View allAll Photos Tagged Refuse
Rally Hamburg/Germany 21.12.2013
Shortly before christmas, 800 people attendet a rally for the rights of the Libyan refugees, stranded in Hamburg. For many of those it will be the second winter in Hamburg, without a perspective, without a legal status and without permission to work. The City of Hamburg still refuses to give legal status under §23.
- Road Trip en Islande - Jour 10
- Région Nord Islande :
- quelques Sternes Arctique .
Quittons Hvítserkur et je me dirige vers les Fjords du Nord côté Est Ce n’est pas le meilleur de mon voyage vers Hólmavík et la côte du Strandir
Qui était une option de mon voyage si le temps était assez long et ce fut le cas. Sinon la route et les paysages de cette région n’a que peu d’intérêt.
De plus mon appareil principal refuse totalement de fonctionner et il s’averrera Plus tard à mon retour une panne d’alimentation. Heureusement j’ai mon EM5 MKII en secours . Arrivé à Hólmavík je décide de suivre la côte du Strandir et c’est une belle découverte, sauvage, découpée avec des petites plages, elle vaut le déplacement jusqu’à Djupavik ensuite retour à Hólmavík pour la nuit.
-
- L'Islande c'est la terre, le vent, le feu, l'eau et la glace ...
- L'Islande, c'est haut, c'est loin, mais c'est beau (J.C.)
- Merci pour vos passages sur les vues, favoris et commentaires.
- Road Trip in Iceland - Day 10 -
North Iceland Region:
- a few Arctic Terns.
Leave Hvítserkur and head for the North Fjords on the east side
Not the best of my trip to Hólmavík and the Strandir coast
Which was an option of my trip if the weather was long enough and it was.
Otherwise the road and the landscapes of this region are of little interest.
In addition, my main device totally refuses to work and it will turn out
Later when I got back there was a power failure. Luckily I have my EