So, here it is, the reason I drove across Norfolk: Trunch in all it's glory And it is glorious.

 

It has so many fascinating details, each one alone would be reason enough to visit, but together, in a fine village, next to the village pub, and with that font canopy, one of only four such in all of England, and one of two in the county.

 

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The oldest building in Trunch is St. Botolph's Church. It is mainly 14th. and 15th. Century but there are some fragments of stone in the walls which are believed to have been reused from an earlier Saxon church, which was recorded in the Domesday Book. There is much of interest in the church including a Rood Screen, a hammer beam roof and a rare Font Canopy.

 

trunchhistory.weebly.com/buildings.html

 

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The large village of Trunch is located about 5 miles from the north Norfolk coast. In the centre of the village, surrounded by a lovely collection of cottages and the more modern Crossroads Inn, is St Botolph's church. Much of what you see of the church is early 15th century, built upon earlier foundations.

Upon entering the church the first feature you will see is the font, which dates to the mid 14th century. Though the font is attractive, it is the carved and painted font canopy that really makes a visit to Trunch worthwhile.

 

This is a quite remarkable piece of woodwork, one of only four such canopies surviving in the entire country (the others are at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich, Durham Cathedral, and Luton). The canopy is supported on six beautifully carved legs. The carving detail is exquisite; with fanciful animal figures and foliage and a bit of political commentary, in the shape of a pig wearing a bishop's mitre.

In addition to the font canopy, Trunch features a superb 15th century hammer beam roof, a feature of many churches in Norfolk and Suffolk. Here the carvings of angels are beautifully performed. It is worth bringing along a pair of binoculars or a telescope in order to see the carvings properly.

Much easier to see are the medieval misericords (mercy seats) in the chancel. Each carving is unique; some represent angels, and others are more grotesque in nature. In addition there are some beautifully carved pew ends and a painted medieval rood screen that rivals many more famous churches in detail and colour.

 

There are 12 niches in the screen, each painted with a depiction of a single figure - 11 disciples plus St Paul. Much of the costume detail is well preserved, but the faces of the figures were destroyed during the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.

 

www.britainexpress.com/counties/norfolk/churches/Trunch.htm

 

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William Earl Warren had the lordship of this town, (fn. 1) of which 3 freemen were deprived; one of them belonged to Herold, late King of England, another to Ralph Stalre, and the 3d to Ketel, who held 90 acres of land, and 14 borderers belonged to it, with 5 carucates among them; there was a church endowed with 10 acres, &c. 3 acres of meadow always valued at 30s. and there were also 5 freemen of Edric in King Edward's time, who had 34 acres of land, with 2 carucates, 2 acres and an half of meadow, always valued at 7s. 4d. (fn. 2)

 

This town also belonged to the Earl Warren's capital manor of Gimmingham, and paid suit and service to it. In the 34th of Henry III. Maud de Norwich granted by fine, to Richer, son of Nicholas, a messuage, 48 acres of land, a mill, and the sixth part of another in this town, Swathefeld and Bradfeld. In the 15th of Edward I. the Earl Warren claimed a weekly mercate, on Saturday, in this manor; and on the death of John Earl Warren, in the 21st of Edward III. the mercate was valued at 10s. per ann. the manor came after to the Earl of Lancaster, (as is before observed,) and so to John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and King Henry IV. and is still in the Crown, as part of the dutchy of Lancaster.

 

The tenths were 4l. 10s. deducted 15s.

 

The Church is dedicated to St. Botolph, and is a regular pile, with a nave, 2 isles, and a chancel covered with lead, and has a tower with 4 bells.

 

In the chancel, on a little monument,

 

Lancelotus Thexton cappellanus Regis Edw. VI. sacre theologie baccalaureus, et rector de Trunch obt. 25. Febr. 1588, and this shield of arms, quarterly, in the first and fourth a cross between four lions heads erased, gules, in the 2d and 3d, ermine, fretty, azure.

 

In a window here, argent, a fess between two chevrons, sable.

 

On a gravestone

 

Hic jacet Magr. Robt. Cantell, quo'd. rector isti. ecclie, qui. obt. 1 Sept. Ao. Dni. 1480.

 

Gravestones

 

In memory of Thomas Worts, gent. who died November 13, 1693, aged 45, with his arms, three lions rampant, - - - — William Worts. gent. who married Elizabeth, daughter of Riches Brown of Fulmodeston, Esq. died August 25, 1694, aged 60, with the arms of Worts impaling Brown; two bars, between three spears heads, - - -

 

¶The patronage of the church was granted to the priory of Castleacre, by William Earl Warren, the first on his founding that priory. In the reign of Edward I. the rector had a manse, and 13 acres of land valued at 16 marks, Peter-pence 13d. and the prior of Castleacre had a pension or portion of tithe valued at 40s. the present valor is 10l. 13s. 4d. and pays first fruits, &c. the Norwich registers say that William, the second Earl Warren, granted the patronage, and Eborard Bishop of Norwich, confirmed it; and that Simon the Bishop confirmed the pension in 1268.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol8...

 

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Trunch is the largest of the villages between North Walsham and the sea; but as all the industrialisation and tawdry caravan sites are hard against the coast, and Trunch is several miles inland, it has avoided these excesses and retains a great rural charm. It has a magnificent church with lots of fascinating treasures, as well as a shop, a green, a pub run by an ex-professional footballer, and generally all the typical features you expect to find in a large village in deepest rural Norfolk.

 

The church is perhaps the most interesting of all round about; and, while the large village lends it an urban quality that lacks the charm of, say, the churches of neighbouring Edingthorpe and Crostwight, it has by no means the Victorianised sterility of those at Bacton or Happisburgh.

 

St Botolph is a big church, and its tight graveyard makes it rather hard to photograph. The whole piece seems to have been rebuilt in the early 15th century, although the chancel may be a little later, and there is a hint of Decorated about the nave. The tower is quite simple, even slight. It builds boldly enough, but at the top of the second stage fades into a simple bell stage, understated, elegant and probably intended. This is not a building that shouts at you. A curiosity is the massive priest porch surrounding the door in the chancel. These are very unusual, although there is another, smaller one at neighbouring Knapton.

 

The great treasure, of course, is the marvellous font canopy. It is particularly fascinating because of its date, coming in the early 16th century right on the eve of the English protestant reformation. Like all church furnishings at this time - the tombs at Oxborough, for instance - it gives us a hint of what the English renaissance might have been like if it had been allowed to flower. Here, the massive structure tumbles with intricacy; fruit and flowers, leopards and lions peep around the silvery oak of the six octagonal columns which are fluted with interlocking chains of detail. The glory is the massive crown of canopied niches, with the haunting ghosts of crucifixion groups still apparent on three of the faces. The whole thing is at once in perfect harmony with the west end of the church, but exists because it was believed to be beautiful rather than known to be useful.There is only one other font canopy in Norfolk, at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich; Outside of the county there is another at Durham Cathedral, and a fourth at the parish church in Luton - but that is it.

 

Above the canopy is a rich 15th century hammerbeam roof, by no means as dramatic as that at nearby Knapton, but more beautiful, I think. In the space beneath the tower there is what appears to be a gallery like the plough guild gallery at Cawston. This is not as elaborate, but its oak has silvered and it is painted beautifully with trailing rose foliage.

 

The benching, unfortunately, is pretty much all 19th century, but along with the font canopy and roof the medieval screen survives. Like the canopy, this is richly ornamented in relief, including a bold dedicatory inscription in diagonal ribbons across the top part of the dado. The twelve figures (11 disciples and St Paul) are boldly placed and coloured, but their faces have been completely vandalised by the 16th century reformers. Low down on the north side of the doorway is a rare surviving carved consecration cross, suggesting that this screen was already installed in the newly built church of the 15th century. The screen had detached buttressing running vertically at intervals in front of it, as at Ludham. They have been almost entirely destroyed, but you can still see the fixings between the panels. It must have been magnificent.

 

The return stalls in the chancel are pretty much all Victorian, but they retain medieval misericords, and also you can see quatrefoil holes set into a sounding chamber to amplify the singing. There is a very curious memorial above the priest door, featuring the instruments of the passion. I have no idea how old it is.

 

All of these features would be enough, but part of the attraction of St Botolph is the sense of harmony, the way everything works together. You can add to these the sedilia, the magnificent organ, and the modern design of the glass in the east window. It is a peaceful, inspiring space.

 

Cottages and houses hem in the graveyard, and in the corner is the modern pub. Incidentally, I don't really know if the bloke who runs it is an ex-professional footballer. But, like many rural Norfolk landlords, he seems to be a cheerful 40-something cockney who serves a decent pint and cheap food - a recommended stop for churchcrawlers.

 

Simon Knott, April 2005

 

www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/trunch/trunch.htm

 

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And the pub is still good.

The Jambul season is on and eating jambuls is good for diabetic blood sugar control..

 

www.best-home-remedies.com/herbal_medicine/fruits/jambul-...

 

Jambul Fruit - Natural Benefits and Curative Properties

 

Botanical Name :: Syzygium cumini or Eugenia jambolana

 

Indian Name :: Jamun

 

Other English names :: Rose apple, Java plum

 

Description

The jambul fruit. is a well-known common fruit. It has two varieties. The big one is oval in shape and is commonly called as Suva-jumun. The small one is round in shape and is commonly called as Kutta-jamun. The bigger variety is sweeter than the smaller one.

 

The fruit is a juicy berry with a single stone. It is black outside and violet inside; has a sourish-sweet pulp and greenish yellow seed.

 

Jambul Fruit*

Food Value

 

Minerals and Vitamins

Moisture - 83.7% Calcium - 15 mg

Protein - 0.7% Phosphorus - 15 mg

Fat - 0.3% Iron - 1.2 mg

Minerals - 0.4% Vitamin C - 18mg

Carbohydrates - 14.0% Small amount of Vitamin B Complex

Fibre - 0.9%

* Value per 100 gm's edible portion Calorific Value - 62

Natural Benefits and Curative Properties

 

The jambul fruit regarded in traditional medicine as a specific against diabetes. because of its effect on the pancreas. The fruit as such, the seeds and fruit juice are all useful in the treatment of this disease. The seeds contain a glucose 'Jamboline' which is believed to have the power to check the pathological conversion of starch into sugar in cases of increased production of glucose. They are dried and powdered. This powder in doses of three grams should be given three or four times a day mixed in water. It reduces the quantity of sugar in urine and allays the unquenchable thirst.

 

In Ayurveda, the inner bark of the jambul tree is also used in the treatment of diabetes. The bark is dried and burnt, which produces an ash of white color. This ash should be pest led in the mortar, stramed and bottled. The diabetic patient should be given 65 mg. of this ash an empty stomach with water in the morning and 135 mg. each time in the afternoon and in the evening, an hour after meals, if the specific gravity of the urine is 1.02 to 1.03. If the specific gravity ranges between 1.035 and 1.055, the ash should be given thrice daily in the quantity of about 2 gm. at a time.

 

* Polyuria :- The powder of the seeds is valuable in polyuria or production of excess urine. It should be taken in dose of 1 gm. in the morning and evening.

* Diarrhea and Dysentery :- Powder of the seed is an effective remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. About 5 to 10 gm. of this powder should be taken with butter-milk in these conditions. An infusion of the tender leaves, which contain a high concentration of gallic and tannic acid is also given as a medicine in diarrhea and dysentery. This infusion, prepared from 30 or 60 gm. of leaves, should be given twice or thrice daily. A decoction of the bark taken with honey is also an useful medicine for chronic diarrhea and dysentery.

* Piles :- The jambul fruit is an effective food remedy for bleeding piles. The fruit should be taken with salt every morning for two or three months in its season. The use of the fruit in this manner in every season will effect radical cure and save the user from bleeding piles for entire life. Fresh jambul fruit taken with honey is also an effective medicine for bleeding piles.

* Liver Disorders :- Natural acids in the jambul fruit play an important role in the secretion of digestive enzymes and stimulate the liver functions. Charaka, the well-known physician

of the ancient India, used this fruit in the treatment of enlargement of the liver.

* Female sterility :- An infusion of the fresh tender leaves of jambul fruit, taken with honey or butter-milk, is an effective remedy for sterility and miscarriage due to ovarian or endometrium functional disorder. The leaves presumably stimu1ate the secretion of progrestrone hormone and help absorption of vitamin E.

 

Precautions

The jambul fruit should not be consumed in excess. Its excessive use is bad for throat and chest. It may cause cough and accumulation of sputum in the lungs.

 

Jambul on Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambul

Jambul (Syzygium cumini) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Indonesia. It is also known as Jamun, Nerale Hannu, Njaval, Jamblang, Jambolan, Black Plum, Damson Plum, Duhat Plum, Jambolan Plum, Java Plum or Portuguese Plum. "Malabar plum" may also refer to other species of Syzygium.

 

It is also grown in other areas of southern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines, Myanmar, and Afghanistan. The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname. In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonization, it has dispersed spontaneously in the wild in some places, as its fruits are eagerly sought by various native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee. Scientific synonyms include Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini and Eugenia jambolana.

 

A fairly fast growing species, it can reach heights of up to 30 m and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. The wood is strong and is water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.

 

Jamun trees start flowering from March to April. The flowers of Jamun are fragrant and small, about 5 mm in diameter. The fruits develop by May or June and resemble large berries. The fruit is oblong, ovoid, starts green and turns pink to shining crimson black as it matures. A variant of the tree produces white coloured fruit. The fruit has a combination of sweet, mildly sour and astringent flavour and tends to colour the tongue purple. The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda (to control diabetes, for example[1].), Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis. Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit. It has a high source in vitamin A and vitamin C.

 

Jambul has been spread overseas from India by Indian emigrants and at present is common in former tropical British colonies.

 

According to Hindu tradition, Rama subsisted on the fruit in the forest for 14 years during his exile from Ayodhya[citation needed]. Because of this, many Hindus regard Jambul as a 'fruit of the gods,' especially in Gujarat, India, where it is known locally as jamboon.

 

Lord Krishna has been described as having skin the color of Jamun. In Hindu mythology several protagonists have been described as having the color of jamun.

  

2012

The plant that produced phuti karpash, the cotton used to manufacture muslin has not been cultivated in nearly 200 years. In an attempt to revive the plant, Drik has been obtaining the nearest available wild strains and mapping their DNA at laboratories at Warwick University and the Smithsonian Institute. A very high level of sterility is required in the labs to avoid contamination of the DNA samples.

Mărțișor - (Romanian pronunciation: [mərt͡siˈʃor]

Is a Romanian celebration at the beginning of spring, on March the 1st in Romania, Moldova, and all territories inhabited by Romanians.

In the old calendar, March 1 mark the beginning of New Year to getic-dacians , our ancestors . Likewise, a small ornament with white and red, was created with the role of talisman meant to accompany wishes good luck and love, health, happiness and prosperity.

The trinket cord, made of two wires twisted wool, colored in white and red, represents the unity of opposites: summer and winter, heat-cold, fertility, sterility, light-dark. Cord was either tied on the hand or worn on the chest. He was worn from March 1 until it shows the signs of spring :cuckoo singing, blooming cherry trees,.

Specific to the ancient Thracian European space , in different forms:Romania, Moldova,Bulgaria, Macedonia.

05.05.08

 

Today marks the 14th anniversary of my first Chemotherapy treatment. Today in 1994 I was in the hospital, having just been diagnosed with Hodgkins Disease. I was 26 years old.

 

My Hodgkins story is a long, involved one. The short version is this: They thought I had mono. Then they thought I had bronchitis. Then they thought I had pneumonia. A chest x-ray sealed the deal.

 

On Tuesday 4/26, a trip to the internist left me with 2 weeks (he was going on vacation in 3 days) to get bloodwork, a CT scan, and an echocardigram. I scheduled a return appointment for that Friday 4/29 - under threat of a scene the size of Texas - and called in every favor I'd collected while working in the medical field. I had bloodwork done that afternoon, had a CT scan on Thursday 4/28, and an the echo 4/29 at the local hospital. I never left the hospital that day.

 

What came closest to killing me was congestive heart failure. The lymph nodes in my chest, where the Hodgkins was, had grown so large that they were pressing on my heart, and my heart was creating fluid in the sack surrounding it. My heart muscle was so compressed that my resting heart rate was 120. A litre of fluid was extracted from that sack that day.

 

Other problems created by the growing lymph nodes included the squeezing-off of my superior vena cava, until it looked like a coin slot. It was also pressing on a nerve that made me cough every time I took a deep breath. The coughing led to throwing up, and I lost about 30 lbs. in 2 weeks due to malnutrition.

 

Bottom line, I'm happy to be alive. And I'm amazingly lucky to have 2 children after the type of chemo treatment I had, which comes with statistically high sterility rates.

 

I am a lucky, lucky girl!

Abdus Salam’s 15th death anniversary went unnoticed recently. The 25th death anniversary of Waheed Murad that fell on the same day was celebrated with fanfare. They say nations which do not honour their great men cease to produce them.

 

Pakistan, for sure, has produced no scientist of Salam’s stature nor perhaps an actor of Waheed’s popularity. Whether it is serious research or playful acting, the national scene remains barren.

 

Forgotten or celebrated, Pakistan’s few great men were born of accident. In the case of Abdus Salam it was not just one but a series of accidents. More strikingly, in converting accidents into opportunities, help to Salam came not from friends but from strangers. Ironically, when the people who should have been helping him created hurdles even that opened the door to new opportunity.

 

Having earned every degree that he could, setting new records before he was 19, Salam’s urge to go for research abroad would have remained unfulfilled had Sir Chhotu Ram, Punjab’s revenue minister and a benefactor of the rural poor, not arranged a scholarship for him at Cambridge. That was the first accident with help coming from an unexpected quarter.

 

As a Cambridge wrangler (first class of the mathematical tripos) and PhD in theoretical physics, Salam came back to teach at his alma mater. He thus seemed set on a course which, with luck, would have some day made him principal of Government College unless he was persuaded to join the ICS. Then came a second accident. He had gone to Bombay to attend an international scientific conference with the permission of the principal. He defied an order to return, leaving the conference halfway, because the education minister had not approved of his participation.

 

He resigned rather than face the charge and went back to teach at Cambridge. Three years later he became the youngest ever professor at London’s Imperial College and fellow of the Royal Society. There he freely debated with atheist Bertrand Russell the existence of God and with Albert Einstein the Islamic view of the unity of forces.

 

In 1959, there was to be yet another accident. India’s high commissioner in London brought to him an invitation from Pundit Nehru to visit India. There Nehru offered him a minister’s rank at a salary he would himself name with no questions asked about money spent or wasted on particle research. Taken unawares, Salam sought time to think it over, came back and reported to President Ayub what had transpired. He declined a similar offer from Ayub, but agreed to act as his scientific adviser while remaining at Imperial College. That was the period when the foundations of Pakistan’s atomic energy commission and nuclear power plants were laid.

 

He also advised the president to establish an international research centre in Pakistan where scientists from across the world would meet to exchange ideas and knowledge. The finance minister opposed the plan because he felt it was tantamount to setting up a five-star hotel for Salam and his friends. Again declining an Indian offer to host the centre, whatever the cost, he founded the centre at Trieste with a major contribution coming from the Italian government. Thousands of scientists have since passed through Trieste — no less than 500 from Pakistan. The centre is now named after Abdus Salam. Surely, by now Pakistan would have been a hub of scientific research had Ayub’s finance minister not ridiculed Salam’s plan.

 

After winning the Nobel Prize in 1979, Salam was not invited to his own college. He did not even figure in Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s count of distinguished old Ravians. It was Pakistan’s darkest period of prejudice and intellectual sterility. By contrast when he went to Aligarh Muslim University to receive an honorary doctorate, the whole city turned up to greet him and students pushed his car for a mile to the campus. The scene at Guru Nanak University was no less exhilarating.

 

Salam’s repeated pleas to Islamic countries to contribute just one per cent of their export earnings to a research fund went unheeded. No wonder that Salam is the only one from the Islamic world ever to have won the Nobel Prize in the physical sciences.

 

Scientists who benefited from Salam’s Trieste centre — Mujahid Kamran, Ghulam Murtaza and Pervez Hoodbhoy among them — now struggle to make up for the lost time and opportunities. A school of mathematics named after him is fast gaining recognition. LUMS too has established an Abdus Salam chair.

 

Even the people at large are fast shedding the prejudices fostered by politicians. The scientists and citizens of today alike would go along with what Prof Ahmad Ali of Aligarh had to say in 1979: ‘Abdus Salam is not the name of a person but of a movement that seeks to wipe out poverty and ignorance. It is a movement for knowledge and wisdom, action and endurance, to restore pride in our own culture and to wage jihad against prejudice, tyranny and exploitation’.

 

When Salam came to deliver the Faiz Memorial Lecture at Lahore, people wondered what a hard-nosed scientist and a romantic poet had in common. ‘We both are persona non grata in our own country,’ Salam explained. Then he showed to the audience the couplet Faiz once wrote in his own hand in Salam’s diary when they met at a foreign airport: Nisar mein teri galiyon pe ai watan keh jahan chali hai rasm key koi na sar utha ke chaley (My life is dedicated to the streets of the motherland where custom demands that no one should walk with head held high). It is a sad thought that Pakistan’s most brilliant scientist and most popular poet should have been the prime victims of that custom.

 

Finally, here is an example of Salam’s humour and humility thrown into one. Asked whether Jhang, the village of Heer, would henceforth be known as the village of Salam, he replied: ‘Remember there is only one Heer, Nobel laureates are many.’ Indeed there are but only one came from Pakistan. When we can walk the streets with our heads held high will be the day to remember Salam and Faiz. It would not be possible without them.

 

kunwaridris@hotmail.com

  

Tags: kunwar idris,abdus salam,faiz,waheed murad,science in pakistan,nobel,mathematics,physics

Bedminster Place, Bristol, seen on Saturday 25th October 1975 through the little arch by which it is reached from the shops in Bedminster Parade. I last inspected this location about seven or eight years ago. I think the only thing that was unchanged (let us give thanks for small mercies) was the paving. Admittedly the walls beyond the arch are no great loss, but even modern bricks are preferable to sterile, pastey-faced render. A ferocious scorched-earth campaign had eliminated every living thing from fissure and crevice. The gaslight and its bracket had gone.

In the years before Life had blunted and coarsened my sensibilities, it was a familiar experience to hear people remark ...perhaps looking down from the top deck of a bus at some innocent patch of wasteground where interesting wild plants flowered and butterflies flitted... that it was about time "they" did something about it. This always filled me with dread. To me these untidy, iniquitous little places were beautiful, precious and interesting. Sometimes the Evening Post's "Red Tape Slasher", or whatever he was called, would get onto it and the authorities would cravenly defer. When I was a conductor on the 88s there was an anomolous little patch of ground alongside the Warmley terminus. I often used to while away our "overlay" ("over there's the best place for a piss", my driver would satirically call out) looking at the insects on the hogweed flowers, or searching among the dock leaves for caterpillars. Then, one day, it had all gone. The council had given it the treatment. "Ooh, that looks better", said my driver, surveying the limp, dying foliage and the stubble of hacked-off stalks. I felt like throttling him. I asked him why he thought so. Beyond some observation to the effect that it was "much better" and that it "wanted doing", he didn't really seem to know.

This suburban-minded tidiness mania seems an exclusively English phenomenon. You don't really encounter it abroad to the same extent. It is, I think, largely responsible for the visual sterility of modern Britain. Even in so advanced a country as the United States, where paving slabs rear up at crazy angles, active railway lines cross busy roads unprotected and, in banks and stations, beautifully patinated original fittings persist in daily use, there is more of a policy of benign neglect. Oh well, I suppose you get the country its lowest common denominator deserves.

DO NOT GET PIERCED BY HANNAH AT FATTY'S CUSTOM TATTOOZ. Tongue piercings are not supposed to go through the frenulum.

 

(text taken from my Yelp review, see full photo stream for all pictures, this is when it was starting to close up)

 

I had one of the worst experiences of my life getting my tongue pierced by Hannah at Fatty's. Not just one of my worst experiences with piercings, but one of the worst experiences of my life, full stop.

