View allAll Photos Tagged Resolved
Origins of a 14 Trillion Dollar Defecit
Project for the New American CenturyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Project for the New American Century
Formation 1997
Extinction 2006
Public policy think tank
Location Washington, D.C.
Website newamericancentury.org
The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) was an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. that lasted from 1997 to 2006. It was co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan. The PNAC's stated goal was "to promote American global leadership."[1] Fundamental to the PNAC were the view that "American leadership is both good for America and good for the world" and support for "a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity."[2] The PNAC exerted influence on high-level U.S. government officials in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush and affected the Bush Administration's development of military and foreign policies, especially involving national security and the Iraq War.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Statement of Principles
1.2 Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton years
1.3 Rebuilding America's Defenses
1.4 Post-9/11 call for regime change in Iraq
1.5 Human Rights and the EU Arms Embargo
1.6 End of the organization
2 Controversy
2.1 US world dominance
2.2 Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategies
2.3 "New Pearl Harbor"
2.4 Inexperienced in realities of war
2.5 PNAC role in promoting invasion of Iraq
2.6 PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons
3 Persons associated with the PNAC
3.1 Project directors
3.2 Project staff
3.3 Former directors and staff
3.4 Signatories to Statement of Principles
3.5 Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]
3.6 Associations with Bush administration
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
6.1 External links
6.2 Further reading and media programs: Analysis and criticism
History Statement of PrinciplesPNAC's first public act was releasing a "Statement of Principles" on June 3, 1997, which was signed by both its members and a variety of other notable conservative politicians and journalists (see Signatories to Statement of Principles). The statement began by framing a series of questions, which the rest of the document proposes to answer:
As the 20th century draws to a close, the United States stands as the world's pre-eminent power. Having led the West to victory in the Cold War, America faces an opportunity and a challenge: Does the United States have the vision to build upon the achievements of past decades? Does the United States have the resolve to shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests?[5]
In response to these questions, the PNAC states its aim to "remind America" of "lessons" learned from American history, drawing the following "four consequences" for America in 1997:
we need to increase defense spending significantly if we are to carry out our global responsibilities today and modernize our armed forces for the future;
we need to strengthen our ties to democratic allies and to challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values;
we need to promote the cause of political and economic freedom abroad; [and]
we need to accept responsibility for America's unique role in preserving and extending an international order friendly to our security, our prosperity, and our principles.
While "Such a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity may not be fashionable today," the "Statement of Principles" concludes, "it is necessary if the United States is to build on the successes of this past century and to ensure our security and our greatness in the next."[5]
[edit] Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton yearsThe goal of regime change in Iraq remained the consistent position of PNAC throughout the 1997-2000 Iraq disarmament crisis.[6][7]
Richard Perle, who later became a core member of PNAC, was involved in similar activities to those pursued by PNAC after its formal organization. For instance, in 1996 Perle composed a report that proposed regime changes in order to restructure power in the Middle East. The report was titled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm and called for removing Saddam Hussein from power, as well as other ideas to bring change to the region. The report was delivered to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[8] Two years later, in 1998, Perle and other core members of the PNAC - Paul Wolfowitz, R. James Woolsey, Elliot Abrams, and John Bolton - "were among the signatories of a letter to President Clinton calling for the removal of Hussein."[8] Clinton did seek regime change in Iraq, and this position was sanctioned by the United Nations. These UN sanctions were considered ineffective by the neoconservative forces driving the PNAC.
The PNAC core members followed up these early efforts with a letter to Republican members of the U.S. Congress Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott,[9] urging Congress to act. The PNAC also supported the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (H.R.4655), which President Clinton had signed into law.[10]
On January 16, 1998, following perceived Iraqi unwillingness to co-operate with UN weapons inspections, members of the PNAC, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Robert Zoellick drafted an open letter to President Bill Clinton, posted on its website, urging President Clinton to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political, and military power. The signers argue that Saddam would pose a threat to the United States, its Middle East allies, and oil resources in the region, if he succeeded in maintaining what they asserted was a stockpile of Weapons of Mass Destruction. They also state: "we can no longer depend on our partners in the Gulf War to continue to uphold the sanctions or to punish Saddam when he blocks or evades UN inspections" and "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council." They argue that an Iraq war would be justified by Hussein's defiance of UN "containment" policy and his persistent threat to U.S. interests.[11]
On November 16, 1998, citing Iraq's demand for the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors and the removal of Richard Butler as head of the inspections regime, Kristol called again for regime change in an editorial in his online magazine, The Weekly Standard: "...any sustained bombing and missile campaign against Iraq should be part of any overall political-military strategy aimed at removing Saddam from power."[12] Kristol states that Paul Wolfowitz and others believed that the goal was to create "a 'liberated zone' in southern Iraq that would provide a safe haven where opponents of Saddam could rally and organize a credible alternative to the present regime ... The liberated zone would have to be protected by U.S. military might, both from the air and, if necessary, on the ground."
In January 1999, the PNAC circulated a memo that criticized the December 1998 bombing of Iraq in Operation Desert Fox as ineffective, questioned the viability of Iraqi democratic opposition which the U.S. was supporting through the Iraq Liberation Act, and referred to any "containment" policy as an illusion.[13]
[edit] Rebuilding America's DefensesIn September 2000, the PNAC published a controversial 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and Resources For a New Century. The report, which lists as Project Chairmen Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt and as Principal Authors. Thomas Donnelly, quotes from the PNAC's June 1997 "Statement of Principles" and proceeds "from the belief that America should seek to preserve and extend its position of global leadership by maintaining the preeminence of U.S. military forces."[14][15]
The report argues:
The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. It has, over the past decade, provided the geopolitical framework for widespread economic growth and the spread of American principles of liberty and democracy. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time; even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself.[14]
After its title page, the report features a page entitled "About the Project for the New American Century", quoting key passages from its 1997 "Statement of Principles":
“ [What we require is] a military that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges; a foreign policy that boldly and purposefully promotes American principles abroad; and national leadership that accepts the United States’ global responsibilities. Of course, the United States must be prudent in how it exercises its power. But we cannot safely avoid the responsibilities of global leadership of the costs that are associated with its exercise. America has a vital role in maintaining peace and security in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. If we shirk our responsibilities, we invite challenges to our fundamental interests. The history of the 20th century should have taught us that it is important to shape circumstances before crises emerge, and to meet threats before they become dire. The history of the past century should have taught us to embrace the cause of American leadership.[14]
”
In its "Preface", in highlighted boxes, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that it aims to:
ESTABLISH FOUR CORE MISSIONS for the U.S. military:
defend the American homeland;
fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars;
perform the “constabulary” duties associated with shaping the security environment in critical regions;
transform U.S. forces to exploit the “revolution in military affairs”;
and that
To carry out these core missions, we need to provide sufficient force and budgetary allocations. In particular, the United States must:
MAINTAIN NUCLEAR STRATEGIC SUPERIORITY, basing the U.S. deterrent upon a global, nuclear net assessment that weighs the full range of current and emerging threats, not merely the U.S.-Russia balance.
