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La espectacular Fachada Rica de las Escuelas Mayores de Salamanca se erigió en una fecha indeterminada entre 1521 y 1529, y es uno de los principales atractivos de la ciudad. Tallada en estilo plateresco como una obra de orfebrería, se divide en tres cuerpos, en el centro del primero destaca un medallón representando a los Reyes Católicos con el lema en griego "Los Reyes a la Universidad y la Universidad a los Reyes", en el segundo aparecen tres escudos con el águila bicéfala del emperador Carlos V, la representación de todos los reinos de la España de la época y el águila de San Juan, símbolo de la Reina Isabel la Católica, y en el tercer cuerpo puede verse un papa junto al que están representados los dioses Hércules y Venus.
La Universidad de Salamanca es una universidad pública española fundada por Alfonso IX de León en 1218 y es la más antigua de España y del mundo hispánico, y la tercera más antigua de Europa. El edificio histórico principal, conocido como Escuelas Mayores, comenzó a construirse en 1415 bajo la maestría de Alfonso Rodríguez Carpintero, y en él destacan la sorprendente fachada plateresca, el zaguán, el claustro, la escalera del claustro, la biblioteca, la capilla y las aulas, y entre estas últimas, la de Fray Luis de León.
Más fotografías en el álbum Universidad de Salamanca
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his painting represents the deep connection with our soul, our inner sun, and the journey of transformation we experience through significant life changes. Inspired by a newborn photo of myself and enhanced with a piece of lace that wrapped me as a baby, this artwork celebrates the inner light that shines within each of us.
📖 Discover the story behind this painting and its meaning in my latest blog post: ilariaberenice.com/en/birth-and-rebirth-blog/
🎨 This unique piece is available in my online shop, with free shipping and a certificate of authenticity.
This map represents distance to playgrounds in the Cascais Municipality, Portugal. It uses several QGIS2.0 new features. The "background" raster uses the new Blending feature with multiply over the streets layer. All labels use the great buffer transparency feature. (In 1.8, both this "effects" would have to be done in Inkscape) The distance isometric lines uses curved labels along lines. The legend is a single legend with columns (I 1.8 we would need to create two legends). Also, using composer new snapping to other elements feature was quite handy, and made map composing much faster.
Sculpture showing boat designs, four large steel chains and silhouettes of faces to represent the town's fishing fleet and blast furnace. It is the first of two of Randall's sculptures celebrating the history of fishing and steelmaking in Redcar, the first is Lifelines, standing 1 km to the east. The name Sinterlation, comes from sinter, a granulated material applied to the top of a blast furnace
Redcar is a seaside town on the Yorkshire Coast in the Redcar and Cleveland unitary authority in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. It is located 7 miles (11 km) east of Middlesbrough.
The Teesside built-up area's Redcar subdivision had a population of 37,073 at the 2011 Census. The town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland.
It gained a town charter in 1922, from then until 1968 it was governed by the municipal borough of Redcar. Since the abolition of County Borough of Teesside, which existed from 1968 until 1974, the town has been unparished.
Redcar occupies a low-lying site by the sea; the second element of its name is from Old Norse kjarr, meaning 'marsh', and the first may be either Old English (Anglo-Saxon) rēad meaning 'red' or OE hrēod 'reed'. The town originated as a fishing hamlet in the 14th century, trading with the larger adjacent hamlet of Coatham. Until the mid-19th century it was within the parish of Marske-by-the-Sea – mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086.
Numerous ships have foundered off the Redcar coastline and many of their wrecks still exist. The Zetland is the world's oldest surviving lifeboat. It was built by Henry Greathead of South Shields and is housed in a volunteer-led sea-front museum. The lifeboat was first stationed at Redcar in 1802.
As seaside holidays became fashionable in the early 19th century, Redcar's facilities expanded. By 1841, Redcar had 794 inhabitants. In 1846, work was completed on the Middlesbrough and Redcar Railway and the presently named Redcar Central station, created to attract tourism and trade.
Redcar's population expansion corresponded with Middlesbrough's, with the discovery in 1850 of iron ore in the Eston area of Cleveland Hills. Redcar prospered as a seaside town drawing tourists attracted by eight miles of sands stretching from South Gare to Saltburn-by-the-Sea.
Plans for a pier were drawn up in 1866, but lay dormant until prompted by the announcement of plans to build a pier at Coatham in 1871. Coatham Pier was wrecked before it was completed when two sailing ships were driven through it in a storm. It had to be shortened because of the cost of repairs and was re-opened with an entrance with two kiosks and a roller-skating rink on the Redcar side, and a bandstand halfway along its length.
Redcar Racecourse was created in 1875. Redcar Pier, another pier as well as Coatham Pier, was built in the late 1870s. In October 1880 the brig Luna caused £1,000 worth of damage to this pier. In New Year's Eve 1885 SS Cochrane demolished the landing stage. and in 1897 the schooner Amarant went through the pier. A year later, its head and bandstand burned down.
In October 1898 the Coatham Pier was almost wrecked when the barque Birger struck it and the pier was thereafter allowed to disintegrate. An anchor from the Birger can be seen on the sea front pavement close to the Zetland Lifeboat Museum.
In 1907 a pavilion ballroom was built on Redcar Pier behind the entrance kiosks and in 1928 it was extended. A glass house for concerts was added to the remains of Coatham Pier's entrance. The presently named Redcar East railway station was built in 1929.
In 1929 Coatham Pier's glasshouse was replaced by the New Pavilion theatre. After the war, comedian and entertainer Larry Grayson coined his catchphrase "Shut that Door!" while performing there, since the stage door was open to the cold North Sea breeze.
Redcar Pier was deliberately breached (sectioned) in 1940 to prevent its use by enemy invasion forces. As a result of sectioning, damage by a mine explosion and deterioration it was never reconnected and instead allowed to become even more dilapidated.
In 1964 the New Pavilion Theatre was transformed into the Regent Cinema. The Redcar Pier pavilion continued in use after the war but storm damage led to it being declared unsafe and it was demolished in 1980–1981.
The town's main employers in the post-war era were the nearby Teesside Steelworks at Warrenby, founded by Dorman Long in 1917, and the ICI Wilton chemical works. The steel produced at Dorman Long was used to build the Sydney Harbour Bridge, Tyne Bridge, Auckland Harbour Bridge and many others. Both the Warrenby and Lackenby sites became part of Tata Steel when Corus was taken over in 2007, but continued to trade under the Corus name until at least February 2008. SSI bought the plant from Tata Steel in February 2011, for £320 million.
After a two-year hiatus following the mothballing of the plant in February 2010, steel was once again being made at Redcar. The Thai owners of the former Corus Plant at Lackenby, Sahaviriya Steel Industries (SSI), re-ignited the blast furnace, one of the largest in Europe, on 15 April 2012.
On 18 September 2015, production was paused due to the decline in steel prices. On 28 September 2015, the plant was "mothballed" amid poor steel trading conditions across the world and a drop in steel prices. On 2 October, the owner of the site, SSI UK, entered liquidation. On 12 October 2015 the administrator announced that there was no realistic prospect of finding a buyer and the ovens would be extinguished.
Wards periodically change, as of 2018 the town is made up of Coatham, Dormanstown, Kirkleatham, Newcomen, West Dyke, Wheatlands and Zetland. Redcar is made up of areas that do not lend their name to a ward: Warrenby, Lakes Estate, Redcar East, The Ings, Ings Farm, Mickledales and Westfield.
On 5 May 2011 Redcar elected its councillors to Redcar & Cleveland Borough Council. There was a by-election on 18 November 2011 for two vacant seats in the Zetland ward, held onto by the Liberal Democrats, and on 19 January 2012 there was a by-election for a vacant seat in Newcomen ward subsequently gained by Labour from the Liberal Democrats.
Redcar was formerly a township and chapelry in the parishes of Marske and Upleatham, in 1866 Redcar became a separate civil parish. A district in Redcar's name formed in 1885. Three years after the district was formed, the centuries-old Yorkshire authority was replaced by the North Riding of Yorkshire county council. The district became an urban district in 1894.
The settlement's town charter occurred in 1922, the district was able to be styled as a municipal borough and the settlement as a town. On 1 April 1974 the parish was abolished and merged with Teesside and Marske. On 1 April 1968 the municipal borough was abolished merged into the County Borough of Teesside, part also went to Saltburn and Marske by the Sea Urban District. This removed it from the administrative county however still ceremonially in the area. In 1961 the parish had a population of 31,460.
The 1974 reform created the non-metropolitan County of Cleveland, under the Langbaurgh non-metropolitan district. The county was also inserted into the North East England region. After further changes in 1996, the district became a unitary authority called Redcar & Cleveland in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, the county straddling two regions of England.
The North East England region was sub-divided into combined authorities, in May 2017 the Tees Valley area voted for their first mayor. The Conservative candidate, Ben Houchen, won the election and is now in his second term.
From 1987 to 2001, the local Member of Parliament (MP) was Mo Mowlam. From 2001 to 2010 the MP was Vera Baird. In the 2010 general election there was a swing to the Liberal Democrats with Ian Swales being elected. But, in the 2015 general election, Anna Turley, a Labour MP, won back Redcar. In the snap 2017 general election, Anna Turley held onto that seat. In the general election on 12 December 2019, Anna Turley lost her seat to Conservative candidate Jacob Young with a majority of 3,527 votes. Young becomes the third conservative MP to represent Redcar, the first being Royal Naval Commander Robert Tatton Bower 1931 to 1945 and Scarborough businessman Wilfred Proudfoot between 1959 and 1964 when Redcar was part of the Cleveland constituency.
The Palace Hub, on the beach front, was built by Redcar and Cleveland Council for the creative and cultural sector of the town. An art gallery and business start up centre are located in the building. The main library is in the Redcar Heart building in the centre of the town and there is a long-standing Redcar Literary Institute, which was founded in 1896.
Redcar is home to the Tuned In! Centre, which opened in 2011 and overlooks the sea front. The multi purpose venue hosts live music as well as creative workshops for young people. The annual event Clubland on the Beach, which showcases dance acts attracting visitors from across the country, has been held at Majuba Road in Redcar for the past three years.
The town has had several parks built for tourism: Coatham Enclosure, Locke Park, Zetland Park, Lily Park, an Amusement Park with a roller coaster, and a small sea front park known locally as Titty Bottle Park. The Amusement Park near the railway closed decades ago, and Titty Bottle Park was absorbed into the redeveloped sea front around Redcar Beacon.
At the west end of High Street is a Grade II listed clock tower, a memorial to King Edward VII who was a regular visitor to Redcar. The tower has now been refurbished.
Construction of the Redcar Beacon started in 2011. In 2013, when the building had been completed, it was nominated for the Building Design Carbuncle Cup for worst new building. It came third in the whole of the UK. In December 2015, the Beacon was damaged by winds from Storm Desmond, with several large pieces of panelling falling onto the beach below. It was also damaged in winter 2016, where a panel from the top fell off in a storm.
There are 23 listed buildings in Redcar. The Grade I Listed Sir William Turner's Hospital in Kirkleatham was built between 1674–1676 and listed on the 14 June 1952.
On the Esplanade is the Grade II-Listed Zetland Lifeboat Museum housing the world's oldest lifeboat Zetland Lifeboat.
The Victorian, former Coatham Hotel stands on Newcomen Terrace sea front.[36][37] The ballroom of the hotel was home to the Redcar Jazz Club, a venue for the up-and-coming bands of the late 1960s and early 1970s.
In the south-east of Redcar is an aircraft listening post built in 1916 during the First World War as part of a regional defence system to detect approaching aircraft, principally Zeppelins, and give early warning.It is an example of an acoustic mirror, of which other examples can be found along the east coast of Britain. The mirror was used up until the invention of radar and although it was built on open fields today a modern housing estate now surrounds it. Only the concrete sound mirror remains and is now a Grade II listed building.
To the east of Redcar is the grade II* listed Church of St Peter, designed by Ignatius Bonomi and built 1822–29. In 1818, Lord Dundas gave land for a church, St Peters. The foundation stone was laid by Lady Turner of Kirkleatham in 1823. Initially it was a daughter church of Marske, but became an independent parish in 1867. It has a window commemorating local benefactor Sir William Turner.
Redcar has two railway stations, on the Tees Valley line, with trains operated by Northern and TransPennine Express, namely Redcar Central and Redcar East. A third station Redcar British Steel, which closed in December 2019, served the steelworks.
The main roads through the town are the A1085 and the A1042, with the A174 bypassing. Redcar is served primarily by Arriva North East buses, connecting Redcar with the surrounding towns and villages.
The Pangea North and CANTAT-3 submarine telecommunication cables both come ashore between Redcar and Marske-by-the-Sea.
See also: List of schools in Redcar and Cleveland
The town's further education college is Redcar & Cleveland College.
The town's secondary schools are: Outwood Academy Redcar, Sacred Heart Catholic Secondary and Rye Hills Academy.
There are eleven primary schools in Redcar: Coatham, Dormanstown, Green Gates, Ings Farm, John E Batty, Lakes, Newcomen, Riverdale, St Benedict's, Wheatlands and Zetland.
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North East and Cumbria and ITV Tyne Tees, the local television station TalkTeesside also broadcasts to the area. Television signals are received from the Bilsdale TV transmitter.
Local radio stations are BBC Radio Tees, Heart North East, Capital North East, Smooth North East, Greatest Hits Radio Teesside, and Zetland FM, a community based radio station which broadcast from its studios on Newcomen Terrace in the town.
The town is served by the local newspapers, East Cleveland Herald & Post which is published by the TeessideLive. The Northern Echo also covers the area.
In Coatham is Cleveland Golf Club, the first golf club to be formed in Yorkshire. It was established in 1887 and is a links course. Also in Coatham is Redcar Cricket Club, which play in the NYSD league, and Redcar Running Club.
In association football, Redcar Athletic currently compete in the Northern League Division One while Redcar Town play in Northern League Division Two. Redcar Rugby Union Football club play at Mackinlay Park.
