View allAll Photos Tagged Sensors
It’s a pleasant surprise to find out that my Tokina DX (crop sensor) 11-16mm lens can cover the sensors on my full frame Sony’s….at 16mm, there is no vignetting and it is sharp corner to corner! Close focuses to about 9 inches. Tokina really over-engineered this APS-C lens to provide great performance outside the APS-C sensor….and yes, its great on my APS-C Sony’s as well. No bigger than my 20mm f1.8 Viltrox (another amazingly sharp lens).
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 2009.
The bow of Gods appeared, with its colorful hue, in memory of the recent rain shower.
So, come out of home and play with that spectrum.....
Of thousand joy and happiness.
Captured from Aminbazar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. There was a 3/4 minutes drizzle, while I took shelter under a dense canopied tree. The sun was on west and yet to set. I saw this rainbow appearing in front of my eyes and looked with wonder for a moment. Then my photographer self screamed...."Shoot!". I looked for some suitable subjects to match with this ephemeral rainbow, and I found them with the football. After a few try, I got what I wanted. Shortly after, this rainbow vanished. My pensive mind cleared of every speck of sadness after I took this shot.
Photography, I love you.
All rights reserved worldwide. DO NOT use this image in any commercial, non-commercial or blogging purpose without my explicit permission. Otherwise, you'll face legal action for violating national or international copyright law.
For permission, mail me at:
monir.micro@gmail.com
monirmbdu@yahoo.com
The research vessel Cefas Endeavour slowly makes its way out of Fowey after conducting surveys of local fish stocks.
RV Cefas Endeavour is a multi-disciplinary research vessel fitted with specialist survey equipment, scientific and technological capability, mounted sensors, onboard autonomous systems and deck containers sockets.
The vessel has the ability to deploy and recover a range of scientific instrumentation including fishing nets/trawls, environmental, geotechnical and geophysical sampling equipment and autonomous monitoring equipment.
Built in 2003 by Ferguson Shipbuilders Ltd, Glasgow.
13.6 Knots Maximum speed. Crew of 16 or 17.
Operated by P&O Maritime Services UK for the 'Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences' .
Operated out of Lowestoft,
Cinzia Scaffidi, Vice President of Slow Food Italy, indicates biodiversity as a value capable of becoming art, which Koen Vanmechelen – conceptual artist who in his works has always being dealing with the themes of diversity and bio- and cultural identity – has developed in the Life Bank Project.
In the setting that once hosted the Bank of Venice, in Palazzo Franchetti, today the seat of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere e Arti, the artist Koen Vanmechelen positioned, as opening gate of an evocative gothic garden, two big black bronze hands, one male and one female, symbolic guardians of two extremely delicate sculptures made of Murano glass, representing a little chick and a heap of scattered seeds. Between the antique wooden furniture, a new bank has taken on a life of its own, substituting currency with the real patrimony of our civilization: the seed!
Over 500 seeds establishing the “Bank of Life” – ancient seeds that have been lost, forgotten, collected and conserved by “resilient” farmers and specialized research centers – have been selected for the project to represent the genetic heritage of our culture and our millenary history.
The selection was curated by Piergiorgio Defilippi, founder of the bio-social Farm “Il Rosmarino”, Marcon (Venice), starting from a cereal that is the symbol of the evolution of our civilization: the Einkorn Wheat, whose history dates back to the Neolithic and traces the transition from the nomadic hunting to the stancial and rural settlement. The seeds catalogue followed the development of the typically mediterranean diet, with the choice of varieties, even for the most common ones, that have not been artificially hybridized but which represent the natural path of evolution. For this precise reason, with respect of the spirit of Slow Food “Terra Madre”, the locating of the seeds has been exclusively conducted through the direct contact with farmers, associations of safeguard and research centres spread all over the world.
The interaction with the public and the multi-sensoriality express themselves through a symbolic seeding which tracks back to the thought of the Japanese botanist and philosopher Masanobu Fukuoka (1913-2008) pioneer of the natural or “Do Nothing” agriculture and author of the now legendary essay “The One-Straw Revolution”.