RESTORE THE PERSONNEL STRENGTH of today’s force to roughly the levels anticipated in the “Base Force” outlined by the Bush Administration, an increase in active-duty strength from 1.4 million to 1.6 million.
REPOSITION U.S. FORCES to respond to 21st century strategic realities by shifting permanently-based forces to Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia, and by changing naval deployment patterns to reflect growing U.S. strategic concerns in East Asia. (iv)
It specifies the following goals:
MODERNIZE CURRENT U.S. FORCES SELECTIVELY, proceeding with the F-22 program while increasing purchases of lift, electronic support and other aircraft; expanding submarine and surface combatant fleets; purchasing Comanche helicopters and medium-weight ground vehicles for the Army, and the V-22 Osprey “tilt-rotor” aircraft for the Marine Corps.
CANCEL “ROADBLOCK” PROGRAMS such as the Joint Strike Fighter, CVX aircraft carrier,[16] and Crusader howitzer system that would absorb exorbitant amounts of Pentagon funding while providing limited improvements to current capabilities. Savings from these canceled programs should be used to spur the process of military transformation.
DEVELOP AND DEPLOY GLOBAL MISSILE DEFENSES to defend the American homeland and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world.[17]
CONTROL THE NEW “INTERNATIONAL COMMONS” OF SPACE AND “CYBERSPACE,” and pave the way for the creation of a new military service – U.S. Space Forces – with the mission of space control.
EXPLOIT THE “REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS” to insure the long-term superiority of U.S. conventional forces. Establish a two-stage transformation process which
• maximizes the value of current weapons systems through the application of advanced technologies, and,
• produces more profound improvements in military capabilities, encourages competition between single services and joint-service experimentation efforts.
INCREASE DEFENSE SPENDING gradually to a minimum level of 3.5 to 3.8 percent of gross domestic product, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually. (v)
The report emphasizes:
Fulfilling these requirements is essential if America is to retain its militarily dominant status for the coming decades. Conversely, the failure to meet any of these needs must result in some form of strategic retreat. At current levels of defense spending, the only option is to try ineffectually to “manage” increasingly large risks: paying for today’s needs by shortchanging tomorrow’s; withdrawing from constabulary missions to retain strength for large-scale wars; “choosing” between presence in Europe or presence in Asia; and so on. These are bad choices. They are also false economies. The “savings” from withdrawing from the Balkans, for example, will not free up anywhere near the magnitude of funds needed for military modernization or transformation. But these are false economies in other, more profound ways as well. The true cost of not meeting our defense requirements will be a lessened capacity for American global leadership and, ultimately, the loss of a global security order that is uniquely friendly to American principles and prosperity. (v-vi)
In relation to the Persian Gulf, citing particularly Iraq and Iran, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that "while the unresolved conflict in Iraq provides the immediate justification [for U.S. military presence], the need for a substantial American force presence in the [Persian] Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein" and "Over the long term, Iran may well prove as large a threat to U.S. interests in the [Persian] Gulf as Iraq has. And even should U.S.-Iranian relations improve, retaining forward-based forces in the region would still be an essential element in U.S. security strategy given the longstanding American interests in the region."[14]
One of the core missions outlined in the 2000 report Rebuilding America's Defenses is "fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars."[4][18]
[edit] Post-9/11 call for regime change in IraqOn September 20, 2001 (nine days after the September 11, 2001 attacks), the PNAC sent a letter to President George W. Bush, advocating "a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq," or regime change:
...even if evidence does not link Iraq directly to the attack, any strategy aiming at the eradication of terrorism and its sponsors must include a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. Failure to undertake such an effort will constitute an early and perhaps decisive surrender in the war on international terrorism.[4][19]
From 2001 through 2002, the co-founders and other members of the PNAC published articles supporting the United States' invasion of Iraq.[20] On its website, the PNAC promoted its point of view that leaving Saddam Hussein in power would be "surrender to terrorism."[21][22][23][24]
In 2003, during the period leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the PNAC had seven full-time staff members in addition to its board of directors.[1]
[edit] Human Rights and the EU Arms EmbargoIn 2005, the European Union considered lifting the arms embargo placed on Beijing. The embargo was put in place after the events at Tiananmen Square in 1989. The PNAC, along with other concerned countries, composed a letter to Javier Solana, asking that the EU not lift the embargo until three conditions were met:
A general amnesty of all prisoners of conscience, including those imprisoned in connection to peaceful protest in 1989, and public trials by independent court for those charged with ‘criminal’ acts.
A reversal of the official verdict on the 1989 movement as a ‘counter-revolution riot,’ allowing an independent ‘truth commission’ to investigate and provide a comprehensive account of the killings, torture, and arbitrary detention, and bringing to justice those responsible for the violations of human rights involved.
Adoption and implementation of the International Covenant on Civil Political Rights, taking concrete actions to enforce other international human rights conventions and treaties that China has joined.