Redcar Racecourse is one of nine thoroughbred horse racecourses in Yorkshire. There is also a motorcycle speedway racing team, the Redcar Bears racing in the SGB Championship. The race track is at the South Tees Motorsport Park in Southbank Street, South Bank and is unusual in that one bend is more highly banked than the other. The team was formerly captained by 1992 World Champion Gary Havelock and was formerly managed by his father Brian.
The town is set to host the 2022 Tour of Britain stage four, UCI Europe Tour cycling race. The town was previously set to host a stage of the Tour de Yorkshire, the event was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.
Notable people
Gertrude Bell, colonial administrator and contemporary of Lawrence of Arabia spent her youthful years at Red Barns House in Coatham,[ which became, for a time, the Red Barns Hotel and a listed building.
The surviving negatives of Redcar photographer Alfred Edward Graham (1882–1945) were acquired by Redcar Urban District Council's Library and Museum Committee and are now held by the Redcar and Cleveland Museum Service.
Rex Hunt, governor of the Falkland Islands during the 1982 invasion by Argentina, attended Coatham School.
The former Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Mo Mowlam, represented Redcar parliamentary constituency in the House of Commons.
Film and television actors Pip Donaghy June Laverick, and Wendy Hall, and actor/director/producer Robert Porter were all born in Redcar.
Actor and radio actor Felicity Finch, famous for her part in the Archers BBC Radio 4 drama series, playing Ruth Archer, was also born and grew up in Redcar.
Singer David Coverdale, lead singer with Deep Purple and Whitesnake lived in Redcar as a youth and worked in the Gentry clothes shop on Coatham Road.
Chris Norman, founder member and former lead singer of Smokie was born in Redcar.
Pete York, drummer with the Spencer Davis Group and session drummer was born in Redcar.
Paralympian, Baroness Tanni Grey-Thompson, originally from Wales, lived in Redcar for a number of years with her husband and daughter.
2011 and 2016 UCI Downhill World Champion Danny Hart was born in and currently lives in Redcar, he is frequently nicknamed "The Redcar Rocket" by commentators.
David Wheater, Bolton Wanderers and England national football team central defender, grew up and still lives in Redcar.
Snooker player Mike Dunn was born in Middlesbrough but lives in Redcar.[citation needed]
Jordan Jones, Rangers FC and Northern Ireland national football team midfielder was born in Redcar
Hayden Hackney, Middlesbrough F.C. midfielder was born in Redcar
Dylan Cartlidge, singer and multi-instrumentalist grew up in Redcar
Film and television
A location from the film Atonement
In 2006, Redcar was used as a location for the film adaptation of the Ian McEwan novel Atonement. The Coatham Hotel, Regent Cinema, a section of Newcomen Terrace and part of the beach were dressed as 1940s Dunkirk. Filming took place across three days in August 2006, with local men playing the soldiers.
In 2010, Redcar was featured on the Channel 4 television programme The Secret Millionaire. David Jamilly a humanitarian, philanthropist and self-made millionaire, visited the Redcar community and gave £25,000 to Zoë's Place for a sensory room, £25,000 to Redcar Amateur Boxing Club to start an Olympic fund, and £25,000 to Sid's Place for special counselling.
There was a subsequent visit on 14 May to a screening at Redcar's cinema, attended by the mayor and mayoress along with all the charities and people involved. The feature of the documentary involved the closure of the nearby Corus steelworks as well as the charities. On 9 December 2011, Jamilly opened the new Redcar Education Development centre in Park Avenue, Redcar. The centre provides day care for adults with learning difficulties. He also opened the Redcar Primary Care Hospital on 9 December 2011 and the new Sid's Place on 15 December 2011.
The town was filmed for the 2018 BBC television documentary The Mighty Redcar. The four-part series followed young people from Redcar and surrounding towns as they completed their studies and looked for work.
North Yorkshire is a ceremonial county in the Yorkshire and the Humber and North East regions of England. It borders County Durham to the north, the North Sea to the east, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the south-east, South Yorkshire to the south, West Yorkshire to the south-west, and Cumbria and Lancashire to the west. Northallerton is the county town.
The county is the largest in England by land area, at 9,020 km2 (3,480 sq mi), and has a population of 1,158,816. The largest settlements are Middlesbrough (174,700) in the north-east and the city of York (152,841) in the south. Middlesbrough is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into County Durham and has a total population of 376,663. The remainder of the county is rural, and the largest towns are Harrogate (73,576) and Scarborough (61,749). For local government purposes the county comprises four unitary authority areas — York, Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland, and North Yorkshire — and part of a fifth, Stockton-on-Tees.
The centre of the county contains a wide plain, called the Vale of Mowbray in the north and Vale of York in the south. The North York Moors lie to the east, and south of them the Vale of Pickering is separated from the main plain by the Howardian Hills. The west of the county contains the Yorkshire Dales, an extensive upland area which contains the source of the River Ouse/Ure and many of its tributaries, which together drain most of the county. The Dales also contain the county's highest point, Whernside, at 2,415 feet (736 m).
North Yorkshire non-metropolitan and ceremonial county was formed on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It covered most of the North Riding of Yorkshire, as well as northern parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire, northern and eastern East Riding of Yorkshire and the former county borough of York. Northallerton, as the former county town for the North Riding, became North Yorkshire's county town. In 1993 the county was placed wholly within the Yorkshire and the Humber region.
Some areas which were part of the former North Riding were in the county of Cleveland for twenty-two years (from 1974 to 1996) and were placed in the North East region from 1993. On 1 April 1996, these areas (Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland and Stockton borough south of the River Tees) became part of the ceremonial county as separate unitary authorities. These areas remain within the North East England region.
Also on 1 April 1996, the City of York non-metropolitan district and parts of the non-metropolitan county (Haxby and nearby rural areas) became the City of York unitary authority.
On 1 April 2023, the non-metropolitan county became a unitary authority. This abolished eight councils and extended the powers of the county council to act as a district council.
The York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority held its first meeting on 22 January 2024, assumed its powers on 1 February 2024 and the first mayor is to be elected in May 2024.
The geology of North Yorkshire is closely reflected in its landscape. Within the county are the North York Moors and most of the Yorkshire Dales, two of eleven areas in England and Wales to be designated national parks. Between the North York Moors in the east and the Pennine Hills. The highest point is Whernside, on the Cumbrian border, at 2,415 feet (736 m). A distinctive hill to the far north east of the county is Roseberry Topping.
North Yorkshire contains several major rivers. The River Tees is the most northerly, forming part of the border between North Yorkshire and County Durham in its lower reaches and flowing east through Teesdale before reaching the North Sea near Redcar. The Yorkshire Dales are the source of many of the county's major rivers, including the Aire, Lune, Ribble, Swale, Ure, and Wharfe.[10] The Aire, Swale, and Wharfe are tributaries of the Ure/Ouse, which at 208 km (129 mi) long is the sixth-longest river in the United Kingdom. The river is called the Ure until it meets Ouse Gill beck just below the village of Great Ouseburn, where it becomes the Ouse and flows south before exiting the county near Goole and entering the Humber estuary. The North York Moors are the catchment for a number of rivers: the Leven which flows north into the Tees between Yarm and Ingleby Barwick; the Esk flows east directly into the North Sea at Whitby as well as the Rye (which later becomes the Derwent at Malton) flows south into the River Ouse at Goole.
North Yorkshire contains a small section of green belt in the south of the county, which surrounds the neighbouring metropolitan area of Leeds along the North and West Yorkshire borders. It extends to the east to cover small communities such as Huby, Kirkby Overblow, and Follifoot before covering the gap between the towns of Harrogate and Knaresborough, helping to keep those towns separate.
The belt adjoins the southernmost part of the Yorkshire Dales National Park, and the Nidderdale AONB. It extends into the western area of Selby district, reaching as far as Tadcaster and Balne. The belt was first drawn up from the 1950s.
The city of York has an independent surrounding belt area affording protections to several outlying settlements such as Haxby and Dunnington, and it too extends into the surrounding districts.
North Yorkshire has a temperate oceanic climate, like most of the UK. There are large climate variations within the county. The upper Pennines border on a Subarctic climate. The Vale of Mowbray has an almost Semi-arid climate. Overall, with the county being situated in the east, it receives below-average rainfall for the UK. Inside North Yorkshire, the upper Dales of the Pennines are one of the wettest parts of England, where in contrast the driest parts of the Vale of Mowbray are some of the driest areas in the UK.
Summer temperatures are above average, at 22 °C. Highs can regularly reach up to 28 °C, with over 30 °C reached in heat waves. Winter temperatures are below average, with average lows of 1 °C. Snow and Fog can be expected depending on location. The North York Moors and Pennines have snow lying for an average of between 45 and 75 days per year. Sunshine is most plentiful on the coast, receiving an average of 1,650 hours a year. It reduces further west in the county, with the Pennines receiving 1,250 hours a year.
The county borders multiple counties and districts:
County Durham's County Durham, Darlington, Stockton (north Tees) and Hartlepool;
East Riding of Yorkshire's East Riding of Yorkshire;
South Yorkshire's City of Doncaster;
West Yorkshire's City of Wakefield, City of Leeds and City of Bradford;
Lancashire's City of Lancaster, Ribble Valley and Pendle
Cumbria's Westmorland and Furness.
The City of York Council and North Yorkshire Council formed the York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority in February 2024. The elections for the first directly-elected mayor will take place in May 2024. Both North Yorkshire Council and the combined authority are governed from County Hall, Northallerton.
The Tees Valley Combined Authority was formed in 2016 by five unitary authorities; Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland Borough both of North Yorkshire, Stockton-on-Tees Borough (Uniquely for England, split between North Yorkshire and County Durham), Hartlepool Borough and Darlington Borough of County Durham.
In large areas of North Yorkshire, agriculture is the primary source of employment. Approximately 85% of the county is considered to be "rural or super sparse".
Other sectors in 2019 included some manufacturing, the provision of accommodation and meals (primarily for tourists) which accounted for 19 per cent of all jobs. Food manufacturing employed 11 per cent of workers. A few people are involved in forestry and fishing in 2019. The average weekly earnings in 2018 were £531. Some 15% of workers declared themselves as self-employed. One report in late 2020 stated that "North Yorkshire has a relatively healthy and diverse economy which largely mirrors the national picture in terms of productivity and jobs.
Mineral extraction and power generation are also sectors of the economy, as is high technology.
Tourism is a significant contributor to the economy. A study of visitors between 2013 and 2015 indicated that the Borough of Scarborough, including Filey, Whitby and parts of the North York Moors National Park, received 1.4m trips per year on average. A 2016 report by the National Park, states the park area gets 7.93 million visitors annually, generating £647 million and supporting 10,900 full-time equivalent jobs.
The Yorkshire Dales have also attracted many visitors. In 2016, there were 3.8 million visits to the National Park including 0.48 million who stayed at least one night. The parks service estimates that this contributed £252 million to the economy and provided 3,583 full-time equivalent jobs. The wider Yorkshire Dales area received 9.7 million visitors who contributed £644 million to the economy. The North York Moors and Yorkshire Dales are among England's best known destinations.
York is a popular tourist destination. A 2014 report, based on 2012 data, stated that York alone receives 6.9 million visitors annually; they contribute £564 million to the economy and support over 19,000 jobs. In the 2017 Condé Nast Traveller survey of readers, York rated 12th among The 15 Best Cities in the UK for visitors. In a 2020 Condé Nast Traveller report, York rated as the sixth best among ten "urban destinations [in the UK] that scored the highest marks when it comes to ... nightlife, restaurants and friendliness".
During February 2020 to January 2021, the average property in North Yorkshire county sold for £240,000, up by £8100 over the previous 12 months. By comparison, the average for England and Wales was £314,000. In certain communities of North Yorkshire, however, house prices were higher than average for the county, as of early 2021: Harrogate (average value: £376,195), Knaresborough (£375,625), Tadcaster (£314,278), Leyburn (£309,165) and Ripon (£299,998), for example.
This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added for North Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British pounds sterling.
Unemployment in the county was traditionally low in recent years, but the lockdowns and travel restrictions necessitated by the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative effect on the economy during much of 2020 and into 2021. The UK government said in early February 2021 that it was planning "unprecedented levels of support to help businesses [in the UK] survive the crisis". A report published on 1 March 2021 stated that the unemployment rate in North Yorkshire had "risen to the highest level in nearly 5 years – with under 25s often bearing the worst of job losses".
York experienced high unemployment during lockdown periods. One analysis (by the York and North Yorkshire Local Enterprise Partnership) predicted in August 2020 that "as many as 13,835 jobs in York will be lost in the scenario considered most likely, taking the city's unemployment rate to 14.5%". Some critics claimed that part of the problem was caused by "over-reliance on the booming tourism industry at the expense of a long-term economic plan". A report in mid June 2020 stated that unemployment had risen 114 per cent over the previous year because of restrictions imposed as a result of the pandemic.
Tourism in the county was expected to increase after the restrictions imposed due the pandemic are relaxed. One reason for the expected increase is the airing of All Creatures Great and Small, a TV series about the vet James Herriot, based on a successful series of books; it was largely filmed within the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The show aired in the UK in September 2020 and in the US in early 2021. One source stated that visits to Yorkshire websites had increased significantly by late September 2020.
The East Coast Main Line (ECML) bisects the county stopping at Northallerton,Thirsk and York. Passenger service companies in the area are London North Eastern Railway, Northern Rail, TransPennine Express and Grand Central.
LNER and Grand Central operate services to the capital on the ECML, Leeds Branch Line and the Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line. LNER stop at York, Northallerton and on to County Durham or spur over to the Tees Valley Line for Thornaby and Middlesbrough. The operator also branch before the county for Leeds and run to Harrogate and Skipton. Grand Central stop at York, Thirsk Northallerton and Eaglescliffe then over to the Durham Coast Line in County Durham.
Northern operates the remaining lines in the county, including commuter services on the Harrogate Line, Airedale Line and York & Selby Lines, of which the former two are covered by the Metro ticketing area. Remaining branch lines operated by Northern include the Yorkshire Coast Line from Scarborough to Hull, York–Scarborough line via Malton, the Hull to York Line via Selby, the Tees Valley Line from Darlington to Saltburn via Middlesbrough and the Esk Valley Line from Middlesbrough to Whitby. Last but certainly not least, the Settle-Carlisle Line runs through the west of the county, with services again operated by Northern.
The county suffered badly under the Beeching cuts of the 1960s. Places such as Richmond, Ripon, Tadcaster, Helmsley, Pickering and the Wensleydale communities lost their passenger services. Notable lines closed were the Scarborough and Whitby Railway, Malton and Driffield Railway and the secondary main line between Northallerton and Harrogate via Ripon.
Heritage railways within North Yorkshire include: the North Yorkshire Moors Railway, between Pickering and Grosmont, which opened in 1973; the Derwent Valley Light Railway near York; and the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway. The Wensleydale Railway, which started operating in 2003, runs services between Leeming Bar and Redmire along a former freight-only line. The medium-term aim is to operate into Northallerton station on the ECML, once an agreement can be reached with Network Rail. In the longer term, the aim is to reinstate the full line west via Hawes to Garsdale on the Settle-Carlisle line.
York railway station is the largest station in the county, with 11 platforms and is a major tourist attraction in its own right. The station is immediately adjacent to the National Railway Museum.
The main road through the county is the north–south A1(M), which has gradually been upgraded in sections to motorway status since the early 1990s. The only other motorways within the county are the short A66(M) near Darlington and a small stretch of the M62 motorway close to Eggborough. The other nationally maintained trunk routes are the A168/A19, A64, A66 and A174.
Long-distance coach services are operated by National Express and Megabus. Local bus service operators include Arriva Yorkshire, Stagecoach, Harrogate Bus Company, The Keighley Bus Company, Scarborough & District (East Yorkshire), Yorkshire Coastliner, First York and the local Dales & District.
There are no major airports in the county itself, but nearby airports include Teesside International (Darlington), Newcastle and Leeds Bradford.
The main campus of Teesside University is in Middlesbrough, while York contains the main campuses of the University of York and York St John University. There are also two secondary campuses in the county: CU Scarborough, a campus of Coventry University, and Queen's Campus, Durham University in Thornaby-on-Tees.
Colleges
Middlesbrough College's sixth-form
Askham Bryan College of agriculture, Askham Bryan and Middlesbrough
Craven College, Skipton
Middlesbrough College
The Northern School of Art, Middlesbrough
Prior Pursglove College
Redcar & Cleveland College
Scarborough Sixth Form College
Scarborough TEC
Selby College
Stockton Riverside College, Thornaby
York College
Places of interest
Ampleforth College
Beningbrough Hall –
Black Sheep Brewery
Bolton Castle –
Brimham Rocks –
Castle Howard and the Howardian Hills –
Catterick Garrison
Cleveland Hills
Drax Power Station
Duncombe Park – stately home
Eden Camp Museum –
Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway –
Eston Nab
Flamingo Land Theme Park and Zoo –
Helmsley Castle –
Ingleborough Cave – show cave
John Smith's Brewery
Jorvik Viking Centre –
Lightwater Valley –
Lund's Tower
Malham Cove
Middleham Castle –
Mother Shipton's Cave –
National Railway Museum –
North Yorkshire Moors Railway –
Ormesby Hall – Palladian Mansion
Richmond Castle –
Ripley Castle – Stately home and historic village
Riverside Stadium
Samuel Smith's Brewery
Shandy Hall – stately home
Skipton Castle –
Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications –
Studley Royal Park –
Stump Cross Caverns – show cave
Tees Transporter Bridge
Theakston Brewery
Thornborough Henges
Wainman's Pinnacle
Wharram Percy
York Castle Museum –
Yorkshire Air Museum –
The Yorkshire Arboretum
Stele. On it are represented in bas-relief a flabellum and a small box containing an ointment-holder and a mirror - Tuff (2nd century BC) from Cuma - Inscription in oscan alphabet, written to right to left: "the bones of the buried one go into the earth, the soul up into the sky". - The depicted objects indicate that the stele originally belonged to a female burial - Epigraphic Collection - Naples, Archaeological Museum
flickriver.com/photos/javier1949/popular-interesting/
Plaza Mayor de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
Edificio de Servicios “Plaza Mayor”. C/ Einstein s/n Campus de Cantoblanco. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.
MTM Arquitectos “Madrid Territorio Mutante” Javier Fresneda & Javier Sanjuán.
Coordinador del Proyecto: Miguel García-Redondo Villar. Arquitectos MTM: Carmen Antón, Laura Casas, Ana Arriero, Jesús Barranco, Álvaro Maestro. Concurso, Proyectos Básico y de Ejecución 2007. Obras 2009-2012
MTM Arquitectos describe el proyecto desde la Memoria del mismo:
Objetivo de la obra: Plaza Mayor. La ciudad donde construimos esta Plaza Mayor tiene un apellido específico, es una Ciudad Universitaria. La Universidad Autónoma de Madrid ha crecido alrededor de un espacio central de encuentro y circulación, un bulevar verde convertido en su espina dorsal. En uno de sus extremos la estación de cercanías que comunica con la madrileña Puerta del Sol; en el otro, la “Plaza Mayor”.
La “Plaza Mayor” es el nuevo centro de servicios de la Universidad por lo que debe manifestar su carácter simbólico y representativo, sirviendo de referencia dentro de la estructura del Campus. La Plaza se soluciona en continuidad con el lugar, proponiendo un nuevo paisaje, soporte de las actividades existentes e incitador de nuevas situaciones. Apoyándonos en el desnivel existente en la parcela y la potencia del bulevar verde que conforma el acceso a las facultades históricas, se construye una plataforma plegada. El bulevar se prolonga así a través de una calle jardín equipada, girando alrededor de una plaza.
Sobre el nivel del terreno natural, por debajo de la rasante, se implanta el aparcamiento, reduciendo al máximo el volumen de excavación, facilitando su ventilación natural a través de los taludes vegetados perimetrales existentes. Respetando estos “amortiguadores naturales” y sobre el nivel inferior, se construyen dos plataformas intermedias donde se produce la agrupación de programas y la variedad de accesos peatonales a nivel de las calles. Las torres de comunicación se elevan funcionando como hitos urbanos dentro del conjunto, creando un punto de inflexión perimetral que anuncian los 7 puentes. Torres y puentes son entradas, conexiones y acontecimientos que incitan a descubrir el vacío interior: la “Plaza Mayor”. Dentro, a su alrededor, los grandes vuelos construyen calles cubiertas que incrementan la versatilidad del espacio protegiendo de sol y la lluvia.
Hay cinco elementos materiales que refuerzan la continuidad bulevar, calle y plaza: El pavimento público: hormigón desactivado in situ y prefabricado, plantación vegetal, césped artificial y pavimentos de caucho. El final del bulevar existente es el comienzo del proyecto y desde ahí una lengua continua de hormigón recorre todo el sistema, rampas, plataformas y escaleras. Sobre esta se recorta la huella de otras actividades y otros materiales.
El cerramiento al exterior de la plaza: policarbonato gris atérmico cargado de resinas metalizadas, piel homogénea y cambiante, desde sus tratamientos específicos y los matices introducidos por las condiciones atmosféricas. El cerramiento al interior: Vidrios en cámara incoloros que abren la actividad al interior como un mercado contemporáneo de servicios. Las compartimentaciones interiores: vidrios laminados, ligeros, y casi imperceptibles, que intentan desaparecer, reforzando la percepción unitaria de cada isla sobre las plataformas; compartimentaciones que no llegan físicamente a tocar la piel exterior de vidrio y policarbonato. Los puntos de color que forman los vidrios templados, en azules, verdes y oros, agrupados formando gemas, puntúan los volúmenes uniformes alrededor de la paleta de grises y tostados utilizados en toda la obra.
Las plataformas, son la infraestructura a la espera de incorporar un programa. La solución estructural facilita la coexistencia de una geometría irregular y quebrada, diferente en cada nivel, los distintos usos programáticos inicialmente requeridos y la continuidad de movimientos entre ellos. Ante un problema complejo la solución estructural es sencilla: un básico sistema de retícula de pilares portantes y losas postesadas de hormigón. La retícula de 5x5 m se mostró la más eficiente y la que mejor se adaptaba a las singularidades de las diferentes plataformas, desde el nivel inferior con la distribución funcional de los aparcamientos, hasta las superiores, más liberadas, permiten reducir la presencia de pilares y adoptar luces de hasta 12,00 m o voladizos de 5,00 m, al compensar los esfuerzos y variar sus diámetros.
La prolongación del paisaje natural que identifica al Campus Universitario se consigue a través de la última plataforma-cubierta. La cubierta ya no lo es, adopta un nuevo carácter más urbano, artificial y equipado. Las situaciones y relaciones que se dan en el bulevar del Campus se reinterpretan y transforman, proponiendo ahora nuevas áreas de oportunidad e intercambio para estudiantes, profesores y visitantes, dotándolo de nuevos soportes e instalaciones para que el espacio sea vivido, valorado y usado de forma continua. Los materiales sobre la nueva calle se adaptarán a las nuevas topografías configurando dunas, pliegues, playas o recortes; con texturas diversas, blandas, rugosas, peludas y colores acentuados, verdes, naranjas, negros, o arena, con líneas de iluminación, báculos elevados conectados al reloj solar, terrazas y kioscos. Y como con la soltura del primer croquis, se dibuja una línea naranja que con su geometría no lineal desmaterializa el borde convirtiéndolo en una línea de conexión con el paisaje del campus y con la lejana presencia de la sierra madrileña.
La ONCE y el Colegio Oficial de Arquitectos de Madrid (COAM) han otorgado a esta Plaza Mayor el primer premio del “Concurso para la selección de actuaciones de Arquitectura e Ingeniería con una Accesibilidad ejemplar” por ser un ejemplo de máxima calidad en el campo de la arquitectura y la ingeniería a nivel nacional, dando prioridad al acceso de personas con discapacidad.
Además de su fácil accesibilidad, otro de los criterios fundamentales de la construcción del edificio es la máxima funcionalidad, eficiencia energética y singularidad de sus dependencias. 26 paneles térmicos y 92 paneles fotovoltaicos permiten el ahorro energético y la optimización de los recursos medioambientales del edificio y se destinan al abastecimiento parcial de las instalaciones.
Las características arquitectónicas del edificio contemplan un diseño que alberga 4.000 m2 distribuidos en cuatro plantas, de las cuales la mitad están cubiertas por soportales y en cuyo sótano se ubican cerca de 200 plazas de aparcamiento. Los servicios disponibles en las instalaciones son la Oficina de Orientación y Atención al Estudiante, la Sección de Acceso, Admisión y Traslados, la Sección de Becas y Ayudas al Estudio, la Oficina de Relaciones Internacionales y Movilidad, la Oficina de Acogidas Internacionales, la Oficina de Acción Solidaria y Cooperación, la Oficina de Prácticas Externas y Orientación para el Empleo, el Centro de Atención a Usuarios y la Oficina de Ecocampus. Además se encuentran operativos un auditorio y una sala de exposiciones, Cafeterías/Restaurantes, Farmacia/Óptica, Librería/Papelería, Agencia de Viajes, entidad bancaria y Centro de Servicios Documentales.
En palabras de Alberto Campo Baeza, miembro del jurado del concurso "Los arquitectos en un tour de force nada fácil, han planteado y han resuelto con rigor y con brillantez un problema crucial en la arquitectura contemporánea, en la siempre debatida relación entre arquitectura y naturaleza. Les pedían unos edificios para alojar diferentes servicios de la Universidad y ellos les han dado una Plaza Mayor. ...han inclinado y plegado y girado y torcido, siempre con criterio, y han construido, insisto, un trozo de Naturaleza en continuidad con lo existente. Han construido su propio paisaje..."
mtmarquitectos-blog-curriculum.blogspot.com.es/
www.metalocus.es/content/es/blog/edificio-de-servicios-pl...
212.145.146.10/ejercicio/concursos/concursos_ocam/120517_...
My original avatar is from 2004, and since I still have access to that avatar, I consider that my rezday still. It's really awesome going around the History Walk and remembering all the incredible innovations
Huile sur toile, 65 x 81 cm, 1885, Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid.
Les œuvres datées représentant Damiette couvrent les années 1882 à 1888, mais l'artiste avait déjà découvert ce village d'Île-de-France vers 1880 lors d'une de ses "escapades" à la campagne à la recherche de nouveaux sujets. Il utilisait des péniches hippomobiles pour s'y rendre, mais aussi, étant un ancien employé du Chemin de fer Paris-Orléans, il savait tirer le meilleur parti des lignes existantes pour atteindre, dans la région d'Orsay (Essonne), la banlieue de Paris, des villages plus éloignés que ceux visités jusqu'alors (Charenton, Clamart, Meudon, Issy, Chatillon.). C'est ainsi qu'il commence à explorer la vallée de l'Yvette, petite rivière tranquille, et les villages voisins de Gif et Damiette, où il réalise de nombreuses études et peint une série d'huiles, dont trois présentées à l'American Art Gallery de New York en avril 1886, avec parmi elles, Damiette, 1886 (musée du Louvre, 1937).
Ces paysages trouvèrent rapidement la faveur des collectionneurs privés (Duret, Murat, Docteur Filleau) et des marchands d'art (Blot, Martin-Camentron, Vollard, Portier), à en juger par le catalogue de l'exposition rétrospective de Guillaumin organisée à Paris par les Galeries Durand-Ruel de 20 janvier au 10 février 1894, qui comprenait onze tableaux sur le thème de Damiette.