Sony A7RII Fine Art Zion National Park Autumn Winter Subway Hike! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Landscape Photography!
An important thing to remember is that even though pixel sizes keep getting smaller and smaller, the technology is advancing, so the smaller pixels are more efficient at collecting light. For instance, the Sony A7rII is back-illuminated which allows more photons to hit the sensor. Semiconductor technology is always advancing, so the brilliant engineers are always improving the signal/noise ratio. Far higher pixel counts, as well as better dynamic ranger, are thus not only possible, but the future!
Yes I have a Ph.D. in physics! I worked on phototranistors and photodiodes as well as an artificial retina for the blind. :)
You can read more about my own physics theory (dx4/dt=ic) here: herosodysseyphysics.wordpress.com/
And follow me on instagram! @45surf
Facebook!
www.facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
www.facebook.com/45surfAchillesOdysseyMythology
Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography!
I love shooting fine art landscapes and fine art nature photography! :) I live for it!
45surf fine art!
Feel free to ask me any questions! Always love sharing tech talk and insights! :)
And all the best on Your Epic Hero's Odyssey!
The new Lightroom rocks!
Beautiful magnificent clouds!
View your artistic mission into photography as an epic odyssey of heroic poetry! Take it from Homer in Homer's Odyssey: "Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide after he had sacked the famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his own life and bring his men safely home; but do what he might he could not save his men, for they perished through their own sheer folly in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Hyperion; so the god prevented them from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about all these things, O daughter of Jove, from whatsoever source you may know them. " --Samuel Butler Translation of Homer's Odyssey
All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
Sony A7RII Fine Art Zion National Park Autumn Winter Subway Hike! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Landscape Photography! Sony A7R2 & Sony 16-35mm Vario-Tessar T FE F4 ZA OSS E-Mount Lens!
fine art landscape photography,fine art photography, fine art photographer, elliot mcgucken photography, landscapes, fine art landscape, landscape, landscape photography
Agfa Optima 1535 Sensor • Paratronic Solitar 1:2.8/40
FujiColor C200 developed in Tetenal Colortec C-41
Scanned with Plustek OpticFilm 120 at 2400dpi with Silverfast AI Studio 9
Écomusée d'Alsace • Ungersheim • Haut-Rhin • Alsace • France
Black Pureview - Collection of large sensor/MP Phone Cameras - the 41MP Nokia 808 Pureview, the 41MP Nokia Lumia 1020, the 20MP (1" sensor) Panasonic Lumix CM1
Testing out an infrared sensor I picked off of the auction site, works pretty good. I put a 3.5 mm plug on it and hooked it to the camera axe. Model number is E18-D50NK.
Selasphorus rufus
November Zion National Park Autumn Subway Hike! Sony A7rii & Sony 16-35mm Vario-Tessar T FE F4 ZA OSS E-Mount Lens! Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography
An important thing to remember is that even though pixel sizes keep getting smaller and smaller, the technology is advancing, so the smaller pixels are more efficient at collecting light. For instance, the Sony A7rII is back-illuminated which allows more photons to hit the sensor. Semiconductor technology is always advancing, so the brilliant engineers are always improving the signal/noise ratio. Far higher pixel counts, as well as better dynamic ranger, are thus not only possible, but the future!
Yes I have a Ph.D. in physics! I worked on phototranistors and photodiodes as well as an artificial retina for the blind. :)
You can read more about my own physics theory (dx4/dt=ic) here: herosodysseyphysics.wordpress.com/
And follow me on instagram! @45surf
Facebook!
www.facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
www.facebook.com/45surfAchillesOdysseyMythology
Dr. Elliot McGucken Fine Art Photography!
I love shooting fine art landscapes and fine art nature photography! :) I live for it!
45surf fine art!
Feel free to ask me any questions! Always love sharing tech talk and insights! :)
And all the best on Your Epic Hero's Odyssey!
The new Lightroom rocks!
Beautiful magnificent clouds!
View your artistic mission into photography as an epic odyssey of heroic poetry! Take it from Homer in Homer's Odyssey: "Tell me, O muse, of that ingenious hero who travelled far and wide after he had sacked the famous town of Troy. Many cities did he visit, and many were the nations with whose manners and customs he was acquainted; moreover he suffered much by sea while trying to save his own life and bring his men safely home; but do what he might he could not save his men, for they perished through their own sheer folly in eating the cattle of the Sun-god Hyperion; so the god prevented them from ever reaching home. Tell me, too, about all these things, O daughter of Jove, from whatsoever source you may know them. " --Samuel Butler Translation of Homer's Odyssey
All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey from Johnny Ranger McCoy!
(Unknown species), Family: Gerridae
The Gerridae are a family of insects in the order Hemiptera, commonly known as water striders, water bugs, pond skaters, water skippers, or jesus bugs.
Water striders are anatomically built to transfer their weight to be able to run on top of the water's surface. As a result, one could likely find water striders present in any pond, river, or lake. Scientists have identified over 1,700 species of gerrids, 10% of them being marine.
Water striders are able to walk on top of water due to a combination of several factors. Water striders use the high surface tension of water and long, hydrophobic legs to help them stay above water.
Water striders are aquatic predators and feed on invertebrates, mainly spiders and insects, that fall onto the water surface. Water striders are attracted to this food source by ripples produced by the struggling prey. The water strider uses its front legs as sensors for the vibrations produced by the ripples in the water. The water strider punctures the prey item's body with its proboscis, injects salivary enzymes that break down the prey's internal structures, and then sucks out the resulting fluid.
a neo noir-esque series inspired by the brilliant cinematography of Wim Wenders.
f/2.5│ISO 640│1/60sec│Manual Exposure│CCD Sensor
LEICA M9-P & LEICA SUMMARIT-M 35 f/2.5 ASPH.
The first thing to say is that each electronic sensor has a protective filter over it, so we are not actually touching the electronics. That would be a disaster. Most people send the camera off for a service and a clean and that's a very good idea. After all this is an expensive investment and we want to make sure our camera works as well as possible for as long as it can.
But, it is quite easy to clean your sensor at home. All you need is a kit (like the one I've shown). This includes sealed sterile swabs and a little cleaning fluid (they are essential - do not try to clean your sensor with a cloth where you can scratch the dust into the sensor filter). There are also many videos on YouTube showing you how to use these dust cleaning swabs, but provided you get the right size for your camera (mine is full frame) a simple swipe will suffice.
For a DSLR you obviously need to lock your mirror up before the clean, and then lower it immediately afterwards. Then with the other side of the swab give your mirror a quick wipe as well. Do not apply too much pressure. After all, these are only tiny dust particles - you should not have any dirt.
My Leica D-Lux 7 which I used to take these pictures has a fixed lens, so it will never need its micro-four-thirds sensor cleaned.
Introduction to CMOS Image Sensors
evidentscientific.com/en/microscope-resource/knowledge-hu...
Amazing. I finally cleaned my sensor and I'm overjoyed with the clean skies! This is pretty much right out of the camera, no cloning out dirt spots. Taken in Felicity, CA, just this side of the Arizona boarder.
Here's another 40 megapixel sensor shift multiple exposure shot using the Olympus E-M5 MK II. There is some diagonal banding in areas where light changes during the 8 exposures, but it seems to be visible only on very close inspection.
More High Resolution photos like this one are in my set
More photos like this one are in my set
More photos taken with the Nokton 17.5mm are in my set
Sensor X3foveon, cámara sd1 Merrill y lente sigma 15-30 ya veterana.
Todas las fotografías del volcán y su laguna realizadas con está cámara, con archivos que van desde los 45 mb hasta 58 mb.
Extended description in first comment
All rights reserved © Francesco "frankygoes" Pellone
Follow me on Facebook
Shot some macro photos with the Nikon 55mm f3.5 Macro lens in our backyard.
Our backyard
Knoxville, Tennessee
Monday, June 12th, 2023
Like / Follow / Subscribe:
APS-C and 35mm sensor cleaning kits came in the mail this week, photographed on white paper.
Nikon D200
Tokina AT-X SD 80-200mm f/2.8 AI
Lit with 1 Vivitar 285 bounced from the wall
Season of Tilt
Week 20, Wednesday
When I was around twenty, the town where I lived had social issues regarding racism. Finland had just received a minor (but major in our national history) amount of refugees from couple of African countries and it had raised some issues in many smaller towns. There was a certain racist mob in our town too and for some reason I had singled out as a target for their negative attention. In one summer night when I was alone at the streets bunch of them found me and tried to beat me. I escaped from their first attack and run as fast as I could, but there were too many of them and they succeeded exhausting me. I had run through couple of streets and town square when they finally drag me down like a prey at one street corner and gasping my breath I wasn't much of resistance. I can't say I remember much of the actual assault. They had boots with reinforced steel heads and some bars which they used to beat me. Some of the kicks hit me on the head and I lost my consciousness for a while. It felt like a pitch black state and could hear their laughter like it was coming somewhere very far away. I don't know how long they continued or why they stopped. I only remember that once it was done I reached out to nearest car on street and it took me to local hospital. I survived with minor bruises, but from the psychical point of view it was a horrible experience. Afterwards I had, for example, troubles to sleep or go to any open public space. They had broke me from the inside and I had lost my basic social security.
Later on it turned out that one of my friend had actually saw the assault. I asked him to testify it so I could sue the beaters and gain justice for what had happened. He refused and claimed that the assault was actually my own fault because I had been in the streets at night - the truth was he was as afraid of the racist mob as I was and didn't want to be take a stance against them in any way. With this experience I learned something about the nature of violence and why people will always accept and justify some amount of it. It doesn't matter if the violence is physical and happens at the streets, or institutional and is tied into politics of identity, people will accept some of it if it isn't targeted to their own group, because it will make them feel safe to see that it's 'others' who are suffering from it. People will also accept violence if it sustains the social and cultural order and they feel their own group is not targeted. I know, it's an cowardly act, but that's what people do by their nature because everyone is afraid of violence – especially in the war of all against all.
---
This is the beginning of my last week of Season of Tilt. Therefore I feel I need to contemplate on my experiences. At the very early stages of this season (actually at second post) I said that the Lensbaby and their products present an approach which is very different from current commercially driven technical approach to photography, which emphasizes the technical qualities like lens sharpness, sensor performance, etc. I asked if this technical discourse of camera manufacturing is obliterating some aspects of photography. I can't say it is a condition that applies to whole photography world, but I can say that in some ways it has applied to me. Before using Lensbaby lenses I was very concentrated on technical matters like pixel perfect editing of my photographs (well, I still am). But by using Lensbaby I have given myself a permission to do other kind of photography what I wouldn't normally do, and it has, finally at the end of this season, led me to more personal photography – which I think is positive development. I've began to use photography to search my inner feelings & memories and tried to find a visual language for them – in this case it's the unscrupulousness of the nature. I see this turning point as a some sort of small victory and I'm happy to finally get there. If someone would ask me what's my experience with Lensbaby, this would be it.
Year of the Alpha – 52 Weeks of Sony Alpha Photography: www.yearofthealpha.com
The difference between a quality small sensor (S100) and DSLR is astonishing. While the S100 takes great pics, the difference between this pic and www.flickr.com/photos/ozgfk/9134098161/ is huge. I love both pics, for the colours and mood, but you cannot deny the sharpness and quality of the DSLR.
I'm currently film testing this little beauty, it has been tested and cleaned up with a new colour and some tlc. She's ready to rock and roll all over again! On sale very soon!