 

I normally go to the excellent piercers at Chameleon in Cambridge, MA. I'm no stranger to piercings - I currently have a nostril, industrial, both nipples, two inner labia, and a VCH, but I was in DC and due to work schedules, had to get my tongue there if I was going to get it done. We (my partner and myself) did some investigation on Yelp and settled on Fatty's as the best option.

 

A warning bell to start - everything appeared sterile, but she grumbled that it 'wasn't shop policy' to let us see sterilization procedures, etc. in advance. The cost was a relatively pricey $75 total.

 

She told us that the autoclave had been tested on the first of the month, but she couldn't show us records because the owner was out of town. Since he has returned, they have refused to show us records. It is quite possible that they are piercing and tattooing unsafely, with unsterile equipment.

 

She did appear to follow proper procedures (with gloves, packaging, etc) in regards to sterility, but that's all I know. After doing the markings she had me lie down and put on the clamps. The clamps were unusually tight and uncomfortable. Then she did the piercing, no warnings, and it was *excruciatingly painful*. Now, I've heard a lot about tongue piercings, and in fact my partner has two and my boyfriend has one. So I know that tongue piercings are not usually ridiculously painful. What I experienced was far, far worse than anything I've had previously, including my nipples, which are notorious.

 

After she was finished and was inserting the jewelry, she fumbled and dropped one of the balls, which almost went down my throat. She tried to root around for it (which didn't exactly help with the pain I was feeling) and then gave up. Fortunately I didn't swallow it, and spit it out when she was done.

 

After she finished I lay there in incredible pain, not sure what was happening, or why it was so painful. I tried to sit up, but felt very woozy, and had to lie down, at which point I think I passed out briefly. As I came to, I noticed that the pain was mostly on the underside of my tongue, and extended from the exit hole to my saliva glands back to what felt like my lymph nodes. I spent a while curled up on her table, unable to move, sweating profusely and coming in and out of consciousness, and after maybe 15 minutes felt good enough to sit up and look at it again in the mirror again. It was then I saw that it had already swelled so much that the bottom ball had disappeared into my tongue! She had used 7/8'', 12 gauge (my understanding is that 1 inch is better, but I hadn't quibbled) but the hole on the underside was so large and/or the barbell was so short that the ball had been subsumed completely inside my tongue. She said 'hm, haven't seen that happen before' and at this point I freaked and asked her to take it out.

 

We left with me distraught, and they didn't apologize or even offer to refund us for the piercing. When we went outside and looked more closely at the remaining holes, I discovered that she had pierced it much too far back, right through the frenulum! This is, as confirmed by my regular piercer, and the placements of all my friends' tongue piercings, very far off from the correct placement, about 1/2cm too far back.

 

At this point I started worrying because I was unsure whether removing the piercing immediately had put me at a greater risk of infection. My saliva glands were continuing to swell, and my lymph nodes hurt, and I didn't know how bad of signs those were. We called up Greg at Chameleon in Cambridge who very graciously calmed me down and told me that if I cared for it as a regular tongue piercing it should be ok.

 

Here's hoping (this all happened today). My partner is going to go back and demand a refund from the owner; I had to get on a plane shortly after this incident.

 

I honestly find it incomprehensible that a piercer could screw up a standard tongue piercing so badly. And not only screw it up, but not be able to recognize/acknowledge that she had and help me figure out what to do. Had I known less about piercings, I quite possibly could have left the shop trying to keep it, and my tongue would have swelled up so badly that I would have lost the barbell inside and had to have it removed surgically.

 

Tongue piercings are as common and straightforward as piercings come - it scares me to think how badly she might botch something slightly more complicated!

 

Since this happened, she has denied that she pierced my tongue wrong, and refused to give a refund or even apologize. Fatty's won't even show me records to indicate I was pierced with a properly autoclaved needle.

 

She is only 21 and appears to be piercing far above her experience level, using her customers as guinea pigs to learn her craft. When things go wrong, she won't help you deal with them safely, but will endanger your health instead of admitting she screwed up. Needless to say, avoid Hannah at all costs for a piercing if you value your body and your health.

 

Awesome photo by @glasser www.flickr.com/photos/glasser/

 

I'm blogging everything at askyourincompetentpiercer.blogspot.com/.

Karin Maaka is the middle child in a family of vampires who immigrated to Japan two centuries earlier. Unlike the rest of her family, Karin does not feed on blood, she produces it. As a result, she is forced to bite others to expel the extra blood, lest she suffer exaggerated nose-bleeds. She also exhibits no normal vampire traits, and instead lives her life just as an ordinary teenage girl would. She can go outside during the day, attends high school, and follows the sleep pattern of normal humans. However, the general peacefulness of her life is disrupted with the arrival of a new transfer student, Kenta Usui.

 

Any time she goes near him her blood increases. At first she tries to avoid him but they are in the same class and work in the same restaurant. Kenta begins to think that there is something fishy about Karin and eventually he learns her secret. Karin's elder brother Ren tries to erase his memory but Anju, Karin's younger sister, stops him from doing so. She convinces their parents Henry and Calera to make Kenta their ally, because he can help Karin during the daylight. Karin and Kenta become friends, and as they spend more time with one another, fall in love, though they are slow to admit their feelings to one another.

 

After The Anime

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Yuriya Tachibana, a human-vampire hybrid, moves to the area at the request of her vampire uncle, Glark. By chance, Yuriya gets a job at the same restaurant where Karin and Kenta work. As hybrids are sterile, Tachibana disapproves of Karin and Kenta's relationship, feeling any children they had would be unhappy like her. Despite this, Karin likes Tachibana and considers her a friend. On the other hand, Karin's grandmother Elda hates hybrids, as a betrayal danger to vampires. Karin rescues Yuriya from her grandmother. Karin is unaware that Tachibana is actually there to help her uncle and the Brownlick clan spy on her. After another nose bleed leaves Karin comatose for several days, Karin's family ask Kenta to stay away from her, but the two lovers are unable to stand being apart and eventually reunite and become a couple. Shortly after they share their first kiss, Tachibana helps Glark and Bridget Brownlick kidnap Karin and take her the Brownlick estate. It is revealed that Karin is a "psyche", a blood-giving vampire that can give life to other vampires and heals the sterility currently plaguing all vampires. In doing so, however, vampires have historically been greedy and drain the psyche dry, killing her as a sacrifice. The first psyche, Sophia, reveals herself to Kenta but cannot be seen by anyone else while helping Kenta find Karin.

 

Karin's father Henry, her brother Ren, and Kenta go to rescue Karin. Meanwhile, Tachibana is horrified to learn that not only will Karin be killed, but also raped until she has a child to produce a new psyche to replace her. She apologizes to Karin for disapproving of Kenta's relationship and for hurting Karin, and helps her escape just as Kenta comes in with Ren. While Ren takes care of the vampire, Bridget, holding Karin captive, Henry battles Glark and the Brownlicks, joined belatedly by his mother Elda. Kenta, Karin, and Tachibana escape, but Tachibana leaves them to go ensure her uncle won't be caught in the sun.

 

It is later revealed that Karin shared consciousness with Sophia, who gave Karin her condition and helped Kenta rescue Karin. Karin stopped producing excess blood (and being a vampire altogether) after Sophia moved from Karin to Kenta during her last bite. Karin's family sorrowfully erases all of her memories of them, so that she can live as a normal human with Kenta, while they quietly watch over her. They had prepared to do so for over four years, and the process is successful; they cannot erase Kenta's memories however without him reverting to a 4-year old such that he is left having to keep the secret from Karin, who he marries shortly after. At the end of the series, Karin and Kenta have a daughter named Kanon, who is the reborn Sophia; Karin's sister Anju continues to watch over her sister's happiness.

 

Kenta also appears to work very hard for his family and their daughter apparently has a crush on her father. Something that Kenta's oblivious about and annoys Karin.

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Stuff that happens after the Anime.

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At the end of the series, Anju cries as Karin's memories are erased and asks Kenta to give Karin enough happiness for them all. She is later seen keeping the family's promise to watch over Karin and her child Kanon. Towards the end of the manga, both Anju and Karin are stunned by Bridget's pregnancy and that they'll both be aunts. Although Anju was mostly shocked due to her young age. After Karin's memories are erased, Anju is seen passing her niece, quietly reminding the readers that the family will still be there to watch over them.

 

Months after Karin's abduction has been resolved Ren gets a telephone call from Bridget Brownlick, telling him that she is pregnant and that he is the father. This leaves him and his family with great shock, though he has no intentions of being with Bridget. Eventually, it's revealed she had a boy named Rei. Whether due to how Bridget had almost hurt Karin, the shock of being a father, or he doesn't want the responsibility, Ren is very indifferent to the news and wishes not to discuss it. He also erased the Karin's memories of her family and being a vampire so that she could live a normal life as a human after she no longer produced excess blood.

 

Henry, like his family, was shocked about Bridget's pregnancy and thought that his son would marry her, which Ren quickly told his father to shut up about.

 

Calera, out of all the family members, wasn't entirely flabbergasted to hear of Bridget's pregnancy. Her only comment about having a grandchild was "about time."

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Character Data On Karin's Best Friend And Kenta's Parents

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Maki Tokitou (時任 麻希 Tokito Maki?) has been Karin's best friend and classmate since childhood. When they were young, Maki helped Karin, who was stuck in a drainage ditch, and it was Maki's mother who taught Karin how to cook so well. Karin and Maki remained best friends through high school. She watches Karin and Usui's relationship progress and encourages them when she can. In the anime adaptation, Maki falls in love with Winner Sinclair but is jealous because he pays more attention to Karin, and she later found out from Winner that Karin is a vampire. In the anime television series, Maki Tokitou is voiced by Mikako Takahashi. In the last chapter of vol. 14, 'Airmail', Maki tries to set up Yuuji Kikuchi, whom she has known since childhood, with Fumio Usui (Kenta's mother). That doesn't work, so he suggests going out with her. They have a fractious dating life, which continues into marriage. When last seen, she is a physical education instructor at Shiihaba Middle School, where Kanon goes, has broken up with Yuuji, again, and come over to Karin's and Kenta's house to celebrate Karin's birthday.

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Shusei Iizuka (飯塚 修成 Iizuka Shusei?) is Kenta Usui's father. He and Fumio conceived Kenta while still in high school, enraging Fumio's mother. He was barred from contact with Fumio or Kenta. He and Kenta look very much alike, with the exception of a scar above Shusei's left ear, shown in an omake to have been given to him by Fumio at a young age when she pushed him into a jungle gym. He locates Fumio and Kenta by following a detective charged to find Fumio by her mother, wanting to apologize for the past. He notes that he is dating a woman who is now pregnant, and he does not intend to repeat the mistakes he made with Fumio.

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Fumio Usui (雨水 文緒 Usui Fumio?), Kenta's mother, is generally depressed and has trouble keeping jobs, usually being fired after one of her male co-workers sexually harasses her. It was speculated by Anju that she has overactive pheromones, which is the reason why men are drawn to her. In the first volume, Karin bites Fumio, injecting her blood and leaving Fumio cheery, energetic, and with a great increase in self-confidence. It is later speculated that Karin's blood makes people who they want to be. The sudden change in his mother's behavior, coupled with the strange marks on her neck, make Kenta suspicious about what Karin did to her that night. Fumio is a young mother, having gotten pregnant at the age of sixteen by her high school boyfriend, Shusei Iizuka. Her mother was furious at this, ordering Fumio to get an abortion, but Fumio refuses. During her pregnancy, she is abused by her mother, verbally and physically, and after his birth, her mother ignores Kenta, only speaking to him long enough to yell about him being a disgrace. To protect him from getting hurt any further, Fumio took Kenta and fled to Shiihaba to start a new life. However, when her mother was sick, Fumio returned to take care of her. In the anime, she finally finds a job that works for her and becomes very happy.

 

Wikipedia Quotes

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Characters From The Manga (This is related to stuff that happens after the Anime)

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Sophia Pistis (ソフィア・ピスティス Sofia Pisutisu?) was a goddess who was born inside a vampire and was the psyche known as "the fountain of life". For thousands of years she was reborn within the body of a vampire of the Armash bloodline and forced to have a child to continue that bloodline. Once the next member of her bloodline was born she would be drained of her blood to help the other vampires reproduce. Unfortunately as the vampire she was reborn in could not drain the blood of another, they had a limited lifespan and would eventually die, becoming part of Sophia's life essence in the process and forcing her to be reborn in the body of another member of the bloodline.

 

The kiss between Karin and Kenta, reconciling humans and vampires, broke the curse, or obligation, to be reborn. She was passed over to Kenta when Kenta and Karin kissed and was able to lead Kenta to where the Brownlicks had taken her to because of it. According to James Marker, the vampires had relied on her for the sake of their own survival for centuries, however, after centuries their efforts had become vain, because that god (Sophia) was already "dead". After Karin's rescue, she declared because she was now inside of Kenta she was now free of her curse, but admitted after centuries had forgotten how to return to her home in the heavens. Despite this, she is content, as she is with Kenta, who she loves. Eventually she was reborn as Karin and Kenta's daughter, Kanon Usui, who shares her love for Kenta in a comedic manner which makes Karin somewhat uncomfortable.

 

The name "Pistis Sophia" would later appear as the original name of a character in another one of Kagesaki's manga, Hekikai no Aion. It was revealed on a special that she is the younger sister of the Akuma twins, with one of them (Shizuki) sharing the same name for reasons unknown. They refer to Karin's Sophia as Psyche when they briefly met inside Karin a few months before her rebirth as Kanon.

 

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Bridget Brownlick (ブリジット・ブラウンリック Burijitto Buraunrikku) is a powerful and ambitious vampire, of a powerful and ambitious vampire clan. When Glark offers her the Spring of Psyche, a vampire that produces blood which, if consumed by vampires, will increase fertility, she leaps at the chance. Her family has controlled the Psyche for many generations until James Marker convinced Cecilia Armash, whose family produces the Psyche every thousand years, to allow her daughter Calera to marry into the Marker family. After Karin is rescued, Ren detains Bridget so that Kenta and Karin may get away. Months after Karin's rescue, Bridget calls to let Ren know she is pregnant with his child, the first vampire child conceived since Anju Maaka. It's revealed by Karin, that Bridget gave birth to a son named Rei. Bridget also believes that her intimate time with Ren and her pregnancy means something more, as she had left Gilbert. And stated she wants him to be married to her, so they can raise their child. However, mostly due to shock, Ren is reluctant to see or talk about them.

 

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Yuriya Tachibana (橘 友里耶 Tachibana Yuriya?) is a half-vampire who first appears in the eighth volume of the series. She moves into Karin's town at the behest of her uncle Glark to seek out an unusual vampire. Because she is half-vampire, she can also walk in the sunshine and only has to feed once a month, however she is sterile and will never be able to have children. When Karin befriends her, Yuriya initially lies to her uncle and tries to protect her. She is nearly killed by Elda Marker after she is discovered. She later betrays Karin, reluctantly helping her uncle because her uncle means more to her than Karin does. They capture Karin so that she can be used as the Spring of Psyche. Yuriya, as a half-vampire, was mistrusted by full fledged vampires because it was the half-vampires who had betrayed them in Europe and led the vampire hunting church against them two generations ago.

 

Later, Yuriya expresses remorse for her part in Karin's capture and helps her escape after seeing a vision of her mother, a by-product of coming into contact with Karin's blood months beforehand. After Karin is safe, Yuriya goes to find her uncle to ensure he finds safe shelter as the sun rises. Near the end of the series, Yuriya is living with her uncle again. She returns briefly to Karin's town, but only shows herself to Kenta out of concern that the hovering Markers would kill her if she tried to approach Karin directly. She asks Kenta to pass Karin a new cellphone to replace the one broken during Karin's kidnapping, before saying her goodbyes, noting that she will probably not see either of them again.

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Glark(グラーク Gurāku), when he first enters the story, is an Osaka based criminal, seen punishing two under-criminals for botching an assignment. He believed that conditions are ripe in the vampire community for the rebirth of the psyche. He aimed to identify her and then profit from that knowledge. He sent his niece Yuriya to Shiihaba City to check out the Markers and report any unusual vampires she saw. Since he hadn't given Yuriya a complete briefing or gotten her full buy-in, it took a while for Karin's name to get back to him. He then contacted the highest vampire clan, the Brownlicks, and Bridget Brownlick came to take Karin. He knew that the vampires, in their greed, would drain Karin of her blood to restore their fertility, so he sought to get first in line, as well as taking the forethought to have her forcefully impregnated to ensure the creation of another Psyche. This is thwarted by the Marker family who rescued Karin and prevented anything happening to her. After a fierce battle with Henry Marker, (with assistance from Elda Marker) Glark is left behind to die in the sunlight but is luckily saved from being caught in the sun by Yuriya. Afterward, he contacts Henry to see if they can find a way to use Karin's blood without harming her, but is informed that she is no longer producing excess blood.

  

More Wikipedia Quotes

We were born to be alive We were born to be alive Born, born to be alive (Won't you be alive) You see you were born Born, born (Born to be alive) People ask me why I never find a place to stop And settle down, down, down But I never wanted all those things People need to justify Their lives, lives, lives You see you were Born, born, born to be alive

(Born to be alive) You see you were Born, born, born (Born to be alive) It's good to be alive

To be alive To be alive Time was on my side When I was running down the street

It was so fine, fine, fine A suitcase and an old guitar And something new to occupy

My mind, mind, mind You see you were born, born Born to be alive You see you were born, born, born YOU don't know why no one does this - but for an older mom (over 35) and it works like a charm for me --- put your legs up after sex if you want to get pregnant. Have sex when you ovluate and then instead of getting up and going to the bathroom or whatever, sit with your legs up in the air for a half hour or more. Put your legs straight up against the wall or headboard, chill out, watch TV, read a book. That's telling you, it really helps a lot if you are trying to conceive. Don't worry about the best positions for getting pregnant.Myths abound about the best positions for getting pregnant, but they are just that -- myths. There is really no scientific evidence saying that the missionary position is better than the woman being on top when it comes to maximizing your chances of making a baby."Very rarely, a woman's cervix is in an unusual position where certain positions can make a difference," Goldfarb tells WebMD.Certain gravity-defying positions, such as sitting or standing during intercourse, however, may discourage sperm from traveling upstream. "It's a matter of gravity [and] you don't want all the semen to run out -- and semen are quick little critters," Hillard says. Do lay low right after intercourse.You have probably heard this one -- lie in bed with your feet in the air after having sex to increase your chances of getting pregnant. The verdict? Not (totally) true. "It's good advice to lay in bed for 10 to 15 minutes after intercourse, but you don't need your feet in the air," Goldfarb says. "Your pelvis does not move when you put your legs in the air." Don't go the bathroom during this time either, he says. "If you wait 10 to 15 minutes, the sperm that is going to get into the cervix will be in the cervix.". Don't overdo it.Having sex every day even during ovulation will not necessarily increase your chances of getting pregnant. "In general, every other night around the time of ovulation helps increase your chance of getting pregnant," Goldfarb says. Sperm can live up to 72 hours after intercourse. The best suggestion is to have sex regularly -- when you're ovulating, and when you're not.Speaking of sperm, "wearing tight-fitting clothing can negatively affect sperm count," Piscitelli says. So too can spending time in hot tub or Jacuzzi. Your man's cell phone habits may also also need some work. A study in the journal Fertility and Sterility showed that men who used a hands-free device with a cell phone and kept their phone close to their testicles had poorer sperm quality.He might want to pass on the edamame and other soy foods for a while, too. Men who eat a lot of soy foods may have a lower sperm concentration than men who don't eat soy foods, according to a study published online in Human Reproduction.Do de-stress any way you can. Try not to get stressed out about starting a family. You may roll your eyes if someone says, "Just relax and it will happen," but stress can actually interfere with ovulation. So the more relaxed you are, the better! Whatever helps you de-stress is fine, as long as it's healthy. "There is some evidence that acupuncture can help reduce stress and increase your chances of becoming pregnant," Goldfarb says. And although drinking too much alcohol when trying to get pregnant isn't smart, a glass of wine won't hurt. Does waving your legs in the air help to conceive a child? A surprising amount of couples apparently think waving your legs in the air helps your chances of having a baby. But who's supposed to be doing the waving, asks Dr Phill Hammond Hugh Laurie and Joely Richardson in Maybe Baby (2000) Photo: Film Still By Dr Phil Hammond12:06PM GMT 04 Nov 20131 Comment

There are hundreds of bits of groundbreaking medical research published every day, and although doctors are supposed to remain up to date, I can't possibly keep track of them all. So thank the lord for ITV's Lorraine Kelly. Lorraine is surely the second most trusted person on the planet after Sir David Attenborough. So anything on her show has to be worth sitting up and taking note of. This week, Lorraine has done an exclusive survey. The press release grabbed me immediately ‘STICKING YOUR LEGS IN THE AIR? SURVEY SHOWS COUPLES BELIEVE POSITION DOES AFFECT FERTILITY’. Of course, what people believe and what is actually true are two different things. Our thoughts have a nasty habit of being wrong, which is not surprising since they are just tiny leaps of electricity in the brain. Yet we tend to be tricked into acting on them when we should just let them go. So up go the legs and in we go. Lorraine's survey of nearly 1200 participants has shown that when trying for a baby, one in three believe the position they adopt during sex can affect fertility, with nearly a third of couples sticking their legs in the air to help them conceive. Unfortunately, the survey does not elaborate on who sticks their legs in the air, in what position and at what angle. My guess is that the woman lies on her back with her legs in the air, and keeps them there for a while in the hope that the sperm will trickle down close to the egg. Fertility on one level is remarkably simple. It just requires a sperm, an egg and a chance for them to get together. The fact that it can take 100 million sperm to fertilise just one egg is something of a mystery. It's probably because none of them will stop and ask the way. Lorraine often starts on a light-hearted note, and then moves into the serious stuff. Her survey also found that 30pc of couples surveyed took over a year to conceive. 37pc of the couples said they had sex up to three times a month; 8pc said they hadn't had sex in over three months. I suspect most of them are married.

Related Articles Why the best recipe for marital harmony is a blazing row 06 Nov 2013

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Face up to it: real men get depressed 21 Oct 2013 Prescription drugs: are they doing you more harm than good? 14 Oct 2013 Why do men lie about their health? 07 Oct 2013

Do men with small balls make better fathers? 30 Sep 2013 Balsamic: the condiment that continually compliments Walkers The survey is unclear as to whether all the couples are trying for a baby. If you are, the more sex you have the better. Sometimes couples try to save it all up for the middle of the cycle when ovulation occurs, but research suggests that more frequent sex is more likely to succeed than one big hit. It's important to remember that sex is for fun, not just to make a baby, and you shouldn't be ruled by the time of the month, the thermometer or the stringiness of the cervical mucus. If you've no idea what I'm writing about, keep having sex for fun. Most couples who are trying for a baby and have regular unprotected sex will be successful within a year. The range for every 100 couples trying to conceive naturally and doing it right (i.e. not in the belly button) is: • 20 will conceive within one month • 70 will conceive within six months • 85 will conceive within one year • 90 will conceive within 18 months • 95 will conceive within two years

If you’ve been trying for a year and had no joy, see your GP. If your partner is 36 or older, or you think you might have fertility problems, seek help after 6 months. As for the legs in the air thing, I know of no evidence to say if that works. But if you enjoy it, keep doing it.

Dr Phil Hammond is on tour with "Games to Play with Your Doctor". For dates, see drphilhammond.com

 

Allium sativum, commonly known as garlic, is a species in the onion genus, Allium.

 

Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and rakkyo. With a history of human use of over 7,000 years, garlic is native to central Asia, and has long been a staple in the Mediterranean region, as well as a frequent seasoning in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.

 

DESCRIPTION

Allium sativum is a bulbous plant. It grows up to 1.2 m in height. Its hardiness is USDA Zone 8. It produces hermaphrodite flowers. Pollination occurs by bees and other insects.