L'artiste s'inspire de nombreux sujets : les maisons et les rues de Damiette, la route, les champs, les arbres en fleurs, les paysans binant la terre, plantant des choux ou s'occupant des vaches sous un pommier, représentés à différents moments de la vie. jour et à différentes saisons. La route menant au village a été représentée une dizaine de fois sous différentes lumières du jour, et même au coucher du soleil, comme le tableau de la collection Ghez (musée du Petit Palais à Genève).
L'année 1885 constitue un tournant, particulièrement important en raison des événements du monde de l'art, comme l'exposition rétrospective Delacroix organisée à l'École des Beaux-Arts de Paris, cruciale pour Pissarro et Guillaumin, choisissant désormais de privilégier la couleur avant l'éclatement prochain du groupe impressionniste, chaque membre prenant une orientation plus personnelle. Guillaumin multiplie les expérimentations et les effets de couleurs, jusqu'à en réaliser à la fin des années 1880 des tableaux extrêmement riches. A noter également l'important tableau intitulé Le Chemin de la vallée, daté de 1885, d'une taille inhabituelle pour Guillaumin (117 x 89 cm), conservé au musée du Petit Palais à Paris, qui peut être identifié à partir d'un dessin daté Damiette, 1884.
Guillaumin reste proche de Pissarro et Gauguin, dans le choix de ses sujets et dans l'évolution de sa technique, comme en témoignent leurs œuvres respectives. Le tableau de Gauguin Personnage sur la route à Rouen de 1884 en est un bon exemple, bien que le tempérament différent de Guillaumin s'exprime dans son coup de pinceau plus rugueux par rapport au toucher plus doux de Gauguin.
Guillaumin aimait les paysages bruts, aux contours nets et aux couleurs vives. Ses coups de pinceau sont très différents dans les différentes parties du tableau. Ils sont plus longs, rapides, nerveux et distincts lorsqu'il s'agit de représenter l'herbe, grumeleux et sombres pour la masse de feuilles des arbres, plus larges sur la route, plus légers et s'estompant dans le paysage. ciel. Le contraste entre les deux faces du tableau, avec une palette chaleureuse aux tons denses des ocres, des bleus et des jaunes, fait ressortir la légèreté et l'éclat des violets, des roses et des jaunes. Ici, la palette de l'artiste s'éclaircit, comme celle de Pissarro à la même époque. La transition de la partie basse vers la partie haute s'effectue grâce aux tons plus clairs de la route, qui sert de lien entre eux, et à quelques touches de bleu qui font écho à la tonalité du ciel, traduisant la sensibilité et les émotions du peintre.
Toute sa vie, Guillaumin fonde son travail sur l'observation vraie et directe de la nature et refuse de se soumettre au goût de la mode du moment et aux arguments commerciaux de certains marchands d'art (cf. Jacqueline Derbanne, Thyssen-Bornemisza).
En une trentaine de tableaux et quelques pastels, Guillaumin immortalise ce paysage d’Ile-de-France, le hameau de Damiette de la commune de Gif-sur-Yvette. Ce dernier doit son nom à une ancienne forteresse médiévale, connue dès la fin du XIIIe siècle, en souvenir des croisades et du siège victorieux de la ville de Damiette en Égypte par le roi saint Louis en 1214-1270 (cf. ville-gif.fr).
Je profite de cette représentation de ma femme pour vous raconter une histoire vrais que j'ai écrite suite a ce qu'elle m'a elle même raconté. tout y est scrupuleusement exacte :
Deux sorties en trois jours, cela n’est plus arrivé depuis une éternité pensait Sonia. Avant-hier, ils allaient en amoureux au cinéma et aujourd’hui, c’est à un concert que l’emmenait Patric. C’était plutôt un genre de festival de musique des années 80. Ils aimaient tout les deux ce genre de musique et lorsqu’il sortait en boite, c’était souvent dans des établissements où on passait ce style de rythme ou alors beaucoup plus latin. La seule chose que Patric regrettait c’était que ça se passe à l’extérieur et en pleine journée ce qui ne laisse pas beaucoup de place pour les effets lumineux. Par contre la température était au rendez vous et s’était très agréable. C’était l’occasion ou jamais de mettre cette petite robe noir courte, moulante sur le dessus et décolletée en V et plus ample vers le bas. Le genre de robe qui attire le regard des hommes qui n’espèrent qu’une seule chose, que la femme qui la porte se penche en avant.
Lorsque le couple arrive sur place et a trouvé un emplacement pour stationner la voiture en toute sécurité, ils se sont rendu vers les petites aubettes dans les quelles se vendent les précieux accessits à la prairie ou se déroule le festival. Heureusement qu’il fait sec pense Sonia en regardant ses chaussures à talon.
Après avoir passé les barrières Nadar et le service de sécurité, le couple constate que contrairement à ce qu’il pensait, il y avait déjà pas mal de monde massé devant la scène. Les musicien y étaient déjà présents et accordaient les différents instruments. Des bribes de musique sortaient des montagnes de haut parleur disposé de chaque coté de l’énorme podium. Sonia et Patric avançaient lentement parmi le public assis à même le sol. Sonia ne put s’empêcher de penser à la vue que devait avoir les hommes devant les quelles elle passait étant donné la longueur de sa robe et l’amplitude que prenait le bas de celle-ci. Elle a d’ailleurs croisé certains regards des plus évocateurs.
Au fil du temps qui passe, le public est de plus en plus nombreux et lorsque les premières notes retentissent, c’est un mouvement de foule qui pousse le couple vers l’avant. Le public chante et danse, l’ambiance est excellente. De temps en temps Sonia sent une main frôler ses fesses, et à chaque fois, elle se tourne vers Patric pour lui faire un baiser sur les lèvres. Le rythme est de plus en plus soutenu, les morceaux plus entrainant les uns que les autres et lorsqu’arrive une chanson du groupe Boney M, un nouveau mouvement de foule sépare Sonia de son mari. Il tente de revenir vers elle mais n’y arrive pas, impossible pour lui de faire un pas dans sa direction alors il lui fait signe de la main qu’ils se retrouveront dès que la musique sera un peu plus calme. Ils se replongent tout les deux dans l’ambiance malgré cette séparation momentanée et involontaire quand Sonia sent à nouveau une main se posé sur ses fesses. Ca ne peut plus être son mari, il est bien trop loin mais est ce que ca a déjà été lui une seule fois depuis qu’ils sont arrivé. Elle sent qu’on lui remonte la jupe doucement pour lui caresser les fesses nues. Après avoir regardé son mari qui ne se doute de rien, elle glisse la main lentement vers l’arrière et touche celle de l’homme qui est entrain de la pelotée. A ce moment précis, le spectateur fautif se sent pris la main sous la jupe et veut la retirée mais Sonia l’agrippe pour lui faire comprendre qu’elle veut qu’il continue. Il n’y a évidement pas besoin de l’en prié, elle peut le lâcher car il lui palpera le cul aussi longtemps qu’elle le voudra. Toujours le regard braqué sur son mari, Sonia cherche l’entre jambe du petit cochon aux mains baladeuses. Il le comprend et s’approche un peu plus. Elle sent une belle bonne au travers de son jeans qu’elle tente de détacher. Il faut avouer qu’il est très difficile de détacher un pantalon surtout quand la personne est derrière sois et qu’il est imprudent de se retourner.
Voyant la jeune femme devant lui en difficulté, le tripoteur détache lui-même son pantalon et en sort une queue bien dressée qu’il frotte contre le cul de Sonia. Il étale sur ces fesses le liquide visqueux qui s’écoule de son gland. Ce traitement excite la jeune femme qui attrape à nouveau la queue tendue qui la caresse pour la branler de plus belle. L’excitation du gars était plus que palpable, il n’allait d’ailleurs pas tarder à jouir dans la main de Sonia qui ne pu s’empêcher de penser que c’était quand même la deuxième fois en trois jours qu’un gars qu’elle ne connaissait ni d’Eve ni d’Adam lui jouissait dans la main. En plus aucun de ces deux types ne lui avait adressé la parole et chose non négligeable dans son excitation, son mari était tout proche sans se rendre compte de rien. C’est quand elle a entendu le gars gémir dans son oreille qu’elle a sentit le fuit de sa jouissance lui couler dans la main. Elle s’est alors arrêté de le branler, a regardé à nouveau son mari pour être certaine qu’il était toujours autant dans l’ambiance puis s’est tourné vers le type qu’elle découvrait pour la première fois. Elle a porté ces doigts couverts de sperme à sa bouche et les a léchés et sucés pour en prendre tout le jus qui y était étalé. En voyant le manège de cette femme, le gars qui venait de jouir aurait voulu le prendre pour la baiser immédiatement au milieu de la foule mais la présence de son mari et un minimum de pudeur a eu raison de cette envie.
Les rythme endiablés ont maintenant laissé place à de la musique plus tendre et Patric est revenu près de son épouse pour l’embrassée langoureusement avant de la regarder dans les yeux et de lui dire : « J’ai envie de toi ». En posant sa main sur le sexe de son mari, elle lui répond : « Je le sens bien mon chéri ».
Quand ils quittèrent le concert, Sonia revit l’homme qu’elle avait fait jouir un peu plus tôt dans la journée. Il la montrait du doigt à des amis à lui en leur expliquant que c’était elle la salope qui l’avait branlé pendant la représentation. Quand elle fût plus proche de lui, elle lui sourit et lui fît un clin d’œil.
De retours à la maison, Patric prend sa femme dans ses bras et l’embrasse fougueusement en la caressant. C’est quand les mains de son homme ont parcourus son derrière que Sonia a repensé à ce type qui lui tripoter le cul et s’est essuyé la bite sur ses fesses.
Painéis figurativos, representando vários animais, entres eles rãs que em feições humanas "lêem" o jornal. Azulejo relevado de inspiração arte nova, com flores e folhas decora um nicho. Revestimento em silhar, moldura da porta, no exterior.
Nota: Na Rua 1º de Dezembro encontra-se uma parte com a decoração igual à da Rua D. Pedro V, mas porque foi destruída os azulejos foram reconstruídos recentemente.
Autoria de Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro (1846-1905).
Datado de 1894
Fábrica de Cerâmica das Caldas da Rainha.
Fotografia de Ana Lopes de Almeida (1938-)
[CFT020.54]
MO YI
ME IN MY LANDSCAPE
LA MÉCANIQUE GÉNÉRALE
Mo Yi: Me in My Landscape represents the first major comprehensive museum study of early works from Chinese artist, Mo Yi (莫毅). An outsider, and auto-didact photographer, Mo Yi’s images from the streets are iconic for their ability to capture the energy and melancholy of China’s evolving social fabric during the second half of the 20th century.
Throughout his prolific career, Mo Yi has challenged ideas of the photographic gaze by taking images often without looking through the viewfinder and instead placing the camera behind his neck, or fixed to a stick, allowing him to photograph at ground level while walking.
These roaming street experiments defied documentary tradition, rigid technical precision and ideas of composition- authorship, privileging instead alternative potentialities for the image-maker and his medium. As a long-overdue study of Mo Yi’s praxis, the exhibition will present black and white and color photographs from iconic series such as 1m – The Scenery Behind Me (1988), Tossing Bus (1989), Landscape Outside the Bus (1995), I am a Street Dog (1995), Dancing Streets (1998) and numerous self-portraits (1987-2003), affirming their prescient, formal and conceptual nature within the national and global history of photography and Chinese experimental art.
Select archival materials such as handmade photo-books, collage, and original contact sheets, exhibited for the first time, will complement the photographic installations and contribute to a more profound understanding of his artistic process.
Holly Roussell
"Hi my name is LaShawna and this photo is for our best friend on Flickr, TorontoBlueWhite, who loves mature African-American women in glasses and turtlenecks!"
© A.PASCAL - Merci de me contacter pour toute utilisation de cette image.
Art. L. 122-4. du Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle : "Toute représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle faite sans le consentement de l'auteur ou de ses ayants droit ou ayants cause est illicite."
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As would be expected in its home market, VDL is well represented among battery-electric bus fleets in the Netherlands. RET in Rotterdam operates a good number of the SLF-120 model, such as bus 1505, seen here at Centraal Station while operating a journey on route 33 to Meijersplein via the airport. Like one or two other battery-electric bus types that are descended from diesels, these have a 'shower cubicle' at the rear offside, although a new model Citea electric is now starting to enter service that may not have it. Whether any former Van Hool bus products are offered by VDL now it has purchased the former's coach and bus affairs remains to be seen.
Its funny.
I feel like my best 9 really represent Frappzilla as a brand.
Fun, Playful, Bright. Little bit different and odd.
But I'm really aware that since 2017 was such a rough patch for me, that I didn't actually achieve that solid branding that I always aspire to have. I'm going to work much harder at it this year but I'm so happy that the most popular photos are the ones that I feel reflect Frappzilla the best.
I know i immediately fell off the 365, the second I got on but I've been so unwell this past week and I got a lot worse before I felt better. Today was a good solid first day back to work and I'm feeling tons better now so I'll get back on that horse tomorrow and keep posting my 365.
I'm in a really good place mentally right now. I'm in a really creative state of mind with a lot of character design and wig ideas on the brain. Although I spent it being really poorly, I feel like the few days I've had off to rest and repair have really helped bring that out of me. I'm feeling really recharged and ready to jump into all of the preorders. I'm determined to make it the best one yet!
How is your new year going already? Off to a good start?
Cronología abreviada de la imposición y la entrega (Por. C. Fazio)
I
El pasado 22 de noviembre, la 51 reunión interparlamentaria México-Estados Unidos concluyó con la difusión de un comunicado conjunto, en el que la delegación estadunidense manifestó su interés "por una mayor interdependencia y seguridad energética de Norteamérica". En la reunión, Michael McCaul, presidente de la delegación visitante y del Comité de Seguridad Interior de la Cámara de Representantes de Estados Unidos, elogió el paquete de contrarreformas neoliberales impulsado por Enrique Peña y el Pacto por México y, tras mencionar los acuerdos transfronterizos de hidrocarburos de su país con México, abogó por una profundización de la "alianza energética" entre ambos y Canadá.
En el marco de las privatizaciones en curso de Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) y la Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE) en el Congreso mexicano, las "aspiraciones" de McCaul y los parlamentarios estadunidenses no fueron para nada inocentes. Abrevan en la histórica ambición anexionista y de clase que desde los tiempos del secretario de Estado William H. Seward, en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, se expresó en un proyecto de control infraestructural y económico de dimensiones continentales que incluía la absorción de México y Canadá; proyecto revitalizado en documentos oficiales del gobierno de Franklyn Delano Roosevelt en 1941, cuando se diseñó la Doctrina de Áreas Ampliadas (Grand Area Doctrine), plan geopolítico de integración vertical imperial para la competencia comercial entre bloques, con eje en la noción de "seguridad nacional" estadunidense.
En su última fase, dicho proceso arranca a finales de los años 70 del siglo pasado, cuando el lobby petrolero texano logró colocar en la Oficina Oval a Ronald Reagan y George Bush padre. Veamos:
1973. El embargo de la Organización de Países Exportadores de Petróleo (OPEP) a Estados Unidos, a raíz de su apoyo a Israel en la guerra de Yom Kippur, exhibió su vulnerabilidad energética y generó un trauma geoestratégico. Desde entonces, de cara a cualquier interrupción futura del flujo de hidrocarburos (petróleo y gas natural) del golfo Pérsico, Washington priorizó por razones de "seguridad nacional" sus políticas hacia "fuentes amigables, estables y seguras" como Inglaterra, Canadá, México y Venezuela.
1979. La vinculación entre la seguridad, la dependencia estratégica y las iniciativas para la inclusión de Canadá y México en esquemas de "integración" de América del Norte ingresa como tema central de la seguridad nacional de Estados Unidos. Para dejar de ser "rehenes" de la OPEP y de cara a la pugna interimperialista con los megabloques económicos de la Unión Europea y el Asia/Pacífico (Japón y los tigres asiáticos) que desafían la hegemonía de Estados Unidos, ese año, cuando el tema del petróleo y el gas era casi un tabú en las relaciones bilateral y regional, Ronald Reagan promueve en su campaña por la Casa Blanca la "desvinculación" del petróleo mexicano y el gas natural canadiense del mercado mundial y la "regionalización" de los recursos hidrocarburíficos de ambos países bajo la idea de un "mercado común energético" de América del Norte.
Años 80. En el caso de México, los mayores obstáculos para la conformación de un mercomún energético en el área espacial y territorial de Norteamérica eran el nacionalismo revolucionario, con su artículo 27 constitucional, y la noción misma de la soberanía nacional mexicana. Para librar esos escollos, Washington optó por instrumentos "no militares" (es decir, financieros y monetarios derivados de las líneas de condicionalidad del Banco Mundial, el FMI y el BID atadas a la deuda externa) y de "inteligencia política" (cooptación-corrupción de gobernantes, políticos y empresarios y las presiones derivadas de sus eventuales vínculos con el tráfico de drogas y otros ilícitos).
Históricamente, al aparato militar y diplomático estadunidense no le ha sido difícil detectar esas vulnerabilidades, porque, como dijo el ex secretario de Estado de Woodrow Wilson, Robert Lansing, "dominar a México es extremadamente fácil porque basta con controlar a un solo hombre: el presidente". Labor que han venido desarrollando los emisarios de Washington desde el primer gobierno neoliberal de Miguel de la Madrid hasta el presente, con Enrique Peña, pasando por Carlos Salinas (líder de la facción santannista de lo que Manuel Buendía llamó "neopolkos"), Ernesto Zedillo, Vicente Fox y Felipe Calderón. En abono de lo anterior, y como señaló hace más de dos lustros John Saxe-Fernández en La compra-venta de México, desde 1982 se ha venido generalizando en México el "quintacolumnismo", es decir, una quinta columna integrada por un grupo de poder local colaboracionista, antinacional y entreguista, afín a un anexionismo vertical, subordinado y dependiente de Estados Unidos.
1991. Durante el gobierno salinista, en el marco de la primera guerra del golfo Pérsico, Timothy O’Leary dio a conocer que en una reunión celebrada en Toronto, el 12 de junio de ese año, Los Pinos y la Casa Blanca pactaron que "sin modificar la Constitución mexicana", el petróleo y las operaciones nacionales e internacionales de Pemex entraran en las negociaciones del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN o NAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés).
1994. Con la entrada en vigor del TLCAN, definido por el ex director de la CIA William Colby como un instrumento importante para "desvanecer" la soberanía mexicana y "reorientar" la función y la existencia misma de México como Estado nación, se profundizó el proceso de "constitucionalización del neoliberalismo disciplinario". Esto es, el ajuste del aparato normativo mexicano con el fin de garantizar "seguridad jurídica" a los inversionistas privados extranjeros, con especial fruición, la desde entonces furtiva, larvada e ilegal contrarreforma a los artículos 27 y 28 de la Constitución en materia energética: electricidad, agua, petróleo, gas natural y otros minerales considerados "críticos y estratégicos" por el Pentágono.
II
Con la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte (TLCAN) en 1994, Estados Unidos y los organismos financieros "internacionales" (BM, FMI, BID, verdaderos perros guardianes al servicio del Departamento del Tesoro y las compañías multinacionales), han venido avanzando sin límite de continuidad en el "cogobierno" o "manejo conjunto" del territorio nacional y sus recursos geoestratégicos. Incluida la privatización "multimodal" de la infraestructura (carreteras, puertos, aeropuertos, vías de ferrocarril, redes de fibra óptica, de electricidad e hidrocarburos), propósito principal del Plan Puebla Panamá (PPP), diseñado durante la administración de Ernesto Zedillo y profundizado con Vicente Fox.
2000-2001. Tras la elección de Fox en julio de 2000, Washington arreció en sus propósitos de transformar el espacio territorial mexicano, de adecuarlo con las nuevas mercancías, a los nuevos negocios y tecnologías. De cuadricularlo, ordenarlo y hacerlo funcional y "productivo".
Durante su campaña electoral, en un debate televisado con Al Gore en octubre de 2000, el entonces gobernador de Texas, George W. Bush, recuperó la idea de Reagan y su padre (George Walker Bush, ex director de la CIA y vicepresidente de los dos mandatos de Reagan, a quien sucedió en 1988) de formar un "mercomún energético de América del Norte". Dijo: "Le hablé (a Fox) de cómo sería mejor apresurar la exploración de gas natural en México y transportarlo a Estados Unidos para que seamos menos dependientes de fuentes externas de petróleo crudo". En febrero de 2001, el experto George Baker, directivo de Mexico Energy Intelligence, planteó que Bush podía ofrecer fondos para convertir a Pemex en la mejor empresa petrolera del mundo. "Por supuesto, tendría que ser una propuesta del presidente Fox, que no corresponde plantear al presidente Bush", dijo Baker. En marzo, Bush no tuvo empacho en afirmar que el gas encontrado en México era "hemisférico" y debía beneficiar a Estados Unidos. Afirmó entonces: "Una buena política energética es aquella que entiende que tenemos energía en nuestro hemisferio y cómo explotarlo mejor y transportarlo a los mercados". Poco antes, con Fox de anfitrión, el secretario de Energía de EU, Spencer Abraham, había logrado introducir en la Declaración de México −suscrita por los ministros de Energía del hemisferio− una frase que abogaba por la "integración energética" del continente. Allí quedó formado un grupo de trabajo trilateral (integrado por Abraham y los ministros del ramo de Canadá y México). "Encontramos que hay dependencia mutua, sin socios minoritarios ni socios mayoritarios", dijo entonces Abraham desafiando la ley que rige la fábula del tiburón y las sardinas.
La idea de crear "redes" o "corredores energéticos" a través de ductos transfronterizos para el intercambio de hidrocarburos, así como la integración eléctrica entre Estados Unidos, Canadá y México, fue retomada en la Cumbre de Quebec (abril de 2001), donde participaron 34 jefes de Estado y de gobierno de América. Uno de los compromisos de la cumbre fue "norteamericanizar los mercados de energía" −ante la deficiencia de Estados Unidos en la materia esgrimida por Bush−, para lo cual se requería "cambiar el marco legislativo y regulatorio" de los países involucrados.
En mayo de 2001, el presidente Bush −principal operativo del cártel petrolero-gasero texano conformado por las trasnacionales Exxon-Mobil, Halliburton, Enron y El Paso Corporation− dio a conocer su plan energético nacional (conocido como Plan Cheney), donde el combustible extranjero pasó a ser el eje del proyecto. En ese esquema, México fue definido como una "fuente primordial" para garantizar la "seguridad energética" de Estados Unidos.
Varios meses antes de los atentados contra las Torres Gemelas, el Grupo para el Desarrollo de una Política Energética Nacional, que elaboró el Plan Cheney, había mostrado un mapa de la República Mexicana que identificaba las cuencas de Burgos, Sabinas y Pedregosas, en el norte de México, frente a Texas (dominios del clan Bush), como las principales reservas de gas no explotado. En esa región, sugería el documento, podría darse una interrelación energética "natural". El grupo recomendó a Bush que instruyera a sus secretarios de Estado y de Energía para que, en consulta con la Comisión Reguladora de Energía, se revisaran los "permisos presidenciales" para la construcción de infraestructura que permita el cruce de petróleo, gas natural y electricidad, y se propongan las reformas a las regulaciones que sean necesarias para hacerlas compatibles con el comercio intrafronterizo.
Cuando en septiembre de 2001 Fox visitó a Bush en Washington, ambos recibieron la propuesta del Consejo Binacional México-Estados Unidos de llevar a cabo, cuanto antes, la integración energética de Norteamérica. El principal destinatario de la solicitud fue Fox: a él le recomendaron aumentar la inversión privada en Pemex; abrir el sector de refinación de crudo al capital extranjero; dividir en varias compañías la red de oleoductos mexicanos y acceder a una pronta integración eléctrica con Estados Unidos. Para todo ello, señalaron, hay opciones: "liberalizando los marcos regulatorios y legales". Es decir, modificando la Constitución mexicana.
2002. El 20 de septiembre de ese año Bush presentó su Estrategia de Seguridad Nacional en la Casa Blanca. Entre las nociones básicas del documento, una decía: "Debe mejorar la seguridad energética (de Estados Unidos). Fortaleceremos nuestra propia seguridad energética y la prosperidad compartida de la economía mundial, colaborando con nuestros aliados, socios comerciales y productores de energía". En buen romance, fue el anuncio estratégico de la Alianza para la Seguridad y la Prosperidad de América del Norte (Aspan), suscrita en Waco, Texas, el 23 de marzo de 2005.
III
Año 2005. Según lo definió entonces la llamada Fuerza de Tarea Independiente (sic) sobre el Futuro de Norteamérica −cuyos copresidentes eran el ex viceprimer ministro de Canadá, John Manley; el ex gobernador de Massachusetts, William Weld y el ex secretario mexicano de Hacienda, Pedro Aspe−, el nuevo "paradigma" en las relaciones de México con Estados Unidos y Canadá ha sido la Alianza para la Seguridad y la Prosperidad de América del Norte (ASPAN).
El "menú" del pacto trilateral, definido entonces por la Casa Blanca con el colaboracionismo de tecnoburócratas gubernamentales, asociaciones empresariales y círculos intelectuales conservadores y entreguistas de Canadá y México, incluyó seis puntos básicos de seguridad: militar, interna, energética, global, social y de acceso al agua dulce. No fue casual que los puntos de la agenda definían los intereses geoestratégicos de Washington; subordinaban el comercio a los asuntos de seguridad definidos en la doctrina Bush de guerra preventiva y lucha contra el "terrorismo", y perseguían una dirección única: la dominación imperial estadunidense en el siglo XXI.
Los objetivos claves del "nuevo acuerdo" −en cuya elaboración participó de manera activa Andrés Rozental Gutman, medio hermano del ex canciller del foxismo Jorge G. Castañeda− fueron desarrollar mecanismos de seguridad marítima, aérea y terrestre que permitieran hacer frente a cualquier "amenaza" en América del Norte; una estrategia energética basada en el incremento de la oferta para satisfacer las "necesidades" de la región (léase Estados Unidos), y facilitar inversiones en infraestructura energética, para las mejoras tecnológicas, la producción y el suministro confiable de energéticos, mejorando la "cooperación" en la materia.
En forma complementaria, un objetivo estratégico de la política petrolera del dúo Bush-Cheney fue persuadir u obligar a México y países productores del golfo Pérsico a que abrieran sus empresas estatales a la inversión multinacional privada. En ese sentido, en Waco, Bush aprovechó la extrema debilidad del presidente Fox y definió la nueva agenda, que los tecnoburócratas locales tratarían de rellenar después con regulaciones, estándares y modificaciones graduales, pequeñas pero sustanciales, de modo de ir "armonizando" la legislación mexicana con los intereses de Washington y las trasnacionales del sector energético.
A su vez, para garantizar "la producción y el suministro confiable de energéticos" en Norteamérica −que comenzaba ya a tomar forma como nuevo espacio geopolítico y geoeconómico−, los estrategas castrenses de Washington impulsaron la idea de un "perímetro exterior de seguridad", lo que colocó a Canadá y México bajo el manto militar nuclear del Comando Estadunidense de Defensa Aeroespacial (conocido como NORAD, por sus siglas en inglés), y su extensión al Comando Norte (creado en 2002), ambos bajo el mando del Pentágono, encargados de proteger de facto los suelos, mares y cielos trinacionales. La anuencia tácita de Fox al plan de seguridad de Bush, colocó desde entonces al territorio mexicano como blanco de cualquier contingencia bélica interimperialista. Pero, además, ese proyecto estadunidense que asumió a México como problema doméstico, incluyó el sellamiento militar del Golfo de México, desde los cabos de la Florida hasta la península de Yucatán, y el corrimiento de la frontera norte al istmo de Tehuantepec para controlar el tránsito de indocumentados mexicanos, centro y sudamericanos, según el diseño original del Plan Puebla-Panamá.
La ASPAN (el TLCAN militarizado), que desde su concreción ha venido funcionando con un "gobierno sombra" de las élites empresariales y militares de Estados Unidos y sus socios menores en Canadá y México, incluyó una integración energética transfronteriza (petróleo, gas natural, electricidad) subordinada a Washington y megaproyectos del capital trasnacional que subsumieron los criterios económicos a los de seguridad, justificando así acciones que de otro modo no podrían ser admitidas por ser violatorias de la soberanía nacional, y una normativa supranacional que hizo a un lado el control legislativo (según la Constitución, el Senado es el encargado de vigilar los acuerdos internacionales suscritos por el Poder Ejecutivo), mientras se impusieron leyes contrainsurgentes que criminalizaron la protesta y la pobreza y globalizaron el disciplinamiento social.
Año 2007. Ya bajo el mandato espurio de Felipe Calderón, la Iniciativa Mérida, anunciada por George W. Bush en Washington el 22 de octubre de 2007, fue diseñada como un paquete de asistencia militar en especie a México por un monto de mil 400 millones de dólares para el trienio 2008-2010. El "nuevo paradigma de cooperación" entre Estados Unidos y México en materia de seguridad estuvo dirigido a hacer frente a "amenazas comunes" asimétricas, mismas que fueron identificadas como organizaciones trasnacionales del crimen organizado, en particular las dedicadas al narcotráfico, el tráfico de armas, las actividades financieras ilícitas, el tráfico de divisas y la trata de personas. Con un dato adicional: la virtual equiparación desde la óptica punitiva estadunidense de tres términos y sus manifestaciones concretas: terroristas, narcotraficantes y migrantes sin documentación válida (indocumentados).
Símil del Plan Colombia, en su parte sustantiva, el millonario paquete de asistencia militar incluyó aviones y helicópteros de combate, barcos, lanchas; armamento y equipo bélico, radares y sofisticados instrumentos para monitoreo aéreo e intervención de comunicaciones; software para análisis de datos asociados a inteligencia financiera, y recursos para sufragar cursos de entrenamiento y asesorías del Pentágono, la CIA, el FBI, la DEA y otros organismos de seguridad estadunidenses a sus contrapartes mexicanas. También incluyó recursos para la instrumentación de reformas judiciales, penales y de procuración de justicia, áreas que de manera paulatina serían homologadas a las de Estados Unidos.
IV
Integrado de facto desde 2002 al "perímetro de seguridad" de Estados Unidos, el territorio de México quedó incluido en la zona bajo control del Comando Norte del Pentágono. A su vez, en el marco de la ASPAN (el TLCAN militarizado, 2005), la Iniciativa Mérida (2007) llevaría a una desnacionalización acelerada del sistema de seguridad interna. Desde entonces, Estados Unidos sería codiseñador de la estrategia de "seguridad nacional" mexicana, lo que, más allá de juegos semánticos, significó una cesión de soberanía.
Definida por el entonces embajador de EE.UU. en México, Antonio Garza, como el "proyecto más agresivo" jamás impulsado por la Casa Blanca en el hemisferio occidental, la Iniciativa Mérida fue diseñada en función de la agenda de seguridad de Washington. Las prioridades de la administración Bush fueron: guerra a las drogas (en el territorio mexicano); guerra al terrorismo (ídem); seguridad fronteriza (en los confines norte y sur de México); control sobre la seguridad pública y las distintas policías de México; penetración de las fuerzas armadas locales (Ejército y Marina de Guerra); construcción de instituciones y reglas de ley similares a las de Estados Unidos (homologación de leyes como parte de la integración silenciosa y subordinada de México).
En ese sentido, las contrarreformas calderonistas fueron parte de la agenda policial-militar-judicial-penal de EE.UU., ya que se encaminaron no sólo a la adopción de facto de medidas similares a las del "Estado de excepción" de la era Bush (Ley Patriota, Comisiones Militares, Ley Marcial), sino que también, vía la pretendida modificación o derogación de la Ley para Conservar la Neutralidad del País, buscaba permitir la proyección del poder militar del Pentágono (aéreo, naval y terrestre, incluyendo las fuerzas especiales), en el territorio nacional y los espacios marítimo y aéreo (lo que luego ocurrió de manera no tan encubierta, drones incluidos), y la creación de bases militares, a la postre denominadas Oficinas Bilaterales de Inteligencia o centros de fusión.
2008. La energía y la política irían de la mano desde comienzos de ese año. En los círculos financieros se afirmó entonces que la privatización de Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex) estaba próxima. Pero para ello se requerían reformas constitucionales y el presidente Felipe Calderón necesitaba conseguir los votos en el Congreso del Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI).
En ese contexto se reveló que Pemex, la mayor empresa paraestatal y principal contribuyente fiscal de México, había establecido convenios de cooperación con cinco multinacionales: la angloholandesa Royal Dutch Shell; Petrobras, de Brasil; Statoil de Holanda; la canadiense Nexen y el gigante petrolero estadunidense Chevron-Texaco. Según autoridades de Pemex, se trataban de convenios "sin carácter comercial" en materia de investigación científica y tecnológica, apegados a los ordenamientos constitucionales y legales vigentes entonces en el país.
Sin embargo, en diciembre anterior La Jornada había denunciado que existía un convenio de carácter confidencial con la Shell, para realizar actividades de exploración en el campo petrolero de Chicontepec, Veracruz, lo que estaba vedado por la Constitución. Entonces se especuló que el llamado Proyecto Margarita permitiría posicionar a la empresa angloholandesa en el país, ante una eventual eliminación de las restricciones constitucionales a la inversión privada en el sector energético.
Pemex clasificó como "información confidencial" los resultados derivados de los acuerdos suscritos con esas cinco compañías, y asumió el compromiso de ocultar los datos al Instituto Federal de Acceso a la Información y Protección de Datos (Ifai). Si Pemex rompía la reserva de los convenios debería pagar una indemnización de 500 mil dólares por evento. Y en caso de una controversia entre ambas partes, ésta se tendría que dirimir en las cortes internacionales de conformidad con el reglamento de arbitraje de la Cámara Internacional de Comercio, con sede en París, Francia.
Calderón dijo que Pemex no se privatizaría, lo que a todas luces fue una actitud demagógica, ya que en 2003, siendo ministro de Energía en el gabinete de Vicente Fox, había abogado por la apertura al capital privado de la Compañía Federal de Electricidad (CFE), mediante adecuaciones al texto de los artículos 27 y 28 constitucionales, con el fin de otorgar "certidumbre jurídica" a los inversionistas extranjeros. Ahora sólo era cuestión de cambiar sector "eléctrico" por "energético".
No era secreto que los distintos gobiernos neoliberales habían venido suscribiendo acuerdos inconfesables con empresas internacionales como el firmado con Shell. Entre los trucos semánticos que intentaban ocultar la privatización por partes de Pemex al margen de la Constitución, se había llegado a hablar de "acuerdos verbales", alianzas "sin documento alguno", convenios de "colaboración" y "pactos sin carácter comercial."
El 4 de marzo, en horario estelar, el gobierno de Calderón puso en marcha una millonaria estrategia propagandística televisiva dirigida a convencer a la población sobre la necesidad de que Pemex se asociara con empresas privadas, nacionales y extranjeras, para explorar "un tesoro escondido" a 3 mil metros de profundidad en el golfo de México. En lo que fue descrito como un doble juego gubernamental para abrir el sector de los energéticos al capital privado, se reveló la existencia de dos versiones del espot oficial: en el portal de YouTube, el promocional, que incluía gráficas satelitales e imágenes en tercera dimensión, hablaba de "alianzas" estratégicas con empresas privadas para la exploración en aguas profundas; pero esa palabra fue mutilada en la televisión abierta, lo que constituyó una manipulación intencional para ocultar que la iniciativa era en pro de una "alianza estratégica" o de "cuates", de la administración Calderón con los tiburones del sector energético trasnacional.
www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/11/25/opinion/021a1pol
www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/12/09/opinion/027a1pol
This head representing a man of regular features has been discovered on 1901, August. It must have come from a statue about 2 m tall.
The forehead of the portrayed man is low; his hair is arranged in a raw of short locks regularly arched from a “pincers” motif at the inner corner of the right eye. This detail is present on the portraits of Augustus, and was adopted, with some variations, by his successors.
Some small locks turned in the direction of the center of the face are reminiscent of representations of Gaius Caesar (20 BCE - 4 CE), the adopted son of Augustus and his intended heir, and other private portraits from the same period.
This hairstyle and the classical features of the portrait suggest its assignment to the years 25 BC – 35 AD during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. It resembles their portraits, but the face is not theirs.
One may suppose that the subject was a member of the local aristocracy whose loyalty to the values of the “Principatus” was equally proclaimed by deliberate imitation of the appearance and coiffure of the men of the imperial family.
Source: Museum information note
Roman bronze portrait
About 25 BC – 35 AD
From Torino
Torino, “Museo di antichità”
#3750 and #1361 both represent the K4s class late in their careers. Both engines are virtually identical with the exception of their tenders. #3750 is equiped with a PRR 110P75a class tender while #1361 is equiped with a PRR 130P75 class.
These two LEGO models of Pennsylvania RR class K4s #3750 and #1361 are perhaps my most ambitious project to date. I've spent months researching and studying the K4s in order to make the most accurate and detailed engine I've built. The boiler design was inspired by my friend and fellow train builder in PennLUG, Nate Brill. What has turned out to be the most difficult part of building these models is the working Walschaerts Valve Gear. My goal was to try and build working valve gear with out modifying any parts, and to keep it as small and proportionate to the rest of the locomotive as possible. This required several weeks of trial and error but I'm reasonably happy with the final result.
Video of my K4s #1361 running at BrickMagic 2012 taken by Bob Hayes
The Pennsylvania RR's K4 class Pacifics were one of the cornerstones of their passenger service for 41 years from when the first engine entered service in 1916 through the final active K4's retirement 1957. The K4's performed their duties with a superb combination of speed, power and grace. K4's pulled the fastest and most prestigious trains of the Pennsylvania Railroad for many decades, with 425 being built between 1914 and 1928 by both Baldwin Locomotive Works and through Pennsy's own Juniata Shops in Altoona. In the mid 1930s, as the passenger consists grew longer and heavier, Pennsy would double and even triple head the K4s. The K4s class has become an icon of the Pennsylvania RR.
There are only two surviving K4s class locomotives, #1361 and #3750. Number 3750 is on display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg. # 3750 was a typical workhorse, with only two unusual events in its long and productive life.The first came early in its lifewhen it pulled President Harding's funeral train.
The second was more unusual. After its retirement from active service in 1957, it remained in storage, first at West Philadelphia enginehouse, then at Northumberland, along with other historic equipment that was destined to become the core of the Museum's holdings. However, the Pennsylvania Railroad, apparently chagrined that the first K4 ever built, #1737, had been scrapped because it was worn out, and decided to "undo" history by placing #1737's number plates onto #3750. #3750 in its masquerade avoided being sent to the scrapper's torch along with hundreds of other K4 locomotives.
Upon the PRR's historic collection being acquired by the newly commissioned Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania it arrived at the Museum along with other historic equipment in 1968 as a "ringer" for No. 1737. This was rectified when the newly formed Friends of the Railroad Museum performed the first of several laborious restorations of this beloved locomotive in the 1980s. Subsequently, the true No. 3750 plates were obtained, and this wonderful locomotive is now secure for future generations to admire.
Number 1361's fame came after her retirement in 1957. For nearly 30 years, #1361 stood on display at the top of the world-famous Horseshoe Curve In Altoona PA. In 1985, the City of Altoona, Conrail, and the Railroaders Memorial Museum made arrangements to move the locomotive from the Horseshoe Curve to the Museum. The engine was moved to Altoona on September 5, 1985, and work to restore the locomotive began in April of 1986. With the help of teams of volunteers, #1361 was restored to working order in just one year's time. In April 1987, #1361 pulled its first passenger train in over thirty years. In May 1987, Altoona City and Conrail named the steam locomotive the "Spirit of Altoona". The engine later encountered extensive problems of age and wear, requiring major rebuilding. #1361 is under ownership of the Railroaders Memorial Museum at Altoona who is currently working to restore the engine to operation once more.
Governor Robert Casey signed a bill proclaiming the K-4 to be Pennsylvania's Official State Steam Locomotive in March of 1988.
#3750 at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania in Strasburg PA
How to represent the human face--especially with all the options available with today's digital technology? There are some pretty awful portrait retouching packages available that turn faces into fake looking Barbie dolls. With the right kind of studio lighting photographers can create beautiful portraits that do more than capture surface detail.
My background is in painting and as much as I love photography I occasionally miss the liveliness of the brush stroke. Painters can "cheat" in ways to emphasize the planes of the face, suggest with a stroke of the brush some minor detail, things not the product of a good camera or lens. With this image I’ve tried to capture the best of both worlds.
This is still very much an exploration, but I’m trying to find a way of using Corel Painter to create painterly textures and Photoshop to adjust hue and values.
This head representing a man of regular features has been discovered on 1901, August. It must have come from a statue about 2 m tall.
The forehead of the portrayed man is low; his hair is arranged in a raw of short locks regularly arched from a “pincers” motif at the inner corner of the right eye. This detail is present on the portraits of Augustus, and was adopted, with some variations, by his successors.
Some small locks turned in the direction of the center of the face are reminiscent of representations of Gaius Caesar (20 BCE - 4 CE), the adopted son of Augustus and his intended heir, and other private portraits from the same period.
This hairstyle and the classical features of the portrait suggest its assignment to the years 25 BC – 35 AD during the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. It resembles their portraits, but the face is not theirs.
One may suppose that the subject was a member of the local aristocracy whose loyalty to the values of the “Principatus” was equally proclaimed by deliberate imitation of the appearance and coiffure of the men of the imperial family.
Source: Museum information note
Roman bronze portrait
About 25 BC – 35 AD
From Torino
Torino, “Museo di antichità”
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The AMD Mystère S represents one of the many evolutionary steps in French 2nd generation jet fighter aircraft design, which began with the straight-wing Dassault Ouragan and progressed through the Mystère II/III and Mystère IV to the supersonic Super Mystère SM2B. Internally designated AMD 461 and originally called the Mystère X (Roman numeral “10”, not the letter “X”), the new aircraft was the attempt to improve the successful Mystère IV from 1953 in many respects, following Marcel Dassaults strategy to take small, evolutionary steps instead of radical quantum leaps. While the overall outlines were similar and followed the proven layout of the former Dassault jet fighters, the AMD 461 was a completely new design, though.
First of all, the machine was from the start designed around the indigenous axial-flow Atar 101 jet engine, since it had become obvious that the former radial-flow engines used in Dassault’s fighters, like the Rolls-Royce Tay and its French-built version, the Hispano-Suiza Verdon 350, did not offer the potential for sustained supersonic performance in level flight. As a result, the fuselage became thinner and the aircraft had a less tubby look. Furthermore, in order to achieve the ambitious performance goals, a new wing was devised, and it incorporated leading edges made from novel composite materials. The wing shape was more complex than previous AMD designs: unlike the simple trapezoid Mystère II and IV wing designs, the AMD 461’s wings had kinked wing leading edges at about half span, so that the wing root sections were extended forward and had a slightly stronger sweep than the outer wing sections (47° vs. 45°), resulting in a crescent planform with rounded tips. Dogteeth at the kinks’ position increased the wings’ critical Mach number, augmented by small boundary layer fences. A novelty were power-operated ailerons. The tail surfaces were swept, too, and featured a variable-incidence tail plane.
The Mystère IV’s circular nose air intake arrangement was retained, but the intake received a sharper lip for better aerodynamic efficiency at high speed. The intake ducts were split deeper down inside of the fuselage, flanking the cockpit and the weapon bay behind it (see below) on both sides. The small ranging radar, originally developed for the upgraded Mystère IVB (which never made it into series production due to a fatal prototype crash and the progress of AMD’s other supersonic projects), was relocated and now mounted on top of the intake section, reminiscent of the F-86’s arrangement. A gun camera was placed outside of the intake in a small fairing on the starboard side. Two pitots under the air intake (one main and a secondary sensor) replaced the Mystère IV’s single wing-mounted sensor boom.
Being a classic “gunfighter”, the AMD 461’s main armament comprised a pair of 30mm DEFA cannon in the lower front fuselage, taken over from the Mystère IV, and a retractable Type 103 pannier for 45 unguided MATRA missiles against air or ground targets behind the front wheel well. Four underwing hardpoints could carry a total payload of 1.500 kg (3.300 lb), including a pair of supersonic 625 l drop tanks on the inner pair of pylons. A typical fighter weapon were lightweight Matra Type 116M launchers, each with 19 unguided SNEB-68 air-to-air rockets. Up to four could be carried under the wings. In a secondary attack/fighter bomber role, bombs of various caliber (up to 500 kg/1.100 lb on the inner and 250 kg/550 lb on the outer hardpoints) and other unguided missiles/pods were possible, too.
The first Mystère X prototype was powered by the Atar 101D with 29,420 N (6,610 lbf) of thrust, and it flew successfully in June 1953. However, due to the lack of an afterburner at this stage, the machine could only become supersonic in a dive, just like the former Mystère fighters, and it offered in this guise only minimal performance improvements – even though the handling near Mach 1 was already noticeably better. The initial flight test program was successful, though, and the Armée de l’Air immediately placed an order for 100 Mystère X aircraft, intended to improve the Armée de l’Air’s interception capabilities as soon as possible. Serial production started instantaneously, even while the flight tests were still ongoing, and the production machines were powered by the newly developed Atar 101F, which had just been cleared for production and operation on the Mystère X prototype. The Atar 101F was basically a D model with an afterburner added to it, to produce a temporary thrust of 37,300 N (8,400 lbf) and ensure the desired top speed in level flight of more than Mach 1. As a result, the Mystère X’s tail section had to be modified to accommodate the new engine’s longer tailpipe, which did not feature an adjustable nozzle yet – it was simply extended beyond the fin’s trailing edge, and even then the longer jet pipe protruded from the hull. However, this modification was successful and incorporated into the serial aircraft. With the Atar 101F, the serial production Mystère X’s performance was appreciably improved: beyond supersonic top speed, initial rate of climb was almost doubled in comparison with the Mystère IV, but the thirsty afterburner engine almost nullified any gain in range from the new type’s higher internal fuel capacity. Drop tanks had to be carried almost all the time.
The quick (if not hastened) order for the Mystère X also served as an insurance policy in the event of the AMD effort failing to produce an even more capable supersonic aircraft with the Mystère XX, a project that had been under development as a private venture in parallel, but with a time lag of about two years and benefitting from the research that had been done for the AMD 461. However, both designs turned out to be successful and both were adopted for service. They became known to the public as the Mystère S (for ‘supersonique’) and the Super Mystère, respectively. The first Super Mystère prototype, powered by a Rolls-Royce Avon RA.7R, took to the air on 2 March 1955, and the promising aircraft already broke the sound barrier in level flight the following day. The Super Mystère turned out to be the more capable and modern aircraft thanks to its new, more powerful Atar 109G-2 engine.
The more capable Super Mystère was immediately favored and, as a consequence, the running Mystère S order was cancelled in May 1955 and its initial production run limited to a mere 54 airframes - the number that had been completed until that point. The Super Mystère became the Armée de l’Air’s standard fighter for the late Fifties and production was quickly switched to the new type, 180 specimen were eventually built. Since a mix of types in the operational fighter squadrons was not economical, the Armée de l’Air decided to separate them and find a different role for the young but relatively small Mystère S fleet. Since the aircraft had a rugged airframe and had shown very good handling characteristics at medium to low altitude, and because the Armée de l’Air was lacking a fast, tactical and indigenous reconnaissance aircraft at that time (the standard type was the RF-84F), the Armée de l’Air decided in 1956 to convert the Mystère S fighters accordingly.
This modification was a relatively easy task: The retractable missile pannier (which was hardly ever used) was removed and its well behind the cockpit offered sufficient internal space for optical reconnaissance equipment in a conditioned compartment. This comprised four OMERA cameras (less than the RF-84F’s six cameras), covered by a ventral canoe fairing. One camera was facing forward, two were set on mounts that allowed vertical photography or camera orientation to either port or starboard, and the fourth camera had a panoramic field of view. After these modifications, the machines were re-designated Mystère SR to reflect their new role and capabilities.
Initially, the converted machines retained the twin DEFA cannon armament and full external stores capability. Typical load in the new photo-recce role was the standard pair of drop tanks, plus optional flares for night photography. In this guise the Mystère SR fleet was distributed among two reconnaissance units, ER 2/33 “Savoie” and ER 3/33 “Moselle” in Eastern France, close to the German border, starting service in April 1957.
Later in their career, the Mystère SR’s guns and also the ranging radar equipment (even though the empty small radome was retained) were often removed. This was initially a weight-saving measure for better performance, but due to their short legs many Mystère SRs had extra fuel tanks added to the former gun and ammunition bays. In some cases the space was used to house additional mission equipment, the aircrafts’ designation did not change, though. The integration of the new Matra R.550 Magic AAM was considered briefly in 1970, but not deemed relevant for the Mystère SR’s mission profile. However, eight late-production Mystère SRs received a new, bigger panoramic OMERA camera, which necessitated a larger ventral fairing and some other internal changes. These machines were re-designated Mystère SRP (‘panoramique’). Another early Mystère SR was used for the development of indigenous infra-red linescan and side looking airborne radar systems, which were both later incorporated in an under-fuselage pod for the Mirage IIIR.
Having become quickly obsolete through the introduction of 3rd generation jet fighters in the early Sixties – namely the Mirage III – the Mystère SR’s active career only lasted a mere 10 years, and the Mirage III’s fighter variants quickly replaced the Super Mystère, too. Due to its many limitations, the Mystère SR was soon replaced by the Mirage IIIR reconnaissance version, by 1974 all aircraft had been retired. Another reason for this early operational end were durability problems with the composite elements on the aircraft’s wings – there had been no long-term experience with the new material, but the elements tended to become brittle and collapse under stress or upon bird strikes. AMD conceived a plan to replace the affected panels with light metal sheets, but this update, which would have prolonged service life for 10 more years, was not carried out. After spending 5 years in mothballed storage, all surviving Mystère SR airframes were scrapped between 1980 and 1981.
General characteristics:
Crew: 1
Length: 42 ft 3 in (12.88 m) overall
42 ft 3 in (12.88 m) w/o pitots
Wingspan: 32 ft 4 in (9.86 m)
Height: 3.75 m (12 ft 4 in)
Wing area: 345.5 sq ft (32.2 m²)
Empty weight: 13,435 lb (6,094 kg)
Gross weight: 21,673 lb (9,831 kg)
Fuel capacity: 3,540 l (778 imp gal; 934 US gal) internally
plus 2x 625 l (72 imp gal; 165 US gal) drop tanks
Powerplant:
1× Atar 101F turbojet, rated at 29.42 kN (6,610 lbf) dry thrust
and with 37.3 kN (8,400 lbf) with afterburner
Performance:
Maximum speed: 1,110 km/h (600 kn, 690 mph) at sea level
1,180 km/h (637 kn 732 mph,) at 11,000 m (36,089 ft)
Combat range: 915 km (494 nmi, 570 mi) with internal fuel only
Maximum range: 1,175 km (730 mi, 634 nmi)
Service ceiling: 45,800 ft (14,000 m)
Rate of climb: 14,660 ft/min (74.5 m/s)
Time to altitude: 40,000 ft (12,000 m) in 4 minutes 41 seconds
Armament:
2x 30mm (1.18 in) DEFA 552 cannon with 150 rounds per gun (later frequently deleted)
Four underwing hardpoints for 1.500 kg (3.300 lb) of ordnance,
including a pair of 625 liter drop tanks, flares and various unguided missiles and iron bombs
The kit and its assembly:
A project I had on my idea list for a long time – there were so many AMD jet fighter designs (both that entered service but also many paper projects and prototypes) during the Fifties and Sixties that I wondered if I could smuggle a what-if type somewhere into the lineage. A potential basis appeared when I recognized that the British Supermarine Swift had a fuselage shape quite similar to the contemporary French fighters, and from this impression the idea was born to “Frenchize” a Swift.
This called for a kitbash, and I used a Matchbox Mystère IV (Revell re-boxing) for the French donor elements that would be grafted onto an Xtrakit FR.5 model, which looks good in the box but has serious fit issues, e.g. between the rear fuselage halves or when the wings have to be mated with the completed fuselage.
The transplantations from the rather primitive/blunt Matchbox Mystère included the whole cockpit section except for the interior, which was taken from the in this respect much better Swift, the glazing, the spine and the whole tail with fin and stabilizers. The Swift provided most of the fuselage, the wings and the landing gear, even though I used the Mystère’s main wheels because of their characteristic hub caps/brake arrangement.
Mating the fuselage sections from the two models became a major stunt, though, because the diameters and shapes were rather different. Three-dimensional gaps and steps behihd the cockpit had to be bridged, initially with 2C putty for the rough overall shape and then with NC putty for a smooth finish. A gap in the spine in front of the fin had to be improvised/filled, too, and the Mystère’s fin had to be tailored to the different Swift rear fuselage shape, too.
The result looks a little odd, though, the Swift’s original air intake ducts now look from certain angles like hamster cheeks – but after all, the ducts have to pass the central cockpit section on both sides somehow, so that the arrangement makes nonetheless sense. And the small dorsal spine taken over from the Mystère changes the Swift’s profile considerably, as well as the shorter Dassault-style canopy.
The small ranging radar radome is just a piece of sprue from the Mystère kit, blended into the rest of the fuselage with putty. The interior of the air intake was heavily modified – the original splitter, positioned directly inside of the intake, was deleted and the walls trimmed down for a much thinner/sharper lip. Inside of the intake a bulkhead was added as a sight blocker, and a new splitter was mounted to the new bulkhead in a much deeper position. The gun camera fairing is a piece of styrene profile, the new twin pitots (reminiscent of the SM2B’s arrangement) were made from heated sprue material.
The camera fairing is the lower half from a P-47 drop tank, left over from a Hobby Boss kit, IIRC, and in order to fit the Swift’s cockpit tub into the Mystère’s fuselage the rear bulkhead had to be re-created with the help of paper tissue drenched with white glue.
The drop tanks come from a KP MiG-19, which had the benefit of integral, thin pylons at a suitable position for the Mystère SR. For a different look I just canted their fins downwards.
Painting and markings:
For a subtle impression I settled for an authentic livery: the French rendition of the USAF SEA scheme for the F-100 with local CELOMER tones, which was not only applied to the Armée de l’Air’s F-100s (these were originally delivered in NMF and camouflaged later in the Sixties), but also to the Super Mystères - the SM2Bs actually carried a quite faithful adaptation of the USAF’s F-100 pattern! However, the indigenous CELOMER paints differed from the original U.S. Federal Standard tones (FS 30219, 34102, 34079 and 36622, respectively), esp. the reddish light tan was more of an earth tone, and the dark green had a more bluish hue.
This offered some freedom – even more so because real life pictures of French reference aircraft show a wide range of shades of these basic tones and frequent serious weathering. Instead of the U.S. tan I went for RAF Dark Earth (Humbrol 29), the dark Forest Green was replaced with Humbrol 75 (Bronze Green). The light green became a 2:1 mix of Humbrol 117 (the original FS 34102) with Humbrol 78 (RAF Cockpit Green), for more contrast and less yellow in the tone. The undersides were painted with Humbrol 166 (RAF Light Aircraft Grey).
After a black ink wash I gave the model a thorough panel post-shading and recreated some lost panel lines with the help of silver paint, too. I also added some paint patches and touch-ups, for a rather worn look of the aircraft.