Agfa Selectronic Sensor 35mm Film Camera
220/365
As most of you know I recently Got an A850, well it turns out that my A700 was still under warranty by 9 days so Sony fixed it to factory specs at no cost to me...woohoo. the SP above was taken with the Full frame A850 at f2.8 at 50mm. So did I get the Shot? Well I sort of did...the below was taken at the same time but hitting the shutter on the 850 with 10 second timer, running into place and focusing on the tree while still getting the camera in the shot, I took the below image with the A700 at the same time at f6.3 with a 500mm lens so the crop factor makes it a 35 mm equivalent of 750mm, as you can see the below shot was quickly focused and hand held.
the view from our campsite looking south towards bempton cliffs just a few birds can be seen
PLEASE CLICK ON PHOTO FOR FULL SIZED VIEW
Sensor
Max resolution 4000 x 3000
Other resolutions 4:3 (3264 x 2448, 2048 x 1536), 3:2 (4000 x 2672, 3264 x 2176, 2048 x 1360), 16:9 (4000 x 2248, 3840 x 2160, 1920 x 1080), 1:1 (2992 x 2992, 2448 x 2448, 1920 x 1920)
Image ratio w:h 1:1, 4:3, 3:2, 16:9
Effective pixels 12 megapixels
Sensor photo detectors 13 megapixels
Sensor size 1/2.3" (6.17 x 4.55 mm)
Sensor type BSI-CMOS
Processor Venus Engine
Image
ISO Auto, 100-6400
White balance presets 5
Custom white balance Yes
Image stabilization Optical
Image stabilization notes 5-axis hybrid IS in movie mode
Uncompressed format RAW
JPEG quality levels Fine, standard
Optics & Focus
Focal length (equiv.) 25–600 mm
Optical zoom 24×
Maximum aperture F2.8
Autofocus
Contrast Detect (sensor)
Multi-area
Center
Selective single-point
Tracking
Single
Continuous
Touch
Face Detection
Live View
Digital zoom Yes (4X)
Manual focus Yes
Normal focus range 30 cm (11.81″)
Macro focus range 1 cm (0.39″)
Screen / viewfinder
Articulated LCD Fully articulated
Screen size 3″
Screen dots 1,040,000
Touch screen Yes
Screen type TFT LCD
Live view Yes
Viewfinder type Electronic
Viewfinder coverage 100%
Viewfinder magnification 0.7×
Viewfinder resolution 1,440,000
Photography features
Minimum shutter speed 60 sec
Maximum shutter speed 1/16000 sec
Aperture priority Yes
Shutter priority Yes
Manual exposure mode Yes
Subject / scene modes Yes
Built-in flash Yes
Flash range 8.80 m (at Auto ISO)
External flash Yes (via hot shoe)
Flash modesAuto, auto w/redeye reduction, forced on, forced on w/redeye reduction, slow sync, slow sync w/redeye reduction, forced off
Continuous drive 12.0 fps
Self-timer Yes
Metering modes
Multi
Center-weighted
Spot
Exposure compensation ±3 (at 1/3 EV steps)
AE Bracketing ±3 (3, 5, 7 frames at 1/3 EV, 2/3 EV, 1 EV steps)
WB BracketingNo
Videography features
Resolutions 3840 x 2160 (30p, 24p), 1920 x 1080 (60p, 60i, 30p, 24p), 1280 x 720 (30p), 640 x 480 (30p)
Format MPEG-4, AVCHD
Microphone Stereo
Speaker Mono
Storage
Storage typesSD/SDHC/SDXC card
Connectivity
USBUSB 2.0 (480 Mbit/sec)
HDMI Yes (mini-HDMI)
Microphone port Yes
Headphone port No
WirelessBuilt-In
Wireless notes802.11b/g/n
Remote controlYes (wired or smartphone)
Physical
Environmentally sealed Yes (Water and dust resistent)
BatteryBattery Pack
Battery descriptionLithium-ion battery & charger
Battery Life (CIPA)380
Weight (inc. batteries)691 g (1.52 lb / 24.37 oz)
Dimensions132 x 92 x 117 mm (5.2 x 3.62 x 4.61″)
Instagram: instagram.com/45surf
Subscribe to my new youtube channel and see how I used the divine section and golden rectangle, spiral, and ratio to get the cover of N-Photo Magazine! And see how Ansel Adams and the great painters and fine art masters used the golden mean in their compositions!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLlB_W3XG-k
www.youtube.com/channel/UC42cWDExI8K8stjROqOlLbQ
It shows up in a lot of my surf photos too!