 

ORIGIN AND MAJOR TYPES

Allium sativum grows in the wild in areas where it has become naturalized. The "wild garlic", "crow garlic", and "field garlic" of Britain are members of the species Allium ursinum, Allium vineale, and Allium oleraceum, respectively. Identification of the wild progenitor for common garlic is made difficult by the sterility of its many cultivars which may all be descended from the species, Allium longicuspis, growing wild in central and southwestern Asia.

 

In North America, Allium vineale (known as "wild garlic" or "crow garlic") and Allium canadense, known as "meadow garlic" or "wild garlic" and "wild onion", are common weeds in fields. One of the best-known "garlics", the so-called elephant garlic, is actually a wild leek (Allium ampeloprasum), and not a true garlic. Single clove garlic (also called pearl or solo garlic) originated in the Yunnan province of China.

 

EUROPEAN GARLIC

There are a number of garlics with Protected Geographical Status in Europe; these include:

 

- Aglio Rosso di Nubia (Red Garlic of Nubia) from Nubia-Paceco, Provincia di Trapani, Sicily, Italy

- Aglio Bianco Polesano from Veneto, Italy (PDO)

- Aglio di Voghiera from Ferrara, Emilia-Romagna, Italy (PDO)

- Ail blanc de Lomagne from Lomagne in the Gascony area of France (PGI)

- Ail de la Drôme from Drôme in France (PGI)

- Ail rose de Lautrec a rose/pink garlic from Lautrec in France (PGI)

- Ajo Morado de las Pedroñeras a rose/pink garlic from Las Pedroñeras in Spain (PGI)

 

SUBSPECIES AND VARIETIES

There are two subspecies of A. sativum, ten major groups of varieties, and hundreds of varieties or cultivars.

 

A. sativum var. ophioscorodon (Link) Döll, called Ophioscorodon, or hard necked garlic, includes porcelain garlics, rocambole garlic, and purple stripe garlics. It is sometimes considered to be a separate species, Allium ophioscorodon G.Don.

 

A. sativum var. sativum, or soft-necked garlic, includes artichoke garlic, silverskin garlic, and creole garlic.

 

CULTIVATION

Garlic is easy to grow and can be grown year-round in mild climates. While sexual propagation of garlic is indeed possible, nearly all of the garlic in cultivation is propagated asexually, by planting individual cloves in the ground. In cold climates, cloves are planted in the autumn, about six weeks before the soil freezes, and harvested in late spring. The cloves must be planted at sufficient depth to prevent freeze/thaw which causes mold or white rot. Garlic plants are usually very hardy, and are not attacked by many pests or diseases. Garlic plants are said to repel rabbits and moles. Two of the major pathogens that attack garlic are nematodes and white rot disease, which remain in the soil indefinitely after the ground has become infected. Garlic also can suffer from pink root, a typically nonfatal disease that stunts the roots and turns them pink or red.

 

Garlic plants can be grown closely together, leaving enough space for the bulbs to mature, and are easily grown in containers of sufficient depth. Garlic does well in loose, dry, well drained soils in sunny locations, and is hardy throughout USDA climate zones 4–9. When selecting garlic for planting, it is important to pick large bulbs from which to separate cloves. Large cloves, along with proper spacing in the planting bed, will also improve bulb size. Garlic plants prefer to grow in a soil with a high organic material content, but are capable of growing in a wide range of soil conditions and pH levels.

 

There are different varieties or subspecies of garlic, most notably hardneck garlic and softneck garlic. The latitude where the garlic is grown affects the choice of type as garlic can be day-length sensitive. Hardneck garlic is generally grown in cooler climates; softneck garlic is generally grown closer to the equator.

 

Garlic scapes are removed to focus all the garlic's energy into bulb growth. The scapes can be eaten raw or cooked.

 

PRODUCTION TRENDS

Garlic is grown globally, but China is by far the largest producer of garlic, with around 20 million tonnes (44 billion pounds) grown annually, accounting for over 81% of world output. India (4.6%) and South Korea (1.4%) follow, with Egypt (1.2%) on fourth place and the United States (where garlic is grown in every state except for Alaska) in ninth place (0.8%). This leaves 11% of global garlic production in countries that each produce less than 2% of global output. Much of the garlic production in the United States is centered in Gilroy, California, which calls itself the "garlic capital of the world".

 

USES

CULINARY USES

Garlic is widely used around the world for its pungent flavor as a seasoning or condiment.

 

The garlic plant's bulb is the most commonly used part of the plant. With the exception of the single clove types, garlic bulbs are normally divided into numerous fleshy sections called cloves. Garlic cloves are used for consumption (raw or cooked) or for medicinal purposes. They have a characteristic pungent, spicy flavor that mellows and sweetens considerably with cooking.

 

Other parts of the garlic plant are also edible. The leaves and flowers (bulbils) on the head (spathe) are sometimes eaten. They are milder in flavor than the bulbs, and are most often consumed while immature and still tender. Immature garlic is sometimes pulled, rather like a scallion, and sold as "green garlic". When green garlic is allowed to grow past the "scallion" stage, but not permitted to fully mature, it may produce a garlic "round", a bulb like a boiling onion, but not separated into cloves like a mature bulb. It imparts a garlic flavor and aroma in food, minus the spiciness. Green garlic is often chopped and stir-fried or cooked in soup or hotpot in Southeast Asian (i.e. Vietnamese, Thai, Lao, Cambodian, Singaporean) and Chinese cookery, and is very abundant and low-priced. Additionally, the immature flower stalks (scapes) of the hardneck and elephant types are sometimes marketed for uses similar to asparagus in stir-fries.

 

Inedible or rarely eaten parts of the garlic plant include the "skin" covering each clove and root cluster. The papery, protective layers of "skin" over various parts of the plant are generally discarded during preparation for most culinary uses, though in Korea immature whole heads are sometimes prepared with the tender skins intact. The root cluster attached to the basal plate of the bulb is the only part not typically considered palatable in any form.

 

Garlic is a fundamental component in many or most dishes of various regions, including eastern Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Middle East, northern Africa, southern Europe, and parts of South and Central America. The flavor varies in intensity and aroma with the different cooking methods. It is often paired with onion, tomato, or ginger. The parchment-like skin is much like the skin of an onion, and is typically removed before using in raw or cooked form. An alternative is to cut the top off the bulb, coat the cloves by dribbling olive oil (or other oil-based seasoning) over them, and roast them in an oven. Garlic softens and can be extracted from the cloves by squeezing the (root) end of the bulb, or individually by squeezing one end of the clove. In Korea, heads of garlic are heated over the course of several weeks; the resulting product, called black garlic, is sweet and syrupy, and is now being sold in the United States, United Kingdom and Australia.Garlic may be applied to different kinds of bread, usually in a medium of butter or oil, to create a variety of classic dishes, such as garlic bread, garlic toast, bruschetta, crostini and canapé.

 

Oils can be flavored with garlic cloves. These infused oils are used to season all categories of vegetables, meats, breads and pasta. Garlic, along with fish sauce, chopped fresh chilis, lime juice, sugar and water, is a basic essential item in dipping fish sauce, a highly used dipping sauce condiment used in Indochina. In East and Southeast Asia, chili oil with garlic is a popular dipping sauce, especially for meat and seafood. Tuong ot toi Viet Nam (Vietnam Chili Garlic Sauce) is a highly popular condiment and dip across North America and Asia.

 

In some cuisines, the young bulbs are pickled for three to six weeks in a mixture of sugar, salt, and spices. In eastern Europe, the shoots are pickled and eaten as an appetizer. Laba garlic, prepared by soaking garlic in vinegar, is a type of pickled garlic served with dumplings in northern China to celebrate the Chinese New Year.

 

Lightly smoked garlic is becoming increasingly popular in British and European cuisine. It is particularly prized for stuffing poultry and game, and in soups and stews. In both these cases it is important to utilize the undiscarded skin, as much of the smoke flavor is situated there, rather than in the cloves themselves.

 

Immature scapes are tender and edible. They are also known as "garlic spears", "stems", or "tops". Scapes generally have a milder taste than the cloves. They are often used in stir frying or braised like asparagus. Garlic leaves are a popular vegetable in many parts of Asia. The leaves are cut, cleaned, and then stir-fried with eggs, meat, or vegetables.

 

Mixing garlic with egg yolks and olive oil produces aioli. Garlic, oil, and a chunky base produce skordalia. Blending garlic, almond, oil, and soaked bread produces ajoblanco. Tzatziki, yogurt mixed with garlic and salt is a common sauce in Eastern Mediterranean cuisines.

 

Garlic powder has a different taste from fresh garlic. If used as a substitute for fresh garlic, 1/8 teaspoon of garlic powder is equivalent to one clove of garlic.

 

STORAGE

Domestically, garlic is stored warm - above 18 °C - and dry to keep it dormant (lest it sprout). It is traditionally hung; softneck varieties are often braided in strands called plaits or grappes. Peeled cloves may be stored in wine or vinegar in the refrigerator. Commercially, garlic is stored at 0 °C, in a dry, low-humidity environment. Garlic will keep longer if the tops remain attached.

 

Garlic is often kept in oil to produce flavored oil; however, the practice requires measures to be taken to prevent the garlic from spoiling. Untreated garlic kept in oil can support the growth of Clostridium botulinum which causes the deadly botulism illness; refrigeration will not assure the safety of garlic kept in oil. To reduce this risk, the oil should be refrigerated and used within one week. According to wikihow, the garlic immersed in oil should be stored in the freezer and not the fridge. Commercially prepared oils are widely available. Manufacturers add acids or other chemicals to eliminate the risk of botulism in their products. Two outbreaks of botulism related to garlic stored in oil have been reported.

 

Garlic bulbs should be clean and white with a dried neck and outer skin and quite firm under pressure. They should be discarded if they are soft or spongy or show signs of mold.

 

HISTORICAL USE

The use of garlic in China dates back to 2000 BC. It was consumed by ancient Greek and Roman soldiers, sailors, and rural classes (Virgil, Ecologues ii. 11), and, according to Pliny the Elder (Natural History xix. 32), by the African peasantry. Galen eulogized it as the "rustic's theriac" (cure-all) (see F. Adams' Paulus Aegineta, p. 99), and Alexander Neckam, a writer of the 12th century (see Wright's edition of his works, p. 473, 1863), discussed it as a palliative for the heat of the sun in field labor. Garlic was placed by the ancient Greeks on the piles of stones at crossroads, as a supper for Hecate (Theophrastus, Characters, The Superstitious Man). According to Pliny, garlic and onions were invoked as deities by the Egyptians at the taking of oaths.

 

In his Natural History, Pliny gives a list of scenarios in which garlic was considered beneficial (N.H. xx. 23). Dr. T. Sydenham valued it as an application in confluent smallpox, and, says Cullen (Mat. Med. ii. p. 174, 1789), found some dropsies cured by it alone.

 

Garlic was rare in traditional English cuisine (though it is said to have been grown in England before 1548) and has been a much more common ingredient in Mediterranean Europe.[citation needed] Translations of the c. 1300 Assize of Weights and Measures indicate a passage as dealing with standardized units of garlic production, sale, and taxation - the hundred of 15 ropes of 15 heads each - but the Latin version of the text refers to herring rather than garlic.

 

Garlic was used as an antiseptic to prevent gangrene during World Wars I and II.

 

NUTRIENTS

In the typical serving size of 1-3 cloves (3-9 g), garlic provides no significant nutritional value with the content of all essential nutrients below 10% of the Daily Value (DV) (right table). When expressed per 100 grams, garlic contains several nutrients in rich amounts (> 20% DV), including vitamins B6 and C, and the dietary minerals, manganese and phosphorus. Per 100 gram serving, garlic is also a good source (10-19% DV) of certain B vitamins including thiamine (Vitamin B1), and pantothenic acid (Vitamin B5), as well as certain dietary minerals including calcium, iron, and zinc (right table).

 

RESEARCH

CARDIOVASCULAR

A 2013 meta-analysis concluded that garlic preparations may effectively lower total cholesterol by 11–23 mg/dL and LDL cholesterol by 3–15 mg/dL in adults with high cholesterol if taken for longer than two months. The same analysis found that garlic had a marginally positive effect on HDL cholesterol, no significant effect on blood triglyceride levels, and that garlic preparations were generally well tolerated with very few side effects.

 

A 2012 Cochrane review of two randomized controlled trials found that the effect of garlic supplementation on blood pressure is unclear and that there is insufficient evidence to determine if garlic lowers cardiovascular death and disease rates in people with hypertension.

 

As garlic may reduce platelet aggregation, patients taking anticoagulant medication are cautioned about consuming garlic.

 

CANCER

A 2014 meta-analysis of observational epidemiological studies found that garlic consumption is associated with a lower risk of stomach cancer in the Korean population. Similarly, a 2013 meta-analysis of case-control studies and cohort studies found limited evidence suggesting an association between higher garlic consumption and a lower risk of prostate cancer. However, the association was only significant in the case-control studies and the authors noted there was evidence of publication bias.

 

COMMON COLD

One news source reported garlic supplements may prevent the common cold, but there is insufficient clinical research to confirm this effect. A 2014 report in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews concluded that "there is insufficient clinical trial evidence regarding the effects of garlic in preventing or treating the common cold. A single trial suggested that garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold but more studies are needed to validate this finding. Claims of effectiveness appear to rely largely on poor-quality evidence." Another review reached similar conclusions about the lack of high-quality evidence for the idea that garlic prevents or treats the common cold.

 

OTHER USES

The sticky juice within the bulb cloves is used as an adhesive in mending glass and porcelain. An environmentally benign garlic-derived polysulfide product is approved for use in the European Union (under Annex 1 of 91/414) and the UK as a nematicide and insecticide, including for use for control of cabbage root fly and red mite in poultry.

 

Garlic along with cinnamon is used as a fish and meat preservative, and displays antimicrobial property at temperatures as high as 120 degree Celsius; the combination can also be used to preserve fried and deep fried foods, and in the future might be used in an inner layer of plastic.

 

ADVERSE EFFECTS AND TOXICOLOGY

Garlic is known to cause bad breath (halitosis) and body odor, described as a pungent "garlicky" smell to sweat. This is caused by allyl methyl sulfide (AMS). AMS is a volatile liquid which is absorbed into the blood during the metabolism of garlic-derived sulfur compounds; from the blood it travels to the lungs (and from there to the mouth, causing bad breath; see garlic breath) and skin, where it is exuded through skin pores. Washing the skin with soap is only a partial and imperfect solution to the smell. Studies have shown sipping milk at the same time as consuming garlic can significantly neutralize bad breath. Mixing garlic with milk in the mouth before swallowing reduced the odor better than drinking milk afterward. Plain water, mushrooms and basil may also reduce the odor; the mix of fat and water found in milk, however, was the most effective.

 

The green, dry "folds" in the center of the garlic clove are especially pungent. The sulfur compound allicin, produced by crushing or chewing fresh garlic, produces other sulfur compounds: ajoene, allyl polysulfides, and vinyldithiins. Aged garlic lacks allicin, but may have some activity due to the presence of S-allylcysteine.

 

Some people suffer from allergies to garlic and other species of Allium. Symptoms can include irritable bowel, diarrhea, mouth and throat ulcerations, nausea, breathing difficulties, and, in rare cases, anaphylaxis. Garlic-sensitive patients show positive tests to diallyl disulfide, allylpropyldisulfide, allylmercaptan and allicin, all of which are present in garlic. People who suffer from garlic allergies are often sensitive to many other plants, including onions, chives, leeks, shallots, garden lilies, ginger, and bananas.

 

Several reports of serious burns resulting from garlic being applied topically for various purposes, including naturopathic uses and acne treatment, indicate care must be taken for these uses, usually testing a small area of skin using a very low concentration of garlic. On the basis of numerous reports of such burns, including burns to children, topical use of raw garlic, as well as insertion of raw garlic into body cavities, is discouraged. In particular, topical application of raw garlic to young children is not advisable. The side effects of long-term garlic supplementation are largely unknown, and no FDA-approved study has been performed. Possible side effects include gastrointestinal discomfort, sweating, dizziness, allergic reactions, bleeding, and menstrual irregularities.

 

Some breastfeeding mothers have found, after consuming garlic, that their babies can be slow to feed, and have noted a garlic odor coming from them.

 

If higher than recommended doses of garlic are taken with anticoagulant medications, this can lead to a higher risk of bleeding. Garlic may interact with warfarin, antiplatelets, saquinavir, antihypertensives, calcium channel blockers, quinolone family of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, and hypoglycemic drugs, as well as other medications. Alliums might be toxic to cats or dogs.

 

SPIRITUAL AND RELIGIOUS USES

Garlic has been regarded as a force for both good and evil. In Europe, many cultures have used garlic for protection or white magic, perhaps owing to its reputation as a potent preventative medicine. Central European folk beliefs considered garlic a powerful ward against demons, werewolves, and vampires. To ward off vampires, garlic could be worn, hung in windows, or rubbed on chimneys and keyholes.

 

In Iranian countries which celebrate Nowruz (Persian calendar New Year) such as Iran, the Caucasus countries, Afghanistan, and Central Asian countries such as Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, garlic is one of the items in a Seven-Seen table, a traditional New Year's display.

 

In Islam, it is generally recommended not to eat raw garlic prior to going to the mosque, since the odor could distract other Muslims during their prayer. Muhammad himself disliked eating garlic.

 

In both Hinduism and Jainism, garlic is thought to stimulate and warm the body and to increase one's desires. Some devout Hindus generally avoid using garlic and the related onion in the preparation of foods, while less devout followers may only observe this for religious festivities and events. Followers of the Jain religion avoid eating garlic and onion on a daily basis.

 

In some Buddhist traditions, garlic – along with the other five "pungent spices" – is understood to stimulate sexual and aggressive drives to the detriment of meditation practice. In Mahayana Buddhism, monks and nuns are not allowed to consume garlic or other pungent spices such as chili, which are deemed as being "earthly pleasures" and are viewed as promoting aggression due to their spiciness and pungency.

 

PROPERTIES

Fresh or crushed garlic yields the sulfur-containing compounds alliin, ajoene, diallyl polysulfides, vinyldithiins, S-allylcysteine, and enzymes, saponins, flavonoids, and Maillard reaction products, which are not sulfur-containing compounds.

 

The composition of the bulbs is approximately 84.09% water, 13.38% organic matter, and 1.53% inorganic matter, while the leaves are 87.14% water, 11.27% organic matter, and 1.59% inorganic matter.

 

The phytochemicals responsible for the sharp flavor of garlic are produced when the plant's cells are damaged. When a cell is broken by chopping, chewing, or crushing, enzymes stored in cell vacuoles trigger the breakdown of several sulfur-containing compounds stored in the cell fluids (cytosol). The resultant compounds are responsible for the sharp or hot taste and strong smell of garlic. Some of the compounds are unstable and continue to react over time. Among the members of the onion family, garlic has by far the highest concentrations of initial reaction products, making garlic much more potent than onion, shallot, or leeks. Although many humans enjoy the taste of garlic, these compounds are believed to have evolved as a defensive mechanism, deterring animals such as birds, insects, and worms from eating the plant. Because of this, people throughout history have used garlic to keep away insects such as mosquitoes and slugs.

 

A large number of sulfur compounds contribute to the smell and taste of garlic. Allicin has been found to be the compound most responsible for the "hot" sensation of raw garlic. This chemical opens thermo-transient receptor potential channels that are responsible for the burning sense of heat in foods. The process of cooking garlic removes allicin, thus mellowing its spiciness. Allicin, along with its decomposition products diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, are major contributors to the characteristic odor of garlic, with other allicin-derived compounds, such as vinyldithiins and ajoene. Because of its strong odor, garlic is sometimes called the "stinking rose". When eaten in quantity, garlic may be strongly evident in the diner's sweat and garlic breath the following day. This is because garlic's strong-smelling sulfur compounds are metabolized, forming allyl methyl sulfide. Allyl methyl sulfide (AMS) cannot be digested and is passed into the blood. It is carried to the lungs and the skin, where it is excreted. Since digestion takes several hours, and release of AMS several hours more, the effect of eating garlic may be present for a long time.

 

The well-known phenomenon of "garlic breath" is allegedly alleviated by eating fresh parsley. The herb is, therefore, included in many garlic recipes, such as pistou, persillade, and the garlic butter spread used in garlic bread.

 

Because of the AMS in the bloodstream, it is believed by some to act as a mosquito repellent, but no clinically reported evidence suggests it is actually effective.

 

Abundant sulfur compounds in garlic are also responsible for turning garlic green or blue during pickling and cooking. Under these conditions (i.e. acidity, heat) the sulfur-containing compound alliinase react with common amino acids to make pyrroles, clusters of carbon-nitrogen rings. These rings can be linked together into polypyrrole molecules. Ring structures absorb particular wavelengths of light and thus appear colored. The two-pyrrole molecule looks red, the three-pyrrole molecule looks blue and the four-pyrrole molecule looks green (like chlorophyll, a tetrapyrrole). Like chlorophyll, the pyrrole pigments are safe to eat.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

 

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by Brian Aldiss.

 

Back cover blurb: END OF A WORLD. It started in the 1980s, the decade atomic testing in space got out of hand. Slowly the truth dawns: Man has induced sterility in his own kind. Civilisation, childless, crumbles inexorably.

 

Cover art by Tim White. Panther Books/Granada Publishing, London, 1984 reprint.

 

PS You can hear Brian at the end of this edition of Front Row until 12:00AM Thu, 1 Jan 2099, so hurry! www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b02qr6wj/Front_Row_Kim_Catt...

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

    

According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

———————————————————————————————————————————————— ————

 

References References are made to web resources, and related images are from web resources and related websites.

Who official website UN .org www.gavi.org/ispe.org

 

Wikipedia, "The Lancet", "English Journal of Medicine", "Nature", "Science", "Journal of the American Medical Association", etc.

 

Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research!

T Bobrowski, CC Melo-Filho, D Korn, VM Alves...-Drug discovery today, 2020-

 

go.drugbank.com/

A critical overview of computational approaches employed for COVID-19 drug discovery

EN Muratov, R Amaro, CH Andrade, N Brown...-Chemical Society..., 2021-pubs.rsc.org

 

Global Research Performance on COVID 19 in Dimensions Database

J Balasubramani, M Anbalagan-2021-researchgate.net

Adoption of a contact tracing app for containing COVID-19: a health belief model approach

M Walrave, C Waeterloos...- JMIR public health and..., 2020-publichealth.jmir.org

 

Prophylactic Treatment Protocol Against the Severity of COVID-19 Using Melatonin

N Charaa, M Chahed, H Ghedira...-Available at SSRN..., 2020-papers.ssrn.com

 

　Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, The Lancet

  

　Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany, New England Journal of Medicine

The actions of respiratory therapists facing COVID-19

Zhu Jiacheng-Respiratory Therapy, 2021-pesquisa.bvsalud.org

  

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, The Lancet

 

　Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA, February 7

 

Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China, JAMA

 

Delta variant triggers new phase in the pandemic | Science

science.sciencemag.org›

COVID vaccines slash viral spread – but Delta is an unknown

www.nature.com ›articles

Novel coronavirus pneumonia during ophthalmic surgery management strategy and recommendations

YH HUANG, SS LI, X YAO, YR YANG, DH QIN…-jnewmed.com

 

Delta variant: What is happening with transmission, hospital ...

www.bmj.com

Risk of long QT syndrome in novel coronavirus COVID-19

VN Oslopov, JV Oslopova, EV Hazova…-Kazan medical…, 2020-kazanmedjournal.ru

 

Study compares mRNA and adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ...

www.news-medical.net

First molecular-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the field-collected houseflies

A Soltani, M Jamalidoust, A Hosseinpour, M Vahedi...-Scientific Reports, 2021-nature.com

 

Covid 19 DELTA Variant Archives-Online essay writing service

sourceessay.com ›tag› covid-19-delta-variant

 

SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant Likely to become dominant in the ...

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

*********************************************************************

 

Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Derek Jarman's cottage on the beach at Dungeness, Kent England.

