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The Unfolded Garment
Embracing Subjectivity
Pierced Assemblage on Photogram
What is Philosophy?
Gilles Deleuze, Felix Guattari
Their book is a profound and careful interrogation of what it might mean to be a 'friend of wisdom', but it is also a devastating attack on the sterility of what has become, when 'the only events are exhibitions and the only concepts are products which can be sold'. Philosophy, they insist, is not contemplation, reflection or communication, but the creation of concepts
www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/0860916863/ref=pe_2724401_140...
A Symbol of Wealth and Prosperity
There are few natural objects which have held the mind and spirit of man as completely as the Cowry. Historically, the cowry shell has been a symbol of wealth, and has had been used as currency, jewelry, and as a religious accessory, in almost every part of the world. In the realm of sympathetic magic and sorcery, the Cowry is a powerful force. The shells represent the eyes of the Gods and the womb of the Goddess.
Originally found in the islands of the Indian Ocean, the cowry shell gained popularity throughout much of ancient Africa. Its influence spread to China, where brass and silver cowry shells were used as a form of currency. The Chinese even used its shape to form their pictograph for money.
The Cowry has always been a symbol of the Goddess and connected with the strength of the ocean. It was believed to have the power of conferring fertility and sexual potency. The vessel of life force and regeneration, the Cowry was the insurance of life's continuity. It was the dwelling place for the Goddess who made fertile both woman and crops, and whose voice can be heard whispering her ancient wisdom.
The Cowry was originally called the "concha veneer" - the shell of Venus - by the ancients. The scientific name "Cypraea" came from Cyprus or Cyprian, the isle where the worship of Venus Aphrodite began. The women of Pompeii wore the Cowry to prevent sterility. The Aztecs associate the Cowry with pregnancy as do Japanese.
Front Page, Colors on Black, April 2010
Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, 14 miles north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.
The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale. The valley is now called Wensleydale.
Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure. In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.
Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton. Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk. In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks. His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.
According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d. The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.
The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.
As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.
The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill. The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000. It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
“ROBOT LABORATORY—An artist’s drawing depicts one of the concepts (spherical) considered by Avco for the capsule Voyager that would land on Mars and do everything from analyze the soil to listen for the sound of animals.”
Note the upper “INSTRUMENTATION” labeled device, a Surveyor-like camera assembly. The lower looking suspiciously vacuum cleaner attachment-like. At this time, the atmosphere of Mars was possibly thought to be thick enough to facilitate a suction induced means of sample collection.
Doesn’t it look like when one gizmo or another extended out of R2-D2?
8.25" x ~11".
From Andrew LePage’s wonderful ‘Drew ExMachina’ website:
“During the 1960s, NASA performed studies of a number of potential Mars lander concepts for their second-generation planetary missions as part of the Voyager program. Not to be confused with NASA’s outer-planet explorers of the same name launched in 1977, the earlier Voyager program was meant to perform the second phase of planetary exploration after the initial reconnaissance performed by the Mariner program’s spacecraft in the 1960s and early-1970s. This Voyager series was to consist of orbiters carrying advanced landers to explore Venus and Mars during the 1970s. This incarnation of the Voyager program was cancelled in 1967 because of its increasing expense and eventually replaced by the relatively more modest Viking program to land on Mars.”
At:
www.drewexmachina.com/2014/08/07/the-automated-biological...
And, most surprisingly, at the NTRS, an Avco ‘Voyager’ design study from 1963. However, there’s no reference to a spherical design. Excellent early information nonetheless:
ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19650025712/downloads/1965002...
Last, but not least, a pertinent & fascinating excerpt from “SP-4212, On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet. 1958-1978”, Chapter 4, “VOYAGER: PERILS OF ADVANCED PLANNING, 1960-1967”:
“…Engineers for AVCO and GE had studied Mars and Venus missions, with AVCO giving Venus greater attention, but it was obvious to both contractors that Mars was NASA's primary target. General Electric recommended two identical landers carried aboard a single orbiter bus. Primary [95] communications from the landers to Earth would be via a relay in the orbiter, with secondary links directly from the landers. Solar cells and batteries would be used to power the orbiter, while radioisotope thermoelectric generators would provide both electricity and heat for the lander. Having concentrated basically on Mars missions, the General Electric engineers emphasized "biological and geophysical-geological experiments," recommending Syrtis Major (10°N., 285° long.) as a landing site for one lander and Pandorae Fretum (24°S, 310° long.) for the second. These were two of the more interesting areas for biological exploration. The appearance of Syrtis Major did not change much with the seasons. Its boundaries "are sharp and stable, and it is one of the darkest areas of the planet." Pandorae Fretum did change with the seasons, the dark color developing in spring, deepening with summer, and becoming light in the fall for the duration of winter. While the choice of these sites would eliminate close examination of the polar regions and the "darkening wave," they considered their choices the best ones "in view of the high priority of the life detection [experiments] and the eventual requirements for choosing sites for manned landing missions," 27 GE would wait until after the first successful landings to define future sites, but AVCO made the proposals in table 11. 28
General Electric proposed a rather ambitious series of scientific investigations, considering the weight limits on instrumentation for both the orbiter (98 kilograms) and the lander (70 kg). Biological instruments would easily constitute a third of the payload projected for the lander, AVCO Corporation's landed science payload was greater (91 kg), but the proposed orbital instrumentation was less (61 kg). In either case, the weight was substantially more than the 23 kg of experiments that could have been landed with a Mariner B-class capsule. During more favorable Mars launch opportunities-1971 and 1973-larger scientific packages could be landed using the same orbiter and launch vehicles.
Besides the weights of the landers (GE, 657; AVCO, 762), the major difference between the two contractors' approaches was the number of landers; one for AVCO and two for GE. AVCO's lander was encapsulated before launch for sterility and for protection during the descent. The blunt body of the aeroshell would protect the lander during entry and slow the descent. A parachute, deployed when the aeroshell and heatshield were discarded, would slow the craft further. At impact, the lander would be protected by aluminum crush-up pads (touchdown velocity 12 meters per second). After a relatively hard landing, the craft would roll and tumble until it came to a stop, and six petals, which when closed protected the internal parts, would open and erect the lander and raise it off the ground. AVCO also planned to use radioisotope thermoelectric generators to provide electricity. General Electric's capsules by comparison were much simpler. They consisted of "moderately blunt sphere cones," which entered point downward instead of blunt end down as with the AVCO approach. General Electric proposed to use rockets, tip bars, and explosive anchors to orient the cone once it was on the surface.
Hearth told Webb at the December briefing that "the areas of agreement were quite significant even though the studies were conducted independently and separately of one another." Both contractors called for similar scientific capabilities, and "they agreed quite well on the prime technical problems and development problems" were. But would NASA underwrite Voyager missions to the planets beginning in l969?”
Above, along with much more, at:
Cover: Olga Nicholas, photographed by Dirone Studios, wears a feed-bag formal and matching stole., McCall's pattern #9121. Jewelry by Trifari.
Featuring articles:
Advice to Men: How to Handle Women
The Words That Saved Lives
Mother Divine
Is This Polio's Last Summer?
The Blunders That Cause Sexual Abnormality
We Love on Relief - and We're Rich!
Reduce on Bigger Breakfasts
The Bargain Below The Cream Lines
Prize-Winning Ways to Stay on a Diet
How They Read Your Mind
Is Trailer Life the Life For You?
She Works in Mexico
Who Said Bats Were Batty?
New Facts About Sterility
Fashion from Feed Bags
Adventures of a Counter Spy
Geralt: An empty swing? Trying to pick on my Witcher sterility?
The Unseen Elder: We both know you raised Cirilla. You will never again see her, as I lost my son, his grandson, his great-great grandson.
In the past, mandrake was often made into amulets which were believed to bring good fortune, cure sterility, etc. In one superstition, people who pull up this root will be condemned to hell, and the mandrake root would scream and cry as it was pulled from the ground, killing anyone who heard it.
~AI.GIMP.PIXLR
A UNESCO site.
From Wikipedia:
The Grand Prismatic Spring in Yellowstone National Park is the largest hot spring in the United States, and the third largest in the world, after Frying Pan Lake in New Zealand and Boiling Lake in Dominica. It is located in the Midway Geyser Basin.
Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match most of those seen in the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue
The bright, vivid colors in the spring are the result of microbial mats around the edges of the mineral-rich water. The mats produce colors ranging from green to red; the amount of color in the microbial mats depends on the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoids and on the temperature gradient in the runoff. In the summer, the mats tend to be orange and red, whereas in the winter the mats are usually dark green. The center of the pool is sterile due to extreme heat.
The deep blue color of the water in the center of the pool results from the intrinsic blue color of water. The effect is strongest in the center of the spring, because of its sterility and depth.
The spring is approximately 370 feet (110 m) in diameter and is 160 feet (50 m) deep. The spring discharges an estimated 560 US gallons (2,100 L) of 160 °F (70 °C) water per minute.
The plant that produced phuti karpash, the cotton used to manufacture muslin has not been cultivated in nearly 200 years. In an attempt to revive the plant, Drik has been obtaining the nearest available wild strains and mapping their DNA at laboratories at Warwick University and the Smithsonian Institute. A very high level of sterility is required in the labs to avoid contamination of the DNA samples.
Chicken
From Wikipedia
The chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) is a domesticated fowl. As one of the most common and widespread domestic animals, and with a population of more than 24 billion in 2003,there are more chickens in the world than any other bird. Humans keep chickens primarily as a source of food, consuming both their meat and their eggs.
Recent evidence suggests that domestication of the chicken was under way in Vietnam over 10,000 years ago.Until this discovery, conventional wisdom held that the chicken was domesticated in India. From India the domesticated fowl made its way to Persia. From the Persianized kingdom of Lydia in western Asia Minor, domestic fowl were imported to Greece perhaps as late as the fifth century BCE. Fowl had been known in Egypt since the 18th Dynasty, the "bird that lays every day" having come to Egypt, according to the annals of Tutmose III, as tribute from from the land between Syria and Shinar, that is Babylonia.Fowl make no appearance in the Old Testament.
Some genetic research has suggested that the bird likely descended from both Red and the Grey Junglefowl (G. sonneratii). Although hybrids of both wild types usually tend toward sterility, recent genetic work has revealed that the genotype for yellow skin present in the domestic fowl is not present in what is otherwise its closest kin, the Red Junglefowl. It is deemed most likely, then, that the yellow skin trait in domestic birds originated in the Grey Junglefowl.
### ........must view as slide show.......##
"Bestow on us, we pray, O Lord, the wisdom and strength of the Cross, with which you were pleased to endow Saint Rita, so that, suffering in every tribulation with Christ, we may participate ever more deeply in his Paschal Mystery. Who lives and reigns with you in the unity of the Holy Spirit, one God, for ever and ever. Amen." – Collect for the feast of St Rita.
St Rita was a widow, mother, and Augustinian nun. She is patron: of abuse victims; against loneliness; against sterility; bodily ills; desperate causes; difficult marriages; forgotten causes; impossible causes; infertility; lost causes; parenthood; sick people; sickness; sterility; victims of physical spouse abuse; widows; wounds.
This statue of the saint is in the Basilica of Notre Dame des Victoires in Paris.
Gates of Freedom Series. A closed door may be sterility or safety. On the path of knowledge, it is a puzzle, a riddle. Probing the riddle is the doorway to enlightenment. In the path of action, a closed door may be lack of initiative or opportunity, an internal or an external block. Some doors need opening.
On the verge
On the verge
trapped between tarmac sterility
and the efficiency of modern monoculture
hogweeds reach lacy umbels skywards,
roses trail their delicate perfume amongst cocksfoot
and timothy, nettles and brambles threaten intruders
with passive aggression, thorn and sting
ready to repel invaders.
The verges, bordering lanes, trunk roads
and motorways, overlooked by speeding motorists,
preserve memories of hay-meadows, cowslips and ox-eye daisies
blooming amongst totter grass and sweet vernal, bee orchids
secretly hiding between knapweed and scabious, rare trefoils
and milkweeds concealed by their more humble cousins,
with clover and meadowsweet scenting the summer breeze.
On the verge, seed heads are ripening, yellow rattle drying,
pods of man orchid turning yellow, bush vetch producing
black peas, new life in waiting, in readiness for rain
and autumn’s scattering.
By the verge a farmer has heaped mud from the ditch,
clods of clay, infertile, burying the purple orchids
a foot deep in sludge; a tractor is mowing, cutting swathes
of wildflowers for the sake of tidiness, frustrating
unripe seeds from their germination, turning refuges
into mundanity.
Where there were bellflowers and bedstraw, dock will grow,
where blue butterflies flicked from rock-rose to rock-rose
and lizards and adders soaked up the heat on bare patches,
rank grass springs up, coarse and scentless; where hedgerows
sprawled their fruitfulness of haw and hip and blackberry,
the field boundaries are slashed into servile submission.
Here and there a halt has been called to this deadly destruction,
preserving pockets of summers’ beauty, reminders
of childhood’s bounty, in hope of resurrection of waysides,
which is now and forever on the verge.
Published in Reach Poetry 269 Feb 2021.
The Story of St. Philomena
On May 25, 1802, excavators in the ancient Catacomb of St. Priscilla in Rome came upon a well-preserved shelf tomb sealed with terr-cotta slabs in the manner usually reserved for nobility or great martyrs. The tomb was marked with three tiles, inscribed with the following confusing words: LUMENA / PAXTE / CUMFI. However, if one places the first tile last and separates the words properly, the very intelligible sentence emerges: Pax tecum, Filumena, which is "Peace be with you, Philomena." Also inscribed on the tiles were symbols: a lily, arrows, an anchor and a lance, which would appear to indicate virginity and martyrdom. Inside the coffin there were discovered the remains of a girl of about twelve or thirteen years of age, along with a vial or ampulla of her dried blood.
Transferred to the Treasury of the Rare Collections of Christian Antiquity in the Vatican, the remains were soon forgotten by the public, especially since no record existed of a virgin martyr named Philomena. But in 1805, a Neapolitan priest, Don Francesco di Lucia, traveling to Rome with his newly appointed bishop, requested and, after a brief delay, received the relics of this martyr "Philomena" to enshrine in his village church at Mugnano, near Naples.
Immediately upon the official donation of St. Philomena's sacred remains, signal favors began to be granted through her intercession and unusual events to occur. The favors, graces and even miracles started to increase, even before her enshrinement at Mugnano, and they steadily grew in number thereafter - such that this virgin martyr soon earned the title, "Philomena, Powerful with God". In 1837, only 35 years after her exhumation, Pope Gregory XVI elevated this "Wonder-Worker of the Nineteenth Century" to sainthood. In an act unprecedented in the history of Catholicism, she became the only person recognized by the Church as a Saint solely on the basis of her powerful intercession, since nothing historical was known of her except her name and the evidence of her martyrdom.
St. Philomena has been successfully invoked by her supplicants in every sort of needed, such that she has become another patron of "hopeless" and "impossible" cases, like St. Jude or St. Rita, but she is known to be especially powerful in cases involving conversion of sinners, return to the Sacraments, expectant mothers, destitute mothers, problems with children, unhappiness in the home, sterility, priests and their work, help for the sick, the missions, real estate, money problems, food for the poor and mental illness. But truly, as her devotees discovered, no case, of whatever matter, is too trivial or too unimportant to concern her.
The Saints & St. Philomena
Among her most devout clients was St. John Vianney (the Cure' of Ars), whose childlike devotion to this virgin Saint played an intimate part in his daily life. other Saints who were always devoted to her prayed to her and sang her praises were St. Peter Julian Eymard, St. Peter Chanel, St. Anthony Mary Claret, St. Madeleine Sophie Barat, St. Euphrasia Pelletier, St. Francis Xavier Cabrini, St. John Nepomucene Neumann, Blessed Anna Maria Taigi and Ven. Pauline Jaricot.
The Popes & St. Philomena
A number of Popes have also shown remarkable devotion to St. Philomena as well: Pope Leo XII (1823-1829) expressed the greatest admiration for this unknown child-saint and gladly gave his permission for the erection of altars and churches in her honor. Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846), who authorized her public veneration, showed his esteem and devotion to the Saint by giving her the title of "Patroness of the Living Rosary". A Mass and proper Office in her honor were approved by him in 1834 or 1835. This is an extraordinary privilege granted to comparatively few Saints. Pope Pius IX (1846-1878) proclaimed her "Patroness of the Children of Mary." Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903) made two pilgrimages to her shrine before his election to the papacy. After he had become the Vicar of Christ, he gave a valuable cross to the sanctuary. He approved the Confraternity of St. Philomena and later raised it to an Archconfraternity (which is still headquartered at her shrine at Mugnano, Italy). Pope St. Pius X (1903-1914) spoke warmly of her and manifested his devotion to her in various ways. Costly gifts were given by him to her shrine.
Truly, St. Philomena is a powerful intercessor - seemingly held quietly in reserve by Our Divine Lord during these many centuries - for especially strong help in our times, when so much confusion and absence of faith are manifest. Her principal feast day is August 11.
St. Philomena, powerful with God, pray for us!
Prayer to Saint Philomena
O, Saint Philomena, Virgin and Martyr, whom God glorifies by so many miracles, whom the Vicar of Jesus Christ has names Protectress of the Living Rosary and the Children of Mary, manifest, more and more plainly from the heights of Heaven, that a voice holy as thine cannot be denied and that we have the right to rely upon thine aid. Obtain for us the grace to be faithful to Jesus Christ, even to death. Amen.
Prayer to Saint Philomena, The Beloved
0 Philomena, martyr maiden fair,
We love thee with the rose-wreath on thy hair!
Thou, clasping close thy green immortal palm,
Plead strong and sweet for us in Heaven's calm
With Him who bids thee succour every need.
He says not nay when thou dost intercede,
Then, mighty martyr, help us through life's race
And show us at the Gates of Gold, thy face.
Novena Prayer to St. Philomena
O faithful virgin and glorious martyr, St. Philomena, who works so many miracles on behalf of the poor and sorrowing, have pity on me. Thou knowest the multitude and diversity of my needs. Behold me at thy feet, full of misery, but full of hope. I entreat thy charity, O great saint! Graciously hear me and obtain from God a favorable answer to the request which I now humbly lay before thee (make your request here). I am thoroughly convinced that through thy merits, through the scorn, the sufferings, the death thou didst endure, united to the merits of the passion and death of Jesus thy spouse, I shall obtain what I ask of thee and in the joy of my heart I will bless God, who is admirable in his saints. Amen.
Litany of Saint Philomena
Composed by Saint John Vianney, the Cure of Ars
Lord have mercy on us, Lord have mercy on us .
Christ have mercy on us, Christ have mercy on us .
Lord have mercy on us, Lord have mercy on us .
God the Father in Heaven, have mercy on us .
God the Son, Redeemer of the world, have mercy on us .
God the Holy Ghost, have mercy on us . Holy Mary, Queen of Virgins, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, filled with the most abundant graces from thy very birth, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, faithful imitator of Mary, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, model of Virgins, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, temple of the most perfect humility, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, inflamed with zeal for the Glory of God, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, victim of the love of Jesus, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, example of strength and perseverance, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, invincible champion of chastity, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, mirror of the most heroic virtues, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, firm and intrepid in the face of torments, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, scourged like thy Divine Spouse, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, pierced by a shower of arrows, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, consoled by the Mother of God, when in chains, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, cured miraculously in prison, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, comforted by angels in thy torments, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who preferred torments and death to the splendors of a throne, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who converted the witnesses of thy martyrdom, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who wore out the fury of thy executioners, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, protectress of the innocent, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, patron of youth, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, refuge of the unfortunate, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, health of the sick and the weak, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, new light of the church militant, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who confounds the impiety of the world, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who stimulates the faith and courage of the faithful, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, whose name is glorified in Heaven and feared in Hell, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, made illustrious by the most striking miracles, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, all powerful with God, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, who reigns in glory, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, patroness of the Children of Mary, pray for us .
Saint Philomena, patroness of the Living Rosary, pray for us .
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, spare us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, graciously hear us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world, have mercy on us.
V. Pray for us, O great Saint Philomena,
R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.
Novena to Saint Philomena
O, great Saint Philomena, glorious Virgin and Martyr, wonder-worker of our age, obtain for me purity of body and soul, purity of heart and desire, purity of thought and affection.
Through thy patience under multiplied sufferings, obtain for me a submissive acceptance of all the afflictions it may please God to send me and as thou didst miraculously escape unhurt from the waters of the Tiber, into which thou wert cast by order of thy persecutor, so may I pass through the waters of tribulation without detriment to my soul. In addition to these favors, obtain for me, O faithful spouse of Jesus, the particular intention I earnestly recommend to thee at this moment. O pure Virgin and holy Martyr, deign to cast a look of pity from Heaven on thy devoted servant, comfort me in affliction, assist me in danger, above all come to my aid in the hour of death. Watch over the interests of the Church of God, pray for its exaltation and prosperity, the extension of the faith, for the Sovereign Pontiff, for the clergy, for the perseverance of the just, the conversion of sinners, and the relief of the souls in purgatory, especially those dear to me. O great Saint, whose triumph we celebrate on earth, intercede for me, that I may one day behold the crown of glory bestowed on thee in Heaven, and eternally bless Him who so liberally rewards for all eternity the sufferings endured for His love during this short life.
Amen.
Tsaplet ni Santa Filumena
Sa Krusipiho - SUMASAMPALATAYA AKO
Sa Tatlong puting Butil- AMA NAMIN
Labing Tatlong Pulang Butil (simbolo ng 13 tong inilagi ni Sta. Filumena):
Aba po, O Banal na Santa Filumena na aking kinikilala pangalawa kay Maria,
bilang aking tagapagkangkilik kay Hesukristo, ipamagitan ninyo ako ngayon
at sa oras ng aking kamatayan.
Santa Filumena, minamahal na anak ni Hesus at Maria
ipanalangin ninyo kaming dumudulog sa inyo, Siya nawa.
Tapusin ang Panalangin sa Medalya:
Aba po, O Mabunying Santa Filumena, na buong tapang na nagbuhos ng inyong dugo para kay Hesukristo
pinupuri ko ang Panginoon para sa lahat ng grasya na ipinagkaloob Niya sa inyo
noong kayo'y nabubuhay at lalo't higit sa inyong kamatayan.
Ako'y nagpupuri at lumuluwalhati sa kanya para sa karangalan at kapangyarihang
ipinutong Niya para sa inyo, ako'y nagsusumamo na makamtan ko sa Diyos
ang mga grasyang aking hinihiling sa pamamagitan niyo. Siya nawa.
NOVENA PRAYER TO SAINT PHILOMENA - Ver. 1
O FAITHFUL VIRGIN, and glorious martyr,
St. Philomena, who works so many miracles
on behalf of the poor and sorrowing, have pity on me.
Thou knowest the multitude and diversity of my needs.
Behold me at thy feet, full of misery, but full of hope.
I entreat thy charity, O Great Saint!
Graciously hear me and obtain from God a favorable answer
to the request which I now humbly lay before thee... (Here specify your petition).
I am firmly convinced that through thy merits, through the scorn,
the sufferings and death of Jesus, thy Spouse,
I shall obtain what I ask of thee, and in the joy of my heart
I will bless God, Who is admirable in His Saints. Amen
Imprimatur: XCarolus Hubertus Le Blond
Episcopus Sancti Josephi
January 1952
NOVENA PRAYER TO SAINT PHILOMENA - Ver. 2 The Three Part Novena
We beseech Thee, O Lord, to grant us the pardon of our sins by the intercession of Saint Philomena, virgin and martyr, who was always pleasing in Thy sight by her eminent chastity and by the profession of every virtue. Amen.
Illustrious virgin and martyr, Saint Philomena, behold me prostrate before the throne whereupon it has pleased the Most Holy Trinity to place thee. Full of confidence in thy protection, I entreat thee to intercede for me with God. Ah, from the heights of Heaven deign to cast a glance upon thy humble client! Spouse of Christ, sustain me in suffering, fortify me in temptation, protect me in the dangers surrounding me, obtain for me the graces necessary to me, and in particular (Here specify your petition). Above all, assist me at the hour of my death. Saint Philomena, powerful with God, pray for us. Amen.
O God, Most Holy Trinity, we thank Thee for the graces Thou didst bestow upon the Blessed Virgin Mary, and upon Thy handmaid Philomena, through whose intercession we implore Thy Mercy. Amen
Nihil Obstat: Leo J. Ward Censor Librorum
Imprimatur: XEdward Cardinal Mooney Archbishop of Detroit December 1, 1947
THE CHAPLET OF SAINT PHILOMENA
The little Chaplet of St. Philomena consists of white beads, a token of virginity, red beads, the sign of martyrdom, and a St. Philomena medal. There are three white beads in honor of the Blessed Trinity, in whose honor the holy virgin laid down her life. The red beads are thirteen in number and signify the thirteen years St. Philomena lived on earth. This Chaplet is one of the simplest ways of praying to the Saint. When saying it, we may very properly ask, firstly for the grace of purity, in honor of the virginity of the Saint, who sacrificed life and honor in defense of this angelic virtue. Secondly, we should do well to ask for the strength and courage ever to do our duty, a virtue for which she was so eminently distinguished and which she is so ready to obtain for all her devoted clients.
This great grace alone helps a Christian to arrive at the highest sanctity, in the most practical and easy way. (If you do not have a Chaplet, ordinary rosary beads will suffice, as I am sure God and St. Philomena will honor your heart-filled prayers and devotion.)
First: Say the Apostle Creed to ask for the gift of faith.
Then three Our Fathers are said, in honor of the Three Divine Persons of the Blessed Trinity, in thanksgiving for the graces bestowed on Saint Philomena and for all the favors that have been obtained through her intercession.
The following prayer is then repeated thirteen times to commemorate her thirteen years:
Hail, O holy Saint Philomena, whom I acknowledge, after Mary, as my advocate with the Divine Spouse; intercede for me now and at the hour of my death.
Saint Philomena, beloved daughter of Jesus and Mary, pray for us who have recourse to thee.
The following prayer is said at the end of the Chaplet:
Hail, O illustrious Saint Philomena, who didst so courageously shed thy blood for Christ. I bless the Lord for all the graces He bestowed upon thee during thy life, and especially at thy death. I praise and glorify Him for the honor and power with which He has crowned thee, and I beg thee to obtain for me from God the graces I ask through thy intercession. Amen.
In praying the Chaplet or "Little Crown" as it is called, it is suggested that one ask for the grace of purity in honor of her virginity, who suffered death rather than tarnish this virtue; and secondly, for courage and fortitude to be faithful to the duties of a Christian as she was
LITANY TO ST. PHILOMENA
Lord have mercy on us.
Christ have mercy on us.
Lord have mercy on us.
God the Father of Heaven,
have mercy on us.
God the Son, Redeemer of the world,
have mercy on us.
God the Holy Ghost,
have mercy on us.
Holy Trinity one God,
have mercy on us.
Holy Mary, Queen of Virgins,
have mercy on us.
Saint Philomena,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, filled with the most abundant graces from your very birth,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, faithful imitator of Mary,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, model of Virgins,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, temple of the most perfect humility,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, inflamed with zeal for the Glory of God,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, victim of the love of Jesus,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, example of strength and perseverance,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, invincible champion of chastity,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, mirror of the most heroic virtues,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, firm and intrepid in the face of torments,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, scourged like your Divine Spouse,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, pierced by a shower of arrows,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, consoled by the Mother of God when in chains,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, cured miraculously in prison,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, comforted by angels in your torments,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who preferred torments and death to the splendors of a throne,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who converted the witnesses of your martyrdom,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who wore out the fury of your executioners,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, protectress of the innocent,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, patron of youth,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, refuge of the unfortunate,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, health of the sick and the weak,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, new light of the church militant,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who confounds the impiety of the world,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who stimulates the faith and courage of the faithful,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, whose name is glorified in Heaven and feared in Hell,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, made illustrious by the most striking miracles,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, all powerful with God,
pray for us.
Saint Philomena, who reigns in glory,
pray for us.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world,
spare us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world,
graciously hear us, O Lord.
Lamb of God, Who takest away the sins of the world,
have mercy on us.
V. Pray for us, Great Saint Philomena,
R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ
Let us pray
We implore Thee, O Lord,
by the intercession of Saint Philomena, Virgin and Martyr,
who was ever most pleasing to Thy eyes by reason of her eminent purity
and the practice of all the virtues,
pardon us our sins and grant us all the graces we need
(and name any special grace you may require). Amen.
Composed by Saint John Vianney
Raffaello Sanzio -
Portrait of Elisabetta Gonzaga [1506] -
Firenze, Uffizi -wm
****************************************************************************
Elisabetta Gonzaga, wife of Duke of Urbino, Guidubaldo da Montefeltro, was one of the most important figures in the cultural life of her time. A lover of art and literature, Elisabetta is the protagonist before whom the dialog takes place over days in the “The Book of the Courtier” by Baldassarre Castiglione and it is Elisabetta who is praised as the personification of grace, the most appreciated quality in the perfect lady of court. The position of the subject, shown to just under her chest, leaves out arms and hands to focus solely on the shoulders and the face, which are shown strictly from the front. The background shows a peaceful, light and airy landscape, typically Umbrian, with hillsides dotted with trees and high mountains in the background. The duchess is dressed in black, with a “gamurra” (or “camurra”) dress decorated with rectangles set out in gold and silver, in an asymmetrical design, inspired by the heraldic colors of the Montefeltro family. The duchess’ white neckline has gold lettering in Kufic characters, and she is wearing two simple gold chains around her neck. On her extremely white forehead is a jewel in the shape of a scorpion, containing a precious stone. At times, this piece of jewelery has been interpreted as an amorous symbol, with regard to the letter S that Elisabetta sports in one of the dialogs of the Courtier; however it may refer to Scorpio, the astrological sign linked to fertility and therefore, a good luck charm for the duchess, who was unable to have children due to her husband’s sterility. The ultra-fine painting techniques, featuring contrasts between the deep shadow of the dress and the pale tones of the subject’s skin, are, together with the painstaking attention to every detail, reminiscent of the Flemish examples that Raphael would have been able to see and study during his early years in Urbino (his native city), especially looking at the paintings of Justus van Gent and Pedro Berruguete in the Duke’s study. However, these initial trials by the artist already show his aptitude for representing the stirrings of the soul, his desire to make even an official portrait such as that of Elisabetta more authentic and exciting, leaving the onlooker to experience all of the truth of the expression in that reserved, noble gaze, as well as in the still youthful curve of the lips.
Text by
Anna Bisceglia
What stands out so clearly in Merton’s engagement with the Russian writers is his admiration for their theological creativity, their willingness to make mistakes “in order to say something great and worthy of God.” “One wonders,” he muses, “if our theological cautiousness is not after all the sign of a fatal coldness of heart, an awful sterility born of fear, or of despair.” 16 Indeed, one wonders! But the Sophia tradition also dares to say something great and worthy of humanity. In a word, as Merton wondered at Fourth and Walnut, how do you tell people that they are walking around shining like the sun? He found his answer in the remembrance of Proverb, Wisdom, Sophia.
-At Play in Creation: Merton's Awakening to the Feminine Divine, Christopher Pramuk
Every marriage after living together for more than 5 years goes through dry spells, no matter how steamy they were at the beginning. In India up to 70% couples especially in metropolitan city have to actually struggle to keep the passion alive in their relationship. Marriage is all together such as different ball game from living relationship dating and friendship. Due to busy schedules, work pressure, monotony, children and old aged these are the factors that can do wreak havoc on your sex life.
If I have to speak bluntly then sex is the glue that holds a relationship together. Yoga, apart from working wonders for your mind and soul, also enriches your sex life yoga helps you become aware of your sexual core proper breathing is essential for sexual arousal. Asanas, mudras, pranayamas, and meditation are the new way to better sexuality. As more and more people are discovering that practicing yoga leads to better sex life whether you practice yoga or sex for both you need some practice and training. The yoga system of treatment requires Proper diet and daily practice of yoga.
Good sex makes our skin glow, firms up our abs, beats the blues and above all as a great stress buster.
VAJROLI MUDRA: Sit in any comfortable meditative posture with eyes closed head and spine straight. Now inhales hold the breath in and try to draw the urethra upward. This action is similar to holding back on urge to urinate. Hold the contraction for as long as your feel comfortable. Then exhale while releasing the contraction. Do this Vajroli mudra minimum 10 to 15 rounds
BENEFITS: This mudra regulates and tones the entire uro-genital system, Vajroli mudra balances testosterone levels and sperm count and gives control over premature ejaculation. Problems like prostates hypertrophy are prevented.
SHAVASANA: Lie down on the floor on your back, keep the legs straight on the floor with feet apart by about your shoulder width. Keep the arms straight by your sides with hands placed about six inches away from the body. The head ad spine should be in a straight line. Close your eyes gently. Make the whole body loose and stop all physical movement, mentally watch your breathing and allow it to become rhythmic and relaxed.
BENEFITS: This asana leads to remove physical and mental fatigue. The breathing becomes more regulated and controlled naturally. This asana improves optimum capacity of lungs and intake of oxygen. Relaxation helps to open up blocked arteries and thus helps to improve cardiac functions.
VATAYANASANA METHOD: Stand with feet together bends the right knee and place the foot on the left thigh in the half padamasan position. Then place the hand in Namaskar position. Maintain the balance and hold the position for a short duration. Release the right leg repeat the practice with the opposite leg, breathing normal. Do it two times on each side.
BENEFITS: This asana develops the ability to retain seminal fluid and regulates the reproductive system and prevent early ejaculation. It also strengthens the leg muscle and knee joints. CAUTION: Try to do it slowly after some practice one can do it. This asana require more coordination then muscular strength.
ASWANI MUDRA: Stand in comfortable position closes eyes and breathing normal. Take your attention to the anus area. Contract the anal muscles for a few seconds without feeling any strain. Then relax for a few seconds. Repeat the contraction and relax the anal muscles. Make the contractions more rapid. BENEFITS: It is very helpful to prevents early ejaculation. The inflammation of prostate gland is also cured by this mudra. It helps to alleviate piles, constipation and prevents the escape of pranic energy from the body.
Home Remedy
consuming garlic is one of the best ways to treat sexual impotence. Chew two to three cloves of raw garlic, on a daily basis. In fact, you should include garlic in your regular diet.
Onion is another very good vegetable to treat sexual impotence. It increases libido and strengthens reproducing organs. White onions are best for this purpose.
Finely chop about 150 grams of carrots. Consume this, along with a half-boiled egg, dipped in a tablespoon of honey, once every day. This will help increase sexual stamina.
Take about 5-10 gm root powder of Ladyfinger in a glass of milk. Add 2 tsp of mishri in this milk and drink it. This will prove helpful in improving sexual vigor.
Put 15 gm dried roots of asparagus in a glass of milk. Have this milk two times in a day. It will be useful in treating both sexual impotency and premature ejaculation.
In 250ml of boiled milk, add 15 grams drumstick flowers. Prepare a soup from this decoction. Another effective way to use drumsticks would be to boil 120 gm of the powder of the dry bark in half a liter of water, for about half an hour. Yet another effective way would be to have 30 grams of this powder with a tablespoon of honey. Have this paste 3 times in a day.
Ginger juice is beneficial in treating sexual impotence. Mix ½ tsp ginger juice with half boiled egg and honey. Have this mixture once every night. It is beneficial in curing impotency, premature ejaculation..
Dry fruits are effective in curing sexual impotency. Pound and mix equal quantities of dates, almonds, pistachios and quince seeds. 100 grams of this mixture, consumed on a daily basis, is said to increase sexual power.
Wash 30 grams of black raisins in lukewarm water. Eat them with a glass of warm milk, daily. Increase the quantity by 50 grams after some time.
Mix jambul fruit (Indian herb) with milk and add a little honey to it. Consume this mixture to treat impotence.
Some of the items that help normalize hormonal imbalance and boost sexual craving are chickweed, ginseng, plantain and safflower. Include them in your diet.
For female sterility, dry the roots of banyan tree and powder them into fine particles. Take about 20 gm of this powder with milk, in a ratio of 1:5. Have this for 3 consecutive nights after the menstrual cycle. Including lots of seeds, fruits, nuts, grains, fresh green vegetables and fresh fruits in the diet is helpful in treating sexual impotence.
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Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, 14 miles north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.
The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale. The valley is now called Wensleydale.
Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure. In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.
Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton. Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk. In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks. His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.
According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d. The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.
The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.
As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.
The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill. The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000. It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, 14 miles north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.
The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale. The valley is now called Wensleydale.
Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure. In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.
Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton. Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk. In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks. His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.
According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d. The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.
The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.
As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.
The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill. The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000. It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
Ganges River/India (In Hinduism, water has the importance of physical and spiritual cleanliness and well-being, a striving to attain purity and avoid pollution. This widespread aspiration lends itself to a reverence for water as well as the integration of water into most Hindu rituals, as it is believed that water has spiritually cleansing powers.
• Holy places are usually located on the banks of rivers, coasts, seashores and mountains. Sites of convergence between land and two, or even better three, rivers, carry special significance and are especially sacred. Sacred rivers are thought to be a great equalizer. For example, in the Ganges, the pure are thought to be made even more pure, and the impure have their pollution removed if only temporarily. In these sacred waters, the distinctions imposed by castes are alleviated, as all sins fall away.
• Every spring, the Ganges River swells with water as snow melts in the Himalayas. The water brings life as trees and flowers bloom and crops grow. This cycle of life is seen as a metaphor for Hinduism.
• Water represents the "non-manifested substratum from which all manifestations derive" and is considered by Hindus to be a purifier, life-giver, and destroyer of evil.
• Water is a symbol of fertility, absence of which can cause barrenness, sterility leading to death....[quote: Nikhil Mundra, scienceofhinduism.blogspot.com]
Copyright © 2010 by inigolai/Photography
No part of this picture may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means (on websites, blogs) without prior permission.
On my way home from work (yeah, again). There's something about public spaces that are empty and deserted that I find fascinating. The machine doors left ajar. The endless blathering of the telly. The trash, and the aesthetic sterility. I wonder if there have been many sins washed away here. Hell, I wonder if there's been some committed here too. lol
This is a photo of a portion of the United States Penitentiary, Tucson (USP Tucson), a high-security prison. It is part of the Federal Prison Complex - Tucson which in turn is part of a grouping of federal and Arizona state prison complexes in the Sonoran Desert four miles south of Tucson International Airport.
The stresses of incarceration may be reinforced by uninspiring architectural sterility.
Non earth-friendly fluoride chemicals are added to over 65% of U.S. water supplies and, therefore, virtually all of its food supply, as a drug to treat people for tooth decay. Studies show, fluoridation is ineffective, health-robbing, and wastes tax dollars.
This is how fluoridation started in The United States:
Early settlers of Colorado Springs, Colorado, had the strangest looking teeth. Some were yellow, light brown or an ugly dark brown others ragged with holes in the enamel. The mildest discoloration were chalky and paper white. Called “Colorado Brown Stain” or mottled enamel in the early 1900’s until the villainous offender, drinking water laced with calcium fluoride, renamed the condition dental fluorosis.
Those ugly teeth usually had less cavities. So researchers assumed that, since fluoride discolored teeth, and those discolored teeth resisted decay, then fluoride reduces decay, also. Unsophisticated researchers overlooked, or didn’t know that the waters were also calcium and magnesium rich, which we now know is essential for strong bones and teeth.
So the human experiments began. Sodium fluoride was added to a water supply for the first time to decrease dental decay on January 25, 1945, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Nearby Muskegon acted as the non-fluoridated control. This study was planned to last 15 years. But, after six years, Muskegon demanded the same fluoride *benefits* as Grand Rapids.
Meanwhile, Dr. David Ast, New York State’ Dental Director started a ten-year fluoridation experiment of his own. On May 2, 1945, he fluoridated upstate Newburgh’s water supply to 1 part per million leaving Kingston non-fluoridated so he could compare results.
Ast wanted no part of universal fluoridation, yet. Grand Rapids and Newburgh were to be large-scale experimental laboratories. Ast preferred other cities wait for their experimental results.
Despite their caution, by 1947, officials in several other cities started water fluoridation on a study basis - among them Brantford, Ontario; Sheboygan, Wisconsin; Marshal, Texas; Evanston, Illionois: Midland, Michigan; and Lewiston, Idaho.
Impatient Wisconsin dentists wanted to get on the fluoridation bandwagon. By 1949, 85% of Wisconsin’s urban population was fluoridated.
The tempo of the struggle quickened as the “Wisconsin Idea” of immediate fluoridation ran head on against the conservative “go slow” policy of the American Dental Association (ADA) and other scientific organizations. Because of political pressure, in 1950, the United States Public Health Service finally endorsed fluoridation. The ADA soon followed while the Grand Rapids/Muskegon and Newburgh/Kingston fluoridation trials were still in progress.
Only five years into the experiment, fluoridation was declared a success in Newburgh and before permanent teeth of children born into the experiment had erupted yet. Researchers found that children had no ill effects from drinking fluoridated water. However, any child who was sick two weeks before the physical check-up was excluded from the examination thereby excluding the very children who many have been having side effects to fluoride. Adults who drank the experimental potion were never even studied.
In 1955, the State University of New York reported that children in fluoridated Newburgh had more cortical bone defects and hemoglob anemia than the control city of Kingston.
And recent research shows children in fluoridated Newburgh have more tooth decay and more dental fluorosis than never fluoridated Kingston.
With 65% of the US fluoridated and nearly 300 million worldwide living in fluoridated communities, the dentists made a huge mistake.
New research shows fluoride’s beneficial effects are merely topical so there’s no good reason to swallow fluoride. Unfortunately, dental fluorosis is caused by drinking fluoride. So dentists have actually created the problem they sought to remedy in the American population.
So it's no surprise that the U.S. Surgeon General declared tooth decay at epidemic proportions in the US population while dental fluorosis is reportedly becoming a new public health problem.
Tooth decay has risen in US children along with their fluoride overdose symptoms. Ironically, 10% fluoridated United Kingdom has a tooth decay rate that has been steadily declining.
fluoridedangers.blogspot.com/2005/12/history-of-water-flu...
ANOTHER MORE SINISTER REASON
Concerning the 'practice' of putting sodium fluoride into drinking water, where did this insanity begin and WHO tried it first? From personal research, the very first occurrence of purposefully putting sodium fluoride into drinking water was in the German ghettos and in Nazi Germany's infamous prison camps. The Gestapo you see had little concern about sodium fluoride's 'supposed' effect on children's teeth; instead, their reason for mass-medicating water with sodium fluoride was to STERILIZE HUMANS and force the people in their concentration camps into calm, bovine, submission. (See for reference: "The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben" written by Joseph Borkin.) Kind of shocking isn't it folks!! Ah, but it gets even better.
The following letter was received by the Lee Foundation for Nutritional Research, Milwaukee Wisconsin, on 2 October 1954, from a research chemist by the name of Charles Perkins. He writes:
"I have your letter of September 29 asking for further documentation regarding a statement made in my book, "The Truth about Water Fluoridation", to the effect that the idea of water fluoridation was brought to England from Russia by the Russian Communist Kreminoff. In the 1930's Hitler and the German Nazis envisioned a world to be dominated and controlled by a Nazi philosophy of pan-Germanism. The German chemists worked out a very ingenious and far-reaching plan of mass-control which was submitted to and adopted by the German General Staff. This plan was to control the population in any given area through mass medication of drinking water supplies. By this method they could control the population in whole areas, reduce population by water medication that would produce sterility in women, and so on. In this scheme of mass-control, sodium fluoride occupied a prominent place.
"Repeated doses of infinitesimal amounts of fluoride will in time reduce an individual's power to resist domination, by slowly poisoning and narcotizing a certain area of the brain, thus making him submissive to the will of those who wish to govern him. [A convenient and cost-effective light lobotomy? --- Ott].
"The real reason behind water fluoridation is not to benefit children's teeth. If this were the real reason there are many ways in which it could be done that are much easier, cheaper, and far more effective. The real purpose behind water fluoridation is to reduce the resistance of the masses to domination and control and loss of liberty."
"When the Nazis under Hitler decided to go to Poland, both the German General Staff and the Russian General Staff exchanged scientific and military ideas, plans, and personnel, and the scheme of mass control through water medication was seized upon by the Russian Communists because it fitted ideally into their plans to communize the world."
"I was told of this entire scheme by a German chemist who was an official of the great I.G. Farben chemical industries and was also prominent in the Nazi movement at the time. I say this with all the earnestness and sincerity of a scientist who has spent nearly 20 years' research into the chemistry, biochemistry, physiology and pathology of fluorine --- any person who drinks artificially fluorinated water for a period of one year or more will never again be the same person mentally or physically."
Signed: CHARLES E. PERKINS, Chemist, 2 October, 1954.
www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message976637/pg1
Fluoridated water extent world
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fluoridated-water-extent-world...
Fluoride in our water:
are we brushing with danger?
This building—now home to the Hotel Catalonia Catedral in Barcelona—embodies the luxuriant spirit of Art Nouveau, a style that flowered across Europe between roughly 1890 and 1914 and yet, despite its enduring allure, has never truly returned.
Here, the façade’s ornamented capitals—each featuring stylized maidens with flowing hair, sunflower halos, and botanical entwinings—showcase the hallmarks of high Art Nouveau: a sensual vocabulary of nature, eroticism, and myth. In their time, such embellishments weren't considered superficial—they were part of an effort to unify art and life, to dissolve the boundary between utility and beauty. Windows, balconies, doors, and ironwork all became surfaces for expressive transformation.
Art Nouveau emerged as a reaction against both academic historicism and the mechanized sterility of industrial design. In cities like Brussels, Paris, Barcelona, Vienna, Prague, and Riga, it took on regional inflections:
In France and Belgium, architects like Victor Horta and Hector Guimard developed structures as total works of art, with undulating walls and organic lines.
In Vienna, the Secessionists under Josef Hoffmann and Otto Wagner pursued a more geometric, restrained version.
In Barcelona, it fused with Catalan Modernisme, led by figures like Lluís Domènech i Montaner and Antoni Gaudí, whose works married Art Nouveau’s ornament with deep cultural nationalism and structural innovation.
Yet even in its variety, the style shared a core impulse: to elevate the everyday through art. To make a building, a chair, a dress, or a poster sing with symbolic meaning and sensuous pleasure.
But Art Nouveau's reign was brief. World War I, the Bolshevik Revolution, and a wave of disillusionment with bourgeois aesthetics rendered it obsolete. In the face of social fragmentation and political extremism, its flowing lines came to seem like the decadent tracings of a dream-world, detached from real suffering and real change. Its celebration of beauty, craft, and mystery was now suspect—frivolous, even dangerous. The future, as imagined by Modernists, demanded clarity, austerity, and machine logic.
Nor could Art Nouveau be revived easily. It was inherently bespoke—a style rooted in craftsmanship, not reproducibility. It couldn’t adapt to mass production or standardized architecture. Where Art Deco streamlined elegance for the age of industry, Art Nouveau remained stubbornly hand-made, too ornate and too expensive for the 20th century’s economies.
And there were ideological shifts, too: Art Nouveau’s feminine-coded, mystical aesthetics began to feel regressive in a world increasingly aligned with abstraction, rationalism, and social reform. The iconic female figures—like those on this building—once symbols of fertility and beauty, now looked like relics of a bygone eroticism.
Today, to encounter a façade like this in Barcelona is to glimpse a vanished worldview. These stylized maidens aren’t just decorative—they’re ghosts of a different idea of civilization, one that saw art not as commentary or rebellion but as a kind of enchantment, a sacred duty.
There has been no true revival—only footnotes and fragments. To resurrect Art Nouveau would require more than imitation; it would demand a re-enchantment of the modern world, a return to the belief that beauty is not luxury, but necessity.
Until then, we can photograph it, study it, and feel its pull.
Art Nouveau remains a lost continent—intact, unreachable, and utterly haunting.
A collaboration with Chat GPT.
First mentioned in a 1597 document but recorded as a resort in 1850, Sovata is located at an altitute of 1,600 ft. in the forested region of Transylvania, Romania. Sovata features the heliothermal and salty Ursu (Bear) lake – unique in Europe, located in a depression of a salt mountain. The place where the lake is now was originally a pasture. The mineral waters here are highly prescribed in gynecological and sterility afflictions, rheumatic pains, peripheral nervous system and post-accidental motor diseases. Sovata has other salty lakes, such as Alunis, Black, Red and Green Lakes.
Rice is the seed of the grass species Oryza sativa (Asian rice) or Oryza glaberrima (African rice). As a cereal grain, it is the most widely consumed staple food for a large part of the world's human population, especially in Asia. It is the agricultural commodity with the third-highest worldwide production, after sugarcane and maize, according to 2012 FAOSTAT data.
Since a large portion of maize crops are grown for purposes other than human consumption, rice is the most important grain with regard to human nutrition and caloric intake, providing more than one-fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans.
Chinese legends attribute the domestication of rice to Shennong, the legendary emperor of China and inventor of Chinese agriculture. Genetic evidence has shown that rice originates from a single domestication 8,200–13,500 years ago in the Pearl River valley region of China. Previously, archaeological evidence had suggested that rice was domesticated in the Yangtze River valley region in China. From East Asia, rice was spread to Southeast and South Asia. Rice was introduced to Europe through Western Asia, and to the Americas through European colonization.
There are many varieties of rice and culinary preferences tend to vary regionally. In some areas such as the Far East or Spain, there is a preference for softer and stickier varieties.
Rice, a monocot, is normally grown as an annual plant, although in tropical areas it can survive as a perennial and can produce a ratoon crop for up to 30 years. The rice plant can grow to 1–1.8 m tall, occasionally more depending on the variety and soil fertility. It has long, slender leaves 50–100 cm long and 2–2.5 cm broad. The small wind-pollinated flowers are produced in a branched arching to pendulous inflorescence 30–50 cm long. The edible seed is a grain (caryopsis) 5–12 mm long and 2–3 mm thick.
Rice cultivation is well-suited to countries and regions with low labor costs and high rainfall, as it is labor-intensive to cultivate and requires ample water. However, rice can be grown practically anywhere, even on a steep hill or mountain area with the use of water-controlling terrace systems. Although its parent species are native to Asia and certain parts of Africa, centuries of trade and exportation have made it commonplace in many cultures worldwide.
The traditional method for cultivating rice is flooding the fields while, or after, setting the young seedlings. This simple method requires sound planning and servicing of the water damming and channeling, but reduces the growth of less robust weed and pest plants that have no submerged growth state, and deters vermin. While flooding is not mandatory for the cultivation of rice, all other methods of irrigation require higher effort in weed and pest control during growth periods and a different approach for fertilizing the soil.
The name wild rice is usually used for species of the genera Zizania and Porteresia, both wild and domesticated, although the term may also be used for primitive or uncultivated varieties of Oryza.
ETYMOLOGY
First used in English in the middle of the 13th century, the word "rice" derives from the Old French ris, which comes from Italian riso, in turn from the Latin oriza, which derives from the Greek ὄρυζα (oruza). The Greek word is the source of all European words (cf. Welsh reis, German Reis, Lithuanian ryžiai, Serbo-Croatian riža, Polish ryż, Dutch rijst, Hungarian rizs, Romanian orez).
The origin of the Greek word is unclear. It is sometimes held to be from the Tamil word அரிசி (arisi), or rather Old Tamil arici. However, Krishnamurti disagrees with the notion that Old Tamil arici is the source of the Greek term, and proposes that it was borrowed from descendants of Proto-Dravidian *wariñci instead. Mayrhofer suggests that the immediate source of the Greek word is to be sought in Old Iranian words of the types *vrīz- or *vrinj-, but these are ultimately traced back to Indo-Aryan (as in Sanskrit vrīhí-) and subsequently to Dravidian by Witzel and others.
COOKING
The varieties of rice are typically classified as long-, medium-, and short-grained. The grains of long-grain rice (high in amylose) tend to remain intact after cooking; medium-grain rice (high in amylopectin) becomes more sticky. Medium-grain rice is used for sweet dishes, for risotto in Italy, and many rice dishes, such as arròs negre, in Spain. Some varieties of long-grain rice that are high in amylopectin, known as Thai Sticky rice, are usually steamed. A stickier medium-grain rice is used for sushi; the stickiness allows rice to hold its shape when molded. Short-grain rice is often used for rice pudding.
Instant rice differs from parboiled rice in that it is fully cooked and then dried, though there is a significant degradation in taste and texture. Rice flour and starch often are used in batters and breadings to increase crispiness.
PREPARATION
Rice is typically rinsed before cooking to remove excess starch. Rice produced in the US is usually fortified with vitamins and minerals, and rinsing will result in a loss of nutrients. Rice may be rinsed repeatedly until the rinse water is clear to improve the texture and taste.
Rice may be soaked to decrease cooking time, conserve fuel, minimize exposure to high temperature, and reduce stickiness. For some varieties, soaking improves the texture of the cooked rice by increasing expansion of the grains. Rice may be soaked for 30 minutes up to several hours.
Brown rice may be soaked in warm water for 20 hours to stimulate germination. This process, called germinated brown rice (GBR), activates enzymes and enhances amino acids including gamma-aminobutyric acid to improve the nutritional value of brown rice. This method is a result of research carried out for the United Nations International Year of Rice.
PROCESSING
Rice is cooked by boiling or steaming, and absorbs water during cooking. With the absorption method, rice may be cooked in a volume of water similar to the volume of rice. With the rapid-boil method, rice may be cooked in a large quantity of water which is drained before serving. Rapid-boil preparation is not desirable with enriched rice, as much of the enrichment additives are lost when the water is discarded. Electric rice cookers, popular in Asia and Latin America, simplify the process of cooking rice. Rice (or any other grain) is sometimes quickly fried in oil or fat before boiling (for example saffron rice or risotto); this makes the cooked rice less sticky, and is a cooking style commonly called pilaf in Iran and Afghanistan or biryani (Dam-pukhtak) in India and Pakistan.
DISHES
In Arab cuisine, rice is an ingredient of many soups and dishes with fish, poultry, and other types of meat. It is also used to stuff vegetables or is wrapped in grape leaves (dolma). When combined with milk, sugar, and honey, it is used to make desserts. In some regions, such as Tabaristan, bread is made using rice flour. Medieval Islamic texts spoke of medical uses for the plant. Rice may also be made into congee (also called rice porridge, fawrclaab, okayu, Xifan, jook, or rice gruel) by adding more water than usual, so that the cooked rice is saturated with water, usually to the point that it disintegrates. Rice porridge is commonly eaten as a breakfast food, and is also a traditional food for the sick.
NUTRITION AND HEALTH
NUTRIENTS AND NUTRITIONAL IMPORTANCE OF RICE
Rice is the staple food of over half the world's population. It is the predominant dietary energy source for 17 countries in Asia and the Pacific, 9 countries in North and South America and 8 countries in Africa. Rice provides 20% of the world’s dietary energy supply, while wheat supplies 19% and maize (corn) 5%.
A detailed analysis of nutrient content of rice suggests that the nutrition value of rice varies based on a number of factors. It depends on the strain of rice, that is between white, brown, red, and black (or purple) varieties of rice – each prevalent in different parts of the world. It also depends on nutrient quality of the soil rice is grown in, whether and how the rice is polished or processed, the manner it is enriched, and how it is prepared before consumption.
An illustrative comparison between white and brown rice of protein quality, mineral and vitamin quality, carbohydrate and fat quality suggests that neither is a complete nutrition source. Between the two, there is a significant difference in fiber content and minor differences in other nutrients.
Highly colored rice strains, such as black (purple) rice, derive their color from anthocyanins and tocols. Scientific studies suggest that these color pigments have antioxidant properties that may be useful to human health. In purple rice bran, hydrophilic antioxidants are in greater quantity and have higher free radical scavenging activity than lipophilic antioxidants. Anthocyanins and γ-tocols in purple rice are largely located in the inner portion of purple rice bran.
Comparative nutrition studies on red, black and white varieties of rice suggest that pigments in red and black rice varieties may offer nutritional benefits. Red or black rice consumption was found to reduce or retard the progression of atherosclerotic plaque development, induced by dietary cholesterol, in mammals. White rice consumption offered no similar benefits, which the study suggests may be due in part to a lack of antioxidants found in red and black varieties of rice.
ARSENIC CONCERNS
Rice and rice products contain arsenic, a known poison and Group 1 carcinogen. There is no safe level of arsenic, but, as of 2012, a limit of 10 parts per billion has been established in the United States for drinking water, twice the level of 5 parts per billion originally proposed by the EPA. Consumption of one serving of some varieties of rice gives more exposure to arsenic than consumption of 1 liter of water that contains 5 parts per billion arsenic; however, the amount of arsenic in rice varies widely with the greatest concentration in brown rice and rice grown on land formerly used to grow cotton; in the United States, Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is studying this issue, but has not established a limit. China has set a limit of 150 ppb for arsenic in rice.
White rice grown in Arkansas, Louisiana, Missouri, and Texas, which account for 76 percent of American-produced rice had higher levels of arsenic than other regions of the world studied, possibly because of past use of arsenic-based pesticides to control cotton weevils. Jasmine rice from Thailand and Basmati rice from Pakistan and India contain the least arsenic among rice varieties in one study.
BACILLUS CEREUS
Cooked rice can contain Bacillus cereus spores, which produce an emetic toxin when left at 4–60 °C. When storing cooked rice for use the next day, rapid cooling is advised to reduce the risk of toxin production. One of the enterotoxins produced by Bacillus cereus is heat-resistant; reheating contaminated rice kills the bacteria, but does not destroy the toxin already present.
RICE-GROWING ENVIRONMENTS
Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability. Generally, rice does not thrive in a waterlogged area, yet it can survive and grow herein and it can also survive flooding.
- Lowland, rainfed, which is drought prone, favors medium depth; waterlogged, submergence, and flood prone
- Lowland, irrigated, grown in both the wet season and the dry season
- Deep water or floating rice
- Coastal Wetland
- Upland rice is also known as Ghaiya rice, well known for its drought tolerance
HISTORY OF DOMESTICATION AND CULTIVATION
There have been plenty of debates on the origins of the domesticated rice. Genetic evidence published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS) shows that all forms of Asian rice, both indica and japonica, spring from a single domestication that occurred 8,200–13,500 years ago in China of the wild rice Oryza rufipogon. A 2012 study published in Nature, through a map of rice genome variation, indicated that the domestication of rice occurred in the Pearl River valley region of China based on the genetic evidence. From East Asia, rice was spread to South and Southeast Asia. Before this research, the commonly accepted view, based on archaeological evidence, is that rice was first domesticated in the region of the Yangtze River valley in China.Morphological studies of rice phytoliths from the Diaotonghuan archaeological site clearly show the transition from the collection of wild rice to the cultivation of domesticated rice. The large number of wild rice phytoliths at the Diaotonghuan level dating from 12,000–11,000 BP indicates that wild rice collection was part of the local means of subsistence. Changes in the morphology of Diaotonghuan phytoliths dating from 10,000–8,000 BP show that rice had by this time been domesticated. Soon afterwards the two major varieties of indica and japonica rice were being grown in Central China. In the late 3rd millennium BC, there was a rapid expansion of rice cultivation into mainland Southeast Asia and westwards across India and Nepal.
In 2003, Korean archaeologists claimed to have discovered the world's oldest domesticated rice. Their 15,000-year-old age challenges the accepted view that rice cultivation originated in China about 12,000 years ago. These findings were received by academia with strong skepticism, and the results and their publicizing has been cited as being driven by a combination of nationalist and regional interests. In 2011, a combined effort by the Stanford University, New York University, Washington University in St. Louis, and Purdue University has provided the strongest evidence yet that there is only one single origin of domesticated rice, in the Yangtze Valley of China.
Rice spread to the Middle East where, according to Zohary and Hopf (2000, p. 91), O. sativa was recovered from a grave at Susa in Iran (dated to the 1st century AD).
PRODUCTION
The world dedicated 162.3 million hectares in 2012 for rice cultivation and the total production was about 738.1 million tonnes. The average world farm yield for rice was 4.5 tonnes per hectare, in 2012.
Rice farms in Egypt were the most productive in 2012, with a nationwide average of 9.5 tonnes per hectare. Second place: Australia – 8.9 tonnes per hectare. Third place: USA – 8.3 tonnes per hectare.
Rice is a major food staple and a mainstay for the rural population and their food security. It is mainly cultivated by small farmers in holdings of less than 1 hectare. Rice is also a wage commodity for workers in the cash crop or non-agricultural sectors. Rice is vital for the nutrition of much of the population in Asia, as well as in Latin America and the Caribbean and in Africa; it is central to the food security of over half the world population. Developing countries account for 95% of the total production, with China and India alone responsible for nearly half of the world output.
World production of rice has risen steadily from about 200 million tonnes of paddy rice in 1960 to over 678 million tonnes in 2009. The three largest producers of rice in 2009 were China (197 million tonnes), India (131 Mt), and Indonesia (64 Mt). Among the six largest rice producers, the most productive farms for rice, in 2009, were in China producing 6.59 tonnes per hectare.
Many rice grain producing countries have significant losses post-harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmer's inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. A World Bank – FAO study claims 8% to 26% of rice is lost in developing nations, on average, every year, because of post-harvest problems and poor infrastructure. Some sources claim the post-harvest losses to exceed 40%. Not only do these losses reduce food security in the world, the study claims that farmers in developing countries such as China, India and others lose approximately US$89 billion of income in preventable post-harvest farm losses, poor transport, the lack of proper storage and retail. One study claims that if these post-harvest grain losses could be eliminated with better infrastructure and retail network, in India alone enough food would be saved every year to feed 70 to 100 million people over a year. However, other writers have warned against dramatic assessments of post-harvest food losses, arguing that "worst-case scenarios" tend to be used rather than realistic averages and that in many cases the cost of avoiding losses exceeds the value of the food saved.
The seeds of the rice plant are first milled using a rice huller to remove the chaff (the outer husks of the grain). At this point in the process, the product is called brown rice. The milling may be continued, removing the bran, i.e., the rest of the husk and the germ, thereby creating white rice. White rice, which keeps longer, lacks some important nutrients; moreover, in a limited diet which does not supplement the rice, brown rice helps to prevent the disease beriberi.
Either by hand or in a rice polisher, white rice may be buffed with glucose or talc powder (often called polished rice, though this term may also refer to white rice in general), parboiled, or processed into flour. White rice may also be enriched by adding nutrients, especially those lost during the milling process. While the cheapest method of enriching involves adding a powdered blend of nutrients that will easily wash off (in the United States, rice which has been so treated requires a label warning against rinsing), more sophisticated methods apply nutrients directly to the grain, coating the grain with a water-insoluble substance which is resistant to washing.
In some countries, a popular form, parboiled rice, is subjected to a steaming or parboiling process while still a brown rice grain. This causes nutrients from the outer husk, especially thiamine, to move into the grain itself. The parboil process causes a gelatinisation of the starch in the grains. The grains become less brittle, and the color of the milled grain changes from white to yellow. The rice is then dried, and can then be milled as usual or used as brown rice. Milled parboiled rice is nutritionally superior to standard milled rice. Parboiled rice has an additional benefit in that it does not stick to the pan during cooking, as happens when cooking regular white rice. This type of rice is eaten in parts of India and countries of West Africa are also accustomed to consuming parboiled rice.
Despite the hypothetical health risks of talc (such as stomach cancer), talc-coated rice remains the norm in some countries due to its attractive shiny appearance, but it has been banned in some, and is no longer widely used in others (such as the United States). Even where talc is not used, glucose, starch, or other coatings may be used to improve the appearance of the grains.
Rice bran, called nuka in Japan, is a valuable commodity in Asia and is used for many daily needs. It is a moist, oily inner layer which is heated to produce oil. It is also used as a pickling bed in making rice bran pickles and takuan.
Raw rice may be ground into flour for many uses, including making many kinds of beverages, such as amazake, horchata, rice milk, and rice wine. Rice flour does not contain gluten, so is suitable for people on a gluten-free diet. Rice may also be made into various types of noodles. Raw, wild, or brown rice may also be consumed by raw-foodist or fruitarians if soaked and sprouted (usually a week to 30 days – gaba rice).
Processed rice seeds must be boiled or steamed before eating. Boiled rice may be further fried in cooking oil or butter (known as fried rice), or beaten in a tub to make mochi.
Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a complete protein: it does not contain all of the essential amino acids in sufficient amounts for good health, and should be combined with other sources of protein, such as nuts, seeds, beans, fish, or meat.
Rice, like other cereal grains, can be puffed (or popped). This process takes advantage of the grains' water content and typically involves heating grains in a special chamber. Further puffing is sometimes accomplished by processing puffed pellets in a low-pressure chamber. The ideal gas law means either lowering the local pressure or raising the water temperature results in an increase in volume prior to water evaporation, resulting in a puffy texture. Bulk raw rice density is about 0.9 g/cm³. It decreases to less than one-tenth that when puffed.
HARVESTING, DRYING AND MILLING
Unmilled rice, known as paddy (Indonesia and Malaysia: padi; Philippines, palay), is usually harvested when the grains have a moisture content of around 25%. In most Asian countries, where rice is almost entirely the product of smallholder agriculture, harvesting is carried out manually, although there is a growing interest in mechanical harvesting. Harvesting can be carried out by the farmers themselves, but is also frequently done by seasonal labor groups. Harvesting is followed by threshing, either immediately or within a day or two. Again, much threshing is still carried out by hand but there is an increasing use of mechanical threshers. Subsequently, paddy needs to be dried to bring down the moisture content to no more than 20% for milling.
A familiar sight in several Asian countries is paddy laid out to dry along roads. However, in most countries the bulk of drying of marketed paddy takes place in mills, with village-level drying being used for paddy to be consumed by farm families. Mills either sun dry or use mechanical driers or both. Drying has to be carried out quickly to avoid the formation of molds. Mills range from simple hullers, with a throughput of a couple of tonnes a day, that simply remove the outer husk, to enormous operations that can process 4,000 tonnes a day and produce highly polished rice. A good mill can achieve a paddy-to-rice conversion rate of up to 72% but smaller, inefficient mills often struggle to achieve 60%. These smaller mills often do not buy paddy and sell rice but only service farmers who want to mill their paddy for their own consumption.
DISTRIBUTION
Because of the importance of rice to human nutrition and food security in Asia, the domestic rice markets tend to be subject to considerable state involvement. While the private sector plays a leading role in most countries, agencies such as BULOG in Indonesia, the NFA in the Philippines, VINAFOOD in Vietnam and the Food Corporation of India are all heavily involved in purchasing of paddy from farmers or rice from mills and in distributing rice to poorer people. BULOG and NFA monopolise rice imports into their countries while VINAFOOD controls all exports from Vietnam.
TRADE
World trade figures are very different from those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. In economic terms, the global rice trade was a small fraction of 1% of world mercantile trade. Many countries consider rice as a strategic food staple, and various governments subject its trade to a wide range of controls and interventions.
Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade, accounting for 83% of exports and 85% of imports. While there are numerous importers of rice, the exporters of rice are limited. Just five countries – Thailand, Vietnam, China, the United States and India – in decreasing order of exported quantities, accounted for about three-quarters of world rice exports in 2002. However, this ranking has been rapidly changing in recent years. In 2010, the three largest exporters of rice, in decreasing order of quantity exported were Thailand, Vietnam and India. By 2012, India became the largest exporter of rice with a 100% increase in its exports on year-to-year basis, and Thailand slipped to third position. Together, Thailand, Vietnam and India accounted for nearly 70% of the world rice exports.
The primary variety exported by Thailand and Vietnam were Jasmine rice, while exports from India included aromatic Basmati variety. China, an exporter of rice in early 2000s, was a net importer of rice in 2010 and will become the largest net importer, surpassing Nigeria, in 2013. According to a USDA report, the world's largest exporters of rice in 2012 were India (9.75 million tonnes), Vietnam (7 million tonnes), Thailand (6.5 million tonnes), Pakistan (3.75 million tonnes) and the United States (3.5 million tonnes).
Major importers usually include Nigeria, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Malaysia, the Philippines, Brazil and some African and Persian Gulf countries. In common with other West African countries, Nigeria is actively promoting domestic production. However, its very heavy import duties (110%) open it to smuggling from neighboring countries. Parboiled rice is particularly popular in Nigeria. Although China and India are the two largest producers of rice in the world, both countries consume the majority of the rice produced domestically, leaving little to be traded internationally.
World's most productive rice farms and farmers
The average world yield for rice was 4.3 tonnes per hectare, in 2010.
Australian rice farms were the most productive in 2010, with a nationwide average of 10.8 tonnes per hectare.
Yuan Longping of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center, China, set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare on a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar. Both these farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and System of Rice Intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in rice farming. SRI is claimed to have set new national records in rice yields, within the last 10 years, in many countries. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on seven-hectare lots and to be reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.
PRICE
In late 2007 to May 2008, the price of grains rose greatly due to droughts in major producing countries (particularly Australia), increased use of grains for animal feed and US subsidies for bio-fuel production. Although there was no shortage of rice on world markets this general upward trend in grain prices led to panic buying by consumers, government rice export bans (in particular, by Vietnam and India) and inflated import orders by the Philippines marketing board, the National Food Authority. This caused significant rises in rice prices. In late April 2008, prices hit 24 US cents a pound, twice the price of seven months earlier. Over the period of 2007 to 2013, the Chinese government has substantially increased the price it pays domestic farmers for their rice, rising to US$500 per metric ton by 2013. The 2013 price of rice originating from other southeast Asian countries was a comparably low US$350 per metric ton.[88]
On April 30, 2008, Thailand announced plans for the creation of the Organisation of Rice Exporting Countries (OREC) with the intention that this should develop into a price-fixing cartel for rice. However, little progress had been made by mid-2011 to achieve this.
WORLDWIDE CONSUMPTION
As of 2009 world food consumption of rice was 531.6 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (354,603 of milled equivalent), while the far largest consumers were China consuming 156.3 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (29.4% of the world consumption) and India consuming 123.5 million metric tons of paddy equivalent (23.3% of the world consumption). Between 1961 and 2002, per capita consumption of rice increased by 40%.
Rice is the most important crop in Asia. In Cambodia, for example, 90% of the total agricultural area is used for rice production.
U.S. rice consumption has risen sharply over the past 25 years, fueled in part by commercial applications such as beer production. Almost one in five adult Americans now report eating at least half a serving of white or brown rice per day.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
Rice cultivation on wetland rice fields is thought to be responsible for 11% of the anthropogenic methane emissions. Rice requires slightly more water to produce than other grains. Rice production uses almost a third of Earth’s fresh water.
Long-term flooding of rice fields cuts the soil off from atmospheric oxygen and causes anaerobic fermentation of organic matter in the soil. Methane production from rice cultivation contributes ~1.5% of anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Methane is twenty times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.
A 2010 study found that, as a result of rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century, the rice yield growth rate has decreased in many parts of Asia, compared to what would have been observed had the temperature and solar radiation trends not occurred. The yield growth rate had fallen 10–20% at some locations. The study was based on records from 227 farms in Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, India, China, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. The mechanism of this falling yield was not clear, but might involve increased respiration during warm nights, which expends energy without being able to photosynthesize.
RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE
Rice requires high temperature above 20 °C but not more than 35 to 40 °C. Optimum temperature is around 30 °C (Tmax) and 20 °C (Tmin).
SOLAR RADIATION
The amount of solar radiation received during 45 days after harvest determines final crop output.
ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR
High water vapor content (in humid tropics) subjects unusual stress which favors the spread of fungal and bacterial diseases.
WIND
Light wind transports CO2 to the leaf canopy but strong wind cause severe damage and may lead to sterility (due to pollen dehydration, spikelet sterility, and abortive endosperms).
PESTS AND DISEASES
Rice pests are any organisms or microbes with the potential to reduce the yield or value of the rice crop (or of rice seeds). Rice pests include weeds, pathogens, insects, nematode, rodents, and birds. A variety of factors can contribute to pest outbreaks, including climatic factors, improper irrigation, the overuse of insecticides and high rates of nitrogen fertilizer application. Weather conditions also contribute to pest outbreaks. For example, rice gall midge and army worm outbreaks tend to follow periods of high rainfall early in the wet season, while thrips outbreaks are associated with drought.
INSECTS
Major rice insect pests include: the brown planthopper (BPH), several spp. of stemborers – including those in the genera Scirpophaga and Chilo, the rice gall midge, several spp. of rice bugs – notably in the genus Leptocorisa, the rice leafroller, rice weevils and the Chinese rice grasshopper.
DISEASES
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe grisea, is the most significant disease affecting rice cultivation. Other major rice diseases include: sheath blight, rice ragged stunt (vector: BPH), and tungro (vector: Nephotettix spp). There is also an ascomycete fungus, Cochliobolus miyabeanus, that causes brown spot disease in rice.
NEMATODES
Several nematode species infect rice crops, causing diseases such as Ufra (Ditylenchus dipsaci), White tip disease (Aphelenchoide bessei), and root knot disease (Meloidogyne graminicola). Some nematode species such as Pratylenchus spp. are most dangerous in upland rice of all parts of the world. Rice root nematode (Hirschmanniella oryzae) is a migratory endoparasite which on higher inoculum levels will lead to complete destruction of a rice crop. Beyond being obligate parasites, they also decrease the vigor of plants and increase the plants' susceptibility to other pests and diseases.