Nikon D810 Photos Pro Women's Surfing Sports Photography With New Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD Lens for Nikon!
Beautiful athletic swimsuit bikini wetsuit model goddesses!
The new Nikon D810 rocks for sports photography! New Instagram!
Goddess videos! vimeo.com/45surf
Nikon D810 Photos Pro Women's Surfing Van's US Open Sports Photography Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD !
I shot in DX mode which crops away the extra pixels and takes me 1.5X closer while allowing for up to 7 FPS with the Nikon D810's Nikon MB-D12 Battery Grip using the 8 AA battery option! 8 Duracles took me through around 3,000 shots no problem--maybe more! I was shooting at the equivalent of 900mm with the 1.5x crop factor! Pretty close! Had I gone with the Nikon D4s, I would have gotten 12 fps, but no DX crop factor, as the sensor has only around 14mp, compared to the d810's 36 megapixels! Sure the larger pixel size on the Nikon D4s full frame sensor comes in handy indoors or at night, but in the brigth sun, there's more than enough light for the smaller pixels in crop mode! Sure we lose some pixels from the outer edges when shooting in DX crop mode, but most of those pixels would be cropped away in lightroom anyway. And the smaller files make the memory cards last longer, while also upping the FPS to 7 shots per second! Not quite 12 FPS< but still awesome and enough I felt!
What a beautiful way to test the Nikon D810 and Tamron 150-600mm zoom lens for sports photography!
Athletic graceful girl goddesses! Tall, thin, fit and in shape! Pro women's surfers form the van's us open wearing both long wetsuits and bikini bottoms with shorty wetsuit tops/summer wetsuits. Sexy, beautiful beach babes and water goddesses all! Many are professional swimsuit bikini / surf lifestyle models too!
Tamron SP 150-600mm F/5-6.3 Di VC USD Autofocus lens for Nikon AF-D Cameras.
The new Nikon D810 rocks for sports photography New Instagram!
Beautiful athletic swimsuit bikini wetsuit model goddesses!
Join me friends!!
www.facebook.com/elliot.mcgucken
www.facebook.com/45surfAchillesOdysseyMythology
Subscribe to my new youtube!
www.youtube.com/watch?v=JLlB_W3XG-k
All the best on your epic hero's odyssey! :)
Been hard at work on my books--my physics books on Dynamic Dimensions Theory (dx4/dt=ic) celebrating the hitherto unsung reality of the fourth expanding dimension which all the photons surf across the universe en route to making a photograph! Also working on an art, mythology, and photography book titled The Golden Hero's Odyssey! All the best on your Epic Hero's Odyssey! Always love hearing from y'all! :)
Two Lockheed Martin F-35B Lightning II fighter jets have successfully landed on board HMS Queen Elizabeth for the first time, laying the foundations for the next 50 years of fixed wing aviation in support of the UK’s Carrier Strike Capability.
Royal Navy Commander, Nathan Gray, 41, made history by being the first to land on board HMS Queen Elizabeth, carefully maneuvering his stealth jet onto the thermal coated deck. He was followed by Royal Navy Squadron Leader Andy Edgell, RAF, both of whom are test pilots, operating with the Integrated Test Force (ITF) based at Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland.