 

Derek Jarman (1942-1994) was an English film director who made a famous garden on the shingle shore near Dungeness nuclear power station. Jarman believed that the Pilot Inn, nearby, provides “Simply the finest fish and chips in all England". The garden design style is postmodern and highly context-sensitive - a complete rejection of modernist design theory. He disliked the sterility of modernism; he despised its lack of interest in poetry, allusion and stories; he deplored the techno-cruelty exemplified in Dr. D. G. Hessayon's 'How to be an expert' series of garden books. Jarman's small circles of flint reminded him of standing stones and dolmens. He remarked that 'Paradise haunts gardens, and some gardens are paradises. Mine is one of them. Others are like bad children, spoilt by their parents, over-watered and covered with noxious chemicals.'

Volunteer review Joshua Manning in Honduras La Ceiba PreMed Program at local hospital

 

1.-How was the local ABV Coordinator and the support provided in-country?

Our ABV coordinator, was a trooper. He dealt with our constant nonsense, our heartless mangling of his language, and our odd hours with no complaints. Without him our efforts would have collapsed into a haphazard mess. John Nurse, our contact at the clinic and hospital, was a stronger character. The nurses and doctors almost universally enjoy helping us gringos, and the ABV office keeps a presence with occasional emails. I always felt as if there was a safety net.

 

2- What was the most surprising thing you experienced?

At the program: Don’t expect the same standard of sterility and urgency which is commonplace in the States. As frustrating as it will likely become, the laid back central american nature encapsulated by the word ‘siesta’ permeates into even the emergency rooms. At the same time, their ‘sterile field’ is usually nothing more than the paper they took their gloves out of.

 

At the accommodation: I did not stay with the coordinator, and I was surprised to find that my host family was changing their daily lives to accommodate our program schedule, to an extent. Señora Argentina was wonderful, and the food at the house was great. Bear in mind that if you live with a different family, they need to be kept in the loop. Don’t stroll up at 9pm for dinner when they eat at 5:30 unless you told them beforehand, follow the local time for meals.

 

About the country: La Ceiba doesn’t reflect the reputation Honduras has garnered in recent years. Expect relative poverty, expect a language barrier if your Spanish is no bueno, but don’t expect to fear for your life. Don’t be too stupid, don’t wander the streets at midnight, don’t challenge people on the streets, and you’ll be A-OK.

 

3- What was most difficult to experience?

At the program: Pain is a constant presence in Honduran medicine. I understand that it exists everywhere, and sometimes medicine requires it. However, I feel for our patients here. It broke my heart nearly every morning to see an old woman cry in the clinic while simply having an ulcer on her foot cleaned. It’s necessary here, but was almost alien to me.

 

At the accommodation: Our showers are cold, and my water shut off at 10. It’s a petty complaint, don’t let it deter you. The trip is well worth it.

 

The country: Honduras is beautiful, often in a mind-bending sort of way. The most difficult, and fun, experience here was navigating the city while still coming to terms with Spanish.

 

4- Any tips for future volunteers…

Clothing: Definitely a must. There are options for washing clothes, but they will cost you money, so prepare for a small expense, something in the realm of $5-10. Pack for a week, wash your clothes on the weekends. Also, watching surgeries requires changing into a clean pair of scrubs, so always have one with you. At least 10 or a week.

 

Donations: Everything on the emailed list is important. They need medicine like ibuprofen, desperately need antibiotic creams and medicines, and treat medical tools and supplies like gold. For things like sterile gloves, BP cuffs, Pulse Oxes, and tape, I would suggest keeping it in case you need it and donating it at the end. Also, anything you leave out or set on a table and lose sight of will likely become a donation as well.

 

Weather: It’s so hot here. The only time I don’t feel like I am or might start sweating is when I’m in the shower. Don’t worry about it though, it builds character.

 

4.1-Other things volunteers should know:

a.- If you speak high school Spanish, and you’re comfortable looking like a bit of an idiot sometimes, just go for it. If you don’t speak any, be clear on wanting the translator, else you’ll be relying on your new volunteer friends a lot if they know spanish.

 

b.- Decide beforehand what you’ll be comfortable doing. The possibilities are nearly limitless. You won’t be performing an appendectomy, but you’ll be able to learn procedures here that would be more off-limits back home. Also, definitely have sterile gloves, along with normal gloves, if you can find them.

 

c.- Figure out spending money beforehand as well. The exchange rate is L22 lempiras to a dollar, taxi rides to the volunteer sites are L25 limps, you’ll be taking between two and four on a normal day, if the coordinator can he will give transportation (its not included) so be flexible, and weekend excursions could be as little as US$50 or as much as US$250, depending on what you want to do and spend.

 

d.- Be vocal. Learn the word for ‘can’ (poder) and ‘try’ (tratar), and use them. ‘I want to learn’ (Quiero aprender) is a great sentence to have and use. If you ask, they’ll usually let you, and if you don’t know how, they almost invariably will show you.

 

5- Personal Paragraph (ABV Program Testimonial), don’t leave blank:

A Broader View offers an extremely fascinating and largely unique opportunity with this type of trip. I figured out early on that as a pre-med student, my donations were invaluable, and my help was tolerated, though tolerated happily as near as I could tell. In the clinic, we took blood pressure, cleaned wounds, and removed stitches. At the hospital, we were able to watch some surgeries and live births. In the emergency room, we set casts, helped with suturing, and witnessed real life for a group of impoverished people. Sometimes, tragically, people didn’t make it. This trip was real, and most certainly not a vacation. On top of everything else, one of the most valuable things I gained was perspective.

 

6- How would you describe your accommodation, meals and security:

The accommodations were better than I honestly expected, despite the lack of AC. My fan was usually perfectly fine. I never really felt unsafe, and didn’t take any undue risks. The meals were mostly tremendous, with a couple of exceptions involving white bread, beans and rice. I was never hungry, frequently tired, and always hot. I’m also strongly considering coming back.

 

7- What was your favorite memory of this trip?

Program: Picking out a single memory is difficult. My first really good memory with the program helping with casts in my first couple of days. I got along well with the doctor, I could understand a lot of what he told me, we got a good picture with the girl, and she asked us to sign her cast. The medical interns here are used to crazy volunteers making a near-spectacle in the ER, and it’s cool so long as there isn’t an emergency at the time.

 

Country: I only had one weekend excursion, and it was amazing. Utila is a beautiful island similar to Roatan, but infinitely cheaper. I went with some new friends I met here, we visited bars and the beach, went shopping, and played cards incessantly. I wish I could’ve had more weekends like it, but I’m thankful for the one I had.

 

8.- How was the ABV USA support prior traveling?

Communication (Phone/emails/Online chat): While I was setting up my trip here, I relied heavily on phone calls to the office with random questions. Their hours are somewhat short, and you may not always have someone pick up on the first ring, but they always get back. Email communication is more frequent and consistent. Read the emails thoroughly, there could always be important information in them. They also sent me a ‘Happy Birthday’ email, which was pretty nice.

 

Website Information: From what I recall, the website info is generally correct, but almost slightly misleading. A lot of things done here are free form. If you pay for classes, but would rather go to the hospital one afternoon, you certainly can. Just make sure your teacher finds out. If you don’t want to go to the clinic that morning, or you want to work a night shift in the ER, it can usually be worked out. Be ready and willing to change tracks quickly.

 

9 – Are you willing to speak to other potential ABV volunteers?

Sure, we can be pen pals. Emails would probably be your best bet. I’m more than happy to answer questions.

 

10 – Can you tell us how did you find or know about A Broader View?

A group of my friends found the trip, we planned it together, and then they decided to go later. As a result, I’m here by myself, and I couldn’t be happier with the way things worked out. However you found this trip, don’t be afraid to leave your comfort zone.

 

www.abroaderview.org

#volunteerabroad #honduras #laceiba #premed #abroaderview

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.

 

Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.

 

Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong, the legendary emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture. Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China. Previously, archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China. From East Asia, rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia. Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia, and to the Americas through European colonization.

 

There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. In some areas such as the Far East or Spain, there is a preference for softer and stickier varieties.

 

Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.

 

Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.

 

The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.

 

The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.

 

ETYMOLOGY

First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, German Reis, Lithuanian ryžiai, Serbo-Croatian riža, Polish ryż, Dutch rijst, Hungarian rizs, Romanian orez).

 

The origin of the Greek word is unclear. It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi), or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are ultimately traced back to Indo-Aryan (as in Sanskrit vrīhí-) and subsequently to Dravidian by Witzel and others.

 

COOKING

The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.

 

Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness.

 

PREPARATION

Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste.

 

Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours.

 

Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice.

 

PROCESSING

Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India and Pakistan.

 

DISHES

In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant. Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.

 

NUTRITION AND HEALTH

NUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF RICE

Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%.

 

A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties of rice – each prevalent in different parts of the world. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

 

An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.

 

Highly colored rice strains, such as black (purple) rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.

 

Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits. Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, which the study suggests may be due in part to a lack of antioxidants found in red and black varieties of rice.

 

ARSENIC CONCERNS

Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen. There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit. China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.

 

White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils. Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.

 

BACILLUS CEREUS

Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C. When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production. One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.

 

RICE-GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability. Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding.

 

- Lowland, rainfed, which is drought prone, favors medium depth; waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone

- Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry season

- Deep water or floating rice

- Coastal Wetland

- Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice, well known for its drought tolerance

 

HISTORY OF DOMESTICATION AND CULTIVATION

There have been plenty of debates on the origins of the domesticated rice. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. A 2012 study published in Nature, through a map of rice genome variation, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence. From East Asia, rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia. Before this research, the commonly accepted view, based on archaeological evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated. Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China. In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.

 

In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice. Their 15,000-year-old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests. In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.

 

Rice spread to the Middle East where, according to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD).

 

PRODUCTION

The world dedicated 162.3 million hectares in 2012 for rice cultivation and the total production was about 738.1 million tonnes. The average world farm yield for rice was 4.5 tonnes per hectare, in 2012.

 

Rice farms in Egypt were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Second place: Australia – 8.9 tonnes per hectare. Third place: USA – 8.3 tonnes per hectare.

Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.

 

World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.

 

Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%. Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year. However, other writers have warned against dramatic assessments of post-harvest food losses, arguing that "worst-case scenarios" tend to be used rather than realistic averages and that in many cases the cost of avoiding losses exceeds the value of the food saved.

 

The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.

 

Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing.

 

In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.

 

Despite the hypothetical health risks of talc (such as stomach cancer), talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some, and is no longer widely used in others (such as the United States). Even where talc is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains.

 

Rice bran, called nuka in Japan, is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan.

 

Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).

 

Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter (known as fried rice), or beaten in a tub to make mochi.

 

Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.

 

Rice, like other cereal grains, can be puffed (or popped). This process takes advantage of the grains' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low-pressure chamber. The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation, resulting in a puffy texture. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases to less than one-tenth that when puffed.

 

HARVESTING, DRYING AND MILLING

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labor groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.

 

A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of molds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.

 

DISTRIBUTION

Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia, the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement. While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries, agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia, the NFA in the Philippines, VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people. BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam.

 

TRADE

World trade figures are very different from those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.

 

Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002. However, this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By 2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in its exports on year-to-year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position. Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports.

 

The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice, while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. China, an exporter of rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer, surpassing Nigeria, in 2013. According to a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India (9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 million tonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 million tonnes).

 

Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. In common with other West African countries, Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production. However, its very heavy import duties (110%) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries. Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally.

World's most productive rice farms and farmers

 

The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010.

 

Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare.

 

Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields, within the last 10 years, in many countries. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven-hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.

 

PRICE

In late 2007 to May 2008, the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries (particularly Australia), increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production. Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers, government rice export bans (in particular, by Vietnam and India) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board, the National Food Authority. This caused significant rises in rice prices. In late April 2008, prices hit 24 US cents a pound, twice the price of seven months earlier. Over the period of 2007 to 2013, the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice, rising to US$500 per metric ton by 2013. The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low US$350 per metric ton.[88]

 

On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.

 

WORLDWIDE CONSUMPTION

As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (354,603 of milled equivalent), while the far largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (29.4% of the world consumption) and India consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (23.3% of the world consumption). Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of rice increased by 40%.

 

Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production.

 

U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production. Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 11% of the anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains. Rice production uses almost a third of Earth’s fresh water.

 

Long-term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil. Methane production from rice cultivation contributes ~1.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

 

A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred. The yield growth rate had fallen 10–20% at some locations. The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear, but might involve increased respiration during warm nights, which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize.

 

RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

Rice requires high temperature above 20 °C but not more than 35 to 40 °C. Optimum temperature is around 30 °C (Tmax) and 20 °C (Tmin).

 

SOLAR RADIATION

The amount of solar radiation received during 45 days after harvest determines final crop output.

 

ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR

High water vapor content (in humid tropics) subjects unusual stress which favors the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases.

 

WIND

Light wind transports CO2 to the leaf canopy but strong wind cause severe damage and may lead to sterility (due to pollen dehydration, spikelet sterility, and abortive endosperms).

 

PESTS AND DISEASES

Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds). Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including climatic factors, improper irrigation, the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.

 

INSECTS

Major rice insect pests include: the brown planthopper (BPH), several spp. of stemborers – including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo, the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus Leptocorisa, the rice leafroller, rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper.

 

DISEASES

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. Other major rice diseases include: sheath blight, rice ragged stunt (vector: BPH), and tungro (vector: Nephotettix spp). There is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.

 

NEMATODES

Several nematode species infect rice crops, causing diseases such as Ufra (Ditylenchus dipsaci), White tip disease (Aphelenchoide bessei), and root knot disease (Meloidogyne graminicola). Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp. are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world. Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop. Beyond being obligate parasites, they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants' susceptibility to other pests and diseases.

 

OTHER PESTS

These include the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, panicle rice mite, rats, and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.

 

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened. Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social. At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.

 

Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests. Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.

 

Botanicals, so-called "natural pesticides", are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests. Botanicals include extracts of leaves, or a mulch of the leaves themselves. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (Chromolaena odorata) over the surface of fields after planting. This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations.

 

Among rice cultivars, there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage. Many rice varieties have been selected for resistance to insect pests. Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Nonpreference (or antixenosis) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.

 

Over time, the use of pest-resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.

 

PARASITIC WEEDS

Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica, which is of local importance for this crop.

 

ECOTYPES AND CULTIVARS

While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture, smell, and firmness. There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous. The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.

 

BIOTECHNOLOGY

HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES

The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first "Rice Car", IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines' Los Baños site. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen."

 

Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway, including GAI1 (Gibberellin Insensitive) and SLR1 (Slender Rice). Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield two to three times.

 

FUTURE POTENTIAL

As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New Rices for Africa" (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture, are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology "from Africa, for Africa". The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times (October 10, 2007) and International Herald Tribune (October 9, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence. Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security.

Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions, season of planting, and season of harvest, called ecotypes. Some major groups are the Japan-type (grown in Japan), "buly" and "tjereh" types (Indonesia); "aman" (main winter crop), "aus" ("aush", summer), and "boro" (spring) (Bengal and Assam). Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called "floating rice".

The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank. Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai Jasmine rice is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as some long-grain rice contains less amylopectin than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants often serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short-grain rice is common as well. Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make zongzi. The Japanese table rice is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese sake rice is another kind as well.

 

Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic Basmati (ਬਾਸਮਤੀ) (grown in the North), long and medium-grained Patna rice, and in South India (Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) short-grained Sona Masuri (also called as Bangaru theegalu). In the state of Tamil Nadu, the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River. Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra, a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.

 

Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also red and black cultivars.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Portmeirion is a tourist village in Gwynedd, North Wales. It was designed and built by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis between 1925 and 1975 in the style of an Italian village, and is now owned by a charitable trust.

 

The village is located in the community of Penrhyndeudraeth, on the estuary of the River Dwyryd, 2 miles (3.2 km) south east of Porthmadog, and 1 mile (1.6 km) from Minffordd railway station.

 

Portmeirion has served as the location for numerous films and television shows, and was "The Village" in the 1960s television show The Prisoner.

 

Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, Portmeirion's designer, denied repeated claims that the design was based on the fishing village of Portofino on the Italian Riviera. He stated only that he wanted to pay tribute to the atmosphere of the Mediterranean. He did, however, draw from a love of the Italian village stating, "How should I not have fallen for Portofino? Indeed its image remained with me as an almost perfect example of the man-made adornment and use of an exquisite site." Williams-Ellis designed and constructed the village between 1925 and 1975. He incorporated fragments of demolished buildings, including works by a number of other architects. Portmeirion's architectural bricolage and deliberately fanciful nostalgia have been noted as an influence on the development of postmodernism in architecture in the late 20th century.

 

The main building of the hotel and the cottages "White Horses", "Mermaid", and "The Salutation" had been a private estate called Aber Iâ (Welsh: Ice estuary), developed in the 1850s on the site of a late 18th-century foundry and boatyard. Williams-Ellis changed the name (which he had interpreted as "frozen mouth") to Portmeirion: "Port-" from its place on the coast; "-meirion" from the county of Merioneth (Meirionydd) in which it was sited.[2] The very minor remains of a mediaeval castle (known variously as Castell Deudraeth, Castell Gwain Goch and Castell Aber Iâ) are in the woods just outside the village, recorded by Gerald of Wales in 1188.

 

In 1931 Williams-Ellis bought from his uncle, Sir Osmond Williams, Bt, the Victorian crenellated mansion Castell Deudraeth with the intention of incorporating it into the Portmeirion hotel complex, but the intervention of the war and other problems prevented this. Williams-Ellis had always considered the Castell to be “the largest and most imposing single building on the Portmeirion Estate" and sought ways to incorporate it. Eventually, with support from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the European Regional Development Fund as well as the Wales Tourist Board, his original aims were achieved and Castell Deudraeth was opened as an 11 bedroom hotel and restaurant on 20 August 2001 by Welsh opera singer Bryn Terfel.

 

The grounds contain an important collection of rhododendrons and other exotic plants in a wild-garden setting, which was begun before Williams-Ellis's time by the previous owner George Henry Caton Haigh and has continued to be developed since Williams-Ellis's death.

 

Portmeirion is now owned by a charitable trust, and has always been run as a hotel, which uses the majority of the buildings as hotel rooms or self-catering cottages, together with shops, a cafe, tea-room, and restaurant. Portmeirion is today a top tourist attraction in North Wales and day visits can be made on payment of an admission charge.

 

Sir Clough Williams-Ellis, Portmeirion's designer, denied repeated claims that the design was based on the fishing village of Portofino on the Italian Riviera. He stated only that he wanted to pay tribute to the atmosphere of the Mediterranean. He did, however, draw from a love of the Italian village stating, "How should I not have fallen for Portofino? Indeed its image remained with me as an almost perfect example of the man-made adornment and use of an exquisite site."Williams-Ellis designed and constructed the village between 1925 and 1975. He incorporated fragments of demolished buildings, including works by a number of other architects. Portmeirion's architectural bricolage and deliberately fanciful nostalgia have been noted as an influence on the development of postmodernism in architecture in the late 20th century.

 

The main building of the hotel and the cottages "White Horses", "Mermaid", and "The Salutation" had been a private estate called Aber Iâ (Welsh: Ice estuary), developed in the 1850s on the site of a late 18th-century foundry and boatyard. Williams-Ellis changed the name (which he had interpreted as "frozen mouth") to Portmeirion: "Port-" from its place on the coast; "-meirion" from the county of Merioneth (Meirionydd) in which it was sited. The very minor remains of a mediaeval castle (known variously as Castell Deudraeth, Castell Gwain Goch and Castell Aber Iâ) are in the woods just outside the village, recorded by Gerald of Wales in 1188.

 

In 1931 Williams-Ellis bought from his uncle, Sir Osmond Williams, Bt, the Victorian crenellated mansion Castell Deudraeth with the intention of incorporating it into the Portmeirion hotel complex, but the intervention of the war and other problems prevented this. Williams-Ellis had always considered the Castell to be “the largest and most imposing single building on the Portmeirion Estate" and sought ways to incorporate it. Eventually, with support from the Heritage Lottery Fund and the European Regional Development Fund as well as the Wales Tourist Board, his original aims were achieved and Castell Deudraeth was opened as an 11 bedroom hotel and restaurant on 20 August 2001 by Welsh opera singer Bryn Terfel.

 

The grounds contain an important collection of rhododendrons and other exotic plants in a wild-garden setting, which was begun before Williams-Ellis's time by the previous owner George Henry Caton Haigh and has continued to be developed since Williams-Ellis's death.

 

Portmeirion is now owned by a charitable trust, and has always been run as a hotel, which uses the majority of the buildings as hotel rooms or self-catering cottages, together with shops, a cafe, tea-room, and restaurant. Portmeirion is today a top tourist attraction in North Wales and day visits can be made on payment of an admission charge.

  

Architecture critic Lewis Mumford devoted a large part of a chapter of his 1964 book The Highway and the City to Portmeiron, which he called

 

an artful and playful little modern village, designed as a whole and all of a piece ... a fantastic collection of architectural relics and impish modern fantasies. ... As an architect, [Williams-Ellis] is equally at home in the ancient, traditional world of the stark Welsh countryside and the once brave new world of "modern architecture." But he realized earlier than most of his architectural contemporaries how constricted and desiccated modern forms can become when the architect pays more attention to the mechanical formula or the exploitation of some newly fabricated material than to the visible human results. In a sense, Portmeiron is a gay, deliberately irresponsible reaction against the dull sterilities of so much that passes as modern architecture today. ... [I]t is prompted by [the] impulse ... to reclaim for architecture the freedom of invention — and the possibility of pleasurable fantasy — it had too abjectly surrendered to the cult of the machine.

 

Mumford referred to the architecture as both romantic and picturesque in Baroque form, "with tongue in cheek." He described the total effect as "relaxing and often enchanting" with "playful absurdities" that are "delicate and human in touch", making the village a "happy relief" from the "rigid irrationalities and the calculated follies" of the modern world.

  

The village of Portmeirion has been a source of inspiration for writers and television producers. For example, Noël Coward wrote Blithe Spirit while staying in the Fountain 2 (Upper Fountain) suite at Portmeirion. In 1956 the village was visited by architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and other famous visitors have included Gregory Peck, Ingrid Bergman and Paul McCartney. Musician Jools Holland visited whilst filming for the TV music show The Tube, and was so impressed that he has had his studio and other buildings at his home in Blackheath built to a design heavily inspired by Portmeirion.

 

Television series and films have shot exterior scenes at Portmeirion, often depicting the village as an exotic European location. Examples of this include the 1960 Danger Man episode "View from the Villa" starring Patrick McGoohan, the 1976 four-episode Doctor Who story titled "The Masque of Mandragora" set in Renaissance Italy,and an episode of Citizen Smith in which the eponymous hero visits Rimini. In 2002 some scenes were filmed there for the final episode (at the time) of the TV series Cold Feet. The town of Wiggyville in the Cbeebies series Gigglebiz is shot in Portmeirion as well.

 

Siouxsie and the Banshees used Portmeirion as a setting in their 1987 music video for "the Passenger".

Portmeirion was the setting of the inaugural Festival N°6, which took place in September 2012 and featured headline acts Spiritualized, Primal Scream and New Order. Since then, this festival is celebrated each year in September at Portmeirion.

The 80s Scottish band Altered Images used Portmeirion in their video "See Those Eyes".

  

In 1966–1967, Patrick McGoohan returned to Portmeirion to film exteriors for The Prisoner, a surreal spy drama in which Portmeirion played a starring role as "The Village", in which McGoohan's retired intelligence agent, known only as "Number 6", was incarcerated and interrogated, albeit in pleasant surroundings. At Williams-Ellis' request, Portmeirion was not identified on screen as the filming location until the credits of the final episode of the series, and indeed, Williams-Ellis stated that the levy of an entrance fee was a deliberate ploy to prevent the village from being spoilt by overcrowding. The show, broadcast on ITV in the UK during the Autumn of 1967 and CBS in the United States in the Summer of 1968, became a cult classic, and fans continue to visit Portmeirion, which hosts annual Prisoner fan conventions. The building that was used as the lead character's home in the series currently operates as a Prisoner-themed souvenir shop. Many of the locations used in The Prisoner are virtually unchanged after more than 40 years.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Yoga and home remedy will enriches your sexual life.

