, but also in smaller roles Gabriel Barylli, Paulus Manker, Konstantin Schenk and others.
Over the years the school acquired the old reputation back and enjoyed high access rates. More and more emphasis has been placed on humanistic education, which has been demonstrated mainly by the wide range of languages, school theater performances at a high level and numerous musical events of the school choir the public in general as well.
21th Century
The focus are still on a broad linguistic foundation, which also includes training in languages such as Latin or Greek. The school offers both French and English from the first grade. The other of the two languages begins as early as the 2nd class.
In addition to this a wide range of projects are organized and voluntary activities offered. The goal of the Academic Gymnasium is the general education, which in turn should prepare for a subsequent university study.
One problem is the shortage of space of the school. Since there's a large demand for school places, the school house for financial reasons and such the monument preservation not expandable, not for all admission solicitors school places are available.
Known students and graduates
The Academic High School has produced a large number of public figures in its history:
Birth year before 1800
Ignaz Franz Castelli (1781-1862), writer
Wilhelm Ritter von Haidinger (1795-1871), geologist
Stanislaus Kostka (1550-1568), Catholic saint
Leopold Kupelwieser (1796-1862), painter
Joseph Othmar Rauscher (1797-1875), Archbishop of Vienna
Franz Schubert (1797-1828), Composer
Johann Carl Smirsch (1793-1869), painter
Birth year 1800-1849
Alexander Freiherr von Bach (1813-1893), lawyer and politician
Moritz Benedikt (1835-1920), a neurologist
Nikolaus Dumba (1830-1900), industrialist and art patron
Franz Serafin Exner (1802-1853), philosopher
Cajetan Felder (1814-1894), Mayor of Vienna
Adolf Ficker (1816-1880), statistician
Anton Josef Gruscha (1820-1911), Archbishop of Vienna
Christoph Hartung von Hartungen (1849-1917), physician
Carl Haslinger (1816-1868), music publisher
Gustav Heider (1819-1897), Art History
Joseph Hellmesberger (1828-1893), Kapellmeister (chapel master)
Hyrtl Joseph (1810-1894), anatomist
Friedrich Kaiser (1814-1874), actor
Theodor von Karajan (1810-1873), German scholar
Alfred von Kremer (1828-1889), orientalist and politician
Kürnberger Ferdinand (1821-1879), writer
Henry of Levitschnigg (1810-1862), writer and journalist
Robert von Lieben (1848-1913), physicist and inventor
Karl Ludwig von Littrow (1811-1877), Astronomer
Titu Maiorescu (1840-1917), Romanian Prime Minister
Johann Nestroy (1801-1862), actor, poet
Ignaz von Plener (1810-1908), Prime Minister of Austria
Johann Nepomuk Prix (1836-1894), Mayor of Vienna
Benedict Randhartinger (1802-1893), Kapellmeister (conductor)
Friedrich Rochleder (1819-1874), chemist
Wilhelm Scherer (1841-1886), German scholar
Anton Schmerling (1805-1893), lawyer and politician
Leopold Schrötter, Ritter von Kristelli (1837-1908) , doctor (laryngologist) and social medicine
Johann Gabriel Seidl (1804-1875), lyricist of the Austrian imperial anthem "God save, God defend our Emperor, our country!" ("may God save and protect our good Emperor Francis")
Daniel Spitzer (1835-1893), author
Eduard Strauss (1835-1916), composer and conductor
Franz von Thun und Hohenstein (1847-1916), Prime Minister of Cisleithania
Joseph Unger (1828-1913), lawyer and politician
Otto Wagner (1841-1918), architect
Birth year 1850-1899
Othenio Abel (1875-1946), biologist
Ludwig Adamovich, senior (1890-1955), President of the Constitutional Court
Guido Adler (1855-1941), musicologist
Plaque for Altenberg, Beer-Hofmann, Hofmannsthal and Schnitzler
Peter Altenberg (1859-1919), "literary cafe"
Max Wladimir von Beck (1854-1943), Austrian Prime Minister
Richard Beer-Hofmann (1866-1945), writer
Julius Bittner (1874-1939), composer
Robert Dannenberg (1885-1942), lawyer and politician
Konstantin Dumba (1856-1947), diplomat
August Fournier (1850-1920), historian and politician
Erich Frauwallner (1898-1974), Indologist
Dagobert Frey (1883-1962), art historian
Albert Gessmann (1852-1920), librarian and politician
Raimund Gruebl (1847-1898), Mayor of Vienna