The justification for these conditions was explained as follows:
“Doing away with this sanction without corresponding improvements in human rights... would send the wrong signal to the Chinese people, including especially those of us who lost loved ones, who are persecuted, and for all Chinese who continue to struggle for the ideal that inspired the 1989 movement.”[25]
[edit] End of the organizationBy the end of 2006, PNAC was "reduced to a voice-mail box and a ghostly website", with "a single employee" "left to wrap things up", according to the BBC News.[26] According to Tom Barry, "The glory days of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) quickly passed."[27] In 2006, Gary Schmitt, former executive director of the PNAC, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and director of its program in Advanced Strategic Studies, stated that PNAC had come to a natural end:
When the project started, it was not intended to go forever. That is why we are shutting it down. We would have had to spend too much time raising money for it and it has already done its job. We felt at the time that there were flaws in American foreign policy, that it was neo-isolationist. We tried to resurrect a Reaganite policy. Our view has been adopted. Even during the Clinton administration we had an effect, with Madeleine Albright [then secretary of state] saying that the United States was 'the indispensable nation'. But our ideas have not necessarily dominated. We did not have anyone sitting on Bush's shoulder. So the work now is to see how they are implemented.[26]
PNAC's successor organization is the Foreign Policy Initiative.[28][29]
[edit] Controversy[edit] US world dominanceAccording to critics, including Paul Reynolds, PNAC promoted American "hegemony" and "full-spectrum" dominance in its publications.[30][31][32][33]
Ebrahim Afsah, in "Creed, Cabal, or Conspiracy – The Origins of the Current Neo-Conservative Revolution in US Strategic Thinking", published in the German Law Journal, cited Jochen Bölsche's view that the goal of the PNAC was world dominance or global hegemony by the United States.[34][35] According to Bölsche, Rebuilding America's Defenses "was developed by Rumsfeld, Cheney, Wolfowitz and Libby, and is devoted to matters of 'maintaining US pre-eminence, thwarting rival powers and shaping the global security system according to US interests.'"[34][35]
George Monbiot, a political activist from the United Kingdom, stated: "...to pretend that this battle begins and ends in Iraq requires a willful denial of the context in which it occurs. That context is a blunt attempt by the superpower to reshape the world to suit itself."[36]
PNAC co-founder Robert Kagan countered such criticism in his statement during a debate on whether or not "The United States Is, and Should Be, an Empire":
"There is a vital distinction between being powerful--even most powerful in the world--and being an empire. Economic expansion does not equal imperialism, and there is no such thing as "cultural imperialism". If America is an empire, then why was it unable to mobilize its subjects to support the war against Saddam Hussein? America is not an empire, and its power stems from voluntary associations and alliances. American hegemony is relatively well accepted because people all over the world know that U.S. forces will eventually withdraw from the occupied territories. The effect of declaring that the United States is an empire would not only be factually wrong, but strategically catastrophic. Contrary to the exploitative purposes of the British, the American intentions of spreading democracy and individual rights are incompatible with the notion of an empire. The genius of American power is expressed in the movie The Godfather II, where, like Hyman Roth, the United States has always made money for its partners. America has not turned countries in which it intervened into deserts; it enriched them. Even the Russians knew they could surrender after the Cold War without being subjected to occupation."[37]
[edit] Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategiesJeffrey Record, of the Strategic Studies Institute, in his monograph Bounding the Global War on Terrorism, Gabriel Kolko, research professor emeritus at York University in Toronto, and author of Another Century of War? (The New Press, 2002), in his article published in CounterPunch, and William Rivers Pitt, in Truthout, respectively, argued that the PNAC's goals of military hegemony exaggerated what the military can accomplish, that they failed to recognize "the limits of US power", and that favoring pre-emptive exercise of military might over diplomatic strategies could have "adverse side effects."[38][39][40] (Paul Reynolds and Max Boot have made similar observations.[30][31])
The Sydney Morning Herald published an English translation of an article published in German in Der Spiegel summarizing former President Jimmy Carter's position and stating that President Carter:
judges the PNAC agenda in the same way. At first, argues Carter, Bush responded to the challenge of September 11 in an effective and intelligent way, "but in the meantime a group of conservatives worked to get approval for their long held ambitions under the mantle of 'the war on terror'." The restrictions on civil rights in the US and at Guantanamo, cancellation of international accords, "contempt for the rest of the world", and finally an attack on Iraq "although there is no threat to the US from Baghdad" - all these things will have devastating consequences, according to Carter. "This entire unilateralism", warns the ex-President, "will increasingly isolate the US from those nations that we need in order to do battle with terrorism".[34]
[edit] "New Pearl Harbor"Section V of Rebuilding America's Defenses, entitled "Creating Tomorrow's Dominant Force", includes the sentence: "Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event––like a new Pearl Harbor" (51).[14]
Though not arguing that Bush administration PNAC members were complicit in those attacks, other social critics such as commentator Manuel Valenzuela and journalist Mark Danner,[41][42][43] investigative journalist John Pilger, in New Statesman,[44] and former editor of The San Francisco Chronicle Bernard Weiner, in CounterPunch,[45] all argue that PNAC members used the events of 9/11 as the "Pearl Harbor" that they needed––that is, as an "opportunity" to "capitalize on" (in Pilger's words), in order to enact long-desired plans.