Every marriage after living together for more then 5 years goes through dry spells, no matter how steamy they were at the beginning. In India up to 70% couples especially in metropolitan city have to actually struggle to keep the passion alive in their relationship. Marriage is all together such as different ball game from living relationship dating and friendship. Due to busy schedules, work pressure, monotony, children and old aged these are the factors that can ad do wreak havoc on your sex life.

If I have to speak bluntly then sex is the glue that holds a relationship together. Because when there is gap in sexual desire, it becomes a problem because sex and passion drop out of a marriage. Because caring for each other gets pushed on to the back burner.

Yoga, apart from working wonders for your mind and soul, also enriches your sex life yoga helps you become aware of your sexual core proper breathing is essential for sexual arousal. Asanas, mudras, pranayamas, and meditation are the new way to better sexuality. As more and more people are discovering that practicing yoga leads to better sex life whether you practice yoga or sex for both you need some practice and training. The yoga system of treatment requires Proper diet and daily practice of yoga.

Good sex makes our skin glow, firms up our abs, beats the blues and above all as a great stress buster.

VAJROLI MUDRA: Sit in any comfortable meditative posture with eyes closed head and spine straight. Now inhales hold the breath in and try to draw the urethra upward. This action is similar to holding back on urge to urinate. Hold the contraction for as long as your feel comfortable. Then exhale while releasing the contraction. Do this Vajroli mudra minimum 10 to 15 rounds.

BENEFITS: This mudra regulates and tones the entire uro-genital system, Vajroli mudra balances testosterone levels and sperm count and gives control over premature ejaculation. Problems like prostates hypertrophy are prevented.

SHAVASANA: Lie down on the floor on your back, keep the legs straight on the floor with feet apart by about your shoulder width. Keep the arms straight by your sides with hands placed about six inches away from the body. The head ad spine should be in a straight line. Close your eyes gently. Make the whole body loose and stop all physical movement, mentally watch your breathing and allow it to become rhythmic and relaxed.

BENEFITS: This asana leads to remove physical and mental fatigue. The breathing becomes more regulated and controlled naturally. This asana improves optimum capacity of lungs and intake of oxygen. Relaxation helps to open up blocked arteries and thus helps to improve cardiac functions.

VATAYANASANA METHOD: Stand with feet together bends the right knee and place the foot on the left thigh in the half padamasan position. Then place the hand in Namaskar position. Maintain the balance and hold the position for a short duration. Release the right leg repeat the practice with the opposite leg, breathing normal. Do it two times on each side. BENEFITS: This asana develops the ability to retain seminal fluid and regulates the reproductive system and prevent early ejaculation. It also strengthens the leg muscle and knee joints. CAUTION: Try to do it slowly after some practice one can do it. This asana require more coordination then muscular strength.

ASWANI MUDRA: Stand in comfortable position closes eyes and breathing normal. Take your attention to the anus area. Contract the anal muscles for a few seconds without feeling any strain. Then relax for a few seconds. Repeat the contraction and relax the anal muscles. Make the contractions more rapid. BENEFITS: It is very helpful to prevents early ejaculation. The inflammation of prostate gland is also cured by this mudra. It helps to alleviate piles, constipation and prevents the escape of pranic energy from the body.

Home Remedy .

Consuming garlic is one of the best ways to treat sexual impotence. Chew two to three cloves of raw garlic, on a daily basis. In fact, you should include garlic in your regular diet.

 

Onion is another very good vegetable to treat sexual impotence. It increases libido and strengthens reproducing organs. White onions are best for this purpose.

Finely chop about 150 grams of carrots. Consume this, along with a half-boiled egg, dipped in a tablespoon of honey, once everyday. This will help increase sexual stamina.

Take about 5-10 gm root powder of Ladyfinger in a glass of milk. Add 2 tsp of mishri in this milk and drink it. This will prove helpful in improving sexual vigor.

Put 15 gm dried roots of asparagus in a glass of milk. Have this milk two times in a day. It will be useful in treating both sexual impotency and premature ejaculation.

In 250ml of boiled milk, add 15 grams drumstick flowers. Prepare a soup from this decoction. Another effective way to use drumsticks would be to boil 120 gm of the powder of the dry bark in half a liter of water, for about half an hour. Yet another effective way would be to have 30 grams of this powder with a tablespoon of honey. Have this paste 3 times in a day.

Ginger juice is beneficial in treating sexual impotence. Mix ½ tsp ginger juice with half boiled egg and honey. Have this mixture once every night. It is beneficial in curing impotency, premature ejaculation..

Dry fruits are effective in curing sexual impotency. Pound and mix equal quantities of dates, almonds, pistachios and quince seeds. 100 grams of this mixture, consumed on a daily basis, is said to increase sexual power.

Wash 30 grams of black raisins in lukewarm water. Eat them with a glass of warm milk, daily. Increase the quantity by 50 grams after some time.

Mix jambul fruit (Indian herb) with milk and add a little honey to it. Consume this mixture to treat impotence.

Some of the items that help normalize hormonal imbalance and boost sexual craving are chickweed, ginseng, plantain and safflower. Include them in your diet.

For female sterility, dry the roots of banyan tree and powder them into fine particles. Take about 20 gm of this powder with milk, in a ratio of 1:5. Have this for 3 consecutive nights after the menstrual cycle.

Powder winter cherry herb. Consume 6 grams of this powder, with a cup of milk, for 5 to 6 days after menstruation.Including lots of seeds, fruits, nuts, grains, fresh green vegetables and fresh fruits in the diet is helpful in treating sexual impotence. To know more log on www.yogagurusuneelsingh.com

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Nightfall / Wet Dreams / Swapandosha is one very common faced by males at teenage. Generally patient gets dream and in between dreams erection and ejaculation occurs.

 

But at later stages, ejaculation occurs without any dream. The process continues and patient becomes weaker and weaker. Burning in urine and frequent urination are most common problems faced by individual. This should be controlled in time.

 

There are many herbal and natural remedies for permanent solution of night emissions. Nightfall is a problem of reproductive system in which semen is discharged during sleep in night. Hence the name is nightfall.

 

But in severe cases the discharge happen even at day time and two to three times in a single night. Nightfall indicates infection in urogenital tract. Over masturbation is one of the most common reasons for night emissions.

 

Repeated nightfall makes person weak and lethargic. This is generally a teenage problem and their studies may suffer due to repeated nightfall, loss of concentration and energy.

 

Nightfall, though apparently harmless, can bring about the following side effects, if it happens on a prolonged basis.

It might cause dizziness, pain in the knees, and lack of sleep (insomnia).

It might lead to memory problems, and poor vision.

It might root to men’s sterility by dropping sperm count in the seminal fluid.

Extreme nightfall in men can origin debility in attainment that to towards erotic thoughts.

Finally, it might also interrupt the level of hormones in the human body.

Tips to get rid of wet dreams

You can easily get rid of wet dreams. You can stop nightfall easily if bring some changes in your nature, habits, and diet. Listed below are some tips that will help you stop nightfall.

First, stop doing masturbation. If you cannot stop doing it, then reduce its frequency. For example, once a week is fine if you do it almost every day.

Stop watching porn movies, clips, etc. to stop nightfall.

Stop enjoying nude pictures.

Stop thinking erotic about opposite or same sex.

Stop thinking about nasty fantasy.

If you follow these tips then you will be able to stop nightfall and wet dreams within a month.

 

First of all You must avoid blue films and avoid to contact with pornographic materials. Such contents arouse sexual desire. So immediately avoid them.

 

When intense sex drive come into your mind then immediately try to change your mind and keep yourself busy in prayer or reading interesting books.

 

Whenever you are alone and induce the desire of sexual intercourse then first thing you have to do is to replace your desire with something more interesting and excited thing which could change your mind about sexual desire. At that moment just close your eyes,take a deep breath and think about yourself and about your favorite game, food, or anything else which may divert your mind.

 

If you are student then keep yourself busy in study or try to join company of good friends and family members. To know more visit www.yogagurusuneelsingh.com

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.

 

Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.

 

Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong, the legendary emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture. Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China. Previously, archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China. From East Asia, rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia. Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia, and to the Americas through European colonization.

 

There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. In some areas such as the Far East or Spain, there is a preference for softer and stickier varieties.

 

Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.

 

Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.

 

The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.

 

The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.

 

ETYMOLOGY

First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, German Reis, Lithuanian ryžiai, Serbo-Croatian riža, Polish ryż, Dutch rijst, Hungarian rizs, Romanian orez).

 

The origin of the Greek word is unclear. It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi), or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are ultimately traced back to Indo-Aryan (as in Sanskrit vrīhí-) and subsequently to Dravidian by Witzel and others.

 

COOKING

The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.

 

Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness.

 

PREPARATION

Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste.

 

Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours.

 

Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice.

 

PROCESSING

Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India and Pakistan.

 

DISHES

In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant. Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.

 

NUTRITION AND HEALTH

NUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF RICE

Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%.

 

A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties of rice – each prevalent in different parts of the world. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

 

An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.

 

Highly colored rice strains, such as black (purple) rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.

 

Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits. Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, which the study suggests may be due in part to a lack of antioxidants found in red and black varieties of rice.

 

ARSENIC CONCERNS

Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen. There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit. China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.

 

White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils. Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.

 

BACILLUS CEREUS

Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C. When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production. One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.

 

RICE-GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability. Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding.

 

- Lowland, rainfed, which is drought prone, favors medium depth; waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone

- Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry season

- Deep water or floating rice

- Coastal Wetland

- Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice, well known for its drought tolerance

 

HISTORY OF DOMESTICATION AND CULTIVATION

There have been plenty of debates on the origins of the domesticated rice. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. A 2012 study published in Nature, through a map of rice genome variation, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence. From East Asia, rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia. Before this research, the commonly accepted view, based on archaeological evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated. Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China. In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.

 

In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice. Their 15,000-year-old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests. In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.

 

Rice spread to the Middle East where, according to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD).

 

PRODUCTION

The world dedicated 162.3 million hectares in 2012 for rice cultivation and the total production was about 738.1 million tonnes. The average world farm yield for rice was 4.5 tonnes per hectare, in 2012.

 

Rice farms in Egypt were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Second place: Australia – 8.9 tonnes per hectare. Third place: USA – 8.3 tonnes per hectare.

Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.

 

World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.

 

Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%. Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year. However, other writers have warned against dramatic assessments of post-harvest food losses, arguing that "worst-case scenarios" tend to be used rather than realistic averages and that in many cases the cost of avoiding losses exceeds the value of the food saved.

 

The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.

 

Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing.

 

In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.

 

Despite the hypothetical health risks of talc (such as stomach cancer), talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some, and is no longer widely used in others (such as the United States). Even where talc is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains.

 

Rice bran, called nuka in Japan, is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan.

 

Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).

 

Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter (known as fried rice), or beaten in a tub to make mochi.

 

Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.

 

Rice, like other cereal grains, can be puffed (or popped). This process takes advantage of the grains' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low-pressure chamber. The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation, resulting in a puffy texture. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases to less than one-tenth that when puffed.

 

HARVESTING, DRYING AND MILLING

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labor groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.

 

A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of molds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.

 

DISTRIBUTION

Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia, the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement. While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries, agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia, the NFA in the Philippines, VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people. BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam.

 

TRADE

World trade figures are very different from those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.

 

Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002. However, this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By 2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in its exports on year-to-year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position. Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports.

 

The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice, while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. China, an exporter of rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer, surpassing Nigeria, in 2013. According to a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India (9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 million tonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 million tonnes).

 

Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. In common with other West African countries, Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production. However, its very heavy import duties (110%) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries. Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally.

World's most productive rice farms and farmers

 

The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010.

 

Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare.

 

Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields, within the last 10 years, in many countries. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven-hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.

 

PRICE

In late 2007 to May 2008, the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries (particularly Australia), increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production. Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers, government rice export bans (in particular, by Vietnam and India) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board, the National Food Authority. This caused significant rises in rice prices. In late April 2008, prices hit 24 US cents a pound, twice the price of seven months earlier. Over the period of 2007 to 2013, the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice, rising to US$500 per metric ton by 2013. The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low US$350 per metric ton.[88]

 

On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.

 

WORLDWIDE CONSUMPTION

As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (354,603 of milled equivalent), while the far largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (29.4% of the world consumption) and India consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (23.3% of the world consumption). Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of rice increased by 40%.

 

Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production.

 

U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production. Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 11% of the anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains. Rice production uses almost a third of Earth’s fresh water.

 

Long-term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil. Methane production from rice cultivation contributes ~1.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

 

A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred. The yield growth rate had fallen 10–20% at some locations. The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear, but might involve increased respiration during warm nights, which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize.

 

RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

Rice requires high temperature above 20 °C but not more than 35 to 40 °C. Optimum temperature is around 30 °C (Tmax) and 20 °C (Tmin).

 

SOLAR RADIATION

The amount of solar radiation received during 45 days after harvest determines final crop output.

 

ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR

High water vapor content (in humid tropics) subjects unusual stress which favors the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases.

 

WIND

Light wind transports CO2 to the leaf canopy but strong wind cause severe damage and may lead to sterility (due to pollen dehydration, spikelet sterility, and abortive endosperms).

 

PESTS AND DISEASES

Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds). Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including climatic factors, improper irrigation, the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.

 

INSECTS

Major rice insect pests include: the brown planthopper (BPH), several spp. of stemborers – including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo, the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus Leptocorisa, the rice leafroller, rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper.

 

DISEASES

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. Other major rice diseases include: sheath blight, rice ragged stunt (vector: BPH), and tungro (vector: Nephotettix spp). There is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.

 

NEMATODES

Several nematode species infect rice crops, causing diseases such as Ufra (Ditylenchus dipsaci), White tip disease (Aphelenchoide bessei), and root knot disease (Meloidogyne graminicola). Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp. are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world. Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop. Beyond being obligate parasites, they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants' susceptibility to other pests and diseases.

 

OTHER PESTS

These include the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, panicle rice mite, rats, and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.

 

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened. Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social. At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.

 

Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests. Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.

 

Botanicals, so-called "natural pesticides", are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests. Botanicals include extracts of leaves, or a mulch of the leaves themselves. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (Chromolaena odorata) over the surface of fields after planting. This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations.

 

Among rice cultivars, there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage. Many rice varieties have been selected for resistance to insect pests. Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Nonpreference (or antixenosis) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.

 

Over time, the use of pest-resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.

 

PARASITIC WEEDS

Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica, which is of local importance for this crop.

 

ECOTYPES AND CULTIVARS

While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture, smell, and firmness. There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous. The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.

 

BIOTECHNOLOGY

HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES

The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first "Rice Car", IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines' Los Baños site. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen."

 

Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway, including GAI1 (Gibberellin Insensitive) and SLR1 (Slender Rice). Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield two to three times.

 

FUTURE POTENTIAL

As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New Rices for Africa" (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture, are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology "from Africa, for Africa". The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times (October 10, 2007) and International Herald Tribune (October 9, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence. Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security.

Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions, season of planting, and season of harvest, called ecotypes. Some major groups are the Japan-type (grown in Japan), "buly" and "tjereh" types (Indonesia); "aman" (main winter crop), "aus" ("aush", summer), and "boro" (spring) (Bengal and Assam). Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called "floating rice".

The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank. Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai Jasmine rice is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as some long-grain rice contains less amylopectin than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants often serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short-grain rice is common as well. Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make zongzi. The Japanese table rice is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese sake rice is another kind as well.

 

Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic Basmati (ਬਾਸਮਤੀ) (grown in the North), long and medium-grained Patna rice, and in South India (Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) short-grained Sona Masuri (also called as Bangaru theegalu). In the state of Tamil Nadu, the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River. Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra, a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.

 

Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also red and black cultivars.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

*********************************************************************

 

Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

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References References are made to web resources, and related images are from web resources and related websites.

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

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Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

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L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

* Nouvelle modification de la structure chimique des médicaments contre les coronavirus * Conception et dépistage des médicaments assistés par ordinateur. *"Missile biologique antiviral", "Nouveaux comprimés anti-épidémiques contre le coronavirus", "Liquide oral antiviral composite", "Nouveaux comprimés oraux à action prolongée contre le coronavirus", "Nouveaux inhibiteurs de coronavirus" (injection)

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(leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, biologiste, virologue, pharmacien, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" est un important document de recherche scientifique. Il a maintenant été révisé et réédité par l'auteur original à plusieurs reprises. La compilation est publiée et publiée selon le manuscrit original pour répondre aux besoins des lecteurs et des internautes du monde entier. En même temps, elle est également très bénéfique pour le grand nombre de chercheurs en médicaments cliniques médicaux et de divers experts et universitaires. Nous espérons qu'il sera corrigé dans la réimpression.------Compilé par Jacques Lucy à Genève, août 2021

  

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Selon les statistiques en temps réel de Worldometer, vers 6h30 le 23 juillet, il y avait un total de 193 323 815 cas confirmés de nouvelle pneumonie coronarienne dans le monde, et un total de 4 150 213 décès. Il y a eu 570 902 nouveaux cas confirmés et 8 766 nouveaux décès dans le monde en une seule journée. Les données montrent que les États-Unis, le Brésil, le Royaume-Uni, l'Inde et l'Indonésie sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux cas confirmés, et l'Indonésie, le Brésil, la Russie, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Inde sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux décès.

 

Les nouvelles souches de coronavirus et de mutants delta ont été particulièrement graves ces derniers temps. De nombreux pays et lieux ont repris vie et le nombre de cas n'a pas diminué, mais a augmenté.

, Il est digne de vigilance. Bien que de nombreux pays aient renforcé la prévention et le contrôle des vaccins et d'autres mesures de prévention et de contrôle, il existe encore de nombreuses lacunes et carences dans la suppression et la prévention du virus. Le nouveau coronavirus et diverses souches mutantes présentent un certain degré d'antagonisme par rapport aux médicaments traditionnels et à la plupart des vaccins. Bien que la plupart des vaccins aient de grandes propriétés anti-épidémiques et aient des effets et une protection importants et irremplaçables pour la prévention et le traitement, il est impossible d'empêcher complètement la propagation et l'infection des virus. La propagation de la nouvelle pneumonie à virus couronne a été retardée de près de deux ans. Il y a des centaines de millions de personnes infectées dans le monde, des millions de décès, et le temps est long, la propagation est généralisée et des milliards de personnes dans le monde sont parmi Les dommages causés par le virus sont assez terribles, c'est bien connu. Plus urgent

Ce qui est plus grave, c'est que le virus et les souches mutantes n'ont pas complètement reculé, surtout que de nombreuses personnes sont encore infectées et infectées après avoir été injectées avec divers vaccins.L'efficacité du vaccin et la résistance du virus mutant sont dignes des scientifiques médicaux, virologues , les pharmacologues Les zoologistes et autres réfléchissent et analysent sérieusement. La situation épidémique actuelle dans les pays européens et américains, la Chine, le Brésil, l'Inde, les États-Unis, la Russie et d'autres pays s'est considérablement améliorée par rapport à l'année dernière.Cependant, les chiffres pertinents montrent que la situation épidémique mondiale ne s'est pas complètement améliorée, et certains pays et régions sont encore très graves. En particulier, après une utilisation intensive de divers vaccins, des cas surviennent encore, et dans certains endroits ils sont encore très graves, ce qui mérite une grande vigilance. Les mesures de prévention et de contrôle sont très importantes.De plus, les vaccins et divers médicaments antiépidémiques sont les premiers choix nécessaires, et les autres méthodes sont irremplaçables. Il est particulièrement important de développer et de développer des médicaments complets, des médicaments antiviraux, des médicaments immunitaires et des médicaments génétiques. Les expériences de recherche sur les nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants nécessitent une analyse plus rigoureuse et approfondie des données, des tissus pathogènes pathologiques, des gènes cellulaires, de la chimie moléculaire, de la chimie quantique, etc., ainsi que de la chimie moléculaire des vaccins, de la physique quantique, de la biologie quantique, de l'histologie cytologique, la chimie médicinale et les médicaments Et les symptômes, l'efficacité, la sécurité, l'efficacité à long terme, etc. du vaccin, bien sûr, y compris des dizaines de milliers de cas cliniques et de décès et d'autres informations et preuves de première main. La tâche de l'ARN (acide ribonucléique) dans le corps humain est d'utiliser les informations de notre matériel génétique ADN pour produire des protéines. Il accomplit cette tâche dans le ribosome, la zone productrice de protéines de la cellule. Le ribosome est le lieu où se produit la biosynthèse des protéines.

La médecine en profite : dans la vaccination, l'ARNm produit artificiellement fournit aux ribosomes des instructions pour construire des antigènes pathogènes contre lesquels lutter, par exemple, la protéine de pointe du coronavirus.

Les vaccins vivants traditionnels ou les vaccins inactivés contiennent des antigènes qui provoquent la réaction du système immunitaire. Le vaccin à ARNm est produit dans la cellule

(1) La spécificité des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants, etc., virologie et chimie quantique des virus mutants, physique quantique, microbiologie quantique

(2) Nouvelle conception de vaccin couronne, biologie moléculaire et structure chimique, etc.

(3) La généralité et la particularité du développement de nouveaux médicaments contre le coronavirus

(4) Diverses conceptions de médicaments pour la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus, la chimie médicinale, la pharmacologie, etc., les cellules, les protéines, l'ADN, la chimie des enzymes, la chimie quantique pharmaceutique, la physique quantique pharmaceutique, la biochimie humaine, la biophysique humaine, etc.

(5) Les caractéristiques d'évolution et de mutation du nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants, la nature à long terme, la répétabilité, la résistance aux médicaments et la résistance épidémique du virus, etc.

(6) Pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et transmission infectieuse de divers nouveaux coronavirus et leurs particularités

(7) La transmission invisible de la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants chez l'homme ou l'animal, et la symbiose mutuelle de l'infection croisée de diverses bactéries et virus sont également l'une des causes très graves de dommages graves aux nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants. La virologie, la pathologie, l'étiologie, le séquençage des gènes, la cartographie des gènes et un grand nombre d'études analytiques ont montré qu'il existe de nombreux cas en Chine, aux États-Unis, en Inde, en Russie, au Brésil et dans d'autres pays.

(8) Pour la prévention et le traitement symptomatiques du nouveau coronavirus, la combinaison de divers vaccins et de di

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

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(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

———————————————————————————————————————————————— ————

 

References References are made to web resources, and related images are from web resources and related websites.

Who official website UN .org www.gavi.org/ispe.org

 

Wikipedia, "The Lancet", "English Journal of Medicine", "Nature", "Science", "Journal of the American Medical Association", etc.

 

Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research!

T Bobrowski, CC Melo-Filho, D Korn, VM Alves...-Drug discovery today, 2020-

 

go.drugbank.com/

A critical overview of computational approaches employed for COVID-19 drug discovery

EN Muratov, R Amaro, CH Andrade, N Brown...-Chemical Society..., 2021-pubs.rsc.org

 

Global Research Performance on COVID 19 in Dimensions Database

J Balasubramani, M Anbalagan-2021-researchgate.net

Adoption of a contact tracing app for containing COVID-19: a health belief model approach

M Walrave, C Waeterloos...- JMIR public health and..., 2020-publichealth.jmir.org

 

Prophylactic Treatment Protocol Against the Severity of COVID-19 Using Melatonin

N Charaa, M Chahed, H Ghedira...-Available at SSRN..., 2020-papers.ssrn.com

 

　Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, The Lancet

  

　Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany, New England Journal of Medicine

The actions of respiratory therapists facing COVID-19

Zhu Jiacheng-Respiratory Therapy, 2021-pesquisa.bvsalud.org

  

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, The Lancet

 

　Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA, February 7

 

Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China, JAMA

 

Delta variant triggers new phase in the pandemic | Science

science.sciencemag.org›

COVID vaccines slash viral spread – but Delta is an unknown

www.nature.com ›articles

Novel coronavirus pneumonia during ophthalmic surgery management strategy and recommendations

YH HUANG, SS LI, X YAO, YR YANG, DH QIN…-jnewmed.com

 

Delta variant: What is happening with transmission, hospital ...

www.bmj.com

Risk of long QT syndrome in novel coronavirus COVID-19

VN Oslopov, JV Oslopova, EV Hazova…-Kazan medical…, 2020-kazanmedjournal.ru

 

Study compares mRNA and adenovirus-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines ...

www.news-medical.net

First molecular-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the field-collected houseflies

A Soltani, M Jamalidoust, A Hosseinpour, M Vahedi...-Scientific Reports, 2021-nature.com

 

Covid 19 DELTA Variant Archives-Online essay writing service

sourceessay.com ›tag› covid-19-delta-variant

 

SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant Likely to become dominant in the ...

