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A construction worker guides a weighted super sack to create a temporary dam around the bridge work zone. After creating a dam, crews will catch fish with nets and relocate them in water-filled buckets downstream, away from the work zone. Once fish are relocated and water is diverted, crews can finish bridge building and remove the barriers to fish passage under SR 18. They only have a couple of months to finish "in-water" work before the "fish window" ends. The stream bypass and fish relocation occurred in early July, 2023.
When a relationship takes the next step and cohabitation is on the table it will mean joining households from silverware to #furniture. Thinking about doing it and even planning a housewarming party is fun until it is time to pack up one household goods to merge it with the other partner's belongings. This is when some tips for moving are extremely helpful.
The Reasons
Deciding to move in together might be an easy decision, but it should also be for the right reasons. Spending time at a partner's house and keeping a toothbrush there is not enough of a reason in the scheme of things. Just like both people saving on rent is not a good reason even if half of the time together is spent at one person's home, since the other half of the time is spent separately. #Moving in together will change the dynamic of the relationship, which means there should be a real discussion about if it is the right time to move the relationship forward.
Moving to Where?
Once the decision is discussed and it is agreed the reason to move in together is to further the relationship. The next step the next decision will need to be whose home to move into or will you both move to a new house. When moving to a new house there is the advantage of having the feeling of "our home" rather than their house or my house. It is a shared home, instead of a house that is already decorated, furniture and other #household items in place with the person moving in only merging their belongings. There is no feeling of room being made in a dresser drawer or closet, instead with a new place it is putting everything together in its place. It is a blending of two separate lives and this will mean packing up both households into Cardboard Boxes.
The Fun Part of Adult Decisions
Moving in together can be exciting and fun to consider but then the reality of being an adult must be discussed. One topic should be whose name or will both be on the lease and utilities? This includes finances and how bills would be handled. This should be done prior to packing the first Cardboard Boxes or signing a lease. Will the rent and other bills be paid fifty-fifty or will the partner with a higher income help by paying extra? Who will be paying the bills and how will groceries be split and who will do the shopping? Whose name or will both names be on the utilities? Having this discussion is essential to avoid problems later after moving everything in and finding out these things create friction or worse by affecting credit when utilities are turned off.
The next part of the discussion should include the rules, such as who will be responsible for laundry, cleaning, taking out the trash and other chores. This may seem a silly part of the conversation but it is important to be clear who will be expected to be responsible or will all the chores be shared. Does one partner get home from work earlier than the other and can make meals? Does one partner have weekends off that will clean? Adult decisions are not always fun but are practical #conversations to have when moving into one house.
Decorating
Decorating is one of those situations that one partner may have ideas of what they want while not considering what the other person wants. This is another conversation that should be had to ensure both partners are happy about the move.
The other important part of moving in together is having a private space, whether it is to read, surf on the computer or does some kind of craft or hobby. Even people living together need some apart time when at home after the newness wears off.
Located on the Coquihalla (Highway 5), the Zopkios Brake Check was recently upgraded, making it easier and safer for commercial truck drivers to test their brakes – a benefit for commercial and regular traffic alike.
Workmen relocating 220 kV wires to a new transmission tower in the Melbourne suburb of Watsonia to make way for the North-East Link freeway.
Interceptor line relocation underway
CORONA, Calif. — U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Los Angeles District Commander Col. Mark Toy participated in ground breaking ceremonies at the relocation of the Santa Ana River Interceptor line Oct. 11.
The SARI line is a regional sanitary sewer line that serves Yorba Linda, east Anaheim, Orange, Santa Ana, Fountain Valley and portions of Garden Grove.
According to the Santa Ana Watershed Project Authority, the SARI line was built nearly 40 years ago and was 20 feet below the surface. Decades of scouring and last year’s December storms threatened the line and required a reduced flow from Prado Dam and reinforcement by county workers at two locations to protect it.
“Thanks to our partners, this work will have a significant impact along the course of the Santa Ana River Mainstem project,” said Toy.
In support of the Mainstem project, Prado Dam’s flood basin has been increased by more than 140,000 acre-feet and river banks have been widened and strengthened below the dam to handle its new release capacity of 30,000 cubic feet per second, previously limited to 5,000 cfs.
The SARI line’s new course will mostly parallel State Route 91. Where it has to pass under the river, it will be well below the calculated scour depth for the estimated operational life of the project, which is 100 years.
As part of the ceremony participants got to sign a section of the 54-inch pipeline. Toy took the opportunity to endorse the project with the District motto, "Building Strong and Taking Care of People."
Triax TD88 Galvanised Steel Satellite Dish & Pole Mount Fittings 88 cm
This satellite dish served me well when I worked abroad, and was big enough to get UK Sky signals from Eastern Europe! When I relocated back to the UK, the moving company took it down, packed it up and shipped it off to England with the rest of my stuff. I have no need for it in Hertfordshire and it's now merely taking up much needed space. Time to move it on to someone who can use it!
It's in exceptionally good condition, and this set of photographs on Flickr speak for themselves.
Finished in a light grey powder coating, these dishes feature a special "Fold-Up" boom arm for easy stowage, in the minimum of space. Exceptionally well suited for use with Motorhomes, Caravans, Narrowboats, etc. as it can be mounted easily on to a lightweight free-standing tripod stand. Conversely it can be attached to any vertical pole up to 2.5" in diameter. Unlike mesh steel dishes, this dish is of a solid format that not only improves reception, but is ideally suited to the rigours of packing and unpacking.
DESCRIPTION
Almost any dish can provide the signals needed to get a clear TV-picture. But will consumer satisfaction last, if signals deteriorate due to corrosion of the reflector or if the dish is damaged by a storm?
TD dishes minimize problems of any kind. Long-term corrosion is prevented by an extremely thorough anti-corrosive process and polyester coating. A solid construction of all parts, including the non-slip mast brackets, ensures that the dish remains in its correct position, when other dishes are torn down or twisted by a heavy storm. Mounted and adjusted in two minutes. Saving trouble and money is not only a long-term consumer benefit. TD dishes allow a substantial reduction in time used for mounting and adjusting:
• The elevation bracket is pre-mounted and is easily fixed to the mast with non-slip mast brackets
• A setting scale on the elevation brackets facilitates precise adjustment to the required satellite
• The pre-mounted feedarm just needs unfolding, and the LNB holder with the LNB is simply clicked on
Manufactured by Triax UK Ltd, the TD series of satellite dish antennas clearly stands out from all the other dishes on the market.
FEATURES
• High quality design
• Oval-shaped: 88x95cm version
• Pre-mounted folding feedarm
• LNB holder with clip-on bracket (Ø40mm and Ø25mm)
• Simple installation and adjustment
• LNB cable can be routed through the feedarm
• Stable, non-slip mast bracket with U-bolts
• Galvanised steel with Polyester powder coat
• Includes Triax sky satellite dish pole mount bracket clamp mounting kit
• Includes triple LNB holder and two used LNB's (Genesis 3 and a Strong Universal Single LNBF Model SRT L915) - condition uncertain.
SPECIFICATIONS
• Model: TD88
• Part Number: 5702661228124
• Frequency Range: 10.7-12.75
• Gain (@11.7GHz): 38.8dBi
• G/T (NF LNB 0.7dB): 19.2dB/K
• Offset Angle: 26°
• Elevation Range: 10°-50°, 45°-80°
• Beamwidth: 2.0°
• Windload (@42m/s): 902N
• Mast Dimensions (mm): 32-50
• Dimensions (cm): 85x95
Read more about the Triax TD series of satellite dishes on page 2 of the Triax brochure.
Sold as seen, without guarantee.
Collection only, please, from St. Albans, Hertfordshire, AL1. If buyer really wants to use a courier service, actual costs will be charged.
See eBay posting.
The City of Renton, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Potelco and PSE all partnered to help relocate an osprey nest in Renton from a power pole to a new nesting pole.
As seen the day after the relocation, the Osprey are back in their nest, and the existing power pole has anti-nesting devices placed on it.
To learn more about PSE and the environment, please visit pse.com.
Relocation? A trouble whenever a person have to face to a relocation in his/ her life. Since relocating from one city to another is always a tough work for any individual. The entire process is so complex that all peoples wish not to face such a complex situation in their lige. @ www.bestpackersnmovers.com/relocationservices.html
Business Relocations Done With the Best Technical Help
Moving Businesses With No Downtime! Office Relocation Made Easy. Call The Expert
Business Relocations Companies in London is frequently the consequence of a Office Moving Company extension or the end of its present lease. An extending business is not a terrible thing. Then again, once a business starts to develop, more office space is frequently required. Whether you are moving from a home office starting with onto the next workspace or migrating starting with one business constructing then onto the next, picking an office space for your relocation services business is not simple. When you have picked your business relocations Company in London services new area, the move itself is the following extension you will need to cross.
Moving IT Equipment: Office Moving Companies Near me
business relocations Company
business relocations Company
The business relocations Company services are present considerable authority in moving IT Equipment. The relocation services pro groups can unplug, pack, migrate, set up and test your relocation services organizations PC’s and information gadgets. The relocation services have experience extending from fundamental PC setup to various hard-drives and screen workstations. The relocation services staff is likewise accomplished in the evacuation of screen stands and fastening screens. The relocation services will likewise interface telephone lines and quality check every gathering to create any dead spots that may influence business progression.
Business Removalists Capacity Services:
The Business Relocations Companies in London services give an across the country system of protected and secure storerooms. A considerable lot of the relocation services business customers decide to control their capacity through the relocation services Asset Management System (AMS) for Track and Traceability. The relocation services have opened new reason manufactured destinations in Hamilton, Christchurch, Nelson and Auckland. The greater part of the relocation services offices meets pertinent construction standards, neighborhood chamber and flame administration necessities and are subjected to a scope of day by day, month to month and yearly checks. Contact for more data
Transfer & Recycling Services:
We give an extensive transfer administration to organizations looking to strip themselves of surplus office furniture, reports, IT gear and so forth. A key piece of our ecological system is to reuse and reuse through the unloading and gift of these things. Reach for more data
Carton less Relocation System:
MTC Office Relocation London Commercial Moving Companies we propose the utilisation of our ecologically benevolent carton less migration frameworks. We can supplant containers with 100% recyclable Office Crates Hire Company . Each one Crate could be fixed with a special tag for any safe reports and are preassembled for convenience. Each one set of 4 Crates sits all alone trolley which lessens the taking care of obliged and empowers a speedier, less expensive and more productive move. Reach for more data
Contract movers and cleaners 1 to 3 prior months the move
Arranging ahead is vital, as the move starting with one office space then onto the next ought to go off without a hitch. On the off chance that you want to contract movers or a cleaning administration to help with the procedure, right now is an ideal opportunity to do it. Verify you look into the organizations and run with a business that can give suggestions.
This may be the first office move for you and your services’ business, however at Business Relocations Company in London services have done many these moves, and they’ve seen everything.
How to plan a successful office relocation find out more…
Moving office tips and advice find out more…
One phone call and within minutes, our gentle, friendly Godzilla-sized fox goes to work. :)
Clipart and photos assembled with GIMP.
Beaver (inside the woody lodge) get acclimated to their new habitat. Eventually they will chew their way out and build new dams and lodges, improving the ecology and water quality of the habitat.
The City of Renton, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Potelco and PSE all partnered to help relocate an osprey nest in Renton from a power pole to a new nesting pole.
Here, an Osprey is seeing landing on the nest as it rests, unsafely, on a PSE power pole.
To learn more about PSE and the environment, please visit pse.com.
La Joute (The Joust), a public sculptural installation executed by Jean-Paul Riopelle in 1969 was formerly located in the Parc Olympique. It was relocation to the Place Jean-Paul Riopelle in 2003 as part of the redevelopment of the Quartier international de Montréal, provoking protes5t from residents of Hochelaga-Maissonneuve, who claimed the work was deprived of the its context.
The ensemble of bronze sculptures contains a central fountain surrounded by a number of freestanding abstract animal and human figures inside and outside the fountain basin. The fountain operates on a kinetic sequence that takes about 32 minutes to complete and begins a few minutes before the half hour, every hour from 7 to 11 p.m. during the summer. The sequence starts when the fountain jet expands to form a dome over the sculptures. Then at the back end of the park the grates on the ground start to mist. The 12 grates each mist, one after the other in sequence, taking about 90 seconds to sequence from one to another until they reach the fountain. After about 18 minutes, machines inside the fountain start to produce a particularly dense cloud. The fountain jet then turns into a dribble. On the hour, nozzles in a ring surrounding the central sculpture within the basin shoot up jets of natural gas through the water; these are lit by flame sources installed in the daises of some of the sculptures, producing a dramatic ring of flame. The flame lasts for about seven minutes. The fountain itself stops. The misting stops, and then the fire is "doused" by the fountain which has restarted. The mist sequence, without the fire in the fountain, occurs every hour throughout the day.
Place Jean-Paul Riopelle, a public square built on an old exterior parking lot over the trench, a covered section of Autoroute Ville-Marie, was named in honor of Riopelle. The square features 88 trees in an "urban forest"--eleven different species from maple to hickory, all indigenous to the Montréal area.
Members of the 135th and 175th Maintenance Squadron’s crash recovery teams, Maryland Air National Guard, monitor the air pressure of the lifting bags that will lift the F-86 static display Nov. 5, at Warfield Air National Guard Base, Baltimore, MD. The team of over 50 worked to move the Korean War aircraft to make room for the new 135th operations building. (Photo By Staff Sgt. Benjamin Hughes)
Crews are working around traffic loops and relocating some electrical work while they grind and pave SR 20 Spur between Commercial Avenue and the ferry terminal in Anacortes.
The City of Renton, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Potelco and PSE all partnered to help relocate an osprey nest in Renton from a power pole to a new nesting pole.
A Potelco lineman examines the existing Osprey nest prior to relocation.
To learn more about PSE and the environment, please visit pse.com.
Sickkk show at the Canvas Venue the other night. Sweeeet set up.
Film
Sooc
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The Security Institution Unit (SIU) of the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in the Central African Republic (MINUSCA) coordinates a weekly food support distributed by International Organization for Migration (IOM) to over 2,000 ex-Seleka combatants at three camp sites in Bangui on 15 July 2014.
The support is the first phase of a joint mission by the African-led International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA), Operation SANGARIS, IOM, and MINUSCA in facilitating the disarmament and relocation of the ex-Seleka combatants to their community of origin.
UN Photo/Catianne Tijerina
Professional Packers Movers In Noida 9311950079
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Professional Packers and movers provides best services for relocation to the house product, official product, industrial and factories product, pet animals and vehicles with wonderful Technology and safety altogether over Asian country.
Because of how the blonde had a lot more surface damage, odor issues, loose elastic and balding spots, I decided that masking tape feet guy could have benefitted better from the parts than him.
So with a bit of yanking and crying, Masking Tape guy had the limbs of Blondie, and hands from an Obitsu male Normal body’s hands, which, btw has the perfect sized posts to fit into Vintage Joe arms.
Alpha Joe didn’t have much to do except I swapped out his hands with a pair of repro GI Joe hands so I’m pretty proud to have almost two complete Vintage Joes for Under $10. Their hair is pretty darn full of flocking too, I just need to carefully pick out the dust and lint that has matted it, as well as touch up their paint and scruffed noses.
poor Blondie though is just parts bait til i figure out what to do with him.
Picture taken 10/30/21
Relocated from their original location near B&BW to here in the old DressBarn.
Please contact me via FlickrMail
or on Gmail
if you'd like to use any of my photographs.
Gmail: gabegamesog@gmail.com
The ENG Grip Relocator combines our Grip Relocator for the Canon C100-300-500* with a 15mm lightweight spaced rod mount designed to put the grip directly to the side of the rods – similar to a traditional ENG style camera.
To mount this combination to your rig, simply slide the mount onto a set of 15mm rails running underneath your camera and tighten with the red lever. Our Studio Baseplate with 12" rods for Canon C100-C300-C500 or Gorilla Baseplate for Canon C100-C300-C500, Scarlet and Epic Cameras with some 7” Male/Female rods attached would be perfect for the ENG Grip Relocator for Canon C100-C300-C500.
The Canon C100/300* removable grip attaches directly to our Relocator handle and our exclusive right angle cable connects to the port on your camera. Once its plugged in, users have trigger or on/off control, lens aperture control, and a programmable function button that can be set to a number of things including waveform, 1 to 1 zoom, zebras, my menu, and many more. The cable is 24" long.
If you would rather attach the Grip Relocator for the Canon C100-300-500 to an articulating hand grip please click here to see some other options.
* The Grip Relocator can be used with the C500. However, the C500 camera does not come with the Canon Grip. You must purchase that separately from Canon.
The two ALMA transporters approaching side by side to relocate both antennas. ALMA antennas are being spread over the Chajnantor Plateau
Barricades waiting patiently to be installed on Stockton Street between O'Farrell and Market streets
Site of relocated 1932 Los Angeles Olympic Village cottages, Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu California.
According to a 1984 Los Angeles Times article, "one of these Malibu cottages has been remodeled and enlarged but is essentially the same 'temporary' building that housed four athletes in the Olympic Village in 1932.
Most of the 600 buildings on the 250-acre site were sold as scrap material immediately after the games, many were hauled away in parts and reassembled in various locations."
Porst Compact Reflex SP on ORWO NC3 35mm film, expired January 1974, shot at ISO 6.
The ORWO name carries a long tradition of fine photographic emulsions going back to 1910 and is still made on the site of the original factory in Wolfen, Germany. (OR WO comes from Original Wolfen)
-Labeauratoire.com
The Grand Palace is a complex of buildings at the heart of Bangkok, Thailand. The palace has been the official residence of the Kings of Siam (and later Thailand) since 1782. The king, his court, and his royal government were based on the grounds of the palace until 1925. King Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX), resided at the Chitralada Royal Villa and his successor King Vajiralongkorn (Rama X) at the Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, both in the Dusit Palace, but the Grand Palace is still used for official events. Several royal ceremonies and state functions are held within the walls of the palace every year. The palace is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Thailand.
Construction of the palace began on 6 May 1782, at the order of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I), the founder of the Chakri Dynasty, when he moved the capital city from Thonburi to Bangkok. Throughout successive reigns, many new buildings and structures were added, especially during the reign of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V). By 1925, the king, the Royal Family and the government were no longer permanently settled at the palace, and had moved to other residences. After the abolition of absolute monarchy in 1932, all government agencies completely moved out of the palace.
In shape, the palace complex is roughly rectangular and has a combined area of 218,400 square metres (2,351,000 sq ft), surrounded by four walls. It is situated on the banks of the Chao Phraya River at the heart of the Rattanakosin Island, today in the Phra Nakhon District. The Grand Palace is bordered by Sanam Luang and Na Phra Lan Road to the north, Maharaj Road to the west, Sanam Chai Road to the east and Thai Wang Road to the south.
Rather than being a single structure, the Grand Palace is made up of numerous buildings, halls, pavilions set around open lawns, gardens and courtyards. Its asymmetry and eclectic styles are due to its organic development, with additions and rebuilding being made by successive reigning kings over 200 years of history. It is divided into several quarters: the Temple of the Emerald Buddha; the Outer Court, with many public buildings; the Middle Court, including the Phra Maha Monthien Buildings, the Phra Maha Prasat Buildings and the Chakri Maha Prasat Buildings; the Inner Court and the Siwalai Gardens quarter. The Grand Palace is currently partially open to the public as a museum, but it remains a working palace, with several royal offices still situated inside.
The construction of the Grand Palace began on 6 May 1782, at the order of King Phutthayotfa Chulalok (Rama I). Having seized the crown from King Taksin of Thonburi, King Rama I was intent on building a capital city for his new Chakri dynasty. He moved the seat of power from the city of Thonburi, on the west side of the Chao Phraya River, to the east side at Bangkok. The new capital city was turned into an artificial island when canals were dug along the east side. The island was given the name 'Rattanakosin'. The previous royal residence was the Derm Palace, constructed for King Taksin in 1768. The old royal palace in Thonburi was small and sandwiched between two temples; Wat Arun and Wat Tai Talat, prohibiting further expansion.
The new palace was built on a rectangular piece of land on the very west side of the island, between Wat Pho to the south, Wat Mahathat to the north and with the Chao Phraya River on the west. This location was previously occupied by a Chinese community, whom King Rama I ordered to relocate to an area south and outside of the city walls; the area is now Bangkok's Chinatown.
Desperate for materials and short on funds, the palace was initially built entirely out of wood, its various structures surrounded by a simple log palisade. On 10 June 1782, the king ceremonially crossed the river from Thonburi to take permanent residence in the new palace. Three days later on 13 June, the king held an abbreviated coronation ceremony, thus becoming the first monarch of the new Rattanakosin Kingdom. Over the next few years the king began replacing wooden structures with masonry, rebuilding the walls, forts, gates, throne halls and royal residences. This rebuilding included the royal chapel, which would come to house the Emerald Buddha.
To find more material for these constructions, King Rama I ordered his men to go upstream to the old capital city of Ayutthaya, which was destroyed in 1767 during a war between Burma and Siam. They dismantled structures and removed as many bricks as they could find, while not removing any from the temples. They began by taking materials from the forts and walls of the city. By the end they had completely leveled the old royal palaces. The bricks were ferried down the Chao Phraya by barges, where they were eventually incorporated into the walls of Bangkok and the Grand Palace itself. Most of the initial construction of the Grand Palace during the reign of King Rama I was carried out by conscripted or corvée labour. After the final completion of the ceremonial halls of the palace, the king held a full traditional coronation ceremony in 1785.
The layout of the Grand Palace followed that of the Royal Palace at Ayutthaya in location, organization, and in the divisions of separate courts, walls, gates and forts. Both palaces featured a proximity to the river. The location of a pavilion serving as a landing stage for barge processions also corresponded with that of the old palace. To the north of the Grand Palace there is a large field, the Thung Phra Men (now called Sanam Luang), which is used as an open space for royal ceremonies and as a parade ground. There was also a similar field in Ayutthaya, which was used for the same purpose. The road running north leads to the Front Palace, the residence of the Vice King of Siam.
The Grand Palace is divided into four main courts, separated by numerous walls and gates: the Outer Court, the Middle Court, the Inner Court and the Temple of the Emerald Buddha. Each of these court's functions and access are clearly defined by laws and traditions. The Outer Court is in the northwestern part of the Grand Palace; within are the royal offices and (formerly) state ministries. To the northeast is the Temple of the Emerald Buddha, the royal chapel, and home of the Emerald Buddha. The Middle Court housed the most important state apartments and ceremonial throne halls of the king. The Inner Court, at the south end of the complex, was reserved only for females, as it housed the king's harem.
During the reign of King Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II), the area of the Grand Palace was expanded southwards up to the walls of Wat Pho. Previously this area was home to offices of various palace officials. This expansion increased the area of the palace from 213,674 square metres (2,299,970 sq ft) to 218,400 square metres (2,351,000 sq ft). New walls, forts, and gates were constructed to accommodate the enlarged compound. Since this expansion, the palace has remained within its walls with new construction and changes being made only on the inside.
In accordance with tradition, the palace was initially referred to only as the Phra Ratcha Wang Luang (พระราชวังหลวง) or 'Royal Palace', similar to the old palace in Ayutthaya. However, during the reign of King Mongkut (Rama IV) the name Phra Boromma Maha Ratcha Wang or 'Grand Palace' was first used in official documents. This change of name was made during the elevation of Prince Chutamani (the king's younger brother) to the title of Second King Pinklao in 1851. The proclamation of his title described the royal palace as the 'supreme' (บรม; Borom) and 'great' (มหา; Maha) palace. This title was given in order to distinguish the palace from the Second King's palace (the Front Palace), which was described as the Phra Bovorn Ratcha Wang (พระบวรราชวัง) or the 'glorious' (บวร; Bovorn) palace.
Throughout the period of absolute monarchy, from 1782 to 1932, the Grand Palace was both the country's administrative and religious centre. As the main residence of the monarch, the palace was also the seat of government, with thousands of inhabitants including guardsmen, servants, concubines, princesses, ministers, and courtiers. The palace's high whitewashed castellated walls and extensive forts and guard posts mirrored those of the walls of Bangkok itself, and thus the Grand Palace was envisioned as a city within a city. For this reason a special set of palace laws were created to govern the inhabitants and to establish hierarchy and order.
By the 1920s, a series of new palaces were constructed elsewhere for the king's use; these included the more modern Dusit Palace, constructed in 1903, and Phaya Thai Palace in 1909. These other Bangkok residences began to replace the Grand Palace as the primary place of residence of the monarch and his court. By 1925 this gradual move out of the palace was complete. The growth and centralization of the Siamese state also meant that the various government ministries have grown in size and were finally moved out of the Grand Palace to their own premises. Despite this the Grand Palace remained the official and ceremonial place of residence as well as the stage set for elaborate ancient ceremonies of the monarchy. The end of the absolute monarchy came in 1932, when a revolution overthrew the ancient system of government and replaced it with a constitutional monarchy.
Today the Grand Palace is still a centre of ceremony and of the monarchy, and serves as a museum and tourist attraction as well.
The Outer Court or Khet Phra Racha Than Chan Nork (เขตพระราชฐานชั้นนอก) of the Grand Palace is situated to the northwest of the palace (the northeast being occupied by the Temple of the Emerald Buddha). Entering through the main Visetchaisri Gate, the Temple of the Emerald Buddha is located to the left, with many public buildings located to the right.
These buildings include the headquarters and information centre of the Grand Palace and the Bureau of the Royal Household. Other important buildings inside the court include the Sala Sahathai Samakhom (ศาลาสหทัยสมาคม), used for important receptions and meetings. The Sala Luk Khun Nai (ศาลาลูกขุนใน) is an office building housing various departments of the Royal Household. The main office of the Royal Institute of Thailand was also formerly located here. The Outer Court has a small museum called the Pavilion of Regalia, Royal Decorations and Coins. The Phimanchaisri Gate opens directly unto the Chakri Maha Prasat Throne Hall and is the main portal from the Outer Court into the Middle Court.
Historically this court was referred to as Fai Na (ฝ่ายหน้า, literally In the front), and also served as the seat of the royal government, with various ministerial offices, a theatre, stables for the king's elephants, barracks for the royal guards, the royal mint and an arsenal. By 1925, all government agencies and workers had vacated the site and all of the buildings were converted for use by the Royal Household.
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies 1,568.7 square kilometres (605.7 sq mi) in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated population of 10.539 million as of 2020, 15.3 percent of the country's population. Over 14 million people (22.2 percent) lived within the surrounding Bangkok Metropolitan Region at the 2010 census, making Bangkok an extreme primate city, dwarfing Thailand's other urban centres in both size and importance to the national economy.
Bangkok traces its roots to a small trading post during the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 15th century, which eventually grew and became the site of two capital cities, Thonburi in 1768 and Rattanakosin in 1782. Bangkok was at the heart of the modernization of Siam, later renamed Thailand, during the late-19th century, as the country faced pressures from the West. The city was at the centre of Thailand's political struggles throughout the 20th century, as the country abolished absolute monarchy, adopted constitutional rule, and underwent numerous coups and several uprisings. The city, incorporated as a special administrative area under the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration in 1972, grew rapidly during the 1960s through the 1980s and now exerts a significant impact on Thailand's politics, economy, education, media and modern society.
The Asian investment boom in the 1980s and 1990s led many multinational corporations to locate their regional headquarters in Bangkok. The city is now a regional force in finance and business. It is an international hub for transport and health care, and has emerged as a centre for the arts, fashion, and entertainment. The city is known for its street life and cultural landmarks, as well as its red-light districts. The Grand Palace and Buddhist temples including Wat Arun and Wat Pho stand in contrast with other tourist attractions such as the nightlife scenes of Khaosan Road and Patpong. Bangkok is among the world's top tourist destinations, and has been named the world's most visited city consistently in several international rankings.
Bangkok's rapid growth coupled with little urban planning has resulted in a haphazard cityscape and inadequate infrastructure. Despite an extensive expressway network, an inadequate road network and substantial private car usage have led to chronic and crippling traffic congestion, which caused severe air pollution in the 1990s. The city has since turned to public transport in an attempt to solve the problem, operating eight urban rail lines and building other public transit, but congestion still remains a prevalent issue. The city faces long-term environmental threats such as sea level rise due to climate change.
The history of Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, dates at least to the early 15th century, when it was under the rule of Ayutthaya. Due to its strategic location near the mouth of the Chao Phraya River, the town gradually increased in importance, and after the fall of Ayutthaya King Taksin established his new capital of Thonburi there, on the river's west bank. King Phutthayotfa Chulalok, who succeeded Taksin, moved the capital to the eastern bank in 1782, to which the city dates its foundation under its current Thai name, "Krung Thep Maha Nakhon". Bangkok has since undergone tremendous changes, growing rapidly, especially in the second half of the 20th century, to become the primate city of Thailand. It was the centre of Siam's modernization in the late 19th century, subjected to Allied bombing during the Second World War, and has long been the modern nation's central political stage, with numerous uprisings and coups d'état having taken place on its streets throughout the years.
It is not known exactly when the area which is now Bangkok was first settled. It probably originated as a small farming and trading community, situated in a meander of the Chao Phraya River within the mandala of Ayutthaya's influence. The town had become an important customs outpost by as early as the 15th century; the title of its customs official is given as Nai Phra Khanon Thonburi (Thai: นายพระขนอนทณบุรี) in a document from the reign of Ayutthayan king Chao Sam Phraya (1424–1448). The name also appears in the 1805 revised code of laws known as the Law of Three Seals.
At the time, the Chao Phraya flowed through what are now the Bangkok Noi and Bangkok Yai canals, forming a large loop in which lay the town. In the reign of King Chairacha (either in 1538 or 1542), a waterway was excavated, bypassing the loop and shortening the route for ships sailing up to Ayutthaya. The flow of the river has since changed to follow the new waterway, dividing the town and making the western part an island. This geographical feature may have given the town the name Bang Ko (บางเกาะ), meaning 'island village', which later became Bangkok (บางกอก, pronounced in Thai as [bāːŋ kɔ̀ːk]). Another theory regarding the origin of the name speculates that it is shortened from Bang Makok (บางมะกอก), makok being the name of Spondias pinnata, a plant bearing olive-like fruit. This is supported by the fact that Wat Arun, a historic temple in the area, used to be named Wat Makok. Specific mention of the town was first made in the royal chronicles from the reign of King Maha Chakkraphat (1548–1568), giving its name as Thonburi Si Mahasamut (ธนบุรีศรีมหาสมุทร). Bangkok was probably a colloquial name, albeit one widely adopted by foreign visitors.
The importance of Bangkok/Thonburi increased with the amount of Ayutthaya's maritime trade. Dutch records noted that ships passing through Bangkok were required to declare their goods and number of passengers, as well as pay customs duties. Ships' cannons would be confiscated and held there before they were allowed to proceed upriver to Ayutthaya. An early English language account is that of Adam Denton, who arrived aboard the Globe, an East India Company merchantman bearing a letter from King James I, which arrived in "the Road of Syam" (Pak Nam) on 15 August 1612, where the port officer of Bangkok attended to the ship. Denton's account mentions that he and his companions journeyed "up the river some twenty miles to a town called Bancope, where we were well received, and further 100 miles to the city...."
Ayutthaya's maritime trade was at its height during the reign of King Narai (1656–1688). Recognition of the city's strategic location guarding the water passage to Ayutthaya lead to expansion of the military presence there. A fort of Western design was constructed on the east side of the river around 1685–1687 under the supervision of French engineer de la Mare, probably replacing an earlier structure, while plans to rebuild the fort on the west bank were also made. De la Mare had arrived with the French embassy of Chevalier de Chaumont, and remained in Siam along with Chevalier de Forbin, who had been appointed governor of Bangkok. The Bangkok garrison under Forbin consisted of Siamese, Portuguese, and French reportedly totalling about one thousand men.
French control over the city was further consolidated when the French General Desfarges, who had arrived with the second French embassy in 1687, secured the king's permission to board troops there. This, however, lead to resentment among Siamese nobles, led by Phetracha, ultimately resulting in the Siamese revolution of 1688, in which King Narai was overthrown and 40,000 Siamese troops besieged Bangkok's eastern fort for four months before an agreement was reached and the French were allowed to withdraw. The revolution resulted in Siam's ties with the West being virtually severed, steering its trade towards China and Japan. The eastern fort was subsequently demolished on Phetracha's orders.
Ayutthaya was razed by the Burmese in 1767. In the following months, multiple factions competed for control of the kingdom's lands. Of these, Phraya Tak, governor of Tak and a general fighting in Ayutthaya's defence prior to its fall, emerged as the strongest. After succeeding in reclaiming the cities of Ayutthaya and Bangkok, Phraya Tak declared himself king (popularly known as King Taksin) in 1768 and established Thonburi as his capital. Reasons given for this change include the totality of Ayutthaya's destruction and Thonburi's strategic location. Being a fortified town with a sizeable population meant that not much would need to be reconstructed. The existence of an old Chinese trading settlement on the eastern bank allowed Taksin to use his Chinese connections to import rice and revive trade.
King Taksin had the city area extended northwards to border the Bangkok Noi Canal. A moat was dug to protect the city's western border, on which new city walls and fortifications were built. Moats and walls were also constructed on the eastern bank, encircling the city together with the canals on the western side. The king's palace (Thonburi Palace) was built within the old city walls, including the temples of Wat Chaeng (Wat Arun) and Wat Thai Talat (Wat Molilokkayaram) within the palace grounds. Outlying orchards were re-landscaped for rice farming.
Much of Taksin's reign was spent in military campaigns to consolidate the Thonburi Kingdom's hold over Siamese lands. His kingdom, however, would last only until 1782 when a coup was mounted against him, and the general Chao Phraya Chakri established himself as king, later to be known as Phutthayotfa Chulalok or Rama I.
Rama I re-established the capital on the more strategic east bank of the river, relocating the Chinese already settled there to the area between Wat Sam Pluem and Wat Sampheng (which developed into Bangkok's Chinatown). Fortifications were rebuilt, and another series of moats was created, encircling the city in an area known as Rattanakosin Island.
The erection of the city pillar on 21 April 1782 is regarded as the formal date of the city's establishment. (The year would later mark the start of the Rattanakosin Era after calendar reforms by King Rama V in 1888.) Rama I named the new city Krung Rattanakosin In Ayothaya (กรุงรัตนโกสินทร์อินท์อโยธยา). This was later modified by King Nangklao to be: Krungthepmahanakhon Bowonrattanakosin Mahintha-ayutthaya. While settlements on both banks were commonly called Bangkok, both the Burney Treaty of 1826 and the Roberts Treaty of 1833 refer to the capital as the City of Sia-Yut'hia. King Mongkut (Rama IV) would later give the city its full ceremonial name:
Rama I modelled his city after the former capital of Ayutthaya, with the Grand Palace, Front Palace and royal temples by the river, next to the royal field (now Sanam Luang). Continuing outwards were the royal court of justice, royal stables and military prison. Government offices were located within the Grand Palace, while residences of nobles were concentrated south of the palace walls. Settlements spread outwards from the city centre.
The new capital is referred to in Thai sources as Rattanakosin, a name shared by the Siamese kingdom of this historical period. The name Krung Thep and Krung Thep Maha Nakhon, both shortened forms of the full ceremonial name, began to be used near the end of the 19th century. Foreigners, however, continued to refer to the city by the name Bangkok, which has seen continued use until this day.
Most of Rama I's reign was also marked by continued military campaigns, though the Burmese threat gradually declined afterwards. His successors consistently saw to the renovation of old temples, palaces, and monuments in the city. New canals were also built, gradually expanding the fledgling city as areas available for agriculture increased and new transport networks were created.
At the time of the city's foundation, most of the population lived by the river or the canals, often in floating houses on the water. Waterways served as the main method of transportation, and farming communities depended on them for irrigation. Outside the city walls, settlements sprawled along both river banks. Forced settlers, mostly captives of war, also formed several ethnic communities outside the city walls.
Large numbers of Chinese immigrants continued to settle in Bangkok, especially during the early 19th century. Such was their prominence that Europeans visiting in the 1820s estimated that they formed over half of the city population. The Chinese excelled in trade, and led the development of a market economy. The Chinese settlement at Sampheng had become a bustling market by 1835.
By the mid-19th century, the West had become an increasingly powerful presence. Missionaries, envoys and merchants began re-visiting Bangkok and Siam, bringing with them both modern innovations and the threat of colonialism. King Mongkut (Rama IV, reigned 1851–1868) was open to Western ideas and knowledge, but was also forced to acknowledge their powers, with the signing of the Bowring Treaty in 1855. During his reign, industrialization began taking place in Bangkok, which saw the introduction of the steam engine, modern shipbuilding and the printing press. Influenced by the Western community, Charoen Krung Road, the city's first paved street, was constructed in 1862–1864. This was followed by Bamrung Mueang, Fueang Nakhon, Trong (now Rama IV) and Si Lom Roads. Land transport would later surpass the canals in importance, shifting people's homes from floating dwellings toward permanent buildings. The limits of the city proper were also expanded during his reign, extending to the Phadung Krung Kasem Canal, dug in 1851.
King Mongkut's son Chulalongkorn (r. 1868–1910) was set upon modernizing the country. He engaged in wide-ranging reforms, abolishing slavery, corvée (unfree labour) and the feudal system, and creating a centralized bureaucracy and a professional army. The Western concept of nationhood was adopted, and national borders demarcated against British and French territories. Disputes with the French resulted in the Paknam Incident in 1893, when the French sent gunboats up the Chao Phraya to blockade Bangkok, resulting in Siam's concession of territory to France.
With Chulalongkorn's reforms, governance of the capital and the surrounding areas, established as Monthon Krung Thep Phra Mahanakhon (มณฑลกรุงเทพพระมหานคร), came under the Ministry of Urban Affairs (Nakhonban). During his reign many more canals and roads were built, expanding the urban reaches of the capital. Infrastructure was developed, with the introduction of railway and telegraph services between Bangkok and Samut Prakan and then expanding countrywide. Electricity was introduced, first to palaces and government offices, then to serve electric trams in the capital and later the general public. The King's fascination with the West was reflected in the royal adoption of Western dress and fashions, but most noticeably in architecture. He commissioned the construction of the neoclassical Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall at the new Dusit Palace, which was linked to the historic city centre by the grand Ratchadamnoen Avenue, inspired by the Champs-Élysées in Paris. Examples of Western influence in architecture became visible throughout the city.
By 1900, rural market zones in Bangkok began developing into residential districts. Rama VI (1910–1925) continued his predecessor's program of the development of public works by establishing Chulalongkorn University in 1916, and commissioned a system of locks to control waterway levels surrounding the developing city, he also provided the city's first and largest recreational area, Lumphini Park. The Memorial Bridge was constructed in 1932 to connect Thonburi to Bangkok, which was believed to promote economic growth and modernization in a period when infrastructure was developing considerably. Bangkok became the centre stage for power struggles between the military and political elite as the country abolished absolute monarchy in 1932. It was subject to Japanese occupation and Allied bombing during World War II. With the war over in 1945, British and Indian troops landed in September, and during their brief occupation of the city disarmed the Japanese troops. A significant event following the return of the young king, Ananda Mahidol, to Thailand, intended to defuse post-war tensions lingering between Bangkok's ethnic Chinese and Thai people, was his visit to Bangkok's Chinatown Sam Peng Lane (ซอยสำเพ็ง), on 3 June 1946.
As a result of pro-Western bloc treaties Bangkok rapidly grew in the post-war period as a result of United States developmental aid and government-sponsored investment. Infrastructure, including the Don Mueang International Airport and highways, was built and expanded. Bangkok's role as an American military R&R destination launched its tourism industry as well as sex trade. Disproportionate urban development led to increasing income inequalities and unprecedented migration from rural areas into Bangkok; its population surged from 1.8 to 3 million in the 1960s. Following the United States' withdrawal from Vietnam, Japanese businesses took over as leaders in investment, and the expansion of export-oriented manufacturing led to growth of the financial market in Bangkok. Rapid growth of the city continued through the 1980s and early 1990s, until it was stalled by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. By then, many public and social issues had emerged, among them the strain on infrastructure reflected in the city's notorious traffic jams. Bangkok's role as the nation's political stage continues to be seen in strings of popular protests, from the student uprisings in 1973 and 1976, anti-military demonstrations in 1992, and successive anti-government protests by the "Yellow Shirt" and "Red Shirt" movements from 2008 on.
Administratively, eastern Bangkok and Thonburi had been established as separate provinces in 1915. (The province east of the river was named Phra Nakhon (พระนคร.) A series of decrees in 1971–1972 resulted in the merger of these provinces and its local administrations, forming the current city of Bangkok which is officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon. The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) was created in 1975 to govern the city, and its governor has been elected since 1985.
I have officially transferred to a new department now that Communication has been deprecated. I'll tell more in a blog post next week. For now, I'm sharing a farewell image of my previous office and a glimpse at the early stages of setting up my new workspace.
San Carlos Street near Bird Avenue
This was built in the 1950s for OSH as a relocation of their smaller store in Downtown San Jose.
It reads "Your effort in relocating can be remembered as something beneficial for thousands of years." / “旧房改造，利在千秋。”