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Hoo Fort
The monument includes a circular, casemated battery, set within an unrevetted ditch and outer glacis, with associated groynes, jetty and the remains of later, World War II structures. Hoo Fort is one of a pair of batteries, its twin being Fort Darnet, constructed on low islands on opposite sides of the Medway channel. Fort Darnet is the subject of a separate scheduling. They were built during the 1860s on the recommendation of the Royal Commission on Defence, and were intended to provide an inner line of defence to protect the approaches to the naval dockyard at Chatham. An additional safeguard, in the form of a minefield, laid across the channel between the forts, was to be employed in the event of war. The major fortifications at Grain and Sheerness supplied the outer line of defence at the mouth of the river. These are also the subject of separate schedulings. The substantial, two-tiered battery, measures around 56m in diameter externally, and stands to its original height of about 10m. The brick-built structure is faced in granite ashlar, with lower courses dressed in Kentish ragstone. The upper level, smaller in diameter than the tier below, protrudes above the lip of the encircling ditch, beyond which, a sloping bank, or glacis, extends for a distance of up to 30m. Traces of associated timber structures can be seen along the foreshore to the north east and south of the fort, including the remains of groynes, and the jetty, onto which supplies and ammunition were unloaded. The fort is entered at ground floor level, through a passage on its north western side, and was approached from the jetty by way of a curving footpath, crossing the western slope of the glacis. The entrance passage is flanked internally by two small chambers, which retain parts of the mechanism for raising a section of the passage floor, designed to act as a drawbridge in the event of attack. The passage also provides access to the magazine and accommodation casemates of the lower tier, arranged in concentric rings around a solid concrete drum at the centre of the fort. The outer ring of magazine chambers represent the shell and cartridge stores, and are entered from the magazine passage in front. Lift shafts rise from the passage, enabling the rapid deployment of ammunition to the gun floors above. A sophisticated lighting system formed part of the safety features of the magazine and consisted of a lantern window, set into the wall above the door to each chamber, and separated from the chamber by a pane of glass. The lamps were carried across the magazine passage on horizontal, overhead rails, contained within zinc conduits, and were served by a ring of lamp chambers, accessed from the barrack rooms beyond. In turn, the barrack rooms are entered from an open corridor, or light well, which surrounds the central drum. Steps lead up from the corridor onto the top of the drum, which provided a small, open parade at centre of the gun level. The gun level contains an outer ring of 11 interconnecting, vaulted casemates, arranged around the parade and reached by narrow bridges across the light well. The casemates were designed to accommodate eleven 9in rifled muzzle-loaders, mounted on traversing carriages. The casemates retain many of their original features, including the iron shields inserted into the embrasures for the protection of the gunners. Rope mantlets were also hung behind the shields to reduce casualties from masonry splinters in the event of enemy fire, and some of their suspension bars and rings survive. The chamber behind the gun room was intended to provide wartime accommodation for the gunners, and was enclosed at the rear by a glazed screen, designed to be removed before the guns were fired. The screens have now been lost, along with the glazed verandah, originally constructed around the parade perimeter. The verandah formed part of the rainwater collection system for the fort, and was supported on hollow cast iron columns, through which rainwater was fed to a cistern beneath the parade. Reuse of the fort during World War II is represented by a minewatching post situated on the roof, overlooking the Medway to the south east. Additional features beyond the area of the monument include traces of a low circular earthwork on the northern tip of the island, considered to represent an initial attempt to construct the fort, and now partly destroyed and submerged by the river.
[Historic England]
Taken on an excursion cruise on the paddle steamer Waverley, travelling from Westminster to Gravesend to Southend, into the Medway and back again.
Waverley is named after Sir Walter Scott’s Waverley novels. She was built to replace the 1899 Waverley which was sunk by enemy action on May 29, 1940 at Dunkirk.
Waverley’s keel was laid on December 27, 1945 but due to material shortages after the war, she was not ready for launch until October 2, 1946. It wasn’t until the following year on January 20, 1947 that she was towed to Greenock for the installation of her boiler and engines. Her maiden voyage was on June 16, 1947.
Waverley was built for the route up Loch Goil and Loch Long from Craigendoran & Arrochar in West Scotland. She now visits several areas of the UK offering regular trips on the Clyde, The Western Isles, the Thames, South Coast of England and the Bristol Channel with calls at Liverpool & Llandudno.