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

*********************************************************************

 

Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

* Nouvelle modification de la structure chimique des médicaments contre les coronavirus * Conception et dépistage des médicaments assistés par ordinateur. *"Missile biologique antiviral", "Nouveaux comprimés anti-épidémiques contre le coronavirus", "Liquide oral antiviral composite", "Nouveaux comprimés oraux à action prolongée contre le coronavirus", "Nouveaux inhibiteurs de coronavirus" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, biologiste, virologue, pharmacien, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" est un important document de recherche scientifique. Il a maintenant été révisé et réédité par l'auteur original à plusieurs reprises. La compilation est publiée et publiée selon le manuscrit original pour répondre aux besoins des lecteurs et des internautes du monde entier. En même temps, elle est également très bénéfique pour le grand nombre de chercheurs en médicaments cliniques médicaux et de divers experts et universitaires. Nous espérons qu'il sera corrigé dans la réimpression.------Compilé par Jacques Lucy à Genève, août 2021

  

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

    

Selon les statistiques en temps réel de Worldometer, vers 6h30 le 23 juillet, il y avait un total de 193 323 815 cas confirmés de nouvelle pneumonie coronarienne dans le monde, et un total de 4 150 213 décès. Il y a eu 570 902 nouveaux cas confirmés et 8 766 nouveaux décès dans le monde en une seule journée. Les données montrent que les États-Unis, le Brésil, le Royaume-Uni, l'Inde et l'Indonésie sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux cas confirmés, et l'Indonésie, le Brésil, la Russie, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Inde sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux décès.

 

Les nouvelles souches de coronavirus et de mutants delta ont été particulièrement graves ces derniers temps. De nombreux pays et lieux ont repris vie et le nombre de cas n'a pas diminué, mais a augmenté.

, Il est digne de vigilance. Bien que de nombreux pays aient renforcé la prévention et le contrôle des vaccins et d'autres mesures de prévention et de contrôle, il existe encore de nombreuses lacunes et carences dans la suppression et la prévention du virus. Le nouveau coronavirus et diverses souches mutantes présentent un certain degré d'antagonisme par rapport aux médicaments traditionnels et à la plupart des vaccins. Bien que la plupart des vaccins aient de grandes propriétés anti-épidémiques et aient des effets et une protection importants et irremplaçables pour la prévention et le traitement, il est impossible d'empêcher complètement la propagation et l'infection des virus. La propagation de la nouvelle pneumonie à virus couronne a été retardée de près de deux ans. Il y a des centaines de millions de personnes infectées dans le monde, des millions de décès, et le temps est long, la propagation est généralisée et des milliards de personnes dans le monde sont parmi Les dommages causés par le virus sont assez terribles, c'est bien connu. Plus urgent

Ce qui est plus grave, c'est que le virus et les souches mutantes n'ont pas complètement reculé, surtout que de nombreuses personnes sont encore infectées et infectées après avoir été injectées avec divers vaccins.L'efficacité du vaccin et la résistance du virus mutant sont dignes des scientifiques médicaux, virologues , les pharmacologues Les zoologistes et autres réfléchissent et analysent sérieusement. La situation épidémique actuelle dans les pays européens et américains, la Chine, le Brésil, l'Inde, les États-Unis, la Russie et d'autres pays s'est considérablement améliorée par rapport à l'année dernière.Cependant, les chiffres pertinents montrent que la situation épidémique mondiale ne s'est pas complètement améliorée, et certains pays et régions sont encore très graves. En particulier, après une utilisation intensive de divers vaccins, des cas surviennent encore, et dans certains endroits ils sont encore très graves, ce qui mérite une grande vigilance. Les mesures de prévention et de contrôle sont très importantes.De plus, les vaccins et divers médicaments antiépidémiques sont les premiers choix nécessaires, et les autres méthodes sont irremplaçables. Il est particulièrement important de développer et de développer des médicaments complets, des médicaments antiviraux, des médicaments immunitaires et des médicaments génétiques. Les expériences de recherche sur les nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants nécessitent une analyse plus rigoureuse et approfondie des données, des tissus pathogènes pathologiques, des gènes cellulaires, de la chimie moléculaire, de la chimie quantique, etc., ainsi que de la chimie moléculaire des vaccins, de la physique quantique, de la biologie quantique, de l'histologie cytologique, la chimie médicinale et les médicaments Et les symptômes, l'efficacité, la sécurité, l'efficacité à long terme, etc. du vaccin, bien sûr, y compris des dizaines de milliers de cas cliniques et de décès et d'autres informations et preuves de première main. La tâche de l'ARN (acide ribonucléique) dans le corps humain est d'utiliser les informations de notre matériel génétique ADN pour produire des protéines. Il accomplit cette tâche dans le ribosome, la zone productrice de protéines de la cellule. Le ribosome est le lieu où se produit la biosynthèse des protéines.

La médecine en profite : dans la vaccination, l'ARNm produit artificiellement fournit aux ribosomes des instructions pour construire des antigènes pathogènes contre lesquels lutter, par exemple, la protéine de pointe du coronavirus.

Les vaccins vivants traditionnels ou les vaccins inactivés contiennent des antigènes qui provoquent la réaction du système immunitaire. Le vaccin à ARNm est produit dans la cellule

(1) La spécificité des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants, etc., virologie et chimie quantique des virus mutants, physique quantique, microbiologie quantique

(2) Nouvelle conception de vaccin couronne, biologie moléculaire et structure chimique, etc.

(3) La généralité et la particularité du développement de nouveaux médicaments contre le coronavirus

(4) Diverses conceptions de médicaments pour la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus, la chimie médicinale, la pharmacologie, etc., les cellules, les protéines, l'ADN, la chimie des enzymes, la chimie quantique pharmaceutique, la physique quantique pharmaceutique, la biochimie humaine, la biophysique humaine, etc.

(5) Les caractéristiques d'évolution et de mutation du nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants, la nature à long terme, la répétabilité, la résistance aux médicaments et la résistance épidémique du virus, etc.

(6) Pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et transmission infectieuse de divers nouveaux coronavirus et leurs particularités

(7) La transmission invisible de la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants chez l'homme ou l'animal, et la symbiose mutuelle de l'infection croisée de diverses bactéries et virus sont également l'une des causes très graves de dommages graves aux nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants. La virologie, la pathologie, l'étiologie, le séquençage des gènes, la cartographie des gènes et un grand nombre d'études analytiques ont montré qu'il existe de nombreux cas en Chine, aux États-Unis, en Inde, en Russie, au Brésil et dans d'autres pays.

(8) Pour la prévention et le traitement symptomatiques du nouveau coronavirus, la combinaison de divers vaccins et de di

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

    

According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

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References References are made to web resources, and related images are from web resources and related websites.

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

*********************************************************************

 

Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

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L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

It may surprise you to learn that, as a schoolboy, I had no particular interest in railways. But I remember the sizeable contingent among my classmates who haunted local footbridges and embankments after school hours and spent their Saturdays "down Temps" (i.e. at Temple Meads Station) where a day's spotting could be enjoyed for the price (1d) of a platform ticket, obtainable from a slot machine at the station entrance. Back at school on Monday their talk was of Castles, Britannias, sheds, "cops" and of stratagems that might be employed to avoid detection by the shed foreman ...a kind of fabulous monster or bogeyman figure in their mythology... on clandestine visits to any of the city's three locomotive depots. It was the time of the Modernisation Plan and, with that admirable conservatism of the schoolboy, all were hostile to the new diesels, now replacing their beloved steam engines in ever larger numbers.

The usual criticism was that diesels were "just boxes on wheels". There was truth in this for, in comparison with a steam locomotive, there was a definite visual sterility about even the most attractive diesel. This photograph was one of three or four I took, rapidly winding on, as a train passed on the W. R. main line at Hayes, in the west London suburbs. It was travelling at full speed ...I must have been using 1/1000th of a second... but there is nothing to tell you that it wasn't simply parked on a siding. No escaping steam, no reciprocating valve linkage, no ferment of whirling rods and blurred driving wheels.

The photograph was taken on Thursday 14th February 1974. The train was the 0635 Penzance - London Paddington.

Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.

 

Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.

 

Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong, the legendary emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture. Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China. Previously, archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China. From East Asia, rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia. Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia, and to the Americas through European colonization.

 

There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. In some areas such as the Far East or Spain, there is a preference for softer and stickier varieties.

 

Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.

 

Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.

 

The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.

 

The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.

 

ETYMOLOGY

First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, German Reis, Lithuanian ryžiai, Serbo-Croatian riža, Polish ryż, Dutch rijst, Hungarian rizs, Romanian orez).

 

The origin of the Greek word is unclear. It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi), or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are ultimately traced back to Indo-Aryan (as in Sanskrit vrīhí-) and subsequently to Dravidian by Witzel and others.

 

COOKING

The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.

 

Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness.

 

PREPARATION

Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste.

 

Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours.

 

Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice.

 

PROCESSING

Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India and Pakistan.

 

DISHES

In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant. Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.

 

NUTRITION AND HEALTH

NUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF RICE

Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%.

 

A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties of rice – each prevalent in different parts of the world. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.

 

An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.

 

Highly colored rice strains, such as black (purple) rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.

 

Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits. Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, which the study suggests may be due in part to a lack of antioxidants found in red and black varieties of rice.

 

ARSENIC CONCERNS

Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen. There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit. China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.

 

White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils. Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.

 

BACILLUS CEREUS

Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C. When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production. One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.

 

RICE-GROWING ENVIRONMENTS

Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability. Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding.

 

- Lowland, rainfed, which is drought prone, favors medium depth; waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone

- Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry season

- Deep water or floating rice

- Coastal Wetland

- Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice, well known for its drought tolerance

 

HISTORY OF DOMESTICATION AND CULTIVATION

There have been plenty of debates on the origins of the domesticated rice. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. A 2012 study published in Nature, through a map of rice genome variation, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence. From East Asia, rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia. Before this research, the commonly accepted view, based on archaeological evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated. Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China. In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.

 

In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice. Their 15,000-year-old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests. In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.

 

Rice spread to the Middle East where, according to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD).

 

PRODUCTION

The world dedicated 162.3 million hectares in 2012 for rice cultivation and the total production was about 738.1 million tonnes. The average world farm yield for rice was 4.5 tonnes per hectare, in 2012.

 

Rice farms in Egypt were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Second place: Australia – 8.9 tonnes per hectare. Third place: USA – 8.3 tonnes per hectare.

Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.

 

World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.

 

Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%. Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year. However, other writers have warned against dramatic assessments of post-harvest food losses, arguing that "worst-case scenarios" tend to be used rather than realistic averages and that in many cases the cost of avoiding losses exceeds the value of the food saved.

 

The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.

 

Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing.

 

In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.

 

Despite the hypothetical health risks of talc (such as stomach cancer), talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some, and is no longer widely used in others (such as the United States). Even where talc is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains.

 

Rice bran, called nuka in Japan, is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan.

 

Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).

 

Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter (known as fried rice), or beaten in a tub to make mochi.

 

Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.

 

Rice, like other cereal grains, can be puffed (or popped). This process takes advantage of the grains' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low-pressure chamber. The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation, resulting in a puffy texture. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases to less than one-tenth that when puffed.

 

HARVESTING, DRYING AND MILLING

Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labor groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.

 

A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of molds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.

 

DISTRIBUTION

Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia, the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement. While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries, agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia, the NFA in the Philippines, VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people. BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam.

 

TRADE

World trade figures are very different from those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.

 

Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002. However, this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By 2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in its exports on year-to-year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position. Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports.

 

The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice, while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. China, an exporter of rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer, surpassing Nigeria, in 2013. According to a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India (9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 million tonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 million tonnes).

 

Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. In common with other West African countries, Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production. However, its very heavy import duties (110%) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries. Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally.

World's most productive rice farms and farmers

 

The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010.

 

Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare.

 

Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields, within the last 10 years, in many countries. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven-hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.

 

PRICE

In late 2007 to May 2008, the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries (particularly Australia), increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production. Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers, government rice export bans (in particular, by Vietnam and India) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board, the National Food Authority. This caused significant rises in rice prices. In late April 2008, prices hit 24 US cents a pound, twice the price of seven months earlier. Over the period of 2007 to 2013, the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice, rising to US$500 per metric ton by 2013. The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low US$350 per metric ton.[88]

 

On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.

 

WORLDWIDE CONSUMPTION

As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (354,603 of milled equivalent), while the far largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (29.4% of the world consumption) and India consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (23.3% of the world consumption). Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of rice increased by 40%.

 

Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production.

 

U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production. Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.

 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 11% of the anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains. Rice production uses almost a third of Earth’s fresh water.

 

Long-term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil. Methane production from rice cultivation contributes ~1.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

 

A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred. The yield growth rate had fallen 10–20% at some locations. The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear, but might involve increased respiration during warm nights, which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize.

 

RAINFALL

TEMPERATURE

Rice requires high temperature above 20 °C but not more than 35 to 40 °C. Optimum temperature is around 30 °C (Tmax) and 20 °C (Tmin).

 

SOLAR RADIATION

The amount of solar radiation received during 45 days after harvest determines final crop output.

 

ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR

High water vapor content (in humid tropics) subjects unusual stress which favors the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases.

 

WIND

Light wind transports CO2 to the leaf canopy but strong wind cause severe damage and may lead to sterility (due to pollen dehydration, spikelet sterility, and abortive endosperms).

 

PESTS AND DISEASES

Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds). Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including climatic factors, improper irrigation, the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.

 

INSECTS

Major rice insect pests include: the brown planthopper (BPH), several spp. of stemborers – including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo, the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus Leptocorisa, the rice leafroller, rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper.

 

DISEASES

Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. Other major rice diseases include: sheath blight, rice ragged stunt (vector: BPH), and tungro (vector: Nephotettix spp). There is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.

 

NEMATODES

Several nematode species infect rice crops, causing diseases such as Ufra (Ditylenchus dipsaci), White tip disease (Aphelenchoide bessei), and root knot disease (Meloidogyne graminicola). Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp. are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world. Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop. Beyond being obligate parasites, they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants' susceptibility to other pests and diseases.

 

OTHER PESTS

These include the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, panicle rice mite, rats, and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.

 

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened. Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social. At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.

 

Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests. Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.

 

Botanicals, so-called "natural pesticides", are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests. Botanicals include extracts of leaves, or a mulch of the leaves themselves. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (Chromolaena odorata) over the surface of fields after planting. This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations.

 

Among rice cultivars, there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage. Many rice varieties have been selected for resistance to insect pests. Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Nonpreference (or antixenosis) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.

 

Over time, the use of pest-resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.

 

PARASITIC WEEDS

Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica, which is of local importance for this crop.

 

ECOTYPES AND CULTIVARS

While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture, smell, and firmness. There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous. The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.

 

BIOTECHNOLOGY

HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES

The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first "Rice Car", IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines' Los Baños site. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen."

 

Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway, including GAI1 (Gibberellin Insensitive) and SLR1 (Slender Rice). Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield two to three times.

 

FUTURE POTENTIAL

As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New Rices for Africa" (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture, are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology "from Africa, for Africa". The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times (October 10, 2007) and International Herald Tribune (October 9, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence. Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security.

Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions, season of planting, and season of harvest, called ecotypes. Some major groups are the Japan-type (grown in Japan), "buly" and "tjereh" types (Indonesia); "aman" (main winter crop), "aus" ("aush", summer), and "boro" (spring) (Bengal and Assam). Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called "floating rice".

The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank. Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai Jasmine rice is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as some long-grain rice contains less amylopectin than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants often serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short-grain rice is common as well. Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make zongzi. The Japanese table rice is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese sake rice is another kind as well.

 

Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic Basmati (ਬਾਸਮਤੀ) (grown in the North), long and medium-grained Patna rice, and in South India (Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) short-grained Sona Masuri (also called as Bangaru theegalu). In the state of Tamil Nadu, the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River. Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra, a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.

 

Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also red and black cultivars.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Discovered in the sanctuaries of Byblos. These offerings were either Egyptian imports or local imitations. According to some beliefs, these grotesques (1) simulated laughter and drove away bad spirits that were believed to the cause of sterility. Figurines (2-8) represent animals revered in Egypt for their power of protection and fertility.

 

1. Grotesques, faience

2. Baboon, faience

3. Dog, faience

4. Hedgehog, faience

5. Hippopotamus, faience

6. Cow, pottery

7. - 8. Birds, pottery

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Text of the showcase label.

 

Its name Mugwort has been attributed to "moughte," a moth, or maggot, this title being given to the plant because Dioscorides commended it for keeping off moths. Its Anglo-Saxon synonym is "Wyrmwyrt".

  

In Native American folklore Mugwort was also a Witchcraft medicine, rubbed the leaves on ones body to keep ghosts away or wearing a necklace to prevent dreaming of the dead. In the Middle Ages a crown made from its sprays was worn on St. John's Eve to gain security from evil possession. Mugwort derived its common name from being used to flavor drinks like beer before the introduction of hops. The Name Artemisia is from the Goddess Artemis (1st century AD) who inspired the plants genus name.

 

Other Names....

Artemisa, Carline Thistle, Chiu Ts'Ao, Common Mugwort, Douglas Mugwort, Felon herb, Sailor’s tobacco, Wormwood

 

A perennial herb native to Africa, temperate Asia, and Europe, widely naturalized in most parts of the world. Found growing on hedgebanks and waysides, uncultivated and waste land. Cultivation is fairly easy Mugwort prefers slightly alkaline, well-drained loamy soil, in a a sunny position. A tall-growing shrubby plant, with angular stems, which are and often purplish, growing 3 feet or more in height. The leaves are smooth and dark green above and covered with a cottony down beneath. They are alternate, pinnately lobed, and segmented. The small greenish yellow flowers are panicled spikes with a cottony appearance. Blooming is from July to October. Mugwort is closely related to Common Wormwood (Absinthe). Gather leaves and stems when in bloom, dry for later herb use.

 

Mugwort leaves are edible, young leaves are boiled as a pot herb or used in salad, they aid in digestion although said to have a bitter taste.

 

Used for centuries as an alternative medicine, it is antibacterial, anthelmintic, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, cholagogue, diaphoretic, digestive, diuretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, haemostatic, nervine, purgative, stimulant, stomachic, and tonic, cleansing toxins from the blood.

 

An infusion of the leaves and flowering tops is used in the treatment of all matters connected to the digestive system, it increases stomach acid and bile production, eases gas and bloating, improving digestion, the absorption of nutrients and strengthening the entire digestive system.

 

It is used in alternative medicine to expel intestinal worms, nervous and spasmodic affections, asthma, sterility, functional bleeding of the uterus and menstrual complaints, and diseases of the brain.

 

As a gargle for sore throat, a wash for sores and a poultice for infections, tumors and to stop bleeding.

 

These actions and uses are now backed by scientific studies on the plants main constituents volatile oils containing 1,8-cineole, artemisin, azulenes sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, coumarin derivatives, tannins, thujone and triterpenes.

 

The leaves have an antibacterial action, inhibiting the growth of Staphococcus aureus, Bacillus typhi, B. dysenteriae, streptococci, E. coli, B. subtilis, and pseudomonas.

 

This is so cool…….. A weak tea made from the infused plant is a good all-purpose insecticide. The fresh or the dried plant repels insects.

  

DO NOT GET PIERCED BY HANNAH AT FATTY'S CUSTOM TATTOOZ. Tongue piercings are not supposed to go through the frenulum.

 

(text taken from my Yelp review, see full photo stream for all pictures, this is when it was starting to close up)

 

I had one of the worst experiences of my life getting my tongue pierced by Hannah at Fatty's. Not just one of my worst experiences with piercings, but one of the worst experiences of my life, full stop.

 

I normally go to the excellent piercers at Chameleon in Cambridge, MA. I'm no stranger to piercings - I currently have a nostril, industrial, both nipples, two inner labia, and a VCH, but I was in DC and due to work schedules, had to get my tongue there if I was going to get it done. We (my partner and myself) did some investigation on Yelp and settled on Fatty's as the best option.

 

A warning bell to start - everything appeared sterile, but she grumbled that it 'wasn't shop policy' to let us see sterilization procedures, etc. in advance. The cost was a relatively pricey $75 total.

 

She told us that the autoclave had been tested on the first of the month, but she couldn't show us records because the owner was out of town. Since he has returned, they have refused to show us records. It is quite possible that they are piercing and tattooing unsafely, with unsterile equipment.

 

She did appear to follow proper procedures (with gloves, packaging, etc) in regards to sterility, but that's all I know. After doing the markings she had me lie down and put on the clamps. The clamps were unusually tight and uncomfortable. Then she did the piercing, no warnings, and it was *excruciatingly painful*. Now, I've heard a lot about tongue piercings, and in fact my partner has two and my boyfriend has one. So I know that tongue piercings are not usually ridiculously painful. What I experienced was far, far worse than anything I've had previously, including my nipples, which are notorious.

 

After she was finished and was inserting the jewelry, she fumbled and dropped one of the balls, which almost went down my throat. She tried to root around for it (which didn't exactly help with the pain I was feeling) and then gave up. Fortunately I didn't swallow it, and spit it out when she was done.

 

After she finished I lay there in incredible pain, not sure what was happening, or why it was so painful. I tried to sit up, but felt very woozy, and had to lie down, at which point I think I passed out briefly. As I came to, I noticed that the pain was mostly on the underside of my tongue, and extended from the exit hole to my saliva glands back to what felt like my lymph nodes. I spent a while curled up on her table, unable to move, sweating profusely and coming in and out of consciousness, and after maybe 15 minutes felt good enough to sit up and look at it again in the mirror again. It was then I saw that it had already swelled so much that the bottom ball had disappeared into my tongue! She had used 7/8'', 12 gauge (my understanding is that 1 inch is better, but I hadn't quibbled) but the hole on the underside was so large and/or the barbell was so short that the ball had been subsumed completely inside my tongue. She said 'hm, haven't seen that happen before' and at this point I freaked and asked her to take it out.

 

We left with me distraught, and they didn't apologize or even offer to refund us for the piercing. When we went outside and looked more closely at the remaining holes, I discovered that she had pierced it much too far back, right through the frenulum! This is, as confirmed by my regular piercer, and the placements of all my friends' tongue piercings, very far off from the correct placement, about 1/2cm too far back.

 

At this point I started worrying because I was unsure whether removing the piercing immediately had put me at a greater risk of infection. My saliva glands were continuing to swell, and my lymph nodes hurt, and I didn't know how bad of signs those were. We called up Greg at Chameleon in Cambridge who very graciously calmed me down and told me that if I cared for it as a regular tongue piercing it should be ok.

 

Here's hoping (this all happened today). My partner is going to go back and demand a refund from the owner; I had to get on a plane shortly after this incident.

 

I honestly find it incomprehensible that a piercer could screw up a standard tongue piercing so badly. And not only screw it up, but not be able to recognize/acknowledge that she had and help me figure out what to do. Had I known less about piercings, I quite possibly could have left the shop trying to keep it, and my tongue would have swelled up so badly that I would have lost the barbell inside and had to have it removed surgically.

 

Tongue piercings are as common and straightforward as piercings come - it scares me to think how badly she might botch something slightly more complicated!

 

Since this happened, she has denied that she pierced my tongue wrong, and refused to give a refund or even apologize. Fatty's won't even show me records to indicate I was pierced with a properly autoclaved needle.

 

She is only 21 and appears to be piercing far above her experience level, using her customers as guinea pigs to learn her craft. When things go wrong, she won't help you deal with them safely, but will endanger your health instead of admitting she screwed up. Needless to say, avoid Hannah at all costs for a piercing if you value your body and your health.