The black areas around the gun muzzles were created with the help of decal material, generic black decal sheet material was also used to create the camera windows. Grey (Revell 75) dielectric panels were added to the fin tip and behind the cockpit. The cockpit interior became very dark grey (Revell 09, Anthracite, with some dry-painted medium grey on top), while the landing gear and the respective wells were left in aluminum (Humbrol 56).
The decals are a mix from various sources. The ER 2/33 markings came from a Heller Mirage III sheet, which offers an optional IIIR from 1984. I also settled for relatively small roundels (from a Mirage F.1C) – a trend which started in the Armée de l’Air in the early Seventies and also comprised the deletion of the fin flash. Contemporary real world SM2Bs with the French SEA cammo frequently carried a similar type of subdued markings instead of earlier, bigger roundels found on the machines in NMF finish or on the aircraft from EC 1/12 "Cambresis" with their unique and different camouflage in two shades of green and a rather sandy tan, almost like a desert paint scheme. The white tactical code “33-PS” was improvised with single 4mm letters from TL Modellbau. The stencils were puzzled together from various Mirage III/V/F.1C sheets and also from an IAI Kfir.
The kit received some additional dry-painting with silver to simulate more wear, and was finally sealed with a coat of matt acrylic varnish.
Another “missing link” build, but I think that my Mystère S fits stylistically well into the (non-existent, though) gap between the Mystère IV and the Super Mystère, sporting vintage details like the round air intake but coupled with highly swept wings and the Swift’s elegant lines. The “traditional” French paint scheme adds to the realism - and, when put in the right background/landscape context, turns out to be very effective. Not a spectacular model, despite serious body work around the cockpit, but a convincing result.
Representant le char "Thunderbolt V" du Général Creighton Abrams.
Construit par Chrysler Corporation à Warren (Michigan).
Tragic Actor
Ivory, AD 1-200
This intricate statuette represents an actor in the middle of a tragic performance. His pose and gestures are strongly expressive. Behind the mask, with its elaborate hairstyle and deep frown, the eyes and mouth are visible. The tunic is carefully rendered and he wears raised platform shoes called cothurni. Nero focused on performing demanding tragic roles, and wore similar outfits during his performances.
[British Museum]
Nero: the Man Behind the Myth
(May - Oct 2021)
Nero is known as one of Rome's most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty, debauchery and madness.
The last male descendant of the emperor Augustus, Nero succeeded to the throne in AD 54 aged just 16 and died a violent death at 30. His turbulent rule saw momentous events including the Great Fire of Rome, Boudicca's rebellion in Britain, the execution of his own mother and first wife, grand projects and extravagant excesses.
Drawing on the latest research, this major exhibition questions the traditional narrative of the ruthless tyrant and eccentric performer, revealing a different Nero, a populist leader at a time of great change in Roman society.
Through some 200 spectacular objects, from the imperial palace in Rome to the streets of Pompeii, follow the young emperor’s rise and fall and make up your own mind about Nero. Was he a young, inexperienced ruler trying his best in a divided society, or the merciless, matricidal megalomaniac history has painted him to be?
Nero was the 5th emperor of Rome and the last of Rome’s first dynasty, the Julio-Claudians, founded by Augustus (the adopted son of Julius Caesar). Nero is known as one of Rome’s most infamous rulers, notorious for his cruelty and debauchery. He ascended to power in AD 54 aged just 16 and died at 30. He ruled at a time of great social and political change, overseeing momentous events such as the Great Fire of Rome and Boudica’s rebellion in Britain. He allegedly killed his mother and two of his wives, only cared about his art and had very little interest in ruling the empire.
Most of what we know about Nero comes from the surviving works of three historians – Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio. All written decades after Nero’s death, their accounts have long shaped our understanding of this emperor’s rule. However, far from being impartial narrators presenting objective accounts of past events, these authors and their sources wrote with a very clear agenda in mind. Nero’s demise brought forward a period of chaos and civil war – one that ended only when a new dynasty seized power, the Flavians. Authors writing under the Flavians all had an interest in legitimising the new ruling family by portraying the last of the Julio-Claudians in the worst possible light, turning history into propaganda. These accounts became the ‘historical’ sources used by later historians, therefore perpetuating a fabricated image of Nero, which has survived all the way to the present.
Nero was born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus on 15 December AD 37.
He was the son of Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus and Agrippina the Younger. Both Gnaeus and Agrippina were the grandchildren of Augustus, making Nero Augustus’ great, great grandson with a strong claim to power.
Nero was only two years old when his mother was exiled and three when his father died. His inheritance was taken from him and he was sent to live with his aunt. However, Nero’s fate changed again when Claudius became emperor, restoring the boy’s property and recalling his mother Agrippina from exile.
In AD 49 the emperor Claudius married Agrippina, and adopted Nero the following year. It is at this point that Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus changed his name to Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus. In Roman times it was normal to change your name when adopted, abandoning your family name in favour of your adoptive father’s. Nero was a common name among members of the Claudian family, especially in Claudius’ branch.
Nero and Agrippina offered Claudius a politically useful link back to Augustus, strengthening his position.
Claudius appeared to favour Nero over his natural son, Britannicus, marking Nero as the designated heir.
When Claudius died in AD 54, Nero became emperor just two months before turning 17.
As he was supported by both the army and the senate, his rise to power was smooth. His mother Agrippina exerted a significant influence, especially at the beginning of his rule.
The Roman historians Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all claim that Nero, fed up with Agrippina’s interference, decided to kill her.
Given the lack of eyewitnesses, there is no way of knowing if or how this happened. However, this did not stop historians from fabricating dramatic stories of Agrippina’s murder, asserting that Nero tried (and failed) to kill her with a boat engineered to sink, before sending his men to do the job.
Agrippina allegedly told them to stab her in the womb that bore Nero, her last words clearly borrowed from stage plays.
It is entirely possible, as claimed by Nero himself, that Agrippina chose (or was more likely forced) to take her own life after her plot against her son was discovered.
Early in his rule, Nero had to contend with a rebellion in the newly conquered province of Britain.
In AD 60–61, Queen Boudica of the Iceni tribe led a revolt against the Romans, attacking and laying waste to important Roman settlements. The possible causes of the rebellion were numerous – the greed of the Romans exploiting the newly conquered territories, the recalling of loans made to local leaders, ongoing conflict in Wales and, above all, violence against the family of Prasutagus, Boudica’s husband and king of the Iceni.
Boudica and the rebels destroyed Colchester, London and St Albans before being heavily defeated by Roman troops. After the uprising, the governor of Britain Suetonius Paulinus introduced harsher laws against the Britons, until Nero replaced him with the more conciliatory governor Publius Petronius Turpilianus.
The marriage between Nero and Octavia, aged 15 and 13/14 at the time, was arranged by their parents in order to further legitimise Nero’s claim to the throne. Octavia was the daughter of the emperor Claudius from a previous marriage, so when Claudius married Agrippina and adopted her son Nero, Nero and Octavia became brother and sister. In order to arrange their marriage, Octavia had to be adopted into another family.
Their marriage was not a happy one. According to ancient writers, Nero had various affairs until his lover Poppaea Sabina convinced him to divorce his wife. Octavia was first exiled then executed in AD 62 on adultery charges. According to ancient writers, her banishment and death caused great unrest among the public, who sympathised with the dutiful Octavia.
No further motives were offered for Octavia’s death other than Nero’s passion for Poppaea, and we will probably never know what transpired at court. The fact that Octavia couldn’t produce an heir while Poppaea was pregnant with Nero’s daughter likely played an important role in deciding Octavia’s fate.
On 19 July AD 64, a fire started close to the Circus Maximus. The flames soon encompassed the entire city of Rome and the fire raged for nine days. Only four of the 14 districts of the capital were spared, while three were completely destroyed.
Rome had already been razed by flames – and would be again in its long history – but this event was so severe it came to be known as the Great Fire of Rome.
Later historians blamed Nero for the event, claiming that he set the capital ablaze in order to clear land for the construction of a vast new palace. According to Suetonius and Cassius Dio, Nero took in the view of the burning city from the imperial residence while playing the lyre and singing about the fall of Troy. This story, however, is fictional.
Tacitus, the only historian who was actually alive at the time of the Great Fire of Rome (although only 8 years old), wrote that Nero was not even in Rome when the fire started, but returned to the capital and led the relief efforts.
Tacitus, Suetonius and Cassius Dio all describe Nero as being blinded by passion for his wife Poppaea, yet they accuse him of killing her, allegedly by kicking her in an outburst of rage while she was pregnant.
Interestingly, pregnant women being kicked to death by enraged husbands is a recurring theme in ancient literature, used to explore the (self) destructive tendencies of autocrats. The Greek writer Herodotus tells the story of how the Persian king Cambyses kicked his pregnant wife in the stomach, causing her death. A similar episode is told of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. Nero is just one of many allegedly ‘mad’ tyrants for which this literary convention was used.
Poppaea probably died from complications connected with her pregnancy and not at Nero’s hands. She was given a lavish funeral and was deified.
Centred on greater Iran, the Parthian empire was a major political and cultural power and a long-standing enemy of Rome. The two powers had long been contending for control over the buffer state of Armenia and open conflict sparked again during Nero’s rule. The Parthian War started in AD 58 and, after initial victories and following set-backs, ended in AD 63 when a diplomatic solution was reached between Nero and the Parthian king Vologases I.
According to this settlement Tiridates, brother of the Parthian king, would rule over Armenia, but only after having travelled all the way to Rome to be crowned by Nero.
The journey lasted 9 months, Tiridates’ retinue included 3,000 Parthian horsemen and many Roman soldiers. The coronation ceremony took place in the summer of AD 66 and the day was celebrated with much pomp: all the people of Rome saw the new king of Armenia kneeling in front of Nero. This was the Golden Day of Nero’s rule
In AD 68, Vindex, the governor of Gaul (France), rebelled against Nero and declared his support for Galba, the governor of Spain. Vindex was defeated in battle by troops loyal to Nero, yet Galba started gaining more military support.
It was at this point that Nero lost the support of Rome’s people due to a grain shortage, caused by a rebellious commander who cut the crucial food supply from Egypt to the capital. Abandoned by the people and declared an enemy of the state by the senate, Nero tried to flee Rome and eventually committed suicide.
Following his death, Nero’s memory was condemned (a practice called damnatio memoriae) and the images of the emperor were destroyed, removed or reworked. However, Nero was still given an expensive funeral and for a long time people decorated his tomb with flowers, some even believing he was still alive.
After Nero’s death, civil war ensued. At the end of the so-called ‘Year of the Four Emperors’ (AD 69), Vespasian became emperor and started a new dynasty: the Flavians.
[Francesca Bologna, curator, for British Museum]
Taken in the British Museum
My daughter playing for the Canadian National Handball Team vs the USA National Team in the first of a two game series. Katya played very well in her first Senior International competition.
Canada lost to the USA 22-20 in Auburn, Alabama.
The two teams will play again in Montreal in two days time, a must win for Canada.
© 2018 Paul Chan - Canada. Photos are copyrighted. All rights reserved. Pictures can not be used without explicit permission by the creator.
Historias representadas en cada puerta de cada casa de cada calle en La Candelaria, Bogotá, Colombia.
Many modern caganers represent celebrities, like presently great footballers of the Barça (Barcelona Football Club) and authority figures. By representing them with their pants down, the caganer serves as a leveling device to bring the mighty down.
As to the charge of blasphemy, as Catalan anthropologist Miguel Delgado has pointed out, the grotesque, rather than a negation of the divine may actually signify an intensification of the sacred, for what could be more grotesque than the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, a bloody public torture and execution as the defining moment in the story of Christianity.]
In his essay The Civic Virtues of the Defecator, American anthropologist Brad Erickson argues that Catalans use the caganer to process and respond to contemporary social issues such as immigration and the imposition of public civility regulations.
A Caganer is a figurine depicted in the act of defecation appearing in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture such as Andorra, Valencia and Northern Catalonia (in southern France). It is most popular and widespread in these areas, but can also be found in other areas of Spain (Murcia), Portugal and southern Italy (Naples).The name "El Caganer” literally means "the crapper" or "the shitter". Traditionally, the figurine is depicted as a peasant, wearing the traditional Catalan red cap (the "barretina") and with his trousers down, showing a bare backside, and defecating.
The caganer is a particular and highly popular feature of modern Catalan nativity scenes. It is believed to have entered the nativity scene by the late 17th or early 18th century, during the Baroque period. Eminent folklorist Joan Amades called it an essential piece and the most popular figure of the nativity scene. It can also be found in other parts of southwestern Europe, including Murcia, the region just south of the Valencia in Spain (where they are called cagones), Naples (cacone or pastore che caca) and Portugal (cagões). Accompanying Mary, Joseph, Jesus, the shepherds and company, the caganer is often tucked away in a corner of the model, typically nowhere near the manger scene. A tradition in the Catalan Countries is to have children find the hidden figure.
Marine Chris Sherrington, representing Team Scotland celebrates his Judo Commonwealth Games 2014 Gold Medal in Glasgow.
Marine Sherrington, won gold against Ruan Snyman in the over 100kgs category.
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Song - In my daughter's eyes by Martina McBride
In my daughter's eyes I am a hero
I am strong and wise and I know no fear
But the truth is plain to see
She was sent to rescue me
I see who I wanna be
In my daughter's eyes
In my daughter's eyes everyone is equal
Darkness turns to light and the
world is at peace
This miracle God gave to me gives me
strength when I am weak
I find reason to believe
In my daughter's eyes
And when she wraps her hand
around my finger
Oh it puts a smile in my heart
Everything becomes a little clearer
I realize what life is all about
It's hangin' on when your heart
has had enough
It's giving more when you feel like giving up
I've seen the light
It's in my daugter's eyes
In my daughter's eyes I can see the future
A reflection of who I am and what will be
Though she'll grow and someday leave
Maybe raise a family
When I'm gone I hope you see how happy
she made me
For I'll be there
In my daughter's eyes