OTHER PESTS
These include the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata, panicle rice mite, rats, and the weed Echinochloa crusgali.
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
Crop protection scientists are trying to develop rice pest management techniques which are sustainable. In other words, to manage crop pests in such a manner that future crop production is not threatened. Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance (HPR), landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape – from biological to social. At present, rice pest management includes cultural techniques, pest-resistant rice varieties, and pesticides (which include insecticide). Increasingly, there is evidence that farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary, and even facilitate pest outbreaks. By reducing the populations of natural enemies of rice pests, misuse of insecticides can actually lead to pest outbreaks. The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers. IRRI also conducted two campaigns in 1994 and 2003, respectively, which discouraged insecticide misuse and smarter pest management in Vietnam.
Rice plants produce their own chemical defenses to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide 2,4-D, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant’s resistance to some types of pests. Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide imidacloprid, can induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that cause the plant to become more susceptible to attacks by certain types of pests. 5-Alkylresorcinols are chemicals that can also be found in rice.
Botanicals, so-called "natural pesticides", are used by some farmers in an attempt to control rice pests. Botanicals include extracts of leaves, or a mulch of the leaves themselves. Some upland rice farmers in Cambodia spread chopped leaves of the bitter bush (Chromolaena odorata) over the surface of fields after planting. This practice probably helps the soil retain moisture and thereby facilitates seed germination. Farmers also claim the leaves are a natural fertilizer and helps suppress weed and insect infestations.
Among rice cultivars, there are differences in the responses to, and recovery from, pest damage. Many rice varieties have been selected for resistance to insect pests. Therefore, particular cultivars are recommended for areas prone to certain pest problems. The genetically based ability of a rice variety to withstand pest attacks is called resistance. Three main types of plant resistance to pests are recognized as nonpreference, antibiosis, and tolerance. Nonpreference (or antixenosis) describes host plants which insects prefer to avoid; antibiosis is where insect survival is reduced after the ingestion of host tissue; and tolerance is the capacity of a plant to produce high yield or retain high quality despite insect infestation.
Over time, the use of pest-resistant rice varieties selects for pests that are able to overcome these mechanisms of resistance. When a rice variety is no longer able to resist pest infestations, resistance is said to have broken down. Rice varieties that can be widely grown for many years in the presence of pests and retain their ability to withstand the pests are said to have durable resistance. Mutants of popular rice varieties are regularly screened by plant breeders to discover new sources of durable resistance.
PARASITIC WEEDS
Rice is parasitized by the weed eudicot Striga hermonthica, which is of local importance for this crop.
ECOTYPES AND CULTIVARS
While most rice is bred for crop quality and productivity, there are varieties selected for characteristics such as texture, smell, and firmness. There are four major categories of rice worldwide: indica, japonica, aromatic and glutinous. The different varieties of rice are not considered interchangeable, either in food preparation or agriculture, so as a result, each major variety is a completely separate market from other varieties. It is common for one variety of rice to rise in price while another one drops in price.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
HIGH-YIELDING VARIETIES
The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created intentionally during the Green Revolution to increase global food production. This project enabled labor markets in Asia to shift away from agriculture, and into industrial sectors. The first "Rice Car", IR8 was produced in 1966 at the International Rice Research Institute which is based in the Philippines at the University of the Philippines' Los Baños site. IR8 was created through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen."
Scientists have identified and cloned many genes involved in the gibberellin signaling pathway, including GAI1 (Gibberellin Insensitive) and SLR1 (Slender Rice). Disruption of gibberellin signaling can lead to significantly reduced stem growth leading to a dwarf phenotype. Photosynthetic investment in the stem is reduced dramatically as the shorter plants are inherently more stable mechanically. Assimilates become redirected to grain production, amplifying in particular the effect of chemical fertilizers on commercial yield. In the presence of nitrogen fertilizers, and intensive crop management, these varieties increase their yield two to three times.
FUTURE POTENTIAL
As the UN Millennium Development project seeks to spread global economic development to Africa, the "Green Revolution" is cited as the model for economic development. With the intent of replicating the successful Asian boom in agronomic productivity, groups like the Earth Institute are doing research on African agricultural systems, hoping to increase productivity. An important way this can happen is the production of "New Rices for Africa" (NERICA). These rices, selected to tolerate the low input and harsh growing conditions of African agriculture, are produced by the African Rice Center, and billed as technology "from Africa, for Africa". The NERICA have appeared in The New York Times (October 10, 2007) and International Herald Tribune (October 9, 2007), trumpeted as miracle crops that will dramatically increase rice yield in Africa and enable an economic resurgence. Ongoing research in China to develop perennial rice could result in enhanced sustainability and food security.
Rice cultivars also fall into groups according to environmental conditions, season of planting, and season of harvest, called ecotypes. Some major groups are the Japan-type (grown in Japan), "buly" and "tjereh" types (Indonesia); "aman" (main winter crop), "aus" ("aush", summer), and "boro" (spring) (Bengal and Assam). Cultivars exist that are adapted to deep flooding, and these are generally called "floating rice".
The largest collection of rice cultivars is at the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines, with over 100,000 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank. Rice cultivars are often classified by their grain shapes and texture. For example, Thai Jasmine rice is long-grain and relatively less sticky, as some long-grain rice contains less amylopectin than short-grain cultivars. Chinese restaurants often serve long-grain as plain unseasoned steamed rice though short-grain rice is common as well. Japanese mochi rice and Chinese sticky rice are short-grain. Chinese people use sticky rice which is properly known as "glutinous rice" (note: glutinous refer to the glue-like characteristic of rice; does not refer to "gluten") to make zongzi. The Japanese table rice is a sticky, short-grain rice. Japanese sake rice is another kind as well.
Indian rice cultivars include long-grained and aromatic Basmati (ਬਾਸਮਤੀ) (grown in the North), long and medium-grained Patna rice, and in South India (Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka) short-grained Sona Masuri (also called as Bangaru theegalu). In the state of Tamil Nadu, the most prized cultivar is ponni which is primarily grown in the delta regions of the Kaveri River. Kaveri is also referred to as ponni in the South and the name reflects the geographic region where it is grown. In the Western Indian state of Maharashtra, a short grain variety called Ambemohar is very popular. This rice has a characteristic fragrance of Mango blossom.
Aromatic rices have definite aromas and flavors; the most noted cultivars are Thai fragrant rice, Basmati, Patna rice, Vietnamese fragrant rice, and a hybrid cultivar from America, sold under the trade name Texmati. Both Basmati and Texmati have a mild popcorn-like aroma and flavor. In Indonesia, there are also red and black cultivars.
WIKIPEDIA
"What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier, returning to the range, admire?
Its universality: its democratic equality and constancy to its nature in seeking its own level: its vastness in the ocean of Mercator’s projection: its unplumbed profundity in the Sundam trench of the Pacific exceeding 8000 fathoms: the restlessness of its waves and surface particles visiting in turn all points of its seaboard: the independence of its units: the variability of states of sea: its hydrostatic quiescence in calm: its hydrokinetic turgidity in neap and spring tides: its subsidence after devastation: its sterility in the circumpolar icecaps, arctic and antarctic: its climatic and commercial significance: its preponderance of 3 to 1 over the dry land of the globe: its indisputable hegemony extending in square leagues over all the region below the subequatorial tropic of Capricorn: the multisecular stability of its primeval basin: its luteofulvous bed: its
capacity to dissolve and hold in solution all soluble substances
including millions of tons of the most precious metals: its slow
erosions of peninsulas and islands, its persistent formation of
homothetic islands, peninsulas and downwardtending promontories: its alluvial deposits: its weight and volume and density: its imperturbability in lagoons and highland tarns: its gradation of colours in the torrid and temperate and frigid zones: its vehicular ramifications in continental lakecontained streams and confluent oceanflowing rivers with their tributaries and transoceanic currents, gulfstream, north and south equatorial courses: its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, Artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts: its vast circumterrestrial ahorizontal curve: its secrecy in springs
and latent humidity, revealed by rhabdomantic or hygrometric
instruments and exemplified by the well by the hole in the wall at
Ashtown gate, saturation of air, distillation of dew: the simplicity of its composition, two constituent parts of hydrogen with one constituent part of oxygen: its healing virtues: its buoyancy in the waters of the Dead Sea: its persevering penetrativeness in runnels, gullies, inadequate dams, leaks on shipboard: its properties for cleansing, quenching thirst and fire, nourishing vegetation: its infallibility as paradigm and paragon: its metamorphoses as vapour, mist, cloud, rain, sleet, snow, hail: its strength in rigid hydrants: its variety of forms in loughs and bays and gulfs and bights and guts and lagoons and atolls and archipelagos and sounds and fjords and minches and tidal estuaries and arms of sea: its solidity in glaciers, icebergs, icefloes: its docility in working hydraulic millwheels, turbines, dynamos, electric power stations, bleachworks, tanneries, scutchmills: its utility in canals, rivers, if navigable, floating and graving docks: its potentiality derivable from harnessed tides or watercourses falling from level to level: its submarine fauna and flora (anacoustic, photophobe), numerically, if not literally, the inhabitants of the globe: its ubiquity as constituting 90% of the human body: the noxiousness of its effluvia in lacustrine marshes, pestilential fens, faded flowerwater, stagnant pools in the waning moon.
Having set the halffilled kettle on the now burning coals, why did he return to the stillflowing tap?"
'Ulysses', Chapter: 'Ithaca', P.624 (1922 Text), James Joyce
The photograph below is of a window piece Duchamp made for 'Gotham Books' in NYC, partly comprising of a mannequin with tap attached to her thigh.
Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, 14 miles north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.
The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale. The valley is now called Wensleydale.
Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure. In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.
Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton. Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk. In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks. His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.
According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d. The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.
The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.
As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.
The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill. The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000. It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
This is a hybrid by Piet Moerman (Netherlands) that resulted from crossing Passiflora insignis x Passiflora mixta
It is commercially sold as a novelty for the almost double effect of the bloom: it would appear to have an extra set of petals (see below).
These extra petals are technically called "petaloid processes" and arise in other plant families when there is male sterility caused by a mismatch in the genes which govern the green pigment.
However, the genetic mismatch is not as wide as at first seems. See the first picture below that shows the anthers totally converted to "mini-petals" and the picture above which shows that the plant is trying to make pollen. This combination of species also produced a completely functional flower in the hybrid shown below in the second picture.
Another interesting pathology is that the stamens arise from about a centimetre below the ovary and not from directly behind the ovary.
Finally see another example in the last picture below of a very similar hybrid displaying almost identical defects.
A look at the ancient tradition of 'Haft Seen'...
For many people 'Haft Seen' just means putting seven objects beginning with 'S' in the Persian alphabet on a table. However, the roots of Haft Seen are actually far more spiritual and were not based on a letter of the alphabet and were not limited to seven objects! Below we look at the roots of this tradition and the symbolism of the the New Year Table.
The New Year laid tablecloth
In ancient Iranian traditions, in every celebration and ceremony, a table cloth (on a small table) was laid down.
On this table cloth apart from religious objects of blessing, such as a fire pot and Virsem’s angel, the season’s various food products and meals were placed. Eating this 'holy' meal was a tradition called MAYZAD and was recommended.
This arrangement was placed on a platform higher than ground level and the person assigned to distribution of the meal was called MIZADPAN which means the person who serves the meals (MIZBAN). Today MAYZAD by the use of the word MYZAD (or MYZ) and MAYZADPAN (or MIZBAN) are used in every day language.
The arrangement of objects on the tablecloth is special and has religious intonations and sacred numbers must be considered in such arrangements. Efforts were made to decorate the New Year’s tablecloth with the best and most precious plates, candle holders, and fire pots. This is still practiced in weddings and in mourning rituals and is considered as a religious activity.
Haft Seen, the phrase
In the Sassanid’s era, beautifully painted and precious plates made out of CAOLINE were imported into Iran from China. This was one of the precious commercial exchanges with China and the plates were later called after the name of their manufacturers and location of origin and thus they were called "Chiny". In other words they were also referred to as SINEE, which finds its root in Arabic language. "Chiney" or SEENEY, which means from china or Sina.
In Iran in order to differentiate between different imported plates from China, those which were made of metal were called "SINEE" and those made out of CAOLINE were called "Chinie".
In any case during the New Year’s celebrations these precious and picturesque plates from China were used on the New Year’s table. These plates were filled with sugar, candies and sweets and they were seven plates named after the seven AMSHASEPAND which included the months of Ordibehesht, Khordad, Amordad, Shahrivar, Bahman, Espandasmad and Ahooramazda. It was in this season that this tradition was referred to as seven SEENIE or seven plates and later on it was referred to as seven seen. This is pronounced as seven SEENEE in some of the villages. i.e. rather than saying 'Haft Seen' some villagers pronouce it as 'Haft Seenee'.
Usually in name of each AMSHEPANDAN, a large picturesque SEENIE plate was placed on the tablecloth and other meals were placed on other plates around the table. Other things placed on the New Year’s table are as follows:
Freshly grown greens
The greens were grown a few days before the new year in seven plates and at times in twelve precious plates, which is the number of the holy months.
In royal palaces twenty days before the New Year, twelve pillars of clay were built and on each of these they grew one of the cereal grains. The good growth of each grain was considered as a good omen. They were of the belief that the well grown grain will be a sign of abundance in the coming year. Wheat, oat, rice, beans, lentils, millets, lima beans, peas, and sesame seeds were grown on the clay pillars. On the sixth day of the New Year the greens were then harvested and distributed all over the hall floor as a sign of abundance.
Families usually placed these plates of greens on the table cloth symbolizing HOOMET (Andisheye Nik - good thoughts), HOOKHT (Goftare Nik - good words) and HOOVERESHT (Kerdare Nik - good deeds). On the side of these plates they grew wheat, oats and millet, which formed the important essentials for feeding people in order to cause the abundance of these grains during the New Year.
The green color of this vegetation was the national and religious color of Iranians and they beautified the appearance of the New Year tablecloth. They represented the Amordad of EMSHASPAND, which had to be placed on the tablecloth. People intended to have the FARVARS visit these greens and the seeds during the spring.
Bowl of fire
The bowl of fire taken from the ancestor’s fire, which was used in all religious rituals and along with other traditional and religious objects were placed in the middle of the tablecloth. Blessed grains, wild rue and incense were also placed on the New Year’s tablecloth.
Moon Crescent shaped Barsam (Mahrooye Va Barsam)
One of the important objects on the New Year’s tablecloth was the moon crescent shaped Barsamdan. They cut thin and short branches of pomegranate tree or willow tree or fig tree or olive tree in the length of one finger and they assigned these on the New Year table in bunches of three, seven, twelve or twenty one. Barsam was usually also placed on the New Year’s table, and this symbolized abundance resulting through blessings.
People held a bunch of these in their hands while praying before they commenced eating.
In the Sassanid’s era, in order to increase the majestic appearance of the royal dinning table, they made these BARSAMS out of gold. They were placed in the New Year’s table and they called them golden Tarkeh (Thin golden branch).
Gradually metallic BARSAMS found their way into religious rituals and they were used instead of wood BARSAMS.
(Barsam is a bunch of thin and short branches normally of pomegranate trees used by Zoroastrians who poured water on them and the water dripping down from these branches was considered as blessed water. They were sometimes made out of metal as well and were crescent shaped.)
Holy Book
One of the objects that was placed on the New Year’s table was the Holy Book. In view of the fact that these celebrations were considered national events, each family would place their own religious book on the New Year’s table. In the Sassanid’s era they placed the book of AVESTA on the table and they read a part of it which usually was the Farvardine Yasht and they recalled the FARVARS of the royal families, the innocent ones, the pious and the courageous whose names were mentioned in the Frvardin Yasht of AVESTA.
Today on the New Year table the holy Quran is usually placed by Iranian (Islamic) families and a verse from it is cited. Familites of other religions use their own holy book and many Iranian families also put the book of poems by Hafez, the famous Iranian poet.
Clay Water Jug (KOOZEH-E-AB)
Clay water jugs which were filled with water from down stream of mills were filled by young girls and they were placed on the New Year’s table decorated with necklaces. Even today many Iranians use small decanters on the outer surface of which they grow lentils or wheat or oats and are decorated by ribbons.
Bread
Bread symbolizes abundance and in Sassanid’s era they baked bread the size of the palm of the hand or smaller which were called DRON. These were placed on the New Year’s table and they were blessed by a prayer. Today some people still put a plate of bread or a large SANGAK bread on the New Year’s table, and this is done also in wedding ceremonies.
At times they wrote congratulations on this bread by sesame seeds. In the Sassanid’s era on the corners of New Year’s tablecloth, they wrote "to be increased" which was supposed to bring abundance of things every year. They also engraved this on the coins of the time.
Candle holder
On two sides of the bowel of fire, they placed precious candle holders or lights and these were lit.
Light and brightness were considered an important principle by Iranians. The lighted and bright world was the land of AHOORAMAZDA and wherever there was light, AHREEMAN (the devil) could not enter.
Milk
Fresh milk on the New Year’s table is an image of the food for the newly born of the skies, as according to the Zoroastrian story of creation, the human being was born on the cradle of HAMSEDATMEDAM or the three hundred and sixty fifth day of the year. Therefore in celebrating the creation of the human being, similar to the need for milk by the newly born babies, the heavenly newly born also needs fresh milk. This was considered highly sacred in ancient Iranian religions. In religious rituals milk was treated as sacred and, at times, they mixed it with crushed HOOM before drinking.
HOOM is a plant found in Iran and mountains of Afganistan which has a short branch and a milky juice and they crushed it while the holy AVESTA book was cited.
Cheese was also placed on New Year’s table as it was composed of milk, yeast, symbolizing fertility and transformation within it.
Sassanid’s kings ate a date, which was submerged in milk along with fresh cheese, and this was meant to add to the abundance of things to come.
Eggs
Egg is considered the root and the foundation of the New Year table and all kinds of white and painted eggs should be placed on haft seen. This was based on the belief that eggs symbolized fertility. The egg skin (shell) is an image of the sky and the ceiling of universe. The god of MITRA, according to a story, came from an egg from the sky.
In villages, it is customary to place an egg on a mirror and they believe that at the instant of changing of the year, when the cow from the sky, shifts the world from one horn to the other, the egg moves on the mirror. This story comes from the ancient beliefs on fertility, as the mirror represents the power of ADVENAK, which is to come down to FARVARS and draws its shape from heaven. The movement of the egg on the mirror is an image of birth and movement in the New Year. This interpretation still stands among some villagers.
Mirror
The word mirror (Ayneh) comes from ADVENAK which means to see and ADVENAK is one of the forces which assists in the creation of man.
The word ADVENAK is formed by a prefix of AD and a root of VEN which means to see and mirror is an object with which one can see images.
During the first day of the New Year when the people of the world mix with the heavenly FARVARS and other forces, the mirror symbolizes an image of that on the New Year table.
For this reason a mirror is placed on top of the New Year’s table cloth and another mirror is placed under the egg.
Placing of a mirror in front of the bride and groom in wedding ceremonies is to have the same objective, as marriage is an introduction for fertility and FARVARS assist with the creation of sperm (egg) and birth of children.
Samanoo
Samanoo is made of juice of germinating wheat. It is generally stated that FARVARS cause the growing of vegetation and germination. FARVARS make sprouts (buds) fertile and eating these fertile sprouts result in gaining strength and fertility in the years to come.
Senjed (kind of tree with fruit resembling the mountain ash)
Senjed is a fruit, which is to be placed on the New Year table as the aroma of its leaves, and its blossoms stimulate love which is of fundamental and primary importance in fertility and having children. Placing Sanjed on the New Year table was to motivate the world’s births.
Fish
The month of Esfand is in the HOOT (large fish) period. On the eve of the New Year the month of HOOT (Esfand) gives its place to the HAMAL (the month of Farvardin) and this is the reason for placing an image of changing of the year on the New Year’s table. Additionally, the fish is one of the symbols of ANAHITA, which is the angel of water and fertility and carries the main duty of the New Year, which is fertility. Its placement on the New Year’s tablecloth therefore results in abundance and fertility. Eating fish on the eve of the New Year is based on the same thinking.
Apple
Apple is one of the fruits, which was and is still placed on the New Year’s table. Villagers kept the apples in special cases and gave them to friends and acquaintances before the New Year as gifts to be placed on the New Year’s table. In ancient Iranian stories, the apple was very much related to giving birth. More often the medical men (Dervishes) split the apple in two halves and gave one half to the man and the other half to the woman. This was supposed to prevent infertility and sterility. It can therefore be concluded that the placement of apple on the New Year’s table represents another image of fertility and giving birth.
Yellow and white coins
Yellow and white coins placed on New Year’s table is an image of Shahrivar month from AMSHASPAND which represents metals and their being on the New Year’s table is intended to result in abundance and enormous amount of money in the wallets and purses.
Pussy willow flower (Bidmeshk)
Pussy willow flower is an image from SEPANDARMAD AMSHSPAND and is the special flower of the month of Esfand.
Orange
Orange symbolizes the globe and when it floats on a bowl of water, and it still makes an appearance on some 'Haft Seen' tables, it symbolizes the globe within the universe. When it rotates in the water, it symbolizes the twelve months of the year and announces the arrival of the New Year.
The Espand Seeds
The Espand seed finds its root in the ancient AVESTA term of "SPENTA" which means sacred. These seeds existed in ancient sacred times and were used during prayers.
Even today, they are burnt over the fire in order to protect people from the cast of an evil eye. Villagers these days pass thread through the seeds and use them as decorations in their rural houses.
Other objects are also put on the New Year table. Of these one can name sweets and also candies, which symbolize objects of gratification and also flour which symbolizes abundance. All these are to result in abundance, prosperity and health during the New Year.
A continuation of my fascination with waiting rooms and the sterility of the environment that extends from the waiting room into the "inner sanctums" of the building.
I shot this before the secured door shut of it's own accord.
Misericord supporter: Beverley Minster.
A WILY WARNING: The poems attached to images in this set are based on the mediaeval French romances of Reynard the Fox. As mediaeval people had a much more bawdy approach to life than we do, some people may find the content of the poems rather offensive. They contain swearing, sex, sacrilege, violence, and sometimes a combination of all four. Sorry.
REYNARD AND THE DYER
Hear ye Noble’s proclamation:
“Be it known throughout the nation
That Reynard’s wiles are beyond reason;
He hath committed highest treason,
For that fox has tried to knock
The royal block off with a rock!
Catch the brute; chop off his head!
We shall not rest until he’s dead!”
Chorus:
Reynard, Reynard, dressed in yellow,
Really looks a dapper fellow,
For he is yellower than a cheetah
From the plains of Tanganyika!
Yellow, yellow, dressed in yellow,
“Where is Reynard?” the creatures bellow.
No colouration’s more exotic,
And poor King Noble’s gone neurotic!
“Oh cripes!” says Reynard, “Must I live
Like a wretched fugitive,
Sought after by a thousand eyes?
O! Would that I had some disguise
To make me look less like Reynard!
If I were spotted, like a ‘pard,
Or wore a mane like our good King -
I could escape from anything!
And now Reynard is feeling famished;
“‘Tis cruel hard, thus to be banished!”
And to the town he goes to steal
Himself a decent, wholesome meal.
Off to the dyer’s house he scurries;
Reynard grins and says, “No worries!
The dyer’s well known for a glutton;
I’ll hop inside and steal his mutton!”
Through the window Reynard leaps
While the dyer snores and sleeps;
The little mice watch Reynard fly
Into a vat of yellow dye.
He scrabbles hard and swims around,
Drenched to the bone and almost drowned;
The dyer with a yawn awakes,
“What’s all this noise, for goodness sakes!”
“A yellow creature’s in the vat!”
Cries the dyer, “Well ! Fancy that!
Today, it seems, I am a winner,
For I shall have it for my dinner!”
But Reynard grins; he says, “Oh no!
For I’m a dyer too, you know!
This dye was rather poorly mixed,
But two more laps and the problem’s fixed!”
Then Reynard gave a happy shout,
“Well, come on dyer, pull me out!
Hurry up, you slothful fellow!”
And he hauls out the creature yellow.
It shakes itself, with utmost grace,
Aims a fart at the dyer’s face,
Then through the doorway Reynard flies,
Still hungry, but in fine disguise.
GALOPIN AND THE FIDDLE
Wily Reynard trots along disguised with yellow dye,
When upon the path in front Isengrin doth he spy,
Isengrin’s turned bounty hunter, he’s looking mean and grim,
But plucky Reynard wags his tail, and thus addresses him:
“Godhelp, good sir! Owdyousay? Me no speak your lingo.