 

Awesome photo by @glasser www.flickr.com/photos/glasser/

 

I'm blogging everything at askyourincompetentpiercer.blogspot.com/.

The plant that produced phuti karpash, the cotton used to manufacture muslin has not been cultivated in nearly 200 years. In an attempt to revive the plant, Drik has been obtaining the nearest available wild strains and mapping their DNA at laboratories at Warwick University and the Smithsonian Institute. A very high level of sterility is required in the labs to avoid contamination of the DNA samples.

DO NOT GET PIERCED BY HANNAH AT FATTY'S CUSTOM TATTOOZ. Tongue piercings are not supposed to go through the frenulum.

 

(text taken from my Yelp review, see full photo stream for all pictures, this is when it was starting to close up)

 

I had one of the worst experiences of my life getting my tongue pierced by Hannah at Fatty's. Not just one of my worst experiences with piercings, but one of the worst experiences of my life, full stop.

 

I normally go to the excellent piercers at Chameleon in Cambridge, MA. I'm no stranger to piercings - I currently have a nostril, industrial, both nipples, two inner labia, and a VCH, but I was in DC and due to work schedules, had to get my tongue there if I was going to get it done. We (my partner and myself) did some investigation on Yelp and settled on Fatty's as the best option.

 

A warning bell to start - everything appeared sterile, but she grumbled that it 'wasn't shop policy' to let us see sterilization procedures, etc. in advance. The cost was a relatively pricey $75 total.

 

She told us that the autoclave had been tested on the first of the month, but she couldn't show us records because the owner was out of town. Since he has returned, they have refused to show us records. It is quite possible that they are piercing and tattooing unsafely, with unsterile equipment.

 

She did appear to follow proper procedures (with gloves, packaging, etc) in regards to sterility, but that's all I know. After doing the markings she had me lie down and put on the clamps. The clamps were unusually tight and uncomfortable. Then she did the piercing, no warnings, and it was *excruciatingly painful*. Now, I've heard a lot about tongue piercings, and in fact my partner has two and my boyfriend has one. So I know that tongue piercings are not usually ridiculously painful. What I experienced was far, far worse than anything I've had previously, including my nipples, which are notorious.

 

After she was finished and was inserting the jewelry, she fumbled and dropped one of the balls, which almost went down my throat. She tried to root around for it (which didn't exactly help with the pain I was feeling) and then gave up. Fortunately I didn't swallow it, and spit it out when she was done.

 

After she finished I lay there in incredible pain, not sure what was happening, or why it was so painful. I tried to sit up, but felt very woozy, and had to lie down, at which point I think I passed out briefly. As I came to, I noticed that the pain was mostly on the underside of my tongue, and extended from the exit hole to my saliva glands back to what felt like my lymph nodes. I spent a while curled up on her table, unable to move, sweating profusely and coming in and out of consciousness, and after maybe 15 minutes felt good enough to sit up and look at it again in the mirror again. It was then I saw that it had already swelled so much that the bottom ball had disappeared into my tongue! She had used 7/8'', 12 gauge (my understanding is that 1 inch is better, but I hadn't quibbled) but the hole on the underside was so large and/or the barbell was so short that the ball had been subsumed completely inside my tongue. She said 'hm, haven't seen that happen before' and at this point I freaked and asked her to take it out.

 

We left with me distraught, and they didn't apologize or even offer to refund us for the piercing. When we went outside and looked more closely at the remaining holes, I discovered that she had pierced it much too far back, right through the frenulum! This is, as confirmed by my regular piercer, and the placements of all my friends' tongue piercings, very far off from the correct placement, about 1/2cm too far back.

 

At this point I started worrying because I was unsure whether removing the piercing immediately had put me at a greater risk of infection. My saliva glands were continuing to swell, and my lymph nodes hurt, and I didn't know how bad of signs those were. We called up Greg at Chameleon in Cambridge who very graciously calmed me down and told me that if I cared for it as a regular tongue piercing it should be ok.

 

Here's hoping (this all happened today). My partner is going to go back and demand a refund from the owner; I had to get on a plane shortly after this incident.

 

I honestly find it incomprehensible that a piercer could screw up a standard tongue piercing so badly. And not only screw it up, but not be able to recognize/acknowledge that she had and help me figure out what to do. Had I known less about piercings, I quite possibly could have left the shop trying to keep it, and my tongue would have swelled up so badly that I would have lost the barbell inside and had to have it removed surgically.

 

Tongue piercings are as common and straightforward as piercings come - it scares me to think how badly she might botch something slightly more complicated!

 

Since this happened, she has denied that she pierced my tongue wrong, and refused to give a refund or even apologize. Fatty's won't even show me records to indicate I was pierced with a properly autoclaved needle.

 

She is only 21 and appears to be piercing far above her experience level, using her customers as guinea pigs to learn her craft. When things go wrong, she won't help you deal with them safely, but will endanger your health instead of admitting she screwed up. Needless to say, avoid Hannah at all costs for a piercing if you value your body and your health.

 

Awesome photo by @glasser www.flickr.com/photos/glasser/

 

I'm blogging everything at askyourincompetentpiercer.blogspot.com/.

 

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

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References References are made to web resources, and related images are from web resources and related websites.

Who official website UN .org www.gavi.org/ispe.org

 

Wikipedia, "The Lancet", "English Journal of Medicine", "Nature", "Science", "Journal of the American Medical Association", etc.

 

Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research!

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The actions of respiratory therapists facing COVID-19

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Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China, JAMA

 

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

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Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

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L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

* Nouvelle modification de la structure chimique des médicaments contre les coronavirus * Conception et dépistage des médicaments assistés par ordinateur. *"Missile biologique antiviral", "Nouveaux comprimés anti-épidémiques contre le coronavirus", "Liquide oral antiviral composite", "Nouveaux comprimés oraux à action prolongée contre le coronavirus", "Nouveaux inhibiteurs de coronavirus" (injection)

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(leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, biologiste, virologue, pharmacien, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" est un important document de recherche scientifique. Il a maintenant été révisé et réédité par l'auteur original à plusieurs reprises. La compilation est publiée et publiée selon le manuscrit original pour répondre aux besoins des lecteurs et des internautes du monde entier. En même temps, elle est également très bénéfique pour le grand nombre de chercheurs en médicaments cliniques médicaux et de divers experts et universitaires. Nous espérons qu'il sera corrigé dans la réimpression.------Compilé par Jacques Lucy à Genève, août 2021

  

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Selon les statistiques en temps réel de Worldometer, vers 6h30 le 23 juillet, il y avait un total de 193 323 815 cas confirmés de nouvelle pneumonie coronarienne dans le monde, et un total de 4 150 213 décès. Il y a eu 570 902 nouveaux cas confirmés et 8 766 nouveaux décès dans le monde en une seule journée. Les données montrent que les États-Unis, le Brésil, le Royaume-Uni, l'Inde et l'Indonésie sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux cas confirmés, et l'Indonésie, le Brésil, la Russie, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Inde sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux décès.

 

Les nouvelles souches de coronavirus et de mutants delta ont été particulièrement graves ces derniers temps. De nombreux pays et lieux ont repris vie et le nombre de cas n'a pas diminué, mais a augmenté.

, Il est digne de vigilance. Bien que de nombreux pays aient renforcé la prévention et le contrôle des vaccins et d'autres mesures de prévention et de contrôle, il existe encore de nombreuses lacunes et carences dans la suppression et la prévention du virus. Le nouveau coronavirus et diverses souches mutantes présentent un certain degré d'antagonisme par rapport aux médicaments traditionnels et à la plupart des vaccins. Bien que la plupart des vaccins aient de grandes propriétés anti-épidémiques et aient des effets et une protection importants et irremplaçables pour la prévention et le traitement, il est impossible d'empêcher complètement la propagation et l'infection des virus. La propagation de la nouvelle pneumonie à virus couronne a été retardée de près de deux ans. Il y a des centaines de millions de personnes infectées dans le monde, des millions de décès, et le temps est long, la propagation est généralisée et des milliards de personnes dans le monde sont parmi Les dommages causés par le virus sont assez terribles, c'est bien connu. Plus urgent

Ce qui est plus grave, c'est que le virus et les souches mutantes n'ont pas complètement reculé, surtout que de nombreuses personnes sont encore infectées et infectées après avoir été injectées avec divers vaccins.L'efficacité du vaccin et la résistance du virus mutant sont dignes des scientifiques médicaux, virologues , les pharmacologues Les zoologistes et autres réfléchissent et analysent sérieusement. La situation épidémique actuelle dans les pays européens et américains, la Chine, le Brésil, l'Inde, les États-Unis, la Russie et d'autres pays s'est considérablement améliorée par rapport à l'année dernière.Cependant, les chiffres pertinents montrent que la situation épidémique mondiale ne s'est pas complètement améliorée, et certains pays et régions sont encore très graves. En particulier, après une utilisation intensive de divers vaccins, des cas surviennent encore, et dans certains endroits ils sont encore très graves, ce qui mérite une grande vigilance. Les mesures de prévention et de contrôle sont très importantes.De plus, les vaccins et divers médicaments antiépidémiques sont les premiers choix nécessaires, et les autres méthodes sont irremplaçables. Il est particulièrement important de développer et de développer des médicaments complets, des médicaments antiviraux, des médicaments immunitaires et des médicaments génétiques. Les expériences de recherche sur les nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants nécessitent une analyse plus rigoureuse et approfondie des données, des tissus pathogènes pathologiques, des gènes cellulaires, de la chimie moléculaire, de la chimie quantique, etc., ainsi que de la chimie moléculaire des vaccins, de la physique quantique, de la biologie quantique, de l'histologie cytologique, la chimie médicinale et les médicaments Et les symptômes, l'efficacité, la sécurité, l'efficacité à long terme, etc. du vaccin, bien sûr, y compris des dizaines de milliers de cas cliniques et de décès et d'autres informations et preuves de première main. La tâche de l'ARN (acide ribonucléique) dans le corps humain est d'utiliser les informations de notre matériel génétique ADN pour produire des protéines. Il accomplit cette tâche dans le ribosome, la zone productrice de protéines de la cellule. Le ribosome est le lieu où se produit la biosynthèse des protéines.

La médecine en profite : dans la vaccination, l'ARNm produit artificiellement fournit aux ribosomes des instructions pour construire des antigènes pathogènes contre lesquels lutter, par exemple, la protéine de pointe du coronavirus.

Les vaccins vivants traditionnels ou les vaccins inactivés contiennent des antigènes qui provoquent la réaction du système immunitaire. Le vaccin à ARNm est produit dans la cellule

(1) La spécificité des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants, etc., virologie et chimie quantique des virus mutants, physique quantique, microbiologie quantique

(2) Nouvelle conception de vaccin couronne, biologie moléculaire et structure chimique, etc.

(3) La généralité et la particularité du développement de nouveaux médicaments contre le coronavirus

(4) Diverses conceptions de médicaments pour la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus, la chimie médicinale, la pharmacologie, etc., les cellules, les protéines, l'ADN, la chimie des enzymes, la chimie quantique pharmaceutique, la physique quantique pharmaceutique, la biochimie humaine, la biophysique humaine, etc.

(5) Les caractéristiques d'évolution et de mutation du nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants, la nature à long terme, la répétabilité, la résistance aux médicaments et la résistance épidémique du virus, etc.

(6) Pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et transmission infectieuse de divers nouveaux coronavirus et leurs particularités

(7) La transmission invisible de la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants chez l'homme ou l'animal, et la symbiose mutuelle de l'infection croisée de diverses bactéries et virus sont également l'une des causes très graves de dommages graves aux nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants. La virologie, la pathologie, l'étiologie, le séquençage des gènes, la cartographie des gènes et un grand nombre d'études analytiques ont montré qu'il existe de nombreux cas en Chine, aux États-Unis, en Inde, en Russie, au Brésil et dans d'autres pays.

(8) Pour la prévention et le traitement symptomatiques du nouveau coronavirus, la combinaison de divers vaccins et de di

World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)

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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021

*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety

*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021

  

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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.

 

The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.

, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent

What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of ​​the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.

Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.

Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell

(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology

(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.

(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs

(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.

(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.

(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities

(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.

(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.

(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.

(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus

(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and

The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.

(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,

Hepatitis virus,

Marburg virus

Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera

and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.

However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.

　　　　 Delta mutant strain

According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.

At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.

 

(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.

 

(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.

And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.

, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.

  

Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.

(2) Live attenuated vaccine: It is a vaccine made by using artificial targeted mutation methods or by screening live microorganisms with highly weakened or basically non-toxic virulence from the natural world. After inoculation, the live attenuated vaccine has a certain ability to grow and reproduce in the body, which can cause the body to have a reaction similar to a recessive infection or a mild infection, and it is widely used.

(3) Subunit vaccine: Among the multiple specific antigenic determinants carried by macromolecular antigens, only a small number of antigenic sites play an important role in the protective immune response. Separate natural proteins through chemical decomposition or controlled proteolysis, and extract bacteria and virusesVaccines made from fragments with immunological activity are screened out of the special protein structure of, called subunit vaccines. Subunit vaccines have only a few major surface proteins, so they can eliminate antibodies induced by many unrelated antigens, thereby reducing the side effects of the vaccine and related diseases and other side effects caused by the vaccine. (4) Genetically engineered vaccine: It uses DNA recombination biotechnology to direct the natural or synthetic genetic material in the pathogen coat protein that can induce the body's immune response into bacteria, yeast or mammalian cells to make it fully expressed. A vaccine prepared after purification. The application of genetic engineering technology can produce subunit vaccines that do not contain infectious substances, stable attenuated vaccines with live viruses as carriers, and multivalent vaccines that can prevent multiple diseases. This is the second-generation vaccine following the first-generation traditional vaccine. It has the advantages of safety, effectiveness, long-term immune response, and easy realization of combined immunization. It has certain advantages and effects.

New coronavirus drug development, drug targets and chemical modification.

Ligand-based drug design (or indirect drug design planning) relies on the knowledge of other molecules that bind to the target biological target. These other molecules can be used to derive pharmacophore models and structural modalities, which define the minimum necessary structural features that the molecule must have in order to bind to the target. In other words, a model of a biological target can be established based on the knowledge of the binding target, and the model can be used to design new molecular entities and other parts that interact with the target. Among them, the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is included, in which the correlation between the calculated properties of the molecule and its experimentally determined biological activity can be derived. These QSAR relationships can be used to predict the activity of new analogs. The structure-activity relationship is very complicated.

Based on structure

Structure-based drug design relies on knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of biological targets obtained by methods such as X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. If the experimental structure of the target is not available, it is possible to create a homology model of the target and other standard models that can be compared based on the experimental structure of the relevant protein. Using the structure of biological targets, interactive graphics and medical chemists’ intuitive design can be used to predict drug candidates with high affinity and selective binding to the target. Various automatic calculation programs can also be used to suggest new drug candidates.

The current structure-based drug design methods can be roughly divided into three categories. The 3D method is to search a large database of small molecule 3D structures to find new ligands for a given receptor, in order to use a rapid approximate docking procedure to find those suitable for the receptor binding pocket. This method is called virtual screening. The second category is the de novo design of new ligands. In this method, by gradually assembling small fragments, a ligand molecule is established within the constraints of the binding pocket. These fragments can be single atoms or molecular fragments. The main advantage of this method is that it can propose novel structures that are not found in any database. The third method is to optimize the known ligand acquisition by evaluating the proposed analogs in the binding cavity.

Bind site ID

Binding site recognition is a step in structure-based design. If the structure of the target or a sufficiently similar homologue is determined in the presence of the bound ligand, the ligand should be observable in that structure, in which case the location of the binding site is small. However, there may not be an allosteric binding site of interest. In addition, only apo protein structures may be available, and it is not easy to reliably identify unoccupied sites that have the potential to bind ligands with high affinity. In short, the recognition of binding sites usually depends on the recognition of pits. The protein on the protein surface can hold molecules the size of drugs, etc. These molecules also have appropriate "hot spots" that drive ligand binding, hydrophobic surfaces, hydrogen bonding sites, and so on.

Drug design is a creative process of finding new drugs based on the knowledge of biological targets. The most common type of drug is small organic molecules that activate or inhibit the function of biomolecules, thereby producing therapeutic benefits for patients. In the most important sense, drug design involves the design of molecules with complementary shapes and charges that bind to their interacting biomolecular targets, and therefore will bind to them. Drug design often but does not necessarily rely on computer modeling techniques. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technology for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, etc., which must be optimized first before the ligand can become safe and effective. drug. These other features are usually difficult to predict and realize through reasonable design techniques. However, due to the high turnover rate, especially in the clinical stage of drug development, in the early stage of the drug design process, more attention is paid to the selection of drug candidates. The physical and chemical properties of these drug candidates are expected to be reduced during the development process. Complications are therefore more likely to lead to the approval of the marketed drug. In addition, in early drug discovery, in vitro experiments with computational methods are increasingly used to select compounds with more favorable ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) and toxicological characteristics. A more accurate term is ligand design. Although the design technique for predicting binding affinity is quite successful, there are many other characteristics, such as bioavailability, metabolic half-life, side effects, iatrogenic effects, etc., which must be optimized first, and then the ligand To become safe and effective.

For drug targets, two aspects should be considered when selecting drug targets:

1. The effectiveness of the target, that is, the target is indeed related to the disease, and the symptoms of the disease can be effectively improved by regulating the physiological activity of the target.

2. The side effects of the target. If the regulation of the physiological activity of the target inevitably produces serious side effects, it is inappropriate to select it as the target of drug action or lose its important biological activity. The reference frame of the target should be expanded in multiple dimensions to have a big choice.

3. Search for biomolecular clues related to diseases: use genomics, proteomics and biochip technology to obtain biomolecular information related to diseases, and perform bioinformatics analysis to obtain clue information.

4. Perform functional research on related biomolecules to determine the target of candidate drugs. Multiple targets or individual targets.

5. Candidate drug targets, design small molecule compounds, and conduct pharmacological research at the molecular, cellular and overall animal levels.

Covalent bonding type

The covalent bonding type is an irreversible form of bonding, similar to the organic synthesis reaction that occurs. Covalent bonding types mostly occur in the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic drugs. For example, alkylating agent anti-tumor drugs produce covalent bonding bonds to guanine bases in DNA, resulting in cytotoxic activity.

. Verify the effectiveness of the target.

Based on the targets that interact with drugs, that is, receptors in a broad sense, such as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, membranes, antigens, viruses, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, proteins, enzymes, etc., find and design reasonable drug molecules. Targets of action and drug screening should focus on multiple points. Drug intermediates and chemical modification. Combining the development of new drugs with the chemical structure modification of traditional drugs makes it easier to find breakthroughs and develop new antiviral drugs. For example, careful selection, modification and modification of existing related drugs that can successfully treat and recover a large number of cases, elimination and screening of invalid drugs from severe death cases, etc., are targeted, rather than screening and capturing needles in a haystack, aimless, with half the effort. Vaccine design should also be multi-pronged and focused. The broad-spectrum, long-term, safety, efficiency and redundancy of the vaccine should all be considered. In this way, it will be more powerful to deal with the mutation and evolution of the virus. Of course, series of vaccines, series of drugs, second-generation vaccines, third-generation vaccines, second-generation drugs, third-generation drugs, etc. can also be developed. Vaccines focus on epidemic prevention, and medicines focus on medical treatment. The two are very different; however, the two complement each other and complement each other. Therefore, in response to large-scale epidemics of infectious diseases, vaccines and various drugs are the nemesis and killers of viral diseases. Of course, it also includes other methods and measures, so I won't repeat them here.

Mainly through the comprehensive and accurate understanding of the structure of the drug and the receptor at the molecular level and even the electronic level, structure-based drug design and the understanding of the structure, function, and drug action mode of the target and the mechanism of physiological activity Mechanism-based drug design.

Compared with the traditional extensive pharmacological screening and lead compound optimization, it has obvious advantages.

Viral RNA replicase, also known as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) is responsible for the replication and transcription of RNA virus genome, and plays a very important role in the process of virus self-replication in host cells, and It also has a major impact on the mutation of the virus, it will change and accelerate the replication and recombination. Because RdRp from different viruses has a highly conserved core structure, the virus replicase is an important antiviral drug target and there are other selection sites, rather than a single isolated target target such as the new coronavirus As with various mutant viruses, inhibitors developed for viral replicase are expected to become a broad-spectrum antiviral drug. The currently well-known anti-coronavirus drug remdesivir (remdesivir) is a drug for viral replicase.

New antiviral therapies are gradually emerging. In addition to traditional polymerase and protease inhibitors, nucleic acid drugs, cell entry inhibitors, nucleocapsid inhibitors, and drugs targeting host cells are also increasingly appearing in the research and development of major pharmaceutical companies. The treatment of mutated viruses is becoming increasingly urgent. The development of drugs for the new coronavirus pneumonia is very important. It is not only for the current global new coronavirus epidemic, but more importantly, it is of great significance to face the severe pneumonia-respiratory infectious disease that poses a huge threat to humans.

There are many vaccines and related drugs developed for the new coronavirus pneumonia, and countries are vying for a while, mainly including the following:

Identification test, appearance, difference in loading, moisture, pH value, osmolality, polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, potency test, sterility test, pyrogen test, bacterial endotoxin test, abnormal toxicity test.

Among them: such as sterility inspection, pyrogen inspection, bacterial endotoxin, and abnormal toxicity inspection are indicators closely related to safety.

Polysaccharide content, free polysaccharide content, and efficacy test are indicators closely related to vaccine effectiveness.

Usually, a vaccine will go through a long research and development process of at least 8 years or even more than 20 years from research and development to marketing. The outbreak of the new crown epidemic requires no delay, and the design and development of vaccines is speeding up. It is not surprising in this special period. Of course, it is understandable that vaccine design, development and testing can be accelerated, shortened the cycle, and reduced some procedures. However, science needs to be rigorous and rigorous to achieve great results. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines are of the utmost importance. There must not be a single error. Otherwise, it will be counterproductive and need to be continuously improved and perfected.

Pre-clinical research: The screening of strains and cells is the basic guarantee to ensure the safety, effectiveness, and continuous supply of vaccines. Taking virus vaccines as an example, the laboratory stage needs to carry out strain screening, necessary strain attenuation, strain adaptation to the cultured cell matrix and stability studies in the process of passaging, and explore the stability of process quality, establish animal models, etc. . Choose mice, guinea pigs, rabbits or monkeys for animal experiments according to each vaccine situation. Pre-clinical research generally takes 5-10 years or longer on the premise that the process is controllable, the quality is stable, and it is safe and effective. In order to be safe and effective, a certain redundant design is also needed, so that the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine can be importantly guaranteed.

These include the establishment of vaccine strain/cell seed bank, production process research, quality research, stability research, animal safety evaluation and effectiveness evaluation, and clinical trial programs, etc.

The ARS-CoV-2 genome contains at least 10 ORFs. ORF1ab is converted into a polyprotein and processed into 16 non-structural proteins (NSP). These NSPs have a variety of functional biological activities, physical and chemical reactions, such as genome replication, induction of host mRNA cleavage, membrane rearrangement, autophagosome production, NSP polyprotein cleavage, capping, tailing, methylation, RNA double-stranded Uncoiling, etc., and others, play an important role in the virus life cycle. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 contains 4 structural proteins, namely spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), envelope (E) and membrane (M), all of which are encoded by the 3'end of the viral genome. Among the four structural proteins, S protein is a large multifunctional transmembrane protein that plays an important role in the process of virus adsorption, fusion, and injection into host cells, and requires in-depth observation and research.

1S protein is composed of S1 and S2 subunits, and each subunit can be further divided into different functional domains. The S1 subunit has 2 domains: NTD and RBD, and RBD contains conservative RBM. The S2 subunit has 3 structural domains: FP, HR1 and HR2. The S1 subunit is arranged at the top of the S2 subunit to form an immunodominant S protein.