Michael Hainisch (1858-1940), President of the Republic of Austria
Edmund Hauler (1859-1941), classical scholar
Hugo von Hofmannsthal (1874-1929), playwright
Karl Kautsky (1854-1938), philosopher and politician
Hans Kelsen (1881-1973), lawyer, co-designer of the Austrian Federal Constitution
Franz Klein (1854-1926), lawyer and politician
Arthur Krupp (1856-1938), industrialist
Wilhelm Kubitschek (1858-1936), archaeologist and numismatist
Edward Leisching (1858-1938), director of the Museum of Applied Arts in Vienna
Felix from Luschan (1854-1924), doctor, anthropologist, explorer, archaeologist and ethnographer
Eugene Margaretha (1885-1963), lawyer and politician
Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850-1937), founder and president of Czechoslovakia
Alexius Meinong (1853-1920), philosopher
Lise Meitner (1878-1968), nuclear physicist
Ludwig von Mises (1881-1973), economist
Paul Morgan (1886-1938), actor
Max von Oberleithner (1868-1935), composer and conductor
Paul Pisk Amadeus (1893-1990), Composer
Gabriele Possanner (1860-1940), physician
Przibram Hans Leo (1874-1944), zoologist
Przibram Karl (1878-1973), physicist
Josef Redlich (1869-1936), lawyer and politician
Elise Richter (1865-1943), Romance languages
Joseph Baron Schey of Koromla (1853-1938), legal scholar
Arthur Schnitzler (1862-1931), writer, playwright
Julius Schnitzler (1865-1939), physician
Erwin Schrödinger (1887-1961), physicist, 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics
Birth year 1900-1949
Ludwig Adamovich, Jr. ( born 1932 ), President of the Austrian Constitutional Court
Christian Broda (1916-1987), lawyer and politician
Engelbert Broda (1910-1983), physicist, chemist
Thomas Chorherr (*1932), journalist and newspaper editor
Magic Christian ( born 1945 ), magic artist and designer
Felix Czeike (1926-2006), historian
Albert Drach (1902-1995), writer
Paul Edwards (1923-2004), philosopher
Caspar Einem (born 1948), Austrian Minister of Interior, Minister of Transport
Ernst Federn (1914-2007), psychoanalyst
Friedrich Heer (1916-1983), writer, historian
Georg Knepler (1906-2003), musicologist
Walter Kohn (b. 1923), physicist, 1998 Nobel Prize for Chemistry
Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1901-1976), sociologist
Lucian O. Meysels (1925-2012), journalist and nonfiction author
Liliana Nelska (born 1946 ), actress
Erwin Ringel (1921-1994), physician, advocate of Individual Psychology
Ernst Topitsch (1919-2003), philosopher and sociologist
Milan Turković (*1939), Austrian-Croatian wind blower and conductor
Hans Weigel (1908-1991), writer
Erich Wilhelm (1912-2005), Protestant superintendent in Vienna
Year of birth from 1950
Gabriel Barylli (*1957 ), writer and actor
Christiane Druml (b. 1955), lawyer and bioethicist
Paul Chaim Eisenberg (born 1950), Chief Rabbi of the Jewish Community Vienna
Paul Gulda (b. 1961), pianist
Martin Haselboeck (born 1954), organist
Peter Stephan Jungk (*1952), writer
Markus Kupferblum (b. 1964), director
Niki List (1956 - 2009) , film director
Miki Malör (born 1957), theater maker and performer
Paulus Manker (born 1958), actor and director
Andreas Mailath-Pokorny (* 1959), Vienna Councillor for Culture and Science
Doron Rabinovici (*1961), writer
Clemens Unterreiner (born 1977), opera singer, soloist and ensemble member of the Vienna State Opera
The Saltese trestle was not included in the Forest Service purchase. However, The Montana Nightriders Snowmobile Club purchased the Saltese trestle in 2013. They hope to convey ownership to the Forest Service for use in the new trail, an important link in the trail. They first need to raise money to rehabilitate the bridge deck in order for the Forest Service to be able to use it. I could see many areas of need on the roadbed here. Gaps have formed at the joints of the ballast troughs allowing gravel to run through like an hourglass. The cable railings are in poor shape after 34 years as well.
المنطقه محظور فيها التصوير
و عناااد صورة هههههههههههههههه
و سويت عزل لوني لـ صوره
و ان شاء الله تنال على اعجابكم
Camera: Canon EOS 550 D
Exposure: ( 200 )
Aperture: ƒ/ 4,0
Exposure Program: Manual
ISO Speed : 100
Flash:Off
Lens:canon 18 - 55 mm
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FaisaL Al-Harbi