Mein name ist Galopin! Ja! Galopin zer dingo!”
Chorus:
How much d’you think a fiddle’s worth?
Two balls in a hairy bag?
Then you can dance like buggery
And never have a shag.
“What is your trade, good Galopin?” enquires Isengrin;
“Je suis minstrel,” says Reynard, “mais je suis getting thin!”
“And why is that, good minstrel?” the wolf asks Galopin,
“O! Ich hath lost mein fiddle! Achtung! Je suis fin!”
And Reynard weeps such piteous tears, it breaks the brave wolf’s heart,
“Oh I will find a fiddle for you!” “Och! Lupus grand thou art!”
And on their way they’re trotting, their proud tails held upright;
Their pouting arseholes in the air, an extraordinary sight.
Isengrin says, “By the way, I don’t suppose you’ve seen
A nasty fellow with red hair, and yellow canines keen?”
“Streuth mate! Nein ich hath not!” Galopin replies,
“Je ne meet pas any Vulpes! Cross heart und hope I dies!”
At last they find a lonely hut, and in goes Isengrin,
The wolf creeps silently around the sleeping men within.
He finds the fiddle. “Galopin! A violin for you!”
And quietly he helps himself to a goodly pot of stew.
“Aye,” then whispers Galopin, “Me laikum you ein lot!”
But underneath his breath he says, “You fat moronic clot!”
And Reynard thinks, “Ha! Now’s my chance to do the bugger in!”
He pulls the door to, and he locks it on poor Isengrin.
“A wolf!” then cries the man within, “I’ll tan its wretched hide!”
And Reynard laughs his socks off, and runs away outside.
The wolf bites on the fellow’s bum, his buttock fiercely mauls,
But a shaggy wolfhound leaps upon him, worrying his balls.
They stretch and strain, they grit their teeth, tears come to their eyes
And at the mauling of his arse the stricken peasant cries;
The wolfhound growls and shakes its head, its wrath will not be sated,
Until at last the balls fall off: Isengrin castrated.
And he lets forth unholy howl and bashes out the door
And trails bits of bleeding scrotum on the forest floor.
That night, as Hersent lies in bed, he creeps between the covers;
“Oh Isengrin,” his lady pants, “Oh randiest of lovers!
Do it to me doggy style! I’m feeling highly sexed!”
Isengrin gives a little whine, looking somewhat vexed.
She makes a grab between his legs, her hands close on thin air.
No more nooky ever after! Dismayed, unhappy pair!
HERSENT'S LAMENT FOR ISENGRIN'S BALLS
Chorus:
I’ve lost my joy, my heart’s desire,
I shall no more be juggling
My husband’s balls, for they are gone,
There is no use in snuggling
A useless wolf when he has turned
Both impotent and placid!
Oh what use is my husband’s cock
When it is always flaccid?
He shall not put his paws on me;
Isengrin’s lost his permit.
If he’s a eunuch then he might
As well become a hermit!
“You wretch!” cried Lady Hersent, “What’s happened to your balls?
What will I do without them? Oh! How the mind appals!
How d’you propose to get it up now you have lost the knack?
You really are a scatterbrain! You’d better put them back!”
Poor Isengrin, he whimpered, he searched for an excuse;
At last he wept for mercy, “My Lady, it’s no use!
I lent them to a certain nun, whom I met in the garden;
I know that it was rash of me; I prithee, grant me pardon!”
Then Lady Hersent let fly blows; she really blew her top:
“Without your balls to keep it hard, your willy is a flop!
This is worse than some affair! Oh shit! What have you done?
You’ve gone and given both your bollocks to a bloody nun!”
That made her husband really mad, he even called her “trollop”;
She sent him sprawling on the floor with one big, well-aimed wallop.
He clutched his midriff and he cried, “I’ll explain it to you later!”
But she said, “Bugger off, you ponce, you whoreson wicked traitor!”
Then out slunk Lady Hersent, all haughty and coquettish,
Crying, “I can’t see the point of this castration-fetish.
I’m going to find some other wolf - my bag’s already packed,
For I’ll not shack up with a cur whose bollocks aren’t intact!”
PONCET IN A PICKLE
Poncet, Grimbert’s cousin, had it off with Hermeline,
Reynard’s vixen, horniest widow ever, ever seen:
I’d tell you how he trod her grapes, but it is too obscene.
They shagged a lot and it was not a pretty sight to see;
They shagged by night, they shagged by day, until it hurt to pee.
“Oh YES! Oh GOD!” cried Hermeline, “You’ll have to marry me!”
“But first we need a fiddler-boy to play at the reception,”
Said Hermeline as she sniffed his bottom with affection,
“And meanwhile I shall play the horn upon this fine erection!”
Chorus:
Poncet, it seems, is in a pretty pickle;
Soon Hermeline will weep and sigh,
For fate so awful fickle!
Poncet’s shagging Reynard’s wife,
But such liaisons end in strife:
His bones will crack; his skin turn black,
His blood will surely trickle!
Reynard, sitting in the wood, learns to play the fiddle,
Soon he plays a rapid reel; laughs hard enough to piddle,
When all at once comes Hermeline, her arms round Poncet’s middle,
And Reynard pounds his fist with wrath, “I’ll have his guts for garters!
I’ll make sure Noble’s courtiers eat Poncet’s tripes for starters!
His soul can go where Coupee’s went, with all the blissful martyrs!”
And then he sidles up and says, “‘Allo! ‘Ow do you say?
Me Galopin, un fiddler fine, und I know how to play!
Mayhap zer mister und zer missus plan zeir veddingk day?”
Chorus
Then Reynard played upon the fiddle, played like merry hell,
And Poncet said, “Oh this is fine! You play it rather well!”
And Reynard thought, “Not half as well as ring your funeral knell!”
And so they skipped along all three, through oak and pine and birch,
Until at last the fiddler led them, dancing through the church;
“I’ll find some way,” he whispered then, “to leave them in the lurch!”
And happily the couple married to strains of violin,
And even the poor sex-starved priest wore a happy grin,
But all the while the fox sought ways of doing Poncet in.
Chorus
Now, as it happened, by that church stood blessed Coupee’s tomb -
This martyr healed, miraculously, plague and barren womb:
‘Twas there that Reynard set a snare and plotted Poncet’s doom.
“O, Meister Poncet, je suis certain, you religious fellow!
Zen you should be prayingk by zer tomb,” said the minstrel yellow,
She’ll help you make zer vixen big or zis violin’s a cello!”
“Why yes indeed,” poor Poncet smiled, “most happily I’ll pray,
If it will help fair Hermeline get in the family way!”
And Reynard led him to the tomb, poor Poncet to betray.
Chorus
While Hersent and fair Hermeline did all their ladies’ talking,
Poncet into Coupee’s shrine unknowingly was walking,
And behind him, eyes afire, the grim Reynard was stalking.
He pushed him hard into the snare, he gave an awful howl,
The wire tore him limb from limb; the fox could only scowl:
“If you were so religious, fool, you should have worn a cowl,
And not gone shagging Reynard’s wife! You really make me sick!
For fornication’s hazardous if you’re completely thick;
And so ends one who lets his head be controlled by his dick!”
Chorus
Poor Poncet died a horrid death, strung up by the wire,
And the more he kicked and struggled, still it pulled him higher,
And never did adultery meet consequence more dire.
And Reynard came to Hermeline where she lay on her bed;
He showed her where the dye had worn upon his whiskers red.
“Trollop! Whore!” he cried aloud, “You gave me up for dead!
But fear not! Poncet paid the price! He’s hanging in the shrine;
The jollop dripping in the gutter’s not communion wine,
So I hope he made the most of it when he took what was mine!”
REYNARD REPROVES THE LADIES
“Get up, get up, you proven whore,
You randy, wanton bitch!”
Reynard stalks about the floor,
His eyes are black as pitch.
“You’re in a pretty pickle now,
For Reynard isn’t dead!
You rancorous, promiscuous sow!
Get up! And hang your head!”
“You soon got over all your woes,
When I was on the gallows,
But Poncet has turned up his toes;
He’s resting with all hallows!”
He took a stick and thrashed her bum;
She gave a stricken yelp.
“I’ll wallop you to kingdom come!”
Poor Hermeline cried, “Help!”
“Oh, mercy, Reynard, I repent!
I don’t know what possessed me!
I’m duly shameful, sorely shent
That Poncet thus caressed me!”
And Reynard says, “I’ll chop your nose off!
You’ll never sniff a willy!
And your lips too! I’ll have those off
To make you look more silly!”
“I’ll squeeze your guts from your derriere,
And give you prolapse smelly,
The next time you have an affair,
I’ll squelch them out your belly!”
“And as for you, you stuck-up snob,
Hersent, with my stick,
I’ll teach you how to shut your gob!
I’ll thrash you ‘til you’re sick!”
“I saw you at the marriage mass,
Your bottoms waggling so!”
And Hersent cries aloud, “Alas!
Oh shit! Oh hell! Oh woe!”
Thus, while Poncet, on his wire,
Dangles from the roof,
Reynard, righteous, upright sire
Issues his reproof,
For though a fox may romp all day
With anyone he wishes,
His wife’s expected still to stay
At home and do the dishes,
And even if a fox may hang,
His corpse tied in a bag,
She’ll get nought but his stick and fang
If she should sneak a shag.
DEPORTMENT AND DECORUM
When Reynard drops his stick and leaves
The ladies lick their welts;
They sorrowfully suck the blood
From off their wounded pelts,
And both of them weep with dismay:
For Isengrin’s sterility,
And for shame at such disgrace,
Unbecoming their gentility.
“Alas!” cries Lady Hermeline,
“My name’s in disrepute!
But I thought Reynard duly hanged,
Of that there’s no dispute!”
“It wasn’t seemly, though, you know,”
The haughty wolf replies,
“For when you shagged, the whole darned town
Could hear your moans and sighs!”
“But I,” said Hersent, proud as punch,
“Never was the unfaithful kind -
Except for the time your Reynard dear
Took me from behind!”
Then Hermeline, with hackles raised,
Vented her hostility:
Not too nice, the things she said:
Unbecoming her gentility.
“You let him take you from behind?
You lupine heap of slag!
You spread your legs and turned your tail
And let him have a shag?
Your husband is a cuckold, then,
And bastards, all your sons!
Besides, I’ve heard your Isengrin
Gave his bollocks to the nuns!”
Then Hersent said that Maupertuis
Was a house of ill-repute,
“For you have loosely cocked your leg
For Poncet, and to boot,
I bet you’d shag a dachshund too:
Any cur with the ability,
With mongrels brown and pooches black,
Unbecoming your gentility.
And Hermeline bit Hersent’s ear;
The wolf tore at her chest,
Never had two noble ladies
Fought with such high zest.
They rolled and struggled on the ground,
They rent each other’s skin;
They raked each other with their claws
And sunk their canines in,
When all at once a hermit humble
Hobbled down the road,
And his little wrinkled face
With holy ardour glowed,
“Ladies! Ladies! Stop at once!
Repent of your hostility!
Such yelps and yowls in ladies are
Unbecoming their gentility!”
“Go back to your husbands dear!
Repent in dust and ashes,
And if you are lucky girls,
You’ll get off with forty lashes!”
And so, with tails between their legs
They went upon their way,
And humbly did the hermit kneel
Upon the ground to pray:
“Oh gracious Lord, grant them pardon,
For wrath, and lust, and vice!
For shagging might be rather fun,
But fighting isn’t nice!
And for the former, I’m too old!
O! Impotent senility!
And so I say that shagging too’s
Unbecoming their gentility!”
“Amen.”
FOR AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY FOR THESE SONGS, PLEASE GO TO THE REYNARD THE FOX SET ON MY PHOTOSTREAM.
it's quite funny how nowadays photography and the optical impression of social crossroads (television, printmedia) seemed to have turned to utter clean almost aseptic pictures - i'm deliberately excluding its verbal codes - avoiding any possible disturbance regarding noise or distortions, qualitywise and contentwise - sure, there always have been anachronistic turns with real and improvised analogue influences (holga) but over all we approached a race of clinical sterility in my eyes.
but doesn't the exact opposite stand for life, for slow decay: the rather change, inheriting modulation; the state of vagueness, of non-fixation, of influenceability, of persuasibility and therefore its consequences and their impacts?
have a nice day
So, here it is, the reason I drove across Norfolk: Trunch in all it's glory And it is glorious.
It has so many fascinating details, each one alone would be reason enough to visit, but together, in a fine village, next to the village pub, and with that font canopy, one of only four such in all of England, and one of two in the county.
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The oldest building in Trunch is St. Botolph's Church. It is mainly 14th. and 15th. Century but there are some fragments of stone in the walls which are believed to have been reused from an earlier Saxon church, which was recorded in the Domesday Book. There is much of interest in the church including a Rood Screen, a hammer beam roof and a rare Font Canopy.
trunchhistory.weebly.com/buildings.html
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The large village of Trunch is located about 5 miles from the north Norfolk coast. In the centre of the village, surrounded by a lovely collection of cottages and the more modern Crossroads Inn, is St Botolph's church. Much of what you see of the church is early 15th century, built upon earlier foundations.
Upon entering the church the first feature you will see is the font, which dates to the mid 14th century. Though the font is attractive, it is the carved and painted font canopy that really makes a visit to Trunch worthwhile.
This is a quite remarkable piece of woodwork, one of only four such canopies surviving in the entire country (the others are at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich, Durham Cathedral, and Luton). The canopy is supported on six beautifully carved legs. The carving detail is exquisite; with fanciful animal figures and foliage and a bit of political commentary, in the shape of a pig wearing a bishop's mitre.
In addition to the font canopy, Trunch features a superb 15th century hammer beam roof, a feature of many churches in Norfolk and Suffolk. Here the carvings of angels are beautifully performed. It is worth bringing along a pair of binoculars or a telescope in order to see the carvings properly.
Much easier to see are the medieval misericords (mercy seats) in the chancel. Each carving is unique; some represent angels, and others are more grotesque in nature. In addition there are some beautifully carved pew ends and a painted medieval rood screen that rivals many more famous churches in detail and colour.
There are 12 niches in the screen, each painted with a depiction of a single figure - 11 disciples plus St Paul. Much of the costume detail is well preserved, but the faces of the figures were destroyed during the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
www.britainexpress.com/counties/norfolk/churches/Trunch.htm
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William Earl Warren had the lordship of this town, (fn. 1) of which 3 freemen were deprived; one of them belonged to Herold, late King of England, another to Ralph Stalre, and the 3d to Ketel, who held 90 acres of land, and 14 borderers belonged to it, with 5 carucates among them; there was a church endowed with 10 acres, &c. 3 acres of meadow always valued at 30s. and there were also 5 freemen of Edric in King Edward's time, who had 34 acres of land, with 2 carucates, 2 acres and an half of meadow, always valued at 7s. 4d. (fn. 2)
This town also belonged to the Earl Warren's capital manor of Gimmingham, and paid suit and service to it. In the 34th of Henry III. Maud de Norwich granted by fine, to Richer, son of Nicholas, a messuage, 48 acres of land, a mill, and the sixth part of another in this town, Swathefeld and Bradfeld. In the 15th of Edward I. the Earl Warren claimed a weekly mercate, on Saturday, in this manor; and on the death of John Earl Warren, in the 21st of Edward III. the mercate was valued at 10s. per ann. the manor came after to the Earl of Lancaster, (as is before observed,) and so to John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and King Henry IV. and is still in the Crown, as part of the dutchy of Lancaster.
The tenths were 4l. 10s. deducted 15s.
The Church is dedicated to St. Botolph, and is a regular pile, with a nave, 2 isles, and a chancel covered with lead, and has a tower with 4 bells.
In the chancel, on a little monument,
Lancelotus Thexton cappellanus Regis Edw. VI. sacre theologie baccalaureus, et rector de Trunch obt. 25. Febr. 1588, and this shield of arms, quarterly, in the first and fourth a cross between four lions heads erased, gules, in the 2d and 3d, ermine, fretty, azure.
In a window here, argent, a fess between two chevrons, sable.
On a gravestone
Hic jacet Magr. Robt. Cantell, quo'd. rector isti. ecclie, qui. obt. 1 Sept. Ao. Dni. 1480.
Gravestones
In memory of Thomas Worts, gent. who died November 13, 1693, aged 45, with his arms, three lions rampant, - - - — William Worts. gent. who married Elizabeth, daughter of Riches Brown of Fulmodeston, Esq. died August 25, 1694, aged 60, with the arms of Worts impaling Brown; two bars, between three spears heads, - - -
¶The patronage of the church was granted to the priory of Castleacre, by William Earl Warren, the first on his founding that priory. In the reign of Edward I. the rector had a manse, and 13 acres of land valued at 16 marks, Peter-pence 13d. and the prior of Castleacre had a pension or portion of tithe valued at 40s. the present valor is 10l. 13s. 4d. and pays first fruits, &c. the Norwich registers say that William, the second Earl Warren, granted the patronage, and Eborard Bishop of Norwich, confirmed it; and that Simon the Bishop confirmed the pension in 1268.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol8...
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Trunch is the largest of the villages between North Walsham and the sea; but as all the industrialisation and tawdry caravan sites are hard against the coast, and Trunch is several miles inland, it has avoided these excesses and retains a great rural charm. It has a magnificent church with lots of fascinating treasures, as well as a shop, a green, a pub run by an ex-professional footballer, and generally all the typical features you expect to find in a large village in deepest rural Norfolk.
The church is perhaps the most interesting of all round about; and, while the large village lends it an urban quality that lacks the charm of, say, the churches of neighbouring Edingthorpe and Crostwight, it has by no means the Victorianised sterility of those at Bacton or Happisburgh.
St Botolph is a big church, and its tight graveyard makes it rather hard to photograph. The whole piece seems to have been rebuilt in the early 15th century, although the chancel may be a little later, and there is a hint of Decorated about the nave. The tower is quite simple, even slight. It builds boldly enough, but at the top of the second stage fades into a simple bell stage, understated, elegant and probably intended. This is not a building that shouts at you. A curiosity is the massive priest porch surrounding the door in the chancel. These are very unusual, although there is another, smaller one at neighbouring Knapton.
The great treasure, of course, is the marvellous font canopy. It is particularly fascinating because of its date, coming in the early 16th century right on the eve of the English protestant reformation. Like all church furnishings at this time - the tombs at Oxborough, for instance - it gives us a hint of what the English renaissance might have been like if it had been allowed to flower. Here, the massive structure tumbles with intricacy; fruit and flowers, leopards and lions peep around the silvery oak of the six octagonal columns which are fluted with interlocking chains of detail. The glory is the massive crown of canopied niches, with the haunting ghosts of crucifixion groups still apparent on three of the faces. The whole thing is at once in perfect harmony with the west end of the church, but exists because it was believed to be beautiful rather than known to be useful.There is only one other font canopy in Norfolk, at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich; Outside of the county there is another at Durham Cathedral, and a fourth at the parish church in Luton - but that is it.
Above the canopy is a rich 15th century hammerbeam roof, by no means as dramatic as that at nearby Knapton, but more beautiful, I think. In the space beneath the tower there is what appears to be a gallery like the plough guild gallery at Cawston. This is not as elaborate, but its oak has silvered and it is painted beautifully with trailing rose foliage.
The benching, unfortunately, is pretty much all 19th century, but along with the font canopy and roof the medieval screen survives. Like the canopy, this is richly ornamented in relief, including a bold dedicatory inscription in diagonal ribbons across the top part of the dado. The twelve figures (11 disciples and St Paul) are boldly placed and coloured, but their faces have been completely vandalised by the 16th century reformers. Low down on the north side of the doorway is a rare surviving carved consecration cross, suggesting that this screen was already installed in the newly built church of the 15th century. The screen had detached buttressing running vertically at intervals in front of it, as at Ludham. They have been almost entirely destroyed, but you can still see the fixings between the panels. It must have been magnificent.
The return stalls in the chancel are pretty much all Victorian, but they retain medieval misericords, and also you can see quatrefoil holes set into a sounding chamber to amplify the singing. There is a very curious memorial above the priest door, featuring the instruments of the passion. I have no idea how old it is.
All of these features would be enough, but part of the attraction of St Botolph is the sense of harmony, the way everything works together. You can add to these the sedilia, the magnificent organ, and the modern design of the glass in the east window. It is a peaceful, inspiring space.
Cottages and houses hem in the graveyard, and in the corner is the modern pub. Incidentally, I don't really know if the bloke who runs it is an ex-professional footballer. But, like many rural Norfolk landlords, he seems to be a cheerful 40-something cockney who serves a decent pint and cheap food - a recommended stop for churchcrawlers.
Simon Knott, April 2005
www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/trunch/trunch.htm
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And the pub is still good.
Large, 45 mm high, long-dead, eroded specimen with imbricate (flounced) growth lines surviving in grooves between spiral cords; magnified X4 in inset.
Cast up from offshore onto storm beach strandline, Kirkcudbright, S.W. Scotland, July 1968.
Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW
PDF avaialable at www.researchgate.net/publication/369537725_Ocenebra_erina...
Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758).
Synonyms: Murex erinaceus Linnaeus, 1758; Ocenebra erinacea [misspelling in Graham, 1988]; 45 unaccepted subspecies and varieties listed on WoRMS.
Current taxonomy: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140405
Vernacular: European sting winkle, European oyster drill (English); Gwichiad coliog (Welsh); Stekelhoren, Geschubde stekelhoren (Dutch); Großes Seekälbchen, Gerippte Purpurschnecke, Gerippte Felsschnecke, Austernbohrer (German); Cormaillot (French); Ψευτόστρομπος (Greek).
GLOSSARY below.
Shell description.
The matt, opaque, solid shell grows sublittorally to 50 mm high and 25 mm wide (Fretter & Graham, 1985) fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2op3qCC, but most intertidal specimens are less than 30 mm high fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . The body-whorl is about 75% of the shell’s height. Those in the Mediterranean are larger (Jeffreys, 1867), occasionally up to 65 mm high (Pers. comm. Jakov Prkić, 18 March 2023), are generally more colourful and ornate fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2op3Kef & fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2op6tN8 and there are some differences in body features. The differences may be geographical variation, but it would be helpful if differing specimens could be molecularly sequenced.
Each of the tumid whorls has an angled shoulder and eight or nine widely spaced, strong costal ribs which are crossed by two major, rounded spiral cords on the spire whorls and by eight or nine on the body-whorl fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 ; minor cords are also present. There are low knobs where the cords and costal ribs intersect. Numerous flounced growth lines cross the spiral cords and grooves and give the whole shell an imbricate appearance fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 & fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2op8Aq1 unless eroded, when they survive longest in the grooves fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2op3qCC . On adults the most recently formed costal rib acts as a labial varix which thickens the palatal lip of the aperture fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 unless there has been recent new growth fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 . The sutures between the whorls are deep and sinuous. The sculpture becomes more pronounced with age. The shell exterior is yellowish white fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 with varying amounts of brown which may create bands associated with the spiral cords or costal ribs fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH . The protoconch, lacking obvious sculpture, has about two and a half tumid, smooth whorls about 1 mm in diameter fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 which, when not eroded, form a sharp apical point.
The height of the aperture is about 60% of the shell height fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . It is approximately ‘P’ shaped with the nearly straight inner lip (parietal and columellar) and long siphonal canal forming the upright, and the palatal lip forming the curve. On young shells the canal is open fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 . Later the columellar lip expands over the canal to roof it fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH to a greater or lesser degree. All lips are pure white and the parietal lip tends to spread onto the adjacent body-whorl. The palatal lip may consist of the labial varix or a thin, finely folded lip projecting a minimal fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 or moderate fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 distance beyond the varix, depending on recent growth and erosion. It meets the parietal lip at about 90°. On mature shells, the palatal lip often has interior protrusions which correlate with the spiral grooves of the exterior fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue . The interior of the aperture is smooth and glossy white.
The operculum fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL has a fairly straight columellar-parietal edge. Its palatal edge is curved except for a straight basal section which, with the columellar-parietal edge, forms a wedge which fits into the siphonal canal. Centrally, it is dark reddish brown, but a wide peripheral zone is translucent yellowish fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2op6rLh .The outer face, made of conchiolin produced by the opercular groove, has a marginal nucleus with many fine, surrounding, concentric growth lines. The inner face has a non-marginal, excentric nucleus surrounded by broad, concentric, bands of adventitious conchiolin produced by a ring of gland cells in the opercular disc fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL . Both interior bands and exterior growth lines are visible through the translucent operculum when viewed against a backlit white background; the patterns cross each other fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2op6rLh . The inner face has an area of rougher texture where the columellar muscle attaches to it. The edge of the attachment area is visible as a curved line unaligned with either growth lines or adventitious bands. Apart from the rough muscle-attachment, the inner face of operculum has a shiny varnished surface fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2op7LKL . The operculum is flexible so it can fit the aperture tightly behind the interior protrusions, if any, of the palatal lip fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue or bend round the body fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa .
Body description
The flesh is translucent white or yellowish white with many opaque white blotches, and yellow, sometimes saffron (Jeffreys, 1867), distally on the cephalic tentacles fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa & fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2op8XsQ , but the yellow may not be developed on small juveniles fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2op8Aq1 and juveniles less than 5 mm high in the Adriatic may have grey and black bodies fig. 37 flic.kr/p/2opNWxW . Dark viscera are visible in parts of the body rarely extended into view fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 .
The small dorsoventrally flattened head consists of two diverging cephalic tentacles with thick bases tapering about two thirds of their length to an eye fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa & fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 beyond which they are slender. Ventrally there is an opening slit (rhynchostome) fig. 15 flic.kr/p/2op8WGX for eversion of the pleurembolic feeding proboscis which can extend greatly; there is no permanently external snout. The radula, buccal mass and true mouth are in the distal end of the proboscis fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 when extended. The short rachiglossan radula has in each row of three colourless, transparent teeth a wide, central, rachidian tooth with many small cusps (points) flanked on either side by a longer marginal tooth. The cusps on the anterior rows are usually worn down by boring into the shells of prey.
The translucent yellowish white mantle roofs the mantle cavity fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa and a folded portion fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2op7KP7 extends as a respiratory siphon through, but rarely beyond, the siphonal canal of the shell fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2op6qtC . The mantle covers the body but is translucent enough to reveal the organs when the animal is removed from the shell fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ . The edge of the mantle is thickened, more yellowish and less translucent fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa .
The short, broad foot is about 33% the length of the shell fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2op6qhA . When fully spread it is widest at the anterior fig. 19 flic.kr/p/2op7JJm but it can vary to circular fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2op3Ek2 . There are no distinct propodial tentacles, but the agile foot can fold readily and bring the sides and flexible front corners together fig. 17 flic.kr/p/2op6qtC to manipulate prey or, in the case of females, manoeuvre egg capsules. The opening to the inverted accessory boring organ is on the medial fold line of the sole a short distance from the anterior. It is difficult to detect except when the sucker-like boring organ is everted to hold and to soften the shell of the prey for boring by the radula. A little further posterior than the boring gland on females there is an opening to the ventral pedal gland into which the foot inserts each newly laid egg capsule for final shaping and subsequent fixing to the substrate.
Dorsally the foot is coloured as the body but the yellowish white sole lacks opaque white marks except where those on the dorsum show through the thin periphery fig. 20 flic.kr/p/2op3Ek2
Behind the right tentacle, males have a large, white penis fig. 21 flic.kr/p/2op6pqL .
Removal of the shell fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ & fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2op8wre will show a large, yellowish, pinnate ctenidium and a smaller, pinnate, red-brown osphradium resembling a ctenidium in structure. The following organs may be visible through the translucent mantle: the greenish hypobranchial gland, rectum, black rectal gland, heart, kidney and the visceral lump containing the digestive gland and, in the breeding season, the ovary or testes.
Key identification features
Ocenebra erinaceus
1. Maximum height 50 mm, width 25 mm (W/H 50%) fig. 01https://flic.kr/p/2op3qCC . Littoral specimens usually to 30 mm high.
2. 8 to 9 costal ribs. Numerous imbricate growth lines fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2op6t35 .
3. Most recently formed costal rib forms a labial varix on or near palatal lip fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 .
4. Two major spiral cords on the spire whorls and 8 to 9 on the body-whorl fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2op6th8 . Minor cords are also present.
5. Shell yellowish white with pure white aperture lips and siphonal canal. Open fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2op6v13 or closed fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2op6sCH siphonal canal often slightly longer than the aperture above it.
6. Cephalic tentacles translucent white with opaque white marks and yellow distally fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2op8XAa , but small juveniles may lack the yellow fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2op8XsQ .
7. Egg capsules 6 to 13 mm high. Shaped like a hot water bottle with sloping shoulders. Sometimes have a raised rib giving triangular cross section. Narrow aperture on a short neck has a small protruding plug. Whitish turning to yellow or purple with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .
8. Norway to Morocco and Mediterranean. Lives on rocky substrate all round Britain except east Scotland. Lower shore and sublittoral. Does not live in the Baltic or on continental coasts of the North Sea; multiple records of it at
waarneming.nl/species/20959/maps/?start_date=2000-08-29&a...
are fossils in sand dumped to replenish Dutch beaches (Han Raven, pers. comm. 14 March 2023).
Similar species
Shells have intraspecific variations with interspecific overlap, and features may be eroded or indiscernible on images, so use of more than one feature is advisable for reliable identification.
Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851)
O. inornatus “is very similar to Ocenebra erinaceus and is very difficult to distinguish due to the morphological variability of both” (Trigo et al. 2018). First arrivals of this invasive species are frequently mistaken for O. erinaceus. Large unworn adult shells of O. inornatus show the most distinct sculptural features. The form of egg capsules and colour of tentacle tips are diagnostic in north-west Europe.
1. Maximum height 63 mm (fig. 27 flic.kr/p/2op7GK1 ).
2. Usually 8 to 9, occasionally 4 to 12 costal ribs (Amano & Vermeij 1998 in Goud et al. 2008) on body-whorl. They are more prominent and angulated at the shoulder giving a more pronounced turreted effect than on Ocenebra erinaceus fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2op8vQj . No imbricate growth lines are visible in images of O. inornatus available for this account fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2op7GSA .
3. On large mature specimens the ribs on the body-whorl may be blade-like with the final one flaring out widely from the lip, level with the substrate fig. 27 flic.kr/p/2op7GK1 . But the more frequent smaller specimens have costal ribs and a labial varix like those on O. erinaceus fig. 25 flic.kr/p/2op8vQj .
4. 4 to 7 spiral cords on the body-whorl (Lützen et al, 2011).
5. Shell white with varying amounts and shades of brown. Aperture lips and siphonal canal white are sometimes whitish and brownish in parts. Siphonal canal is often slightly shorter than aperture above it.
6.Cephalic tentacles distally pure white without any yellow beyond the eye fig. 26 flic.kr/p/2op7GSA & fig. 28 flic.kr/p/2op3CD1 but some may be white faintly tinted brownish or pinkish proximally below the eye fig. 29 flic.kr/p/2op7Grf .
7. Egg capsules 15 to 20 mm high. Shaped like a kite with rounded lateral corners and a face strongly flexed so its two wings bend towards each other. Its tall neck tapers to a narrow aperture. Initially whitish turning yellow with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .
8. China, Korea, Japan and Sakhalin Island. Preys on Magallana gigas and has been accidentally translocated with commercial shipments of M. gigas to Pacific coasts of North America and to Europe from Iberia to Denmark. Locally common and a pest on oyster beds Not yet recorded in Britain (pers. comm. S. Taylor, Marine Recorder of Conchological Soc. G.B. & Ireland,15 March 2023) but because of difficulty in differentiating it from Ocenebra erinaceus it might be present unrecognised.
Ocinebrina aciculata (Lamarck, 1822)
1. Usual maximum height 15 mm and width 10 mm.
2. Eight to ten broad costal ribs on body-whorl. Slightly imbricate growth lines raised at irregular intervals, but not as prominently as on Ocenebra erinaceus.
3. Thin, crenulate palatal (outer) lip has no labial varix fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc .
4. 18 to 20 spiral ridges on the body-whorl.
5. Shell dark brown fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc , may show red of body within when well lit in water fig. 31https://flic.kr/p/2op7G27 . Dead worn shells are paler. Sigmoid, pearlescent white, parietal-columellar (inner) lip fig. 30 flic.kr/p/2op8TJc does not extend onto body-whorl. Siphonal canal open and orange-buff, when young, closed when older.
6. Cephalic tentacles and whole body intense red flecked with yellowish white spots fig. 31 flic.kr/p/2op7G27 . Tips of tentacles and siphon paler.
7. Egg capsules barrel shaped (Wigham & Graham, 2018).
8. Found often in proximity of Perforatus perforatus (Cirripedia) from the Mediterranean to Bretagne, Scilly Isles and south-west England.
Urosalpinx cinerea (Say, 1822). fig. 32 flic.kr/p/2op6ngR
1. Maximum height 40 mm, width 20 mm.
2. 10 to 12 low, sometimes inconspicuous, costal ribs on final whorl.
3. Thin, crenulate palatal (outer) lip thickens and develops internal ribs with age. No labial varix.
4. 16 to 18 spiral ridges on the body-whorl, eroded where they cross the costae, so no protruding nodules. Sometimes spiral ridges more prominent than costae.
5. Shell yellowish or grey with brownish white aperture lips and siphonal canal. Open siphonal canal half the length of the aperture above it.
6. Flesh is cream with dark marks on tentacles and mantle edge.
7. Egg capsules about 5 mm high. Flattened oval attached to substrate with a thin stem. Wide, slightly everted aperture has recessed plug. Buff or yellowish fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN
8. Nova Scotia to Florida. Introduced from America with commercial Magallana gigas to south-east England and the Netherlands. Lower shore and sublittoral to 15 m.
Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758)
1. Usual maximum height 45 mm, to 65 mm sublittorally.
2. No costal ribs. Numerous imbricate growth lines on small juveniles occasionally persist on adults fig. 33 flic.kr/p/2op8SiB .
3. No labial varix. Lip thin when young, thickened when full grown.
4. Shell often worn smooth fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX but some have about 2 spiral bands on the spire whorls and about 10 on the body-whorl fig. 35 flic.kr/p/2op6kjQ .
5. Shell usually whitish; sometimes yellowish, and bands of various colours may occur fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX . Aperture lips and siphonal canal usually white but can have patches of other colour.
6. Body and cephalic tentacles pure white fig. 34 flic.kr/p/2op3AEX .
7. Egg capsules are spindle shaped, up to 10 mm high and 4 mm wide, on a short thin stalk. Yellowish white becoming yellow or sometimes purple or brownish with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN .
8. White Sea to Gibraltar, not Baltic (low salinity), and Greenland to New York. Common on hard substrate all around Ireland and Britain, avoiding low salinity of inner estuaries.
Habits and ecology
O. erinaceus lives on rocky shores at LWST and sublittorally to 150 m on stony substrate.
It feeds on bivalves, barnacles and tube dwelling worms, boring holes through their shells to rasp out the flesh with its radula. It takes about ten days to bore into and consume an oyster with its everted proboscis fig. 16 flic.kr/p/2op8y3A .
The strong shell affords protection against predators. When active, little of the animal protrudes beyond its shelter fig. 18 flic.kr/p/2op6qhA and the operculum protects nearly half of the foot. In Croatia those in shallow water are often covered with algae which conceal them fig. 36 flic.kr/p/2op3zyP . When sealed, the long siphonal canal protects the siphon so it can remain safely extended for respiration when the animal is retracted into the shell fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2op8Yue .
Inhalant water entering through the respiratory siphon has its quality checked by the pectinate osphradium at the inner end of the siphon before passing through the larger pectinate ctenidium fig. 22 flic.kr/p/2op8VfZ & fig. 23 flic.kr/p/2op8wre .
O. erinaceus breeds in late April and May in Britain. The male fertilizes the female internally with its long penis. Egg capsules from the oviduct are manoeuvred one at a time by the female’s flexible foot into the ventral pedal gland where they are moulded before being fixed to rock or shells. Several capsules are laid close together, and females often lay in company. The egg capsules are 6 to 13 mm high, and are shaped like a hot water bottle with sloping shoulders. Sometimes a raised rib creates a triangular cross section. The narrow aperture is on a short neck and has a protruding plug. The capsules are initially whitish turning to yellow or purple with age fig. 24 flic.kr/p/2op6oKN . After nine or ten weeks, most of the young emerge from the capsule as crawling juveniles, but about 14% emerge as late veliger, swimming larvae with a well developed four-lobed velum and a foot. They lose the velum within five days (Wigham & Graham, 2018).
Like Nucella lapillus, females in the vicinity of boats treated with Tributyltin (TBT), an anti-fouling biocide, experience imposex, the malformation of the oviduct causing sterility. Near Plymouth and Falmouth docks, England, about 90% of female O. erinaceus were so affected in studies from 1991 to 1995 (Gibbs, 1996). Even so, the reproductive failure was less than that experienced by N. lapillus perhaps because of arrival of swimming late veligers, which N. lapillus lacks, from less affected areas.
Distribution and status
O. erinaceus occurs from the Azores and the Mediterranean to its winter-cold induced limits in northern France and south-east Scotland. It does not live in the Baltic or on continental coasts of the North Sea; multiple records of it at
waarneming.nl/species/20959/maps/?start_date=2000-08-29&a...
are fossils in sand dumped to replenish Dutch beaches (Han Raven, pers. comm. 14 March 2023) and probably some misidentified Ocinebrellus inornatus. These misleading records have transferred to GBIF at www.gbif.org/species/4364689 . Because of the mild Atlantic drift in winter, it extends up the west coast of Ireland and Britain to Orkney and Shetland. The U.K. distribution map at species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0021055838 probably shows the true position (accessed March 2023), but there, too, fossils are present in pleistocene glacial drift (Forbes & Hanley, 1853) from which they may be washed out onto beaches.
In the past, the limits have shifted. During the exceptionally severe winters 1928 - 1929 and 1962 - 1963, the population along the British North Sea coast was almost annihilated (Lützen et al., 2011). With global warming it is possible that it may spread north of its current limits, but recording of any change should be based on live specimens as the solid shells persist for long periods after death.
Acknowledgements
For use of images I thank Philippe Boissel, Pierre Corbrion, Valentin Engelbos, Marion Haarsma, Gabriel Paladino Ibáñez, Kaila Wheatley Kornblum, Michal Maňas, Alen Petani, Jakov Prkić, Malcolm Storey, Simon Taylor, Freek Titselaar, Albert van den Bruele, Daniëlla van Dijk and Stefan Verheyen. For helpful discussion and information I thank Han Raven and Stefan Verheyen.
Links and references
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. (As Murex erinaceus)
archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forbe/page/370/mode...
Fretter, V. 1941 The genital ducts of some British stenoglossan prosobranchs J. Mar. Biol. Ass. 25(1): 173-211.
plymsea.ac.uk/id/eprint/1194/1/The_genital_ducts_of_some_...
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs: their functional anatomy and ecology. London, Ray Society.
Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1985. The prosobranch molluscs of Britain and Denmark. Part 8 – Neogastropoda. Suppl. 15, J. Moll. Stud.
Gibbs, P.E. 1996. Oviduct malformation as a sterilising effect of tributyltin (TBT)-induced imposex in Ocenebra erinacea (Gastropoda: Muricidae). J. Moll. Stud., 62 (4): 403 to 413. academic.oup.com/mollus/article/62/4/403/1053911 (open access).
Goud, J., Titselaar, F. & Mulder, G. 2008. Weer een ‘verstekeling’: de Japanse Stekelhoren Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851) (Gastropoda, Muricidae) levend aangetroffen in de Oosterschelde. Spirula 365: 132 to 134. natuurtijdschriften.nl/pub/1002492
Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pages.
Hayward, P.J. & Ryland, J.S. (eds.) 1995. Handbook of the marine fauna of North-West Europe. Oxford University Press.
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 4 (1867). London, van Voorst. (As Murex erinaceus) archive.org/details/britishconcholog04jeffr/page/306/mode...
Lützen J., Faasse, M., Gittenberger, A., Glenner, H. and Hoffmann, E. 2011. The Japanese oyster drill Ocinebrellus inornatus (Récluz, 1851) (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Muricidae), introduced to the Limfjord, Denmark. Aquatic Invasions 7(2): 181–191.
www.aquaticinvasions.net/2012/AI_2012_2_Lutzen_etal.pdf
McKay, D.W. & Smith, S.M. 1979. Marine Mollusca of East Scotland. Edinburgh, Royal Scottish Museum.
Oehlmann, J., Fioroni, P., Stroben, E. and Markert, B. 1996. Tributyltin (TBT) effects on Ocinebrina aciculata (Gastropoda: Muricidae): imposex development, sterilization, sex change and population decline. Sci. Total Environ. 188: 205-223
www.bio.uni-frankfurt.de/55030905/Oehlmann-et-al-1996-STO...
Trigo, J.E.; Diaz Agras, G.J.; Garcia Alvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S,; Urgorri, V.. 2018. Guia de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia. Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo.
Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2018. Marine gastropods 3: Neogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.62. (206 pages). Field Studies Council,Telford, England.
Glossary
acrembolic = (of proboscis) entirely invertible/eversible like finger of glove.
adventitious = in an unusual anatomical position.
aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.
buccal mass = anterior of digestive system including a radula, odontophore and muscles.
cephalic = (adj.) of or on the head.
cf. = (abbreviation of Latin ‘confer’) compare with.
cilia = (pl.) vibrating linear extensions of membrane used in locomotion.
coll. = (or “in coll.”, abbreviation of “in collectionem”) in the collection of (cf. leg.).
columella = axis of gastropod shell spiral, exposed on final whorl by aperture.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
conchiolin = horny flexible protein which forms the operculum of most marine gastropods, the periostracum and a matrix for the deposition of calcium carbonate to create a mollusc’s shell. Chemical structure C30H48O11N3; ‘chitinous’ as it resembles, though not identical to, chitin (C8H13O5N)n.
costa = (pl. costae) axial rib crossing shell whorl at about right-angles to any spiral striae.
costal = (adj.) of, or arranged like, costae.
ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill with filaments either side of a rachis .
cusp = raised point or prominence on crown of a tooth.
digestive gland = organ which acts like the liver and pancreas in mammals to absorb food.
distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.
dorsoventrally flattened = as if pressed flat from above.
efferent = (adj. of vessel) carrying haemolymph away from an organ.
efferent branchial vessel = vessel along rachis of ctenidium which carries oxygenated haemolymph away from the ctenidium to the heart for circulation to organs.
ELWST = extreme low water spring tide (usually near March and September equinoxes).
everted = turned inside out from the body.
height = (abbreviation H.) distance from apex of shell to base of aperture.
hypobranchial gland = gland which secretes mucus to trap and consolidate particles from inhalant water. Probably other biologically active compounds produced. On contact with air and light, mucus changes from greenish through red to purple.
imbricate = arranged to overlap like roof tiles.
inverted = turned outside in like a sock.
labial varix = especially strong or broad costa (rib) near edge of outer lip of aperture.
leg. = (abbreviation of legit) collected/ found by (cf. coll.)
LWST = low water spring tide, two periods of a few days each month when tide falls lowest.
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes shell and forms a cavity for the gill in most marine molluscs. mantle edge = only part that produces exterior layers of shell. When flounced, it makes protruding shell-growth that forms imbricate sculpture.
odontophore = tongue-like structure of cartilage supporting radula.
opercular = (adj.) of the operculum.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture.
osphradium = organ for testing inhalant water for particles and/or chemicals produced by pollutants, prey or predators.
parietal lip = upper part of inner side of gastropod aperture.
periostracum = thin horny layer of chitinous material often coating shells.
pers. comm. = personal communication by face-to-face conversation, telephone, letter or email.
pleurembolic proboscis = basal part (only) of proboscis inverts to form a sac for rest of proboscis to be retracted into without inversion. (cf. acrembolic).
proboscis = internal feeding tube, containing the buccal mass with radula; only extended when feeding.
protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages; different in form from other whorls forming teleoconch.
proximal = towards the centre of the body or point of attachment.
rachidian = (adj.) median/middle tooth in each row of teeth on radula.
rachiglossan = (adj.) of radula with a many-cusped, rachidian tooth, and single marginal tooth at each side.
rachis = central shaft/main axis of a feather or gill plume.
radula = chitinous ribbon of teeth; extended on odontophore to rasp food.
rectal gland = black or brown diverticulum of the rectum lying over it. Found in O. erinaceus and other Neogastropoda. Its function is unknown.
velum = bilobed flap on veliger larva, with beating cilia for swimming.
rhynchostome = opening on ventral surface of head for eversion of a proboscis.
sigmoid = curved in two directions like letter ‘S’ but often with shallower curvature.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
teleoconch = entire gastropod shell, apart from apical protoconch.
tumid = bulging, distended, swollen, distinctly convex.
tumidity = the condition of being tumid.
varix = (see labial)
veliger = shelled larva of marine mollusc; swims by waving cilia on velum (bilobed flap).
So, here it is, the reason I drove across Norfolk: Trunch in all it's glory And it is glorious.
It has so many fascinating details, each one alone would be reason enough to visit, but together, in a fine village, next to the village pub, and with that font canopy, one of only four such in all of England, and one of two in the county.
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The oldest building in Trunch is St. Botolph's Church. It is mainly 14th. and 15th. Century but there are some fragments of stone in the walls which are believed to have been reused from an earlier Saxon church, which was recorded in the Domesday Book. There is much of interest in the church including a Rood Screen, a hammer beam roof and a rare Font Canopy.
trunchhistory.weebly.com/buildings.html
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The large village of Trunch is located about 5 miles from the north Norfolk coast. In the centre of the village, surrounded by a lovely collection of cottages and the more modern Crossroads Inn, is St Botolph's church. Much of what you see of the church is early 15th century, built upon earlier foundations.
Upon entering the church the first feature you will see is the font, which dates to the mid 14th century. Though the font is attractive, it is the carved and painted font canopy that really makes a visit to Trunch worthwhile.
This is a quite remarkable piece of woodwork, one of only four such canopies surviving in the entire country (the others are at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich, Durham Cathedral, and Luton). The canopy is supported on six beautifully carved legs. The carving detail is exquisite; with fanciful animal figures and foliage and a bit of political commentary, in the shape of a pig wearing a bishop's mitre.
In addition to the font canopy, Trunch features a superb 15th century hammer beam roof, a feature of many churches in Norfolk and Suffolk. Here the carvings of angels are beautifully performed. It is worth bringing along a pair of binoculars or a telescope in order to see the carvings properly.
Much easier to see are the medieval misericords (mercy seats) in the chancel. Each carving is unique; some represent angels, and others are more grotesque in nature. In addition there are some beautifully carved pew ends and a painted medieval rood screen that rivals many more famous churches in detail and colour.
There are 12 niches in the screen, each painted with a depiction of a single figure - 11 disciples plus St Paul. Much of the costume detail is well preserved, but the faces of the figures were destroyed during the upheavals of the Protestant Reformation in the 16th century.
www.britainexpress.com/counties/norfolk/churches/Trunch.htm
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William Earl Warren had the lordship of this town, (fn. 1) of which 3 freemen were deprived; one of them belonged to Herold, late King of England, another to Ralph Stalre, and the 3d to Ketel, who held 90 acres of land, and 14 borderers belonged to it, with 5 carucates among them; there was a church endowed with 10 acres, &c. 3 acres of meadow always valued at 30s. and there were also 5 freemen of Edric in King Edward's time, who had 34 acres of land, with 2 carucates, 2 acres and an half of meadow, always valued at 7s. 4d. (fn. 2)
This town also belonged to the Earl Warren's capital manor of Gimmingham, and paid suit and service to it. In the 34th of Henry III. Maud de Norwich granted by fine, to Richer, son of Nicholas, a messuage, 48 acres of land, a mill, and the sixth part of another in this town, Swathefeld and Bradfeld. In the 15th of Edward I. the Earl Warren claimed a weekly mercate, on Saturday, in this manor; and on the death of John Earl Warren, in the 21st of Edward III. the mercate was valued at 10s. per ann. the manor came after to the Earl of Lancaster, (as is before observed,) and so to John of Gaunt Duke of Lancaster, and King Henry IV. and is still in the Crown, as part of the dutchy of Lancaster.
The tenths were 4l. 10s. deducted 15s.
The Church is dedicated to St. Botolph, and is a regular pile, with a nave, 2 isles, and a chancel covered with lead, and has a tower with 4 bells.
In the chancel, on a little monument,
Lancelotus Thexton cappellanus Regis Edw. VI. sacre theologie baccalaureus, et rector de Trunch obt. 25. Febr. 1588, and this shield of arms, quarterly, in the first and fourth a cross between four lions heads erased, gules, in the 2d and 3d, ermine, fretty, azure.
In a window here, argent, a fess between two chevrons, sable.
On a gravestone
Hic jacet Magr. Robt. Cantell, quo'd. rector isti. ecclie, qui. obt. 1 Sept. Ao. Dni. 1480.