The virus uses the host transmembrane protease Serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and the endosomal cysteine ​​protease CatB/L to enter the cell. TMPRSS2 is responsible for the cleavage of the S protein to expose the FP region of the S2 subunit, which is responsible for initiating endosome-mediated host cell entry into it. It shows that TMPRSS2 is a host factor necessary for virus entry. Therefore, the use of drugs that inhibit this protease can achieve the purpose of treatment.

mRNA-1273

The mRNA encoding the full length of SARS-CoV-2, and the pre-spike protein fusion is encapsulated into lipid nanoparticles to form mRNA-1273 vaccine. It can induce a high level of S protein specific antiviral response. It can also consist of inactivated antigens or subunit antigens. The vaccine was quickly approved by the FDA and has entered phase II clinical trials. The company has announced the antibody data of 8 subjects who received different immunization doses. The 25ug dose group achieved an effect similar to the antibody level during the recovery period. The 100ug dose group exceeded the antibody level during the recovery period. In the 25ug and 100ug dose groups, the vaccine was basically safe and tolerable, while the 250ug dose group had 3 levels of systemic symptoms.

Viral vector vaccines can provide long-term high-level expression of antigen proteins, induce CTLs, and ultimately eliminate viral infections.

1, Ad5-nCov

A vaccine of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant spike protein expressed by recombinant, replication-deficient type 5 adenovirus (Ad5) vector. Load the optimized full-length S protein gene together with the plasminogen activation signal peptide gene into the E1 and E3 deleted Ad5 vectors. The vaccine is constructed by the Admax system derived from Microbix Biosystem. In phase I clinical trials, RBD (S1 subunit receptor binding domain) and S protein neutralizing antibody increased by 4 times 14 days after immunization, reaching a peak on 28 days. CD4+T and CD8+T cells reached a peak 14 days after immunization. The existing Ad5 immune resistance partially limits the response of antibodies and T cells. This study will be further conducted in the 18-60 age group, receiving 1/3 of the study dose, and follow-up for 3-6 months after immunization.

DNA vaccine

The introduction of antigen-encoding DNA and adjuvants as vaccines is the most innovative vaccine method. The transfected cells stably express the transgenic protein, similar to live viruses. The antigen will be endocytosed by immature DC, and finally provide antigen to CD4 + T, CD8 + T cells (by MHC differentiation) To induce humoral and cellular immunity. Some specificities of the virus and the new coronavirus mutant are different from general vaccines and other vaccines. Therefore, it is worth noting the gene expression of the vaccine. Otherwise, the effectiveness and efficiency of the vaccine will be questioned.

Live attenuated vaccine

DelNS1-SARS-CoV2-RBD

Basic influenza vaccine, delete NS1 gene. Express SARS-CoV-2 RBD domain. Cultured in CEF and MDCK (canine kidney cells) cells. It is more immunogenic than wild-type influenza virus and can be administered by nasal spray.

The viral genome is susceptible to mutation, antigen transfer and drift can occur, and spread among the population. Mutations can vary depending on the environmental conditions and population density of the geographic area. After screening and comparing 7,500 samples of infected patients, scientists found 198 mutations, indicating the evolutionary mutation of the virus in the human host. These mutations may form different virus subtypes, which means that even after vaccine immunization, viral infections may occur. A certain amount of increment and strengthening is needed here.

 

Inactivated vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines, recombinant protein vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, attenuated influenza virus vector vaccines, etc. According to relevant information, there are dozens of new coronavirus vaccines in the world, and more varieties are being developed and upgraded. Including the United States, Britain, China, Russia, India and other countries, there are more R&D and production units.

AZ vaccine

Modena vaccine

Lianya Vaccine

High-end vaccine

Pfizer vaccine

 

Pfizer-BioNTech

A large study found that the vaccine developed by Pfizer and German biotechnology company BioNTech is 95% effective in preventing COVID-19.

The vaccine is divided into two doses, which are injected every three weeks.

This vaccine uses a molecule called mRNA as its basis. mRNA is a molecular cousin of DNA, which contains instructions to build specific proteins; in this case, the mRNA in the vaccine encodes the coronavirus spike protein, which is attached to the surface of the virus and used to infect human cells. Once the vaccine enters the human body, it will instruct the body's cells to make this protein, and the immune system will learn to recognize and attack it.

Moderna

The vaccine developed by the American biotechnology company Moderna and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is also based on mRNA and is estimated to be 94.5% effective in preventing COVID-19.

Like Pfizer's vaccine, this vaccine is divided into two doses, but injected every four weeks instead of three weeks. Another difference is that the Moderna vaccine can be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius instead of deep freezing like Pfizer vaccine. At present, the importance of one of the widely used vaccines is self-evident.

Oxford-AstraZeneca

The vaccine developed by the University of Oxford and the pharmaceutical company AstraZeneca is approximately 70% effective in preventing COVID-19-that is, in clinical trials, adjusting the dose seems to improve this effect.

In the population who received two high-dose vaccines (28 days apart), the effectiveness of the vaccine was about 62%; according to early analysis, the effectiveness of the vaccine in those patients who received the half-dose first and then the full-dose Is 90%. However, in clinical trials, participants taking half doses of the drug are wrong, and some scientists question whether these early results are representative.

Sinopharm Group (Beijing Institute of Biological Products, China)

China National Pharmaceutical Group Sinopharm and Beijing Institute of Biological Products have developed a vaccine from inactivated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). The inactivated coronavirus is an improved version that cannot be replicated.

 

Estimates of the effectiveness of vaccines against COVID-19 vary.

Gamaleya Institute

The Gamaleya Institute of the Russian Ministry of Health has developed a coronavirus vaccine candidate called Sputnik V. This vaccine contains two common cold viruses, adenoviruses, which have been modified so that they will not replicate in the human body; the modified virus also contains a gene encoding the coronavirus spike protein.

  

New crown drugs

 

There are many small molecule antiviral drug candidates in the clinical research stage around the world. Including traditional drugs in the past and various drugs yet to be developed, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, Gene drugs, compound drugs, etc.

(A) Molnupiravir

Molnupiravir is a prodrug of the nucleoside analog N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC), jointly developed by Merck and Ridgeback Biotherapeutics.

The positive rate of infectious virus isolation and culture in nasopharyngeal swabs was 0% (0/47), while that of patients in the placebo group was 24% (6/25). However, data from the Phase II/III study indicate that the drug has no benefit in preventing death or shortening the length of stay in hospitalized patients.

Therefore, Merck has decided to fully advance the research of 800mg molnupiravir in the treatment of patients with mild to moderate COVID-19.

(B) AT-527

AT-527 is a small molecule inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase, jointly developed by Roche and Atea. Not only can it be used as an oral therapy to treat hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but it also has the potential as a preventive treatment after exposure.

Including 70 high-risk COVID-19 hospitalized patients data, of which 62 patients' data can be used for virological analysis and evaluation. The results of interim virological analysis show that AT-527 can quickly reduce viral load. On day 2, compared with placebo, patients treated with AT-527 had a greater decline in viral load than the baseline level, and the continuous difference in viral load decline was maintained until day 8.

In addition, compared with the control group, the potent antiviral activity of AT-527 was also observed in patients with a baseline median viral load higher than 5.26 log10. When testing by RT-qPCR to assess whether the virus is cleared,

The safety aspect is consistent with previous studies. AT-527 showed good safety and tolerability, and no new safety problems or risks were found. Of course, there is still a considerable distance between experiment and clinical application, and a large amount of experimental data can prove it.

(C) Prokrutamide

Prokalamide is an AR (androgen receptor) antagonist. Activated androgen receptor AR can induce the expression of transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2). TMPRSS2 has a shearing effect on the new coronavirus S protein and ACE2, which can promote the binding of viral spike protein (S protein) to ACE, thereby promoting The virus enters the host cell. Therefore, inhibiting the androgen receptor may inhibit the viral infection process, and AR antagonists are expected to become anti-coronavirus drugs.

Positive results were obtained in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial. The data shows that Prokalutamide reduces the risk of death in severely ill patients with new coronary disease by 92%, reduces the risk of new ventilator use by 92%, and shortens the length of hospital stay by 9 days. This shows that procrulamide has a certain therapeutic effect for patients with severe new coronary disease, which can significantly reduce the mortality of patients, and at the same time greatly reduce the new mechanical ventilation and shorten the patient's hospital stay.

With the continuous development of COVID-19 on a global scale, in addition to vaccines and prevention and control measures, we need a multi-pronged plan to control this disease. Oral antiviral therapy undoubtedly provides a convenient treatment option.

 

In addition, there are other drugs under development and experimentation. In dealing with the plague virus, in addition to the strict control of protective measures, it is very important that various efficient and safe vaccines and various drugs (including medical instruments, etc.) are the ultimate nemesis and killer of the virus.

 

(A) "Antiviral biological missiles" are mainly drugs for new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, which act on respiratory and lung diseases. The drugs use redundant designs to inhibit new coronaviruses and variant viruses.

(B) "New Coronavirus Epidemic Prevention Tablets" mainly use natural purified elements and chemical structure modifications.

(C) "Composite antiviral oral liquid" antiviral intermediate, natural antiviral plant, plus other preparations

(D) "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets" Chemical modification of antiviral drugs, multiple targets, etc.

(E) "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injections) are mainly made of chemical drug structure modification and other preparations.

The development of these drugs mainly includes: drug target screening, structure-activity relationship, chemical modification, natural purification, etc., which require a lot of work and experimentation.

Humans need to vigorously develop drugs to deal with various viruses. These drugs are very important for the prevention and treatment of viruses and respiratory infectious diseases, influenza, pneumonia, etc.

The history of human development The history of human evolution, like all living species, will always be accompanied by the survival and development of microorganisms. It is not surprising that viruses and infectious diseases are frequent and prone to occur. The key is to prevent and control them before they happen.

 

This strain was first discovered in India in October 2020 and was initially called a "double mutant" virus by the media. According to the announcement by the Ministry of Health of India at the end of March this year, the "India New Coronavirus Genomics Alliance" composed of 10 laboratories found in samples collected in Maharashtra that this new mutant strain carries E484Q and L452R mutations. , May lead to immune escape and increased infectivity. This mutant strain was named B.1.617 by the WHO and was named with the Greek letter δ (delta) on May 31.

Shahid Jamil, the dean of the Trivedi School of Biological Sciences at Ashoka University in India and a virologist, said in an interview with the Shillong Times of India that this mutant strain called "double mutation" is not accurate enough. B. 1.617 contains a total of 15 mutations, of which 6 occur on the spike protein, of which 3 are more critical: L452R and E484Q mutations occur on the spike protein and the human cell "Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2)" receptor In the bound region, L452R improves the ability of the virus to invade cells, and E484Q helps to enhance the immune escape of the virus; the third mutation P681R can also make the virus enter the cell more effectively. (Encyclopedia website)

  

There are currently dozens of antiviral COVID-19 therapies under development. The large drugmakers Merck and Pfizer are the closest to the end, as expected, a pair of oral antiviral COVID-19 therapies are undergoing advanced human clinical trials.

Merck's drug candidate is called monupiravir. It was originally developed as an influenza antiviral drug several years ago. However, preclinical studies have shown that it has a good effect on SARS and MERS coronavirus.

Monupiravir is currently undergoing in-depth large-scale Phase 3 human trials. So far, the data is so promising that the US government recently pre-ordered 1.7 million courses of drugs at a cost of $1.2 billion. If everything goes according to plan, the company hopes that the drug will be authorized by the FDA for emergency use and be on the market before the end of 2021.

Pfizer's large COVID-19 antiviral drug candidate is more unique. Currently known as PF-07321332, this drug is the first oral antiviral drug to enter human clinical trials, specifically targeting SARS-CoV-2.

Variant of Concern WHO Label First Detected in World First Detected in Washington State

B.1.1.7 Alpha United Kingdom, September 2020 January 2021

B.1.351 Beta South Africa, December 2020 February 2021

P.1 Gamma Brazil, April 2020 March 2021

B.1.617.2 Delta India, October 2020 April 2021

  

Although this particular molecule was developed in 2020 after the emergence of the new coronavirus, a somewhat related drug called PF-00835231 has been in operation for several years, targeting the original SARS virus. However, the new drug candidate PF-07321332 is designed as a simple pill that can be taken under non-hospital conditions in the initial stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

"The protease inhibitor binds to a viral enzyme and prevents the virus from replicating in the cell," Pfizer said when explaining the mechanism of its new antiviral drug. "Protease inhibitors have been effective in the treatment of other viral pathogens, such as HIV and hepatitis C virus, whether used alone or in combination with other antiviral drugs. Currently marketed therapeutic drugs for viral proteases are generally not toxic Therefore, such molecules may provide well-tolerated treatments against COVID-19."

Various studies on other types of antiviral drugs are also gaining momentum. For example, the new coronavirus pneumonia "antiviral biological missile", "new coronavirus prevention tablets", "composite antiviral oral liquid", "new coronavirus long-acting oral tablets", "new coronavirus inhibitors" (injections), etc., are worthy of attention. Like all kinds of vaccines, they will play a major role in preventing and fighting epidemics.

In addition, Japanese pharmaceutical company Shionoyoshi Pharmaceutical is currently conducting a phase 1 trial of a protease inhibitor similar to SARS-CoV-2. This is called S-217622, ​​which is another oral antiviral drug, and hopes to provide people with an easy-to-take pill in the early stages of COVID-19. At present, the research and development of vaccines and various new crown drugs is very active and urgent. Time does not wait. With the passage of time, various new crown drugs will appear on the stage one after another, bringing the gospel to the complete victory of mankind.

  

The COVID-19 pandemic is far from over. The Delta mutant strain has quickly become the most prominent SARS-CoV-2 strain in the world. Although our vaccine is still maintained, it is clear that we need more tools to combat this new type of coronavirus. Delta will certainly not be the last new SARS-CoV-2 variant we encountered. Therefore, it is necessary for all mankind to persevere and fight the epidemic together.

Overcome illness and meet new challenges. The new crown epidemic and various mutated viruses are very important global epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic top priorities, especially for the current period of time. Vaccine injections, research and development of new drugs, strict prevention and control, wear masks, reduce gatherings, strictly control large gatherings, prevent the spread of various viruses Masks, disinfection and sterilization, lockdown of the city, vaccinations, accounting and testing are very important, but this does not mean that humans can completely overcome the virus. In fact, many spreading and new latently transmitted infections are still unsuccessful. There are detections, such as invisible patients, asymptomatic patients, migratory latent patients, new-onset patients, etc. The struggle between humans and the virus is still very difficult and complicated, and long-term efforts and exploration are still needed, especially for medical research on the new coronavirus. The origin of the disease, the course of the disease, the virus invaded The deep-level path and the reasons for the evolution and mutation of the new coronavirus and the particularity of prevention and treatment, etc.). Therefore, human beings should be highly vigilant and must not be taken lightly. The fierce battle between humans and various viruses must not be slackened. Greater efforts are needed to successfully overcome this pandemic, fully restore the normal life of the whole society, restore the normal production and work order, restore the normal operation of society, economy and culture, and give up food due to choking. Or eager for success, will pay a high price.

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Global Research Performance on COVID 19 in Dimensions Database

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Adoption of a contact tracing app for containing COVID-19: a health belief model approach

M Walrave, C Waeterloos...- JMIR public health and..., 2020-publichealth.jmir.org

 

Prophylactic Treatment Protocol Against the Severity of COVID-19 Using Melatonin

N Charaa, M Chahed, H Ghedira...-Available at SSRN..., 2020-papers.ssrn.com

 

　Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China, The Lancet

  

　Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany, New England Journal of Medicine

The actions of respiratory therapists facing COVID-19

Zhu Jiacheng-Respiratory Therapy, 2021-pesquisa.bvsalud.org

  

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study, The Lancet

 

　Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China, JAMA, February 7

 

Epidemiologic and Clinical Characteristics of Novel Coronavirus Infections Involving 13 Patients Outside Wuhan, China, JAMA

 

Delta variant triggers new phase in the pandemic | Science

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COVID vaccines slash viral spread – but Delta is an unknown

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Novel coronavirus pneumonia during ophthalmic surgery management strategy and recommendations

YH HUANG, SS LI, X YAO, YR YANG, DH QIN…-jnewmed.com

 

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Compilation postscript

Once Fang Ruida's research literature on the new crown virus and mutant virus was published, it has been enthusiastically praised by readers and netizens in dozens of countries around the world, and has proposed some amendments and suggestions. Hope to publish a multilingual version of the book as an emergency To meet the needs of many readers around the world, in the face of the new crown epidemic and the prevention and treatment of various mutant viruses, including the general public, college and middle school students, medical workers, medical colleagues and so on. According to the English original manuscript, it will be re-compiled and published. Inconsistencies will be revised separately. Thank you very much.

 

Jacques Lucy, Geneva, Switzerland, August 2021

 

*********************************************************************

 

Leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, virologue, pharmacien et professeur Fangruida (F.D Smith) sur l'épidémie mondiale et l'ennemi juré et la prévention des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants (Jacques Lucy 2021v1.5)

_-----------------------------------------

L'ennemi juré et le tueur du nouveau coronavirus et des virus mutés - Développement conjoint de vaccins et de médicaments (Fangruida) Juillet 2021

* La particularité des nouveaux coronavirus et des virus mutants * Le large spectre, la haute efficacité, la redondance et la sécurité de la conception et du développement du nouveau vaccin contre le coronavirus, Redondance et sécurité

* Nouvelle modification de la structure chimique des médicaments contre les coronavirus * Conception et dépistage des médicaments assistés par ordinateur. *"Missile biologique antiviral", "Nouveaux comprimés anti-épidémiques contre le coronavirus", "Liquide oral antiviral composite", "Nouveaux comprimés oraux à action prolongée contre le coronavirus", "Nouveaux inhibiteurs de coronavirus" (injection)

——————————————————————————

(leader mondial, scientifique, scientifique médical, biologiste, virologue, pharmacien, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" est un important document de recherche scientifique. Il a maintenant été révisé et réédité par l'auteur original à plusieurs reprises. La compilation est publiée et publiée selon le manuscrit original pour répondre aux besoins des lecteurs et des internautes du monde entier. En même temps, elle est également très bénéfique pour le grand nombre de chercheurs en médicaments cliniques médicaux et de divers experts et universitaires. Nous espérons qu'il sera corrigé dans la réimpression.------Compilé par Jacques Lucy à Genève, août 2021

  

-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------

    

Selon les statistiques en temps réel de Worldometer, vers 6h30 le 23 juillet, il y avait un total de 193 323 815 cas confirmés de nouvelle pneumonie coronarienne dans le monde, et un total de 4 150 213 décès. Il y a eu 570 902 nouveaux cas confirmés et 8 766 nouveaux décès dans le monde en une seule journée. Les données montrent que les États-Unis, le Brésil, le Royaume-Uni, l'Inde et l'Indonésie sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux cas confirmés, et l'Indonésie, le Brésil, la Russie, l'Afrique du Sud et l'Inde sont les cinq pays avec le plus grand nombre de nouveaux décès.

 

Les nouvelles souches de coronavirus et de mutants delta ont été particulièrement graves ces derniers temps. De nombreux pays et lieux ont repris vie et le nombre de cas n'a pas diminué, mais a augmenté.

, Il est digne de vigilance. Bien que de nombreux pays aient renforcé la prévention et le contrôle des vaccins et d'autres mesures de prévention et de contrôle, il existe encore de nombreuses lacunes et carences dans la suppression et la prévention du virus. Le nouveau coronavirus et diverses souches mutantes présentent un certain degré d'antagonisme par rapport aux médicaments traditionnels et à la plupart des vaccins. Bien que la plupart des vaccins aient de grandes propriétés anti-épidémiques et aient des effets et une protection importants et irremplaçables pour la prévention et le traitement, il est impossible d'empêcher complètement la propagation et l'infection des virus. La propagation de la nouvelle pneumonie à virus couronne a été retardée de près de deux ans. Il y a des centaines de millions de personnes infectées dans le monde, des millions de décès, et le temps est long, la propagation est généralisée et des milliards de personnes dans le monde sont parmi Les dommages causés par le virus sont assez terribles, c'est bien connu. Plus urgent

Ce qui est plus grave, c'est que le virus et les souches mutantes n'ont pas complètement reculé, surtout que de nombreuses personnes sont encore infectées et infectées après avoir été injectées avec divers vaccins.L'efficacité du vaccin et la résistance du virus mutant sont dignes des scientifiques médicaux, virologues , les pharmacologues Les zoologistes et autres réfléchissent et analysent sérieusement. La situation épidémique actuelle dans les pays européens et américains, la Chine, le Brésil, l'Inde, les États-Unis, la Russie et d'autres pays s'est considérablement améliorée par rapport à l'année dernière.Cependant, les chiffres pertinents montrent que la situation épidémique mondiale ne s'est pas complètement améliorée, et certains pays et régions sont encore très graves. En particulier, après une utilisation intensive de divers vaccins, des cas surviennent encore, et dans certains endroits ils sont encore très graves, ce qui mérite une grande vigilance. Les mesures de prévention et de contrôle sont très importantes.De plus, les vaccins et divers médicaments antiépidémiques sont les premiers choix nécessaires, et les autres méthodes sont irremplaçables. Il est particulièrement important de développer et de développer des médicaments complets, des médicaments antiviraux, des médicaments immunitaires et des médicaments génétiques. Les expériences de recherche sur les nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants nécessitent une analyse plus rigoureuse et approfondie des données, des tissus pathogènes pathologiques, des gènes cellulaires, de la chimie moléculaire, de la chimie quantique, etc., ainsi que de la chimie moléculaire des vaccins, de la physique quantique, de la biologie quantique, de l'histologie cytologique, la chimie médicinale et les médicaments Et les symptômes, l'efficacité, la sécurité, l'efficacité à long terme, etc. du vaccin, bien sûr, y compris des dizaines de milliers de cas cliniques et de décès et d'autres informations et preuves de première main. La tâche de l'ARN (acide ribonucléique) dans le corps humain est d'utiliser les informations de notre matériel génétique ADN pour produire des protéines. Il accomplit cette tâche dans le ribosome, la zone productrice de protéines de la cellule. Le ribosome est le lieu où se produit la biosynthèse des protéines.

La médecine en profite : dans la vaccination, l'ARNm produit artificiellement fournit aux ribosomes des instructions pour construire des antigènes pathogènes contre lesquels lutter, par exemple, la protéine de pointe du coronavirus.

Les vaccins vivants traditionnels ou les vaccins inactivés contiennent des antigènes qui provoquent la réaction du système immunitaire. Le vaccin à ARNm est produit dans la cellule

(1) La spécificité des nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants, etc., virologie et chimie quantique des virus mutants, physique quantique, microbiologie quantique

(2) Nouvelle conception de vaccin couronne, biologie moléculaire et structure chimique, etc.

(3) La généralité et la particularité du développement de nouveaux médicaments contre le coronavirus

(4) Diverses conceptions de médicaments pour la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus, la chimie médicinale, la pharmacologie, etc., les cellules, les protéines, l'ADN, la chimie des enzymes, la chimie quantique pharmaceutique, la physique quantique pharmaceutique, la biochimie humaine, la biophysique humaine, etc.

(5) Les caractéristiques d'évolution et de mutation du nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants, la nature à long terme, la répétabilité, la résistance aux médicaments et la résistance épidémique du virus, etc.

(6) Pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et transmission infectieuse de divers nouveaux coronavirus et leurs particularités

(7) La transmission invisible de la pneumonie à nouveau coronavirus et de divers virus mutants chez l'homme ou l'animal, et la symbiose mutuelle de l'infection croisée de diverses bactéries et virus sont également l'une des causes très graves de dommages graves aux nouveaux coronavirus et virus mutants. La virologie, la pathologie, l'étiologie, le séquençage des gènes, la cartographie des gènes et un grand nombre d'études analytiques ont montré qu'il existe de nombreux cas en Chine, aux États-Unis, en Inde, en Russie, au Brésil et dans d'autres pays.

(8) Pour la prévention et le traitement symptomatiques du nouveau coronavirus, la combinaison de divers vaccins et de di

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span><span> </span>210</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span>  </span><span> </span>260</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span>  </span>389</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span>  </span>394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>  

</span>502</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>

 

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