Waverley is the World’s last seagoing paddle steamer. In 1974, at the end of her working life, she was famously gifted for £1 to the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society. Waverley Steam Navigation Co. Ltd., a charity registered in Scotland, was set up to own and operate the ship. Waverley then began a second career as one of the country’s best-loved tourist attractions. Since she has been in operational preservation, she has been awarded four stars by Visit Scotland, an engineering heritage award, and has carried over 6 million passengers from over 60 ports around the UK.
2003 saw the completion of a £7m Heritage Rebuild which returned Waverley to the original 1940s style in which she was built. This was made possible with major grants from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the Paddle Steamer Preservation Society (PSPS). Contributions also came from Glasgow City Council, Scottish Enterprise Glasgow, the European Regional Development Fund and local authorities.
In May 2019 Waverley was withdrawn from service and a capital appeal was launched to raise £2.3 million to allow her boilers to be replaced and re-commission Waverley for further service. In December 2019 it was announced that the appeal target had been reached.
Despite delays to the boiler refit due to the COVID-19 pandemic Waverley returned to service in August 2020 and operated a short season on the Firth of Clyde. After a successful season on the Clyde the following year, Waverley will be returning to other sailing areas in 2022.
2022 marked 75 years since Waverley’s maiden voyage on June 16, 1947.
Paddle steamer history
In 1812, when Henry Bell’s paddle steamer Comet became the world’s first commercial steamship to operate in coastal waters, a tradition was started which remains alive today only in the form of the world’s last seagoing paddle steamer, Waverley.
From the 1860’s onward, paddle steamers developed an important niche in the coastal passenger and excursion trade. Large fleets served the cities, towns, villages and resorts of the Firth of Clyde, the Bristol Channel, the South Coast of England, London and the Thames Estuary.
Paddle Steamers also made a significant contribution to the war effort as minesweepers in both World Wars, and indeed Waverley is named after and was built to replace the previous Waverley who performed a heroic role at Dunkirk in May 1940 before being sunk by enemy action.
With a few exceptions, the Clyde steamers were owned and operated by railway companies. These were largely commuter ferries linking all the villages with the nearest railhead for onward travel.
Technical Data:
Hull - Passenger Paddle Steamer. Construction: Riveted steel. Hull designed by A&J Inglis at Glasgow in 1946, built 1947 by A. & J. Inglis Ltd. at Pointhouse.
LOA: 240′ 0″, Beam: 58′ 0″, Draft: 6′ 0″, Displacement: 1524600 lbs. Hull Number 1330P. The ‘P’ signifies the Pointhouse yard as A&J Inglis was by that time part of Harland and Wolff in Belfast. Originally certificated to carry 1350 passengers. With almost 70 years of updates to worldwide passenger carrying regulations and safety policies in place, Waverley’s carrying capacity has gradually been reduced and she can now carry up to 860 passengers.
Boilers - 3 pass wetback reversal chamber built and designed by Cochran of Annan, installed April 2020. Fuel: Marine Gas Oil, Pressure: 180 psi, Output: 22500 lbs/hr, 105″ dia X 199″ long Steel barrel. 184 X 2″ dia Steel tubes. Welded with rolled in fire tubes construction, condensing, forced draft fan, steam feed pump, electric feed pump, feed water heater, whistle, Originally fitted with a double ended Scotch boiler, this was replaced in 1981 with a Babcock Steambloc boiler.
Engine - Diagonal Triple Expansion. 24″ + 39″ + 62″ X 66″ Built 1947 by Rankin & Blackmore Ltd. at Greenock Design: Paddle Inside PV on HP. Outside PV on MP. Bal SV on LP valve. Stephenson valve gear. Power: 2100 HP Engine Number 520. Normal service speed of 13 knots at 44 rpm. Maximum speed 18 knots at 57 rpm. Shell and tube surface condenser. Full set of steam auxiliaries.
Paddles - 8 Feathering floats. 216″ diameter, 132″ wide. Each paddle float is 36″ deep. There are always two full floats worth in the water at any one time. Each float is 33 square feet in area.
[WaverleyExcursions.co.uk]
The Sustainable Offsite Construction project equips students with crucial project management skills while immersing them in modern digital construction technologies. It also underscores the critical importance of scheduling, teamwork, financial control, health and safety, and the practical aspects of engineering theory.
Here is the flight schedule from St. Maarten at Maho Beach where the planes come in to land only feet from the ground. Take-off is where the fun is though. Departing aircraft blast sand into onlookers. What I did not expect was the intense heat from the engines as well.
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47. Old schedules of deeds and labels, 17th-18th cents.
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