[edit] Inexperienced in realities of warFormer US Congressman Lionel Van Deerlin and UK Labour MP and Father of the House of Commons, Tam Dalyell, criticized PNAC members for promoting policies which support an idealized version of war, even though only a handful of PNAC members have served in the military or, if they served, never seen combat.[46]
As quoted in Paul Reynolds' BBC News report, David Rothkopf stated:
Their [The Project for the New American Century's] signal enterprise was the invasion of Iraq and their failure to produce results is clear. Precisely the opposite has happened. The US use of force has been seen as doing wrong and as inflaming a region that has been less than susceptible to democracy. Their plan has fallen on hard times. There were flaws in the conception and horrendously bad execution. The neo-cons have been undone by their own ideas and the incompetence of the Bush administration.[26]
In discussing the PNAC report Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000), Neil MacKay, investigations editor for the Scottish Sunday Herald, quoted Tam Dalyell: "'This is garbage from right-wing think-tanks stuffed with chicken-hawks -- men who have never seen the horror of war but are in love with the idea of war. Men like Cheney, who were draft-dodgers in the Vietnam war. These are the thought processes of fanaticist Americans who want to control the world.'"[47]
Eliot A. Cohen, a signatory to the PNAC "Statement of Principles", responded in The Washington Post: "There is no evidence that generals as a class make wiser national security policymakers than civilians. George C. Marshall, our greatest soldier statesman after George Washington, opposed shipping arms to Britain in 1940. His boss, Franklin D. Roosevelt, with nary a day in uniform, thought otherwise. Whose judgment looks better?"[48]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting invasion of IraqCommentators from divergent parts of the political spectrum––such as Democracy Now! and American Free Press, including Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams and former Republican Congressmen Pete McCloskey and Paul Findley––voiced their concerns about the influence of the PNAC on the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.[49][50] Some have regarded the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton, which urged him to embrace a plan for "the removal of Saddam Hussein’s regime from power,"[11] and the large number of members of PNAC appointed to the Bush administration as evidence that the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a foregone conclusion.[42][51]
The television program Frontline, broadcast on PBS, presented the PNAC's letter to President Clinton as a notable event in the leadup to the Iraq war.[52]
Media commentators have found it significant that signatories to the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton (and some of its other position papers, letters, and reports) included such later Bush administration officials as Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, John Bolton, Richard Armitage, and Elliott Abrams.[30][38][41][52]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons"And advanced forms of biological warfare that can “target” specific genotypes may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool"(60). [14] This quote shows PNAC thoughts about genetically operating racist bioweapons and mentions them as "a politically useful tool".
[edit] Persons associated with the PNAC[edit] Project directors[as listed on the PNAC website:]
William Kristol, Co-founder and Chairman[1]
Robert Kagan, Co-founder[1]
Bruce P. Jackson[1]
Mark Gerson[1]
Randy Scheunemann[1]
[edit] Project staffEllen Bork, Deputy Director[1]
Gary Schmitt, Senior Fellow[1][53]
Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow[1]
Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow[1]
Mitch Jackson, Senior Fellow
Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director[1]
Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate[1]
[edit] Former directors and staffDaniel McKivergan, Deputy Director[54]
[edit] Signatories to Statement of PrinciplesElliott Abrams[5]
Gary Bauer[5]
William J. Bennett[5]
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush[5]
Richard B. Cheney[5]
Eliot A. Cohen[5]
Midge Decter[5]
Paula Dobriansky[5]
Steve Forbes[5]
Aaron Friedberg[5]
Francis Fukuyama[5]
Frank Gaffney[5]
Fred C. Ikle[5]
Donald Kagan[5]
Zalmay Khalilzad[5]
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby[5]
Norman Podhoretz[5]
J. Danforth Quayle[5]
Peter W. Rodman[5]
Stephen P. Rosen[5]
Henry S. Rowen[5]
Donald Rumsfeld[5]
Vin Weber[5]
George Weigel[5]
Paul Wolfowitz[5]
[edit] Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]Elliott Abrams[9][11]
Kenneth Adelman[55]
Richard V. Allen[19]
Richard L. Armitage[11]
Gary Bauer[19][55]
Jeffrey Bell[19][55]
William J. Bennett[9][11][19][55]
Jeffrey Bergner[9][11][19]
John Bolton[9][11]
Ellen Bork[55]
Rudy Boschwitz[19]
Linda Chavez[55]
Eliot Cohen[14][19][55]
Seth Cropsey[19]
Midge Decter[19][55]
Paula Dobriansky[9][11]
Thomas Donnelly[14][19][55]
Nicholas Eberstadt,[19][55][56]
Hillel Fradkin[19][55][57]
Aaron Friedberg[19]
Francis Fukuyama[9][11][19]
Frank Gaffney[19][55]
Jeffrey Gedmin[19][55]
Reuel Marc Gerecht[19][55]
Charles Hill[19][55]
Bruce P. Jackson[19][55]
Eli S. Jacobs[19]
Michael Joyce[19]
Donald Kagan[14][19][55]
Robert Kagan[9][11][14][19][55]
Stephen Kantany
Zalmay Khalilzad[9][11]
Jeane Kirkpatrick[19]
Charles Krauthammer[19]
William Kristol[9][11][14][19]
John Lehman[19][55]
I. Lewis Libby[14]
Tod Lindberg[55][58]
Rich Lowry[55]
Clifford May[19][55]
John McCain[59]
Joshua Muravchik[55]
Michael O'Hanlon [60][61]
Martin Peretz[19][55]
Richard Perle[9][11][19][55]
Daniel Pipes[55]
Norman Podhoretz[19][55]
Peter W. Rodman[9][11][19]
Stephen P. Rosen[14][19][55]
Donald Rumsfeld[9][11]
Randy Scheunemann[19][55]
Gary Schmitt[14][19][53][55]
William Schneider, Jr.[9][11][19][55]
Richard H. Shultz[19][62]
Henry Sokolski[19]
Stephen J. Solarz[19]
Vin Weber[9][11][19]
Leon Wieseltier[19]
Marshall Wittmann[19][55]
Paul Wolfowitz[9][11][14]
R. James Woolsey[9][11][55]
Dov Zakheim[14][63]
Robert B. Zoellick[9][11]
[edit] Associations with Bush administrationAfter the election of George W. Bush in 2000, a number of PNAC's members or signatories were appointed to key positions within the President's administration:
Name Position(s) held
Elliott Abrams Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights, and International Operations (2001–2002), Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and North African Affairs (2002–2005), Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy (2005–2009) (all within the National Security Council)
Richard Armitage Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005)
John R. Bolton Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001–2005), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2005–2006)
Dick Cheney Vice President (2001–2009)
Eliot A. Cohen Member of the Defense Policy Advisory Board (2007–2009)[64]
Seth Cropsey Director of the International Broadcasting Bureau (12/2002-12/2004)
Paula Dobriansky Under-Secretary of State for Global Affairs (2001–2007)
Aaron Friedberg Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs and Director of Policy Planning, Office of the Vice President (2003–2005)
Francis Fukuyama Member of The President's Council on Bioethics (2001–2005)
Zalmay Khalilzad U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (11/2003 - 6/2005), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (6/2005 - 3/2007) U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2007–2009)
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (2001–2005)
Richard Perle Chairman of the Board, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (2001–2003)
Peter W. Rodman Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security (2001–2007)
Donald Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)
Randy Scheunemann Member of the U.S. Committee on NATO, Project on Transitional Democracies, International Republican Institute
Paul Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defense (2001–2005) 10th President of the World Bank (2005-2007)
Dov S. Zakheim Department of Defense Comptroller (2001–2004)
Robert B. Zoellick Office of the United States Trade Representative (2001–2005), Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006), 11th President of the World Bank (2007–Present)
[edit] See alsoCenter for a New American Security
American Century
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
Office of Special Plans
The New American
[edit] Notes^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "About PNAC", newamericancentury.org, n.d., accessed May 30, 2007: "Established in the spring of 1997, the Project for the New American Century is a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership. The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project (501c3); the New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its president is Gary Schmitt."