Shortly afterwards, once a deck inspection has been conducted and the all-clear given, Cmdr Gray became the first pilot to take off using the ship’s ski-ramp.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, all-weather, stealth, fifth-generation, multirole combat aircraft, designed for ground-attack and air-superiority missions. It is built by Lockheed Martin and many subcontractors, including Northrop Grumman, Pratt & Whitney, and BAE Systems.
The F-35 has three main models: the conventional takeoff and landing F-35A (CTOL), the short take-off and vertical-landing F-35B (STOVL), and the catapult-assisted take-off but arrested recovery, carrier-based F-35C (CATOBAR). The F-35 descends from the Lockheed Martin X-35, the design that was awarded the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program over the competing Boeing X-32. The official Lightning II name has proven deeply unpopular and USAF pilots have nicknamed it Panther, instead.
The United States principally funds F-35 development, with additional funding from other NATO members and close U.S. allies, including the United Kingdom, Italy, Australia, Canada, Norway, Denmark, the Netherlands, and formerly Turkey. These funders generally receive subcontracts to manufacture components for the aircraft; for example, Turkey was the sole supplier of several F-35 parts until its removal from the program in July 2019. Several other countries have ordered, or are considering ordering, the aircraft.
As the largest and most expensive military program ever, the F-35 became the subject of much scrutiny and criticism in the U.S. and in other countries. In 2013 and 2014, critics argued that the plane was "plagued with design flaws", with many blaming the procurement process in which Lockheed was allowed "to design, test, and produce the F-35 all at the same time," instead of identifying and fixing "defects before firing up its production line". By 2014, the program was "$163 billion over budget [and] seven years behind schedule". Critics also contend that the program's high sunk costs and political momentum make it "too big to kill".
The F-35 first flew on 15 December 2006. In July 2015, the United States Marines declared its first squadron of F-35B fighters ready for deployment. However, the DOD-based durability testing indicated the service life of early-production F-35B aircraft is well under the expected 8,000 flight hours, and may be as low as 2,100 flight hours. Lot 9 and later aircraft include design changes but service life testing has yet to occur. The U.S. Air Force declared its first squadron of F-35As ready for deployment in August 2016. The U.S. Navy declared its first F-35Cs ready in February 2019. In 2018, the F-35 made its combat debut with the Israeli Air Force.
The U.S. stated plan is to buy 2,663 F-35s, which will provide the bulk of the crewed tactical airpower of the U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps in coming decades. Deliveries of the F-35 for the U.S. military are scheduled until 2037 with a projected service life up to 2070.
Development
F-35 development started in 1992 with the origins of the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program and was to culminate in full production by 2018. The X-35 first flew on 24 October 2000 and the F-35A on 15 December 2006.
The F-35 was developed to replace most US fighter jets with the variants of a single design that would be common to all branches of the military. It was developed in co-operation with a number of foreign partners, and, unlike the F-22 Raptor, intended to be available for export. Three variants were designed: the F-35A (CTOL), the F-35B (STOVL), and the F-35C (CATOBAR). Despite being intended to share most of their parts to reduce costs and improve maintenance logistics, by 2017, the effective commonality was only 20%. The program received considerable criticism for cost overruns during development and for the total projected cost of the program over the lifetime of the jets.
By 2017, the program was expected to cost $406.5 billion over its lifetime (i.e. until 2070) for acquisition of the jets, and an additional $1.1 trillion for operations and maintenance. A number of design deficiencies were alleged, such as: carrying a small internal payload; performance inferior to the aircraft being replaced, particularly the F-16; lack of safety in relying on a single engine; and flaws such as the vulnerability of the fuel tank to fire and the propensity for transonic roll-off (wing drop). The possible obsolescence of stealth technology was also criticized.
Design
Overview
Although several experimental designs have been developed since the 1960s, such as the unsuccessful Rockwell XFV-12, the F-35B is to be the first operational supersonic STOVL stealth fighter. The single-engine F-35 resembles the larger twin-engined Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, drawing design elements from it. The exhaust duct design was inspired by the General Dynamics Model 200, proposed for a 1972 supersonic VTOL fighter requirement for the Sea Control Ship.
Lockheed Martin has suggested that the F-35 could replace the USAF's F-15C/D fighters in the air-superiority role and the F-15E Strike Eagle in the ground-attack role. It has also stated the F-35 is intended to have close- and long-range air-to-air capability second only to that of the F-22 Raptor, and that the F-35 has an advantage over the F-22 in basing flexibility and possesses "advanced sensors and information fusion".
Testifying before the House Appropriations Committee on 25 March 2009, acquisition deputy to the assistant secretary of the Air Force, Lt. Gen. Mark D. "Shack" Shackelford, stated that the F-35 is designed to be America's "premier surface-to-air missile killer, and is uniquely equipped for this mission with cutting-edge processing power, synthetic aperture radar integration techniques, and advanced target recognition".
Improvements
Ostensible improvements over past-generation fighter aircraft include:
Durable, low-maintenance stealth technology, using structural fiber mat instead of the high-maintenance coatings of legacy stealth platforms
Integrated avionics and sensor fusion that combine information from off- and on-board sensors to increase the pilot's situational awareness and improve target identification and weapon delivery, and to relay information quickly to other command and control (C2) nodes
High-speed data networking including IEEE 1394b and Fibre Channel (Fibre Channel is also used on Boeing's Super Hornet.
The Autonomic Logistics Global Sustainment, Autonomic Logistics Information System (ALIS), and Computerized maintenance management system to help ensure the aircraft can remain operational with minimal maintenance manpower The Pentagon has moved to open up the competitive bidding by other companies. This was after Lockheed Martin stated that instead of costing 20% less than the F-16 per flight hour, the F-35 would actually cost 12% more. Though the ALGS is intended to reduce maintenance costs, the company disagrees with including the cost of this system in the aircraft ownership calculations. The USMC has implemented a workaround for a cyber vulnerability in the system. The ALIS system currently requires a shipping-container load of servers to run, but Lockheed is working on a more portable version to support the Marines' expeditionary operations.
Electro-hydrostatic actuators run by a power-by-wire flight-control system
A modern and updated flight simulator, which may be used for a greater fraction of pilot training to reduce the costly flight hours of the actual aircraft
Lightweight, powerful lithium-ion batteries to provide power to run the control surfaces in an emergency
Structural composites in the F-35 are 35% of the airframe weight (up from 25% in the F-22). The majority of these are bismaleimide and composite epoxy materials. The F-35 will be the first mass-produced aircraft to include structural nanocomposites, namely carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy. Experience of the F-22's problems with corrosion led to the F-35 using a gap filler that causes less galvanic corrosion to the airframe's skin, designed with fewer gaps requiring filler and implementing better drainage. The relatively short 35-foot wingspan of the A and B variants is set by the F-35B's requirement to fit inside the Navy's current amphibious assault ship parking area and elevators; the F-35C's longer wing is considered to be more fuel efficient.
Costs
A U.S. Navy study found that the F-35 will cost 30 to 40% more to maintain than current jet fighters, not accounting for inflation over the F-35's operational lifetime. A Pentagon study concluded a $1 trillion maintenance cost for the entire fleet over its lifespan, not accounting for inflation. The F-35 program office found that as of January 2014, costs for the F-35 fleet over a 53-year lifecycle was $857 billion. Costs for the fighter have been dropping and accounted for the 22 percent life cycle drop since 2010. Lockheed stated that by 2019, pricing for the fifth-generation aircraft will be less than fourth-generation fighters. An F-35A in 2019 is expected to cost $85 million per unit complete with engines and full mission systems, inflation adjusted from $75 million in December 2013.
Fabriqué en Allemagne à partir de 1971.
Le Format 126 est un format de pellicule photographique 35 mm à perforations spéciales monté dans une cartouche plastique, mis au point par l'ingénieur Hubert Derwin et produit de 1963 à 1999. Les vues sont au format carré, de 28 mm de côté.
Sylvania Magicube . Fabriqué en Belgique!