Gravestones
In memory of Thomas Worts, gent. who died November 13, 1693, aged 45, with his arms, three lions rampant, - - - — William Worts. gent. who married Elizabeth, daughter of Riches Brown of Fulmodeston, Esq. died August 25, 1694, aged 60, with the arms of Worts impaling Brown; two bars, between three spears heads, - - -
¶The patronage of the church was granted to the priory of Castleacre, by William Earl Warren, the first on his founding that priory. In the reign of Edward I. the rector had a manse, and 13 acres of land valued at 16 marks, Peter-pence 13d. and the prior of Castleacre had a pension or portion of tithe valued at 40s. the present valor is 10l. 13s. 4d. and pays first fruits, &c. the Norwich registers say that William, the second Earl Warren, granted the patronage, and Eborard Bishop of Norwich, confirmed it; and that Simon the Bishop confirmed the pension in 1268.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol8...
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Trunch is the largest of the villages between North Walsham and the sea; but as all the industrialisation and tawdry caravan sites are hard against the coast, and Trunch is several miles inland, it has avoided these excesses and retains a great rural charm. It has a magnificent church with lots of fascinating treasures, as well as a shop, a green, a pub run by an ex-professional footballer, and generally all the typical features you expect to find in a large village in deepest rural Norfolk.
The church is perhaps the most interesting of all round about; and, while the large village lends it an urban quality that lacks the charm of, say, the churches of neighbouring Edingthorpe and Crostwight, it has by no means the Victorianised sterility of those at Bacton or Happisburgh.
St Botolph is a big church, and its tight graveyard makes it rather hard to photograph. The whole piece seems to have been rebuilt in the early 15th century, although the chancel may be a little later, and there is a hint of Decorated about the nave. The tower is quite simple, even slight. It builds boldly enough, but at the top of the second stage fades into a simple bell stage, understated, elegant and probably intended. This is not a building that shouts at you. A curiosity is the massive priest porch surrounding the door in the chancel. These are very unusual, although there is another, smaller one at neighbouring Knapton.
The great treasure, of course, is the marvellous font canopy. It is particularly fascinating because of its date, coming in the early 16th century right on the eve of the English protestant reformation. Like all church furnishings at this time - the tombs at Oxborough, for instance - it gives us a hint of what the English renaissance might have been like if it had been allowed to flower. Here, the massive structure tumbles with intricacy; fruit and flowers, leopards and lions peep around the silvery oak of the six octagonal columns which are fluted with interlocking chains of detail. The glory is the massive crown of canopied niches, with the haunting ghosts of crucifixion groups still apparent on three of the faces. The whole thing is at once in perfect harmony with the west end of the church, but exists because it was believed to be beautiful rather than known to be useful.There is only one other font canopy in Norfolk, at St Peter Mancroft in Norwich; Outside of the county there is another at Durham Cathedral, and a fourth at the parish church in Luton - but that is it.
Above the canopy is a rich 15th century hammerbeam roof, by no means as dramatic as that at nearby Knapton, but more beautiful, I think. In the space beneath the tower there is what appears to be a gallery like the plough guild gallery at Cawston. This is not as elaborate, but its oak has silvered and it is painted beautifully with trailing rose foliage.
The benching, unfortunately, is pretty much all 19th century, but along with the font canopy and roof the medieval screen survives. Like the canopy, this is richly ornamented in relief, including a bold dedicatory inscription in diagonal ribbons across the top part of the dado. The twelve figures (11 disciples and St Paul) are boldly placed and coloured, but their faces have been completely vandalised by the 16th century reformers. Low down on the north side of the doorway is a rare surviving carved consecration cross, suggesting that this screen was already installed in the newly built church of the 15th century. The screen had detached buttressing running vertically at intervals in front of it, as at Ludham. They have been almost entirely destroyed, but you can still see the fixings between the panels. It must have been magnificent.
The return stalls in the chancel are pretty much all Victorian, but they retain medieval misericords, and also you can see quatrefoil holes set into a sounding chamber to amplify the singing. There is a very curious memorial above the priest door, featuring the instruments of the passion. I have no idea how old it is.
All of these features would be enough, but part of the attraction of St Botolph is the sense of harmony, the way everything works together. You can add to these the sedilia, the magnificent organ, and the modern design of the glass in the east window. It is a peaceful, inspiring space.
Cottages and houses hem in the graveyard, and in the corner is the modern pub. Incidentally, I don't really know if the bloke who runs it is an ex-professional footballer. But, like many rural Norfolk landlords, he seems to be a cheerful 40-something cockney who serves a decent pint and cheap food - a recommended stop for churchcrawlers.
Simon Knott, April 2005
www.norfolkchurches.co.uk/trunch/trunch.htm
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And the pub is still good.
Derek Jarman's cottage on the beach at Dungeness, Kent England.
Derek Jarman (1942-1994) was an English film director who made a famous garden on the shingle shore near Dungeness nuclear power station. Jarman believed that the Pilot Inn, nearby, provides “Simply the finest fish and chips in all England". The garden design style is postmodern and highly context-sensitive - a complete rejection of modernist design theory. He disliked the sterility of modernism; he despised its lack of interest in poetry, allusion and stories; he deplored the techno-cruelty exemplified in Dr. D. G. Hessayon's 'How to be an expert' series of garden books. Jarman's small circles of flint reminded him of standing stones and dolmens. He remarked that 'Paradise haunts gardens, and some gardens are paradises. Mine is one of them. Others are like bad children, spoilt by their parents, over-watered and covered with noxious chemicals.'
Name: Judy Xiong
Hometown: New York, New York
Likes: My family, helping others, the serenity that comes from being perfectly organized
Dislikes: deceptive people, my day planner, the sterility that comes from being perfectly organized.
Why I should be picked for Maxine’s My New BFF 5:
Because I'm seeking actual friendship & real connections instead of just the flimsy ones I've formed via my work as a corporate events planner. Up until now so much of my life has been about scheduling things to perfection but I've recently realized that a life worth living can't be simply planned to perfection but instead has to be lived in embracing what each day brings.
What I admire about Maxine is how her assertiveness & strength of character shines in a way that commands respect but doesn't intimate the ones she cares about most and I'm hoping that by potentially becoming her BFF that it's something I can learn to channel within my own self.
Faceclaim: Brenda Song
Everdale Environmental Learning Centre: Harvesting Heads of Lettuce, Planting Seeds of Change
Anil Kanji, 2003
I wake up at 5:30 on a chilly summer’s morning. The full moon is still high in the sky, and the rustling in the grass outside my tent suggests nocturnal creatures are still about. I get dressed, grab my water bottle, and in the pre-dawn haze head down past fields of crispy lettuce, beets and chard to the farm workshop.
By 10 in the morning I have planted several beds of lettuce seedlings, with four rows in each bed. After a break, some members of the farm crew and I head to a neighbour’s property where we’ve rented a field. The remainder of the morning is spent weeding huge beds of eggplant, and then running through a large field of rye, hunting down giant thistles.
I’ve joined the farm crew for one week, at the Everdale Organic Teaching Farm, part of the Everdale Environmental Learning Centre. This is the start of a typical day. The farm crew consists of a farm manager, three farm apprentices and a motley crew of farm volunteers. These young farmers are part of a new force of change in Canada – a growing community of young people interested in giving back to the earth, and keen on learning how to build sustainable food systems, starting from the field and working their way back to the table. None of the farm crew come from traditional farming families; most have been university-educated in the city, in unrelated fields. All have a streak of activism, and now, sometimes consciously, sometimes not, their work combats food insecurity on many levels. Far away from the policy-makers and the lobbyists, Everdale fosters subtle yet effective direct action against corporate, centralized food systems, winning hearts and minds one organic food box at a time; one CSA member at a time. Everdale “strives to demonstrate, in practical ways, the enormous promise of sustainable agriculture.” (Everdale, 2003). By exploring some of Everdale’s programs and projects, I will illustrate that Everdale has achieved this mission and I’ll demonstrate how each success enforces food security on individual, local, and national levels.
History:
Everdale Environmental Learning Centre is a 50-acre farm and educational centre in Hillsburgh, Ontario. It originally operated as a free school from 1966 to 1974 based on the model of A.S. Neil’s Summerhill. Summerhill sought to give children freedom and power over their own lives through a democratic school structure and non-required classes, promoting self-respect and a sense of responsibility to others. Between 1975-1997 several ventures were attempted at Everdale, but none succeeded, and the property fell into disrepair. In 1998, Gavin Dandy, Karen Campbell, Lynn Bishop and Wally Seccombe revived Everdale Place by creating the Everdale Environmental Learning Centre. Their rather ambitious goal was to fulfill Everdale’s original role as an educational institution by teaching sustainable agriculture and growing produce, whilst returning the fields, soil and buildings to working order. They also aimed to forge co-operative relationships and partnerships with progressive food organizations, local farmers and food-consumers.
So far, Everdale has been successful. Since obtaining organic certification six years ago, the cultivated acreage has gradually increased from two acres to seven and during the twenty-five-week harvest season, almost 100 local households depend on Everdale for all of their fresh produce needs. Additional produce is also sold to organic distributors in the region, specifically a number of “food box” delivery programs in Toronto. Everdale’s steady increase in acreage and wholesale business indicates the promise of organic agriculture as a viable, sustainable alternative. Additionally, support from local households demonstrates that community members can build relations with the people who grow their food, buying food locally and directly from the farm thereby avoiding the detachment and environmental consequences of shipped-in food
Future Farmers:
One of the most serious long-term threats to Canada’s food security, and indeed its economy, is the steady ageing of the nation’s farmers. According to Statistics Canada, more than a third of Canadian farmers are over the age of 55, and only 12% are under the age of 35. (Edmonds, 2002). Because a local food economy is a important part of the future of food in Canada, environmentally, culturally and economically it’s essential that support networks be built for young farmers breaking into the industry. A local food supply has greater economic multipliers than an import-based one, and alleviates a great deal of the fossil fuel dependence tied to an import-based economy. (Koc, MacRae, 2003) The Future Farmers program at Everdale responds to this need. Future Farmers is an intensive six-month-long farming apprenticeship for individuals interested in a career in organic farming; the fastest growing sector of the agricultural industry. Apprentices live and work on the farm for an entire farming season, working five days a week with the sixth day reserved for field trips or seminars. Everdale is part of CRAFT, the Collaborative Regional Alliance for Farmer Training. The members of this organization of nine Ontario farms all run apprenticeship programs similar to Everdale, and enhance the internship programs of each member farm by coordinating field trips to other CRAFT farms. CRAFT is a vital first step in building a network for these young farmers, enabling them to form their own systems of support within the organic growing community. They also gain a wider range of experience with other growing and management practices, as they practise techniques specific to each CRAFT farm.
Everdale is also a member of the local chapter of the Canadian Organic Growers and part of the network of farmers who supply Field-to-Table's Good Food Box. Everdale has hosted several meetings that have explored how these networks could work more cohesively. Everdale’s participation in these networks, and its creation of structures to support new and potential farmers, deters isolation and builds sustainability of the farming community. Networks empower groups of farmers to operate as a cohesive group (on a larger scale), and thereby enforce food security, specifically the availability, accessibility and adequacy of the food supply, on provincial and national levels. Although 95% of Canada’s agricultural land is in the west, and bulk commodities currently dominate the landscape, Everdale depicts an embryonic indicator of what could be possible if we commit to developing local food systems.
Community Shared/Supported Agriculture:
The produce we harvested in the morning is placed on tables in the farm store for the CSA members. A whiteboard lists the quantities of produce that each member should take. An apprentice interacts with the members, who chat and joke with each other, as their children busily pick fresh snow and snap peas from the “pick your own” section up in the fields. I can’t help but think that this is what grocery shopping should be all about!
“CSA is the return of culture into agriculture, a culture that is needed by both the farmer and the consumer.” (Everdale, 2003)
Everdale’s Community Shared Agriculture (CSA) program has nearly 100 members, all of whom live locally. CSA members make three equal payments throughout the 19-week growing season, and in return receive a share of the farm’s weekly harvest. CSA members share both the risks and rewards of the farm, meet face-to-face with the people who grow their food at the site where it is grown, and, it is hoped, gain a new appreciation of how a healthy food system is sustained.
Although CSA is still emerging in Canada, it has great potential to contribute to food security, both for communities and individuals. Farmers gain access to much needed capital at the start of the growing season and are guaranteed an income throughout the season. In some CSA programs members can barter time for food, and gain access to healthy food at reasonable prices. Members may also have a say on what food is grown; for some opening the door to obtaining food that is culturally acceptable. CSA reinforces the relationship between consumer and producer, and adds an element of community. It takes its lead from foraging societies, who would share the burden of work and risk for mutual benefit (Koc, MacRae, 2003). The fact that CSA farmers are directly accountable to their consumers gives them the potential to help address all of the “A”s of Food Security (Availability, Accessibility, Acceptability, Appropriateness and Agency
Wholesale Food Distribution:
The other main venue for Everdale’s produce is wholesale sale to four organic “food box” companies: Field to Table, Green Earth Organics, the WOW Box, and Front Door Organics. The relationships are highly symbiotic. FoodShare, for example, gets fresh, local produce at reasonable prices, while Everdale gets a reliable market for its food that’s sympathetic to its philosophy. Everdale and other local farmers reduce FoodShare’s reliance on food distributors, and ensure that the Good Food Box is able to “[make] top-quality, fresh food available [and accessible] in a way that does not stigmatize people, fosters community development and promotes healthy eating.” (FoodShare, 2003) Everdale thus partners in ensuring key components of food security for individuals accessing the Good Food Box and community networks that create food secure systems.
Seeds Alive!:
In mid-morning I work with Bob Wildfong on the Seeds Alive! field. Sets of tomatoes, peppers, beans, onions and lettuce have been farmed in alternate rows, interspersed with annual flowers. We painstakingly count the flowers and fruits on each of the crops - data which Bob will later plug into a database to track the performance and progress of each seed variety grown. Each variety seems to have been bred over generations for different reasons: Here’s a lettuce that can survive the winter…there’s a tomato plant that bears harvestable fruit 10 weeks before other varieties. In a way, Bob’s role is that of a detective – he’s using his clues to build a profile of the plant, and trying to figure out why it was bred.
An essential element of sustainable food systems is diversity in crops grown. As monocultures and ‘oligocultures’ become more prevalent, our food supply becomes more vulnerable to pests and disease. Diversity ensures a healthy food supply resistant to these threats. Because diversity is anathema to the centralized control of large-scale industrial agriculture, food processors and retailers, once-prized heirloom seed varieties are becoming extinct. Another threat to diversity is the advent of Genetically Engineered (GE) seeds, which can be engineered to express a number of traits, including chemical dependence and/or resistance. Biotechnology has even been patented to program DNA in seeds to kill their own embryos, forcing farmers who usually save seeds to purchase new ones every year (Shiva, 2000). The fear is that the genome from these GE seeds could eventually move into surrounding, open-pollinated crops, spreading traits like chemical dependence, or worse, sterility.
Seeds Alive! is a joint project of Everdale Farm, Seeds of Diversity, and the Big Carrot. The project aims to protect crop diversity by growing rare and heirloom vegetable seeds, and provide them to farmers and gardeners in the surrounding bio-region. The focus is on vegetable varieties that are at risk of becoming extinct. Everdale’s hope is that “(b)y continuing the propagation of these rare and heirloom varieties we are preserving the diverse living genetic code which makes sustainable agriculture and healthy ecosystems possible” (Everdale, 2003). The seeds come from the Seeds of Diversity living gene bank, Canada’s National Gene Bank, and from gardening enthusiasts Bob meets from all over the world. Seeds Alive! helps protect Canada’s food supply by building diversity, and by exploring the characteristics, capabilities and possibilities of various breeds that could someday be grown in surroundings hostile to other plants. Finally, heritage seeds are good news for organic farmers, as they’re much more likely to thrive in organic soil than commercial varieties that have been cultivated in highly controlled, artificially fertilised, weed- and pest-free environments (Hemming et al., 1990).
Grow Biointensive:
One of Everdale’s most exciting projects is the Grow Biointensive Demonstration Garden, a project of Future Farmers graduate, Tarrah Young. The design is based on the Grow Biointensive garden developed by master horticulturist Alan Chadwick, and is outlined in the book How to Grow More Vegetables, by John Jeavons. The Grow Biointensive method combines biodynamic principles with French Intensive gardening techniques to yield four times more vegetables, use 20% less water, and 99% less energy than conventional and commercial agriculture. This is achieved by an emphasis on “growing soil” by double digging. by using compost, and by utilizing close plant spacing and companion planting to deter weeds and pests. The Grow Biointensive garden serves as a model of how a 200 square foot garden (the size of some front lawns) can provide one person with 300 pounds of vegetables or enough vegetables for an entire year, requiring only 30 minutes of gardening per day.According to the farm apprentices at Everdale, the most obvious solution to food insecurity is having individuals, families and communities grow their own food. This concept puts an interesting bend on the “right to food” argument. In most of the world, the right to food is inexorably linked to the right to land. Perhaps we could shift our energy to demand the “right to land”; specifically a 200 square foot plot in a neighbourhood community garden for each Canadian. Each community garden could have a permanent “farmer” who would assist members in growing their food. If each garden employed the Grow Biointensive method, the entire Greater Toronto Area (population 4.7M) could be fed on land equivalent to 54 High Parks (Toronto’s 400 acre urban park), which would still only equal about 2% of the total GTA land area1. Through Grow Biointensive Everdale provides an example of a means to meet food security needs for individuals, communities and nations, which can be expanded and replicated easily.
Curriculum Alive!
Everdale offers a number of child and youth programs that bring participants back to nature to meet their food. This summer, Everdale is running a children’s environmental day camp for the first time (ENVIROKids). Some of the activities include:
- harvesting fruits and vegetables;
- dehydrating fruits and veggies in the solar dehydrator;
- building a solar oven;
- using vegetables and plants to dye clothing; and
- planting seedlings and experimenting with the effect of light and water on them.
Although these activities may seem trivial, they foster a vital understanding in children’s minds of where their food comes from.
Everdale has also been working with “at-risk” youth since 1997, providing them with an opportunity to learn about farming and the bioregion they live in. Participants are usually sponsored by social agencies, such as Covenant House in Toronto, to “get their hands dirty” and gain a sense of accomplishment from working the soil. In fact, Everdale’s first crop was a field of garlic, planted by “street kids” from FoodShare's Just Grow it program. Networking with various organizations in this way helps to cultivate a multi-sectoral perspective to food production and a holistic approach to working as a community
Everdale has taken these experiences and built them into a learning guide with the help of the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. The Farming Alive! guide is designed to meet the curriculum of Ontario’s public school courses such as Science, World Issues and Geography.
Educating young Canadians about sustainable food systems forges a connection with the land, but also builds a sense of empowerment around food, especially for those with no farming background. It’s easy to be overwhelmed touring a large-scale agricultural operation – food production can be perceived as a large industry that is out of the hands of ordinary citizens. Upon touring Everdale with their small raised beds and the Grow Biointensive Garden, one gets a sense of how food is naturally grown, as well as how easy it is to do so for oneself.
Opportunities for Future Growth:
Developing mechanisms to ensure fair pricing:
In order to fulfil Everdale’s mandate to be an “exemplary, not-for-profit facility for co-operative education” (Everdale, 2003), it needs a steady stream of funding. Much of this is raised through grants, but revenue is also raised from the sale of produce from the farm to regional distributors and CSA members. Because Everdale needs to grow enough produce to remain economically viable within the current system of food production, distribution and consumption, it needs to overcome some of the system’s shortcomings.
Gavin Dandy, Everdale Farm Manager, spoke with me about the way that the current food production system places all the risks on farmers, while saving the profits for distributors, processors and retailers. He gave the example of organic lettuce, which has a current market price of $0.60 a head. This price may rise or fall depending on growing conditions and production levels. If the farmer down the street has a bumper crop and sells her lettuce for $0.50 a head, Everdale will have to cut their price. The price in the supermarket, however, remains the same, with retailers and middlemen pocketing the difference. Gavin jokingly proposed that farmers band together to form a “Lettuce Board”, to set a provincial fair price for lettuce that reflects the costs of growing it. I speculated that such a board would have tough going in our current system; surely centralized retailers would simply start sourcing their lettuce from the USA. And if the government attempted to block imports of lettuce, they would come under fire from the US for contravening NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) with “protectionist” policies. Gavin pointed to the provincial milk marketing board and the powerful Dairy Farmers of Canada: a member-owned national lobby, policy and promotion organization. The Dairy Farmers of Canada and the respective provincial milk marketing boards have been very successful in setting prices for milk in Canada that are significantly higher than average world prices (Solomon, 2001). They have achieved this by applying a great deal of pressure on the government, and by employing aggressive consumer-targeted marketing campaigns (Ibid. 2001)
Everdale has already begun working with its networks of farms, making inroads into cost-saving measures such as shared food distribution. Perhaps the idea of a lettuce marketing board is not so absurd after all.
Waste Diversion:
To best preserve its crispness, we harvest lettuce early in the morning, before the sun comes up. One member of the farm crew is ahead of me, cutting the lettuce just above the soil. As I collect the lettuce, I notice that overly small or deformed lettuce has been thrown aside...
I was shocked at the amount of food waste that occurs before produce leaves Everdale Farm. The issue of food waste on farms is certainly not unique to Everdale, and at least at Everdale most of the food not sold is composted or tilled back into the soil, serving a secondary purpose of returning nutrients to the soil. Still, it is difficult to see a large pile of fresh produce sitting in a compost pile - other mechanisms to distribute this food should be in place. For every ten lettuces harvested, for example, about 2 will stay on the ground (after they’ve already been cut) because they’re too small or misshapen to be marketed. Approximately 3 more will be removed at the cleaning stage, because their leaves are a little rotty or pest-eaten, or because the lettuce falls apart. According to the apprentices, an average of 40% of all food planted is “wasted” before it leaves the farm.
Part of the challenge to effectively dealing with waste is the sheer amount of work required to operate a commercial organic farm. Between planting, weeding, and rushing to fill orders on harvest days, finding time to implement procedures that may in turn become time consuming is extremely difficult. Nonetheless Everdale is well positioned to set an example and divert some of this food to the community at large. If bureaucratic obstacles are carefully worked through, the possibilities could be endless: the food could be offered to food banks who could pick it up with refrigerated trucks; a small processing facility could be built that would freeze the produce or add added value by creating ready-made “salad mixes”; or local community groups could purchase the food at a large discount on harvesting days. As well, farmers raising livestock could purchase produce “seconds” at a low cost for animal feed. Most of the farm crew, when taking produce for their own consumption, take from the pile of food that’s about to be composted – why not expand this to individuals in the community who are willing to help harvest in exchange for as much “seconds” as they can take home? Everdale could offer reduced CSA prices to individuals who are interested in harvesting their own produce or who are willing to eat misshapen lettuce heads. Ultimately, the onus for reducing this waste rests on consumers. We need to learn that the picture-perfect produce we see in advertising bares little relation to what actually comes out of the ground. Farms also need to be creative in ways that “seconds” can be used and in developing partnerships to ensure that less food is wasted.
CSA Demographic:
Some apprentices expressed frustration that although Everdale’s wholesale produce finds its way into the mouths of people of all cultures, classes and backgrounds via urban food box programs, CSA members at Everdale seem to be culturally and economically homogenous. To some, the apprentice’s concern may be a moot point – CSA by definition is supposed to support the surrounding community, and on first appearance, Hillsburgh seems to reflect that demographic. My interaction with CSA members included mostly older couples or middle-aged mothers with their children in tow; none of whom were visible minorities, and all of whom seemed to be middle class (as evidenced (unscientifically!) by the quality of vehicles they arrived in). Upon further research, I discovered that the Township of Erin (where Hillsburgh is located) has a food bank that served 227 families in 2001, and that in Wellington County (Erin’s Greater Regional Area), over 13,000 individuals used a food service project (i.e. food banks, school breakfast programs, meals on wheels and food vouchers) in 2001 (WGHC, 2003).
Clearly there is demand for accessible, affordable food. The challenge for Everdale’s CSA program will be to become more inclusive, and present itself as a sustainable alternative to food banks for its members. A simple way to do this might be to make the CSA membership fee relative to income, and therefore more manageable for interested families. For example, the price of a Full Share in Everdale’s CSA program is $550, payable in three instalments. Everdale could devote a certain amount of CSA shares to lower income users, who would still pay the full price for a full share, but would instead pay at a weekly rate starting six weeks before the growing season and ending when the growing season is over. This would equal $22 per household per week for a family of four. A practical strategy such as this one would prove more sustainable than food banks in the local community, would empower poor individuals and families by helping meet basic needs, and would build ties across class in the community. In the long term, CSA as an alternative to food banks could also be a practice that stimulates policy change at a national level.
Summary of Contributions to Food Security:
Everdale contributes to food security on many levels and in many direct and indirect ways. On an individual level Everdale provides local consumers with fresh, organic produce. Everdale also offers opportunities for individuals interested in learning about organic farming and takes an active role in educating individuals who wish to pursue organic farming as a career by offering the free hands-on Future Farmers training program. It facilitates networks of support for this next generation of farmers and also offers workshops for the next generation of consumers, providing inner-city youth with an opportunity to see where their food comes from and providing an opportunity for street youth to build confidence and develop practical experience.
Everdale contributes to food security at a community level through its CSA program, feeding members of the community and providing a healthy, accessible alternative to large-scale food production. Its involvement with numerous networks of farmers and community-based organizations supports other local efforts at building sustainable community, and helps develop an expanding platform for healthy living practices. As a wholesale operation Everdale expands its supply and its networks to provide organic food throughout the GTA in the organic Good Food Boxes. And as an organic farm Everdale preserves the soil for future generations, and is an investment in food security for the community.
Locally, provincially and nationally Everdale contributes to the genetic diversity of Canada by providing a safe testing-ground for new or long-forgotten plant varieties.
Everdale serves as a model of what’s possible – for farmers considering switching to sustainable techniques, for young farmers looking to get into organic farming, and for urban farmers who can transplant the techniques of Grow Biointensive farming to the city. Employing a new ethic of food delivery and consumption, Everdale is also a model of realistic and relevant methods of interaction between farmers and consumers.
We’re in the workshop, coming to the end of a fourteen-hour day. We’re peeling a huge pile of 5200 onions. Talk flies around the room – sometimes we discuss serious things like food supply chains, other times we crack jokes. I’ve thoroughly enjoyed my week with these young farmers, and as I peel yet another onion, I reflect that I’ll never see vegetables in the same way again.
Euphorbia candelabrum is a succulent species of plant in the family Euphorbiaceae, one of several plants commonly known as candelabra tree. It is endemic to the Horn of Africa and eastern Africa along the East African Rift system. It is known in Ethiopia by its Amharic name, qwolqwal, or its Oromo name, adaamii. It is closely related to three other species of Euphorbia: Euphorbia ingens in the dry regions of southern Africa, Euphorbia conspicua from western Angola, and Euphorbia abyssinica, which is native to countries including Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti, Ethiopia and Somalia.
Its Latin name derives from its growth habit, often considered to resemble the branching of a candelabrum. Candelabra trees can be found in dry deciduous and evergreen open wooded grasslands, on rocky slopes and on rare occasions termite mounds. As rainfall decreases, so does E. candelabrum's habitat range. Trees typically grow to be 12 metres in height; however, some specimens have been recorded to grow up to 20 metres tall.
Species such as Grewia and those in the Euphorbiaceae are considered to be fire-sensitive and typically restricted to termite mounds instead of dominating the open savanna However, E. candelabrum is widespread throughout the savanna and short-grass areas of the Queen Elizabeth National Park in Uganda. This is an unusual habitat for tall succulents, as they have been proven to typically be poor invaders of frequently burned stands of land. E. candelabrum's success as a tall succulent seems to be a result of heavy grazing by African mammals such as the Ugandan kob (Kobus kob) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) and an overall decrease in intense wildfires.
Some authorities further divide this species into two varieties, E. candelabrum var. candelabrum and E. candelabrum var. bilocularis.
Euphorbia candelabrum was used in traditional Ethiopian medicine. Mixed with clarified honey, its sap was used as a purgative to cure syphilis and, when mixed with other medicinal plants, as a salve to treat the symptoms of leprosy. The plant currently has negligible commercial value; Richard Pankhurst documents two different attempts near Keren in Eritrea to collect its gum before 1935, but neither attempt proved commercially viable.
Euphorbia candelabrum has been used in firewood, timber, and fencing. Its wood is light and durable, with a number of purposes including roofing, tables, doors, matches, boxes, mortars, musical instruments and saddles.
When damaged, E. candelabrum trees release an abundant amount of milky-white latex, which has a rubber content of 12.5%. This latex is extremely toxic due to its skin irritant and carcinogenic diterpene derivatives, mainly phorbol esters. In addition to irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, E. candelabrum latex may cause blindness if brought into contact with the eyes.
Various components of E. candelabrum plants can be utilized as poisons. The Ovaherero people of Namibia use its latex as an ingredient in arrow poison, while the Damara people use E. candelabrum latex extract or freshly pounded branches to poison water holes and streams. Its flowers produce nectar, but ingestion of E. candelabrum honey can cause a burning sensation in the mouth that is only intensified by drinking water.
Baboons seem to be unaffected by the sap and frequently consume the plant. A study done in Queen Elizabeth Park in West Uganda found that much of the damage done to E. candelabrum trees can be attributed to the feeding patterns of baboons. Fresh, young E. candelabrum branches are broken off by climbing baboons, which results in uneven growth. In addition to this, baboon feeding patterns affect the life cycle of E. candelabrum flowers and often causes sterility in many of the young stems.
Although Euphorbia candelabrum is known to be quite toxic, it has seen medicinal use. Its latex contains highly irritant ingenol diterpene esters, which prove to be both harmful and helpful. On top of blistering and irritation, ingenol products demonstrate tumour-promoting activity, causing cells to resist apoptosis and continue multiplying. A 1961 study found that latex from various Euphorbia species, including E. candelabrum, is a potent tumor-promoting agent. However, ingenol has been reported to encourage anti-HIV and anti-leukemia cellular activity that protects T-cells.
In folk medicine, in addition to being used as a purgative to cure syphilis or a salve to treat leprosy, E. candelabrum sap has been used in the treatment of coughs, tuberculosis, malaria and HIV infections. It has the ability to be mixed with fat and applied topically to heal wounds, sores, and warts. E. candelabrum latex is an effective abortifacient, and a concoction containing pith from the branches may be given to women after childbirth to assist in the expulsion of the placenta. Its roots can be boiled, and drinking this fluid is said to help with stomach aches, constipation, and infertility. Ash from the stems has also been used to treat eye infections.
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1920
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medicine in Rome 103</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The New Year — Standards of Duty 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Edward Grahame Parker.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N. R. F 137</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Emergency Evacuation Device 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment
in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—
Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.
—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment
of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free
hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the
Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —
Corporation philanthropy 155</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,
U. S. N 163</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Impressions of a Reservist.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>188</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow Fever.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>210</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Records 213</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital Garbage Disposal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Flat-Foot Ladder 240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Vascular Syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant
Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal Ophthalmoplegia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N<span> </span><span> </span>260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supernumerary Phalanx.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Malposition.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections
of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst
sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of
warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories
in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —
Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred
by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in
New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of
the Surgeon General, 1919</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical Development in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.
N. R. F</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flat Foot in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Malaria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Founders of Gynecology 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective
381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr<span> </span>389</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Temporary Stopping.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span> </span>394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial Crescents.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by Jelly Fish.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case of Erythema Multiforme.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of
anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium
hominis 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness
of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in
Australia 408</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in
diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the
skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —
Roentgen-ray problems , 414</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated
troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk
—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral
hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis
—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia
425</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers
— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in
Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value
of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of
the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation
—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.
Army 443</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With the American Peace Commission.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Testing Water for Storage Batteries.<span>
</span>502</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL <span> </span>ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL
HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interesting bone cases 512</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's
disease 516</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical therapy 535</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Occupational therapy 536</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">War wounds of the joints.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic intestinal stasis 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sarcoma of the foot 550</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ether in peritonitis 557</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital standards —As seen from within 629</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision test apparatus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of cement floors.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 641</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsphenamine in malaria.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ureteral calculus. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 644</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid
hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning
647</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.
—Nerve injuries of the war 653</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis
in railroad employees 659</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat
surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —
"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The
case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical
training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid
Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical
quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss
from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital
ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenical preparations used intravenously.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.
S. N 681</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital records.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HOSPITAL RECORDS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 718</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 721</p>
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Jervaulx Abbey in East Witton, 14 miles north-west of the city of Ripon, was one of the great Cistercian abbeys of Yorkshire, England, dedicated to St Mary in 1156. It is a Grade I listed building.
The place name Jervaulx is first attested in 1145, where it appears as Jorvalle. The name is French for 'the Ure valley' and is perhaps a translation of the English 'Ure-dale', also known as Yoredale. The valley is now called Wensleydale.
Initially a Savigniac foundation out of Normandy, the abbey was later taken over by the Cistercian order from Burgundy and responsibility for it was taken by Byland Abbey. Founded in 1145 at Fors near Aysgarth, it was moved ten years later to a site a few miles away on the banks of the River Ure. In 1145, in the reign of King Stephen, Akarius Fitz Bardolph, who was Lord of Ravensworth, gave Peter de Quinciano, a monk from Savigny, land at Fors and Worton, in Wensleydale, to build a monastery of their order. The monastery there was successively called the Abbey of Fors, Jervaulx and Charity. Grange, 5 miles (8 km) west-north-west of Aysgarth, a hamlet in the township of Low Abbotside in the parish of Aysgarth, is the original site of Fors Abbey. After it was abandoned it was known by the name of Dale Grange and now by that of the Grange alone.
Serlo, then Abbot of Savigny, disapproved of the foundation, since it had been made without his knowledge and consent. He refused to supply it with monks from his abbey because of the great difficulties experienced by those he had previously sent to England. Therefore in a general chapter he proposed that it be transferred to the Abbey of Belland (Byland), which was closer and would be able to provide the assistance required by the new foundation. Monks were sent from Byland and after they had undergone great hardships because of the meagreness of their endowment and sterility of their lands Conan, son of Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond, greatly increased their revenues and in 1156 moved their monastery to its better location in East Witton. Here the monks erected a new church and monastery, which, like most of the Cistercian order, was dedicated to St Mary. At the height of its prosperity the abbey owned half of the valley and was renowned for breeding horses, a tradition that remains in Middleham to the present day. It was also the original home of Wensleydale cheese, originally made with ewes' milk. In 1279 Abbot Philip of Jervaulx was murdered by one of his monks. His successor, Abbot Thomas, was initially accused of the crime, but a jury later determined that he was not to blame, and another monk fled under outlawry.
According to John Speed, at the Dissolution it was valued at £455 10s. 5d. The last abbot, Adam Sedbergh, joined the Pilgrimage of Grace and was hanged at Tyburn in June 1537, when the monastic property was forfeited to the king.
The pulpitum screen with part of the stalls can now be seen at St Andrew's Church, Aysgarth, and a window was reused at St Gregory's parish church in Bedale.
As the monasteries kept people employed and from starving, the regional disturbances were occasioned by desperation, and, as the monastic system was not diocesan or provincial to make a swift transition within the nationalized episcopal system, there was no immediate resolution to tenant sufferings. Jervaulx, Byland and other Cistercian houses were as much attached to Savigny and Citeaux Abbey in the Duchy of Burgundy as Richmondshire and the Honour of Richmond generally were to the Duchy of Brittany, both establishments based in France but cut off owing to the Hundred Years' War and especially after the loss of the Pale of Calais.
The standing remains of the abbey include part of the church and claustral buildings and a watermill. The lordship of East Witton, including the site of the abbey, was granted by Henry VIII to Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and Margaret, his wife, the king's niece, and after passing through various hands the property came into the possession of the Bruce family, one of whom was created Earl of Ailesbury in 1805. The estate was purchased from the trustees of Ernest Brudenell-Bruce, 3rd Marquess of Ailesbury, in 1887 by S. Cunliffe Lister Esq. of Swinton Park for £310,000. It was purchased by Major and Mrs W. V. Burdon in 1971. Their youngest son, Ian, now runs the abbey, the ruins of which are open to the public.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
From the web:
Friendly Game - Electronic Feelings
Pipilotti Rist
08/07 - 01/11/2010
RIST’S LYRIC VOICE IN TWO VENUES
This exhibition submerges us in Rist’s colourful universe. The exhibition begins with two small video installations, Porqué te vas? (nass) (2003) and Grabstein für RW (2004), and then moves on to one of the artist’s best-known works, Sip My Ocean (1996). This piece uses two walls that meet in a corner of the room, serving as large screens onto which are projected an underwater scene with people swimming around to the sound of Pipilotti Rist’s hypnotic voice singing Chris Isaak’s Wicked Game. This work speaks about our deep lifelong wish to understand each other completely and our nearly impossible desire to be synchronic.
In Tyngdkraft, var min vän (2007), people and leaves float in space. The title is an invitation to reflect on the force of gravity while lying back and watching the projections on two amorphous ceiling panels. Do we see and hear differently when our muscles are relaxed?
The next installation in the exhibition is Ginas Mobile (2007), a mobile formed by a branch, a copper globe and a plexiglass tear, across which projections of large-scale vulvas travel; because of the uncommon paleness of the images, they are not easy to recognise and thus are deprived of their usual connotations. Here the artist gently questions social fears and taboos.
Lungenflügel (2009) is a three-wall installation. The footage is linked with the artist’s first feature film, Pepperminta. The shots show Pepperminta (Ewelina Guzik), the protagonist in Rist’s recent works, interacting with nature in a search for analogies and contradictions between human and animal life.
The following installation, Regenfrau (I Am Called A Plant) (1999), also addresses the subject of communion with nature. In this case the artist contrasts organic life, represented by a naked vulnerable body lying on the street in the rain, with the domesticity and sterility of an immense kitchen, onto which the video is projected.
The show ends with À la belle étoile (2007), a projection onto the museum floor, and with Doble llum, the work that will remain a part of the Fundació Joan Miró’s permanent collection.
Pipilotti Rist is also showing three works at Fontana d’Or, in Girona. The first is Ever Is Over All (1997), two overlapping projections that show a field of red flowers and, respectively, a woman happily walking down the street. She is brandishing one of the flowers and with it breaks the windows of cars parked along the sidewalk as though that were a normal, everyday activity. The installation addresses stereotypical ideas of property and rules of behaviour. The cars stand for obstacles that are all too seldom questioned.
Lap Lamp (2006) is a video installation using a standing lamp that projects a tree-filled field, broken wood and nettles onto the visitor’s lap, caressing her/him. The work is a face-off between the rigidity of physical confinement and the desire for psychological freedom.
And lastly, Deine Raumkapsel (2006) is a work that looks like a shipping box from outside. But within it is a miniature bedroom, seemingly recently abandoned, with a star-filled sky and an emerging moon on the walls. A video projection moves over the walls showing slow-motion sequences of people of all ages interacting with each other, against the background sounds of wind and sacred music.
My Subject is Exhibitionism
Thus, I realise that any two or more elements could be combined and any suggestion for coupling is as fecund (or as barren) as the next, or as chance allows. The choice of constituents is purely subjective and perhaps says more about the writer than the written about. To elucidate, or to restrict conjecture slightly, I should like to state that my personal interest lies in non-reproductive coupling. My goal is an exposition and celebration of sterility.
My Subject is Auto-Eroticism
‘The Observer’, Sunday 14th June 1981: ‘Shots at Queen-Treason Charge’
A seventeen-year-old youth was charged under the Treason Act yesterday after six blanks were fired only yards away from the Queen on her official birthday.
Marcus Simon Sarjeant, unemployed of Folkstone, Kent, was charged that “at the Mall he wilfully discharged at the person of her Majesty the Queen, a blank cartridge pistol with intent to alarm her”.
My Subject is Desperation
My introduction to the Bachelor Machine phenomenon coincided with my first really considered exposure to the work of Marcel Duchamp. This cathartic ‘Road to Damascus’ conversion occurred on board a ‘Laker’ aircraft whilst returning from New York. I was 24.
The catalyst took the form of a book by Octavio Paz entitled ‘Marcel Duchamp: Appearances Stripped Bare’. As with any ‘conversion’ the initial response manifested itself in an outburst of enthusiasm but with very little understanding. However, the damage had been well and truly done. Stretching this conversion metaphor even further, this attempt at coherence is a presentation of a possible ‘New Trinity’: Goya is the omnipotent Father, Sarjeant as the wayward ‘Sacrificial Son’, and finally Duchamp as the Holy Ghost, the overseer.
l'histoire, c'est la mémoire des amnésiques, la stérilité héréditaire
et tagada tsoin tsoin ♩♪♬
in order not to forget
"We will manage to learn everything we knew previously. We are not only good at destroying the new world, we are also good at building an ancient world."
history is the memory of amneniacs and hereditary sterility
♩♪♬♩♪♬♩♪♬
Young Art in the German Reich
The exhibition Young Art in the German Reich was commissioned by the Reichsstatthalter (The "Reichsstatthalter" ("Reich Lieutenant", "Reich Governor") was a title used in the German Empire and later the Third Reich) and Reichsleiter (Reich leader) Baldur von Schirach in 1943 at the Künstlerhaus (House of Art) in Vienna. Schirach's general cultural advisor, Walter Thomas in Vienna, commissioned Wilhelm Rüdiger from Munich to compile the exhibition. Shown were 582 works by 175 artists.
History
Wilhelm Rüdiger organized an exhibition of contemporary art in Weimar in the summer of 1942 on the occasion of a German-Italian youth meeting under the title "Young Creations". Schirach was enthusiastic about this exhibition and ordered the delivery of the exhibition to Vienna. In Vienna, the exhibition was supplemented by several Austrian artists.
Although the title said it was about "Young Art", many artists were already quite old. For example, Karl Albiker was already 65 years old. In the Völkischer Beobachter, Heinrich Neumayer wrote: "If we speak of young German art here, we already speak of purified wine, we do not experience fermentation processes, storm or cider in the art shown here." "Young" should be interpreted in the context of "old" art in the House of German Art. With the Exhibition Young Art in the German Reich, Schirach made a cautious attempt to reestablish the importance of Vienna as a cultural center.
Simultaneously with the exhibition Young Art in the German Reich, a Klimt exhibition was held in the exhibition house on Friedrichs street, also on the initiative of Schirach. This exhibition attracted the visitors: it counted 24,096 admissions, and the exhibition duration was extended by a week, while the exhibition young art in the German Reich reached only 9,084 visitors.
At the same time, works by Käthe Kollwitz and Egon Schiele were on display in the Albertina. All these exhibitions together were a protest against the official policy of the Berlin Reich Chamber of Culture and the Munich House of German Art. In addition, were in the exhibition Young Art in the German Reich also artists presented whose works were previously confiscated in German museums, including Josef Hegenbarth, Josef Henselmann, Hanna Nagel, Carl Moritz Schreiner, Milly Steger and Friedrich Vordemberge.
Adolf Ziegler described the exhibition in a report as a representation of "moderate form of decay art". Joseph Goebbels sent Karl Kolb, Director of the German House of Art, and Benno von Arent, Reichsbühnenbildner (Reich stage designer), to Vienna for an inspection. Their verdict was: nothing less than a "liberalist mess". The exhibition, scheduled from 7 February to 28 March, aroused the displeasure of Joseph Goebbels and Adolf Hitler. According to Schirach's memoirs, Baldur von Schirach was referred as the person responsible to Adolf Hitler: in the catalog of the exhibition this one had shown a picture and said "Look at this picture - a green dog!" (Work by Josef Hegenbarth). The exhibition was prematurely closed on March 7, 1943, allegedly because of overloading the Reichsbahn (German National Railway), as the Vienna Press reported.
In addition to the 1933 exhibition organized by the National Socialist German Student Union in Berlin "30 German Artists", it was was one of the few official Nazi exhibitions that was closed because of the "alleged suspicion of art degeneration". The exhibition was one intended provocation, not as a resistance to the Nazi regime per se. Schirach wanted to try an escape from the "sterility of the official exhibitions" to reopen the 1933/34 violent Expressionism debate in Germany. It was also an action against his inner party enemies, Goebbels and Alfred Rosenberg.
This exhibition has hurt the participating artists very much. Only two years later, these artists were seen as so-called followers and minions.
Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich
Die Ausstellung Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich wurde im Auftrag des Reichsstatthalters und Reichsleiters Baldur von Schirach 1943 im Wiener Künstlerhaus durchgeführt. Schirachs Generalkulturreferent, Walter Thomas in Wien, beauftragte Wilhelm Rüdiger aus München, die Ausstellung zusammenzustellen. Gezeigt wurden 582 Werke von 175 Künstlern.
Geschichte
Wilhelm Rüdiger organisierte bereits im Sommer 1942 in Weimar anlässlich eines deutsch-italienischen Jugendtreffens eine Ausstellung zeitgenössischer Kunst unter dem Titel „Junges Schaffen“. Schirach war von dieser Ausstellung begeistert und verfügte die Übergabe der Ausstellung nach Wien. In Wien wurde die Ausstellung um einige österreichische Künstler ergänzt.
Obwohl es im Titel hieß, es gehe um „Junge Kunst“, waren viele Künstler bereits recht betagt. Karl Albiker war zum Beispiel bereits 65 Jahre alt. Im Völkischen Beobachter schrieb Heinrich Neumayer dazu: „Wenn hier von junger deutscher Kunst die Rede ist, so ist durchaus schon von geläutertem Wein die Rede, nicht Gärungsprozesse, Sturm oder Most erleben wir in der hier gezeigten Kunst“. „Jung“ sollte im Kontext der „alten“ Kunst im Haus der Deutschen Kunst gedeutet werden. Mit der Ausstellung Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich unternahm Schirach einen vorsichtigen Versuch, die Bedeutung Wiens als Kulturzentrum wieder zu etablieren.
Gleichzeitig mit der Ausstellung Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich fand im Ausstellungshaus an der Friedrichsstraße, ebenfalls auf Anregung Schirachs, eine Klimtausstellung statt. Diese Ausstellung zog die Besucher an: sie zählte 24.096 Eintritte, und die Ausstellungsdauer wurde um eine Woche verlängert, während die Ausstellung Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich lediglich 9.084 Besucher erreichte.
Ebenfalls zur selben Zeit waren in der Albertina Werke von Käthe Kollwitz und Egon Schiele zu sehen. Alle diese Ausstellungen zusammen kamen einem Protest gegen die offizielle Politik der Berliner Reichskulturkammer und des Münchner Hauses der Deutschen Kunst gleich. Außerdem wurden in der Ausstellung Junge Kunst im Deutschen Reich auch Künstler präsentiert, deren Werke zuvor in deutschen Museen beschlagnahmt wurden, darunter Josef Hegenbarth, Josef Henselmann, Hanna Nagel, Carl Moritz Schreiner, Milly Steger und Friedrich Vordemberge.
Adolf Ziegler bezeichnete die Ausstellung in einem Bericht als eine Darstellung von „gemäßigter Form der Verfallskunst“. Joseph Goebbels entsandte Karl Kolb, Direktor des Deutschen Haus der Kunst, und Benno von Arent, Reichsbühnenbildner, zu einer Inspektion nach Wien. Deren Urteil lautete: Eine einzige „liberalistische Schweinerei“. Die Ausstellung, geplant vom 7. Februar bis 28. März, erregte das Missfallen von Joseph Goebbels und Adolf Hitler. Baldur von Schirach wurde, gemäß Schirachs Memoiren, als Verantwortlicher vor Adolf Hilter zitiert: Dieser habe im Katalog der Ausstellung auf eine Abbildung gezeigt und gesagt „Schauen Sie sich dieses Bild an – ein grüner Hund!“ (Werk von Josef Hegenbarth). Die Ausstellung wurde vorzeitig am 7. März 1943 geschlossen, angeblich wegen Überlastung der Reichsbahn, wie die Wiener Presse vermeldete.
Sie war neben der 1933 vom Nationalsozialistischen Deutschen Studentenbund in Berlin organisierten Ausstellung „30 Deutsche Künstler“ eine der wenigen offiziellen NS-Ausstellungen, die wegen des „angeblichen Verdachts der Kunst-Entartung“ geschlossen wurde. Die Ausstellung war eine, nicht als Widerstand gegen das NS-Regime an sich, beabsichtigte Provokation. Schirach wollte einen Ausbruch aus der „Sterilität der offiziellen Ausstellungen“ versuchen, um die 1933/34 in Deutschland heftig geführte Expressionismusdebatte wieder zu eröffnen. Es war auch eine Aktion gegen seine innerparteilichen Feinde, Goebbels und Alfred Rosenberg.
Den teilnehmenden Künstlern hat diese Ausstellung sehr geschadet. Nur zwei Jahre später sah man diese Künstler als sogenannte Mitläufer und Günstlinge an.