^ Home page of the Project for the New American Century, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "Empire builders - Neoconservatives and their blueprint for US power", The Christian Science Monitor (Copyright © 2004), accessed May 22, 2007.
^ a b c The PNAC was often identified as a "neo-con" or "right-wing think tank" in profiles featured on the websites of "left-wing" and "progressive" "policy institute" and "media watchdog" organizations, which were critical of it; see, e.g., "Profile: Project for the New American Century", Right Web (International Relations Center), November 22, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Elliott Abrams, et al., "Statement of Principles", June 3, 1997, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (January 30, 1998). "Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough". The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/bombing-iraq-isn-t-eno...
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (February 26, 1998). "A 'Great Victory' for Iraq". The Washington Post. www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-022698.htm
^ a b Wedel, Janine (2009). Shadow Elite. New York: Basic Books. p. 170.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Elliott Abrams, et al.,Letter to Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott, May 28, 1998, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "ENR H.R. 4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)", 105th Congress of the United States, thomas.loc.gov (THOMAS online database at the Library of Congress), January 27, 1998, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Open Letter to President Bill Clinton", January 16, 1998, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ William Kristol, "How to Attack Iraq", The Weekly Standard, November 16, 1998, editorial, online posting, newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed May 30,
A Wisconsin National Guard UH-60 Black Hawk helicopter takes off from Air Field 21 at the Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, Alberta to participate in a medical evacuation simulation during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21, April 29, 2021.
Photo by: Corporal Connie Valin, Canadian Armed Forces photo
~
Un hélicoptère UH-60 Black Hawk de la Garde nationale du Wisconsin quitte le terrain d’aviation 21 à la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, en Alberta, en vue de participer à une simulation d’évacuation médicale au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 21, le 29 avril 2021.
Photo : Caporal Connie Valin, Forces armées canadiennes
An American Blackhawk helicopter from the Wisconsin National Guard rehearses a medical evacuation in preparation for Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE in Wainwright, Alberta on April 29, 2021.
Please credit: Cpl Rachael Allen, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces photo
~
Un hélicoptère Blackhawk américain de la Garde nationale du Wisconsin s’exerce à des évacuations médicales en préparation à l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, à Wainwright, en Alberta, le 29 avril 2021.
Photo : Cpl Rachael Allen, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
General Walter Natynczyk (retired), Chief of the Defence Staff climbs out of a Leopard 2A6M tank with the Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) during his visit to Exercise Maple Resolve in Wainwright, Alberta on October 19, 2012.
Le général Walter Natynczyk (retraité), Chef d’état-major de la Défense, sort d’un char de combat Leopard 2A6M en compagnie de membres du Lord Strathcona’s Horse (Royal Canadians) lors de sa visite à Wainwright (Alberta), dans le cadre de l’exercice Maple Resolve, le 19 octobre 2012.
Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies
WT2012-0177-011
Two Royal Canadian Air Force CH-147F Chinook helicopters land during a mission in support of the Canadian Army during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21, while a CH-146 Griffon helicopter watches from above.
From May 1 to 11, 2021, about 2500 Canadian Armed Forces members are participating in Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21 in Wainwright, Alberta. As the premier annual Canadian Army field training event, Ex MAPLE RESOLVE tests soldier skills and abilities within a realistic, complex, and challenging combat environment.
Deux hélicoptères CH-147F Chinook de l'Aviation royale canadienne atterrissent au cours d'une mission d'appui à l'Armée canadienne au cours de l'exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 21, tandis qu'un hélicoptère CH-146 Griffon regarde d'en haut.
Entre 1 à 11 mai 2021, environ 2500 militaires participeront à l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE à Wainwright, en Alberta. En tant que principale activité d’entraînement en campagne annuelle de l’Armée canadienne, l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE valide les compétences dans un milieu de combat réaliste, complexe et stimulant.
Photo: Cpl Connie Valin,
4 Wing Imaging
20210510CK100205D004
A convoy from 2nd Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI) moves from one location to another during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE in the 3rd Canadian Division Support Base Detachment Wainwright, Alberta on May 1, 2021.
Please credit: Cpl Rachael Allen, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces Photo
~
Un convoi du 2e Bataillon, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI), se déplace d’un emplacement à l’autre au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, à la Base de soutien de la 3e Division du Canada, détachement Wainwright, en Alberta, le 1er mai 2021.
Photo : Cpl Rachael Allen, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
A Georgia Army National Guard’s B/1-169 General Support Aviation Battalion CH-47F Chinook helicopter hovers above members of the tactical air movements section as they attach a sling load of a single story medium girder bridge during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 13 (JOINTEX) in Wainwright, Alberta on June, 1, 2013.
Photo: Sergeant Matthew McGregor, Canadian Forces Combat Camera
Un hélicoptère Chinook CH-47F du B/1-169 General Support Aviation Battalion, Georgia Army National Guard, est en vol stationnaire au-dessus de membres de la section des mouvements aériens tactiques tandis que ces derniers attachent une partie sous élingue d’un pont moyen à un seul étage, à Wainwright (Alberta), le 1er juin 2013, dans le cadre de l’exercice Maple Resolve 13 (JOINTEX).
Photo : Sergent Matthew McGregor, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes
IS2013-1028-04
Canadian Forces soldiers from 5th Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group (5CMBG) in light armoured vehicles (LAV III) and Leopard tanks participate in an attack scenario during Exercise Maple Resolve on October 24, 2012 in Wainwright, Alberta.
Des membres du 5e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada (5 GBMC) à bord de véhicules blindés légers (VBL III) et de chars de combat Leopard participent à une attaque simulée lors de l’exercice Maple Resolve, à Wainwright (Alberta), le 24 octobre 2012.
Photo : Cpl Tina Gillies
WT2012-0183-002
U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Battery, 1st Battalion, 82nd Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division prepare to dry fire an M109A6 Paladin howitzer during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 20, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Brian Chaney
to take my shoes off the shelf. I am determined to improve my health AND be fit enough to do a caving excursion in Belize this June! I think I can, I think I can, I think I can!
Canadian Army troops board a Royal Canadian Air Force CH-147F Chinook helicopter during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21.
From May 1 to 11, 2021, about 2500 Canadian Armed Forces members are participating in Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 21 in Wainwright, Alberta. As the premier annual Canadian Army field training event, Ex MAPLE RESOLVE tests soldier skills and abilities within a realistic, complex, and challenging combat environment.
Des troupes de l'Armée canadienne montent à bord d'un hélicoptère CH-147F Chinook de l'Aviation royale canadienne au cours de l'exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 21.
Entre 1 à 11 mai 2021, environ 2500 militaires participeront à l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE à Wainwright, en Alberta. En tant que principale activité d’entraînement en campagne annuelle de l’Armée canadienne, l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE valide les compétences dans un milieu de combat réaliste, complexe et stimulant.
Photo: Cpl Connie Valin,
4 Wing Imaging
20210510CK100205D006
M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicles road march back to their tactical assemble area after a situational training exercise lane as a part of Combined Resolve VI at Hohenfels, Germany May 16. Combined Resolve VI is a squadron-level decisive action rotation at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center May 5-25 that is training 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment on cavalry and reconnaissance tasks. (Photo courtesy of Ralph Zwilling)
1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division Soldiers review the attack plan with Moldovan Soldiers before a situational training exercise at the Hohenfels Training Area, as part of exercise Combined Resolve III, Oct. 26, 2014. Combined Resolve III is a U.S Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations. Combined Resolve III is designed to provide a complex training scenario that focuses on multinational unified land operations and reinforces the U.S commitment to NATO and Europe. The exercises features the U.S. Army’s Regionally Aligned Force for Europe-the 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division-which supports the U.S. European Command during Operation Atlantic Resolve. For more photos, videos, and stories from Combined Resolve III, go to www.eur.army.mil/jmtc/CombinedResolveIII.html.
(U.S. Army photo by Sarah Tate, JMTC PAO )
Mayor Bill de Blasio announces the newly created Tenant Support Unit resolved its 1,000th tenant case since it launched in July 2015, keeping tenants in their homes and protecting affordable housing in fast-changing neighborhoods. The proactive unit goes door-to-door in neighborhoods across the city, informing tenants of their rights, documenting building violations, soliciting complaints related to harassment and eviction, and making referrals to free legal support whenever necessary. Northern Manhattan Improvement Corporation, Washington Heights. Monday, February 29, 2016. Credit: Ed Reed/Mayoral Photography Office.
This photograph is provided by the New York City Mayoral Photography Office (MPO) for the benefit of the general public and for dissemination by members of the media. The photograph may not be manipulated in any way and may not be used in commercial materials, advertisements, emails, products or promotions that in any way suggests approval or endorsement of the City of New York, the Mayoral administration, or the de Blasio family without prior consent from the MPO (PhotoOffice@cityhall.nyc.gov). Any use or reprinting of official MPO photographs must use the following credit language and style: “Photographer/Mayoral Photography Office”, as listed at the end of each caption.
Captain Andrew Jakubaitis, McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing) CF-18 Hornet (official military designation CF-188) pilot from Air Task Force-Romania, flies over the Transylvanian Alps during a mission in Romania during Exercise Resilient Resolve on April 1, 2016.
A U.S. Soldier of Alpha Company, 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment scans his sector of fire from a M2 Bradley fighting vehicle while conducting defensive operations during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Michael Bradley/Released)
The Honourable Anita Anand, Minister of National Defence is given a tour of the urban training area by a member of the United States Army Special Forces Group at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 12, 2022.
Please credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces photo
~
Un membre du groupe des forces spéciales de l’armée américaine fait visiter le secteur d’entraînement en zone urbaine à l’honorable Anita Anand, ministre de la Défense nationale, à la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 12 mai 2022.
Photo : Matelot chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
Members of the Kentucky Air National Guard’s 123rd Airlift Wing receive an Independence Day welcome from friends and family as they return to their home base in Louisville, Ky., July 4, 2018, after completing a four-month deployment to the Persian Gulf region in support of Operation Inherent Resolve. The Airmen, who arrived aboard Kentucky Air Guard C-130 Hercules aircraft, operated from an undisclosed air base while flying troops and cargo across the U.S. Central Command Area of Responsibility. (U.S. Air National Guard photo by Lt. Col. Dale Greer)
U.S. Soldiers with 2nd Battalion, 7th Infantry Regiment, 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division, fire a M1A2 Sepv2 Abrams Main Battle Tank during exercise Combined Resolve VII at the 7th Army Training Command in Grafenwoehr, Germany, Aug. 18, 2016. Combined Resolve (CbR) VII is a 7th Army Training Command, U.S. Army Europe-directed exercise, taking place at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, Aug. 8 to Sept. 15, 2016. The exercise is designed to train the Army’s regionally allocated forces to the U.S. European Command. Combined Resolve VII includes more than 3,500 participants from 16 NATO and European partner nations.
(U.S. Army photo by Visual Information Specialist Markus Rauchenberger)
U.S. Soldiers of 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division on an M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle provide security while conducting cordon and search training during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 22, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Lloyd Villanueva/Released)
U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Company, 5th Battalion, 7th Cavalry Regiment provide security from a M2 Bradley Fighting Vehicle while conducting defense operations during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 21, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Pfc. Malik Gibson/ Released)
U.S. Soldiers of Charlie Company, 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division scan their sector of fire within a M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle while conducting a defensive operation during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 20, 2016 Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Sgt. Alexandra Hulett/Released)
A British Army sniper with 4th Battalion "The Rifles" provides over watch for the mock village of El Penon, during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 14. How many of you would sleep tight knowing he was standing watch?
----------------------------------------------
Un tireur d'élite de l'armée britannique intégré au 4e Bataillon, surnommé « Les fusiliers », assure l'observation supérieure sur le village factice d'El Penon au cours de l'exercice Maple Resolve 2014. Combien d'entre vous dormiraient mieux sachant qu'il monte ainsi la garde?
Sapper Anton Fugger watches his arcs in a defensive position during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE, the largest and most comprehensive Canadian Army training event of the year held in Wainwright, Alberta on May 14, 2017.
Photo: Cpl Andrew Wesley, Directorate of Army Public Affairs
LF03-2017-0066-015
~
Le sapeur Anton Fugger surveille ses arcs de tir en position défensive au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, l’exercice de l’Armée canadienne le plus complet et le plus important de l’année, qui se déroule à Wainwright, en Alberta, le 14 mai 2017.
Photo : Cpl Andrew Wesley, Direction des Affaires publiques de l’Armée
LF03-2017-0066-015
Royal Canadian Air Force CF-188 Hornets are refueled by a KC-135 Stratotanker assigned to the 340th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron on October 30, 2014, over Iraq during the first combat mission in the area of operations, supporting Operation Inherent Resolve.
U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Perry Aston
Des aéronefs CF188 Hornet de l’Aviation royale canadienne sont ravitaillés en vol au dessus de l’Irak par un appareil KC135 Stratotanker assigné au 340th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, le 30 octobre 2014, au cours de la première mission de combat dans la zone d’opérations, à l’appui de l’opération Inherent Resolve.
Photo de la Force aérienne des États Unis prise par le sergent d’état major Perry Aston
141030-F-MG591-618
U.S. Soldiers of 5th Squadron, 7th Cavalry Regiment, 3rd Infantry Division provide security while conducting cordon and search training during exercise Combined Resolve VI at the U.S. Army’s Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 22, 2016. Exercise Combined Resolve VI is designed to exercise the U.S. Army’s regionally allocated force to the U.S. European Command area of responsibility with multinational training at all echelons. Approximately 570 participants from 5 NATO and European partner nations will participate. The exercise involves around 500 U.S. troops and 70 NATO and European partner nations. Combined Resolve VI is a preplanned exercise that does not fall under Operation Atlantic Resolve. This exercise will train participants to function together in a joint, multinational and integrated environment and train U.S. rotational forces to be more flexible, agile and to better operate alongside our NATO Allies. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Lloyd Villanueva/Released)
This photograph captures a moment of stillness in a sunlit corridor. The play of light and shadow symbolizes the uncertain path toward liberty, while the open doorway at the end becomes a metaphor for hope. The image speaks to the quiet strength of a nation yearning for transformation. It's not just about political confrontation—it's about the dignity of those who walk this path every day, seeking freedom, justice, and a new dawn.
Staff Sgt. Edwin Thompson, Flight Engineer with the 2-135th Bn. Colorado Army National Guard, based in Denver, looks out of the rear ramp door of a CH-147 Chinook during a joint Non-combatant Evacuation Operation training exercise at Garrison Wainright in Alberta May 17. This training is a sub-exercise of Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 14 and will ensure the readiness of the 3rd Battalion Princess Patricia Canadian Light Infantry soldiers who are tasked to support the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development during any non-combatant evacuation operation that may be required from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2015. Photo Credit: SFC Julio A. Nieves, 326th Mobile Public Affairs Detachment, U.S. Army
---------------------------------
Le sergent-chef Edwin Thompson, mécanicien de bord au 2 Bon-135 Régt de la Garde nationale de l’Armée du Colorado, affecté à Denver, regarde par la porte de la rampe arrière d’un Chinook CH147 durant un exercice d’une opération interarmées d’évacuation de non combattants à la Garnison Wainright en Alberta, le 17 mai. Il s’agit d’un sous exercice de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 14 qui veillera à l’état de préparation des soldats du 3e Bataillon, Patricia Canadian Light Infantry, qui doivent soutenir le ministère des Affaires étrangères, du Commerce et du Développement lors d’opérations d’évacuation de non combattants qui pourraient avoir lieu du 1er juillet 2014 au 30 juin 2015. Photo : Sgt 1re Julio A. Nieves, 326e Détachement mobile d’affaires publiques, armée américaine
Soldiers drives a Light Armoured Vehicle as part of a convoy during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE at Wainwright, Alberta on June 1, 2016.
Photo: Master Corporal Precious Carandang, 4th Canadian Division Public Affairs
LX01-2016-0033-021
U.S. Soldiers of Alpha Battery, 1st Battalion, 82nd Field Artillery Regiment, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division prepare to dry fire an M109A6 Paladin howitzer during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 20, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Brian Chaney
she was down two games to one, floundering badly in the last game. at that point she walked away from the table to gather herself. she went on to win the match four games to two.
us table tennis olympic trials
drexel university
philadelphia, pa
(yesterday i mentioned that as a rule i limit my post-processing to things that can be done in the dark room- crop/dodge/burn/unsharp mask. since rules are worth violating, at least some of the time, i posted this image. if you have an opinion about digital post-processing, i would be interested in hearing it.)
Soldiers with Company A, 2nd Battalion, 12th Cavalry Squadron, 1st Brigade Combat Team, 1st Cavalry Division move to the objective in their Bradley Fighting Vehicles during a platoon live fire exercise at Grafenwoehr, Germany, Nov. 17. The Soldiers are honing their gunnery skills on the Grafenwoehr Training Area as part of exercise Combined Resolve III, a U.S. Army Europe-directed multinational exercise at the Grafenwoehr and Hohenfels Training Areas, including more than 4,000 participants from NATO and partner nations (U.S. Army photo by Capt. John Farmer, 1st BCT, 1st CD Public Affairs)
Corporal Andrew Desmond, from 5 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group fires on an enemy during the simulated battle on the final day of Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright on 31 May 2014.
Photo: Sgt Matthew McGregor, Canadian Forces Combat Camera
Le caporal Andrew Desmond, du 5e Groupe-brigade mécanisé du Canada, tire sur un ennemi au cours d’une bataille simulée, le 31 mai 2014, à la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, au dernier jour de l’exercice Maple Resolve.
Photo : Sgt Matthew McGregor, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes
IS2014-1009-04
Soldiers from A Company, The Royal Welsh Regiment, stack up before entering a building in the Urban training area of Wainwright, Alberta during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE, on May 21, 2022.
Please Credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces Photo
~
Des soldats de la Compagnie A, The Royal Welsh Regiment, se mettent en place avant d’entrer dans un bâtiment du secteur d’entraînement aux opérations en milieu urbain de Wainwright, en Alberta, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 21 mai 2022.
Photo : Matelot-chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
A girl stumbled up the path and stood upon the height of the lofty cliff, panting as if after a long run, and gazed about on spectacle displayed before her eyes. The eerie stillness was broken only by the whistling wind, yet there stole slowly upon it the tread of human feet, softly at first, but growing constantly louder and more distinct, 'til it could be clearly heard. Suddenly a soldier burst upon the scene, his silver helmets and spear glistening in the light as he emerged from the woods. Here came another, and another! They approached the path up the cliff, yet she knew her strength was spent, Her heart began to beat rapidly as they climbed. They neared rapidly, it would not be long 'til they reached her. Suddenly an idea flitted through her mind. She thought back for a moment on her past, her father, her mother. Her idea grew into a determination, her determination into resolve - she would not fall into the hands of these men! Gathering her remaining strength for one last tremendous effort, she hurled herself from the cliff into the boiling waters below.
Inspired by Ian Spacek's Myriad. I hope that the story can be connected easily with the music. This was an excellent idea for a contest and probably one of my favorites I have ever participated in!
A soldier from the 1st Battalion, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry covers his arcs of fire during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE 16 in Wainwright, Alberta on June 1, 2016.
Photo: Master Corporal Jonathan Barrette, CF Combat Camera
IS04-2016-0003-127
~
Un membre du 1er Bataillon, Princess Patricia’s Canadian Light Infantry, couvre ses arcs de tir au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE 16, à Wainwright, en Alberta, le 1er juin 2016.
Photo : Caporal chef Jonathan Barrette, Caméra de combat des FC
IS04-2016-0003-127
Georgian soldiers of Alpha Company, 12th Light Infantry Battalion conduct building clearing operations during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 29, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. John Cress Jr./Released)
Royal Canadian Air Force CF-188 "Hornet's" are refueled by a KC-135 "Stratotanker" assigned to the 340th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron on October 30, 2014, over Iraq during the first combat mission in the area of operations, supporting Operation Inherent Resolve. Royal Canadian Air Force CF-188 Hornets are refueled by a KC-135 Stratotanker assigned to the 340th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron on October 30, 2014, over Iraq during the first combat mission in the area of operations, supporting Operation Inherent Resolve..
.
U.S. Air Force photo by Staff Sgt. Perry Aston.
.
Des aéronefs CF188 Hornet de l’Aviation royale canadienne sont ravitaillés en vol au dessus de l’Irak par un appareil KC135 Stratotanker assigné au 340th Expeditionary Air Refueling Squadron, le 30 octobre 2014, au cours de la première mission de combat dans la zone d’opérations, à l’appui de l’opération Inherent Resolve..
.
Photo de la Force aérienne des États Unis prise par le sergent d’état major Perry Aston.
141030-F-MG591-618
The Honourable Anita Anand, Minister of National Defence and Canadian Chief of the Defence Staff, General Wayne Eyre meet with members of the Canadian Armed Forces in the training area at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 12, 2022.
Please credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces photo
~
L’honorable Anita Anand, ministre de la Défense nationale, et le général Wayne Eyre, chef d’état major de la Défense du Canada, rencontrent des membres des Forces armées canadiennes dans le secteur d’entraînement de la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 12 mai 2022.
Photo : Matelot chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
WAINWRIGHT, Alberta, Canada (May 13, 2022) - Corporal Andrew Savidan, assigned to 1st Battalion, The Royal Canadian Regiment uses a range finder during a ground battle exercise at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright during Exercise Maple Resolve 2022, May 13, 2022.
(U.S. Navy Photo by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Ryan Seelbach)
~
WAINWRIGHT, Alberta, Canada (13 mai 2022) – Le caporal Andrew Savidan, affecté au 1er Bataillon du Royal Canadian Regiment, utilise un télémètre lors d’un exercice de bataille terrestre à la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright au cours de l’exercice Maple Resolve 2022, le 13 mai 2022.
(Photo de la U.S. Navy prise par le spécialiste des communications de masse de 1re classe Ryan Seelbach)
The Honourable Anita Anand, Minister of National Defence meets with members of the Canadian Armed Forces in the training area at Canadian Forces Base Wainwright, during Exercise MAPLE RESOLVE on May 12, 2022.
Please credit: Master Sailor Dan Bard, Canadian Forces Combat Camera, Canadian Armed Forces photo
~
L’honorable Anita Anand, ministre de la Défense nationale, rencontre des membres des Forces armées canadiennes dans le secteur d’entraînement de la Base des Forces canadiennes Wainwright, au cours de l’exercice MAPLE RESOLVE, le 12 mai 2022.
Photo : Matelot chef Dan Bard, Caméra de combat des Forces canadiennes, Forces armées canadiennes
An Austrian soldier of 2nd Company, 25th Infantry Battalion, 7th Infantry Brigade conducts radio communications during exercise Combined Resolve II at the Joint Multinational Readiness Center in Hohenfels, Germany, May 29, 2014. Combined Resolve II is a multinational decisive action training environment exercise occurring at the Joint Multinational Training Command’s Hohenfels and Grafenwoehr Training Areas that involves more than 4,000 participants from 15 partner nations. The intent of the exercise is to train and prepare a U.S. led multinational brigade to interoperate with multiple partner nations and execute unified land operations against a complex threat while improving the combat readiness of all participants. (U.S. Army photo by Spc. Justin De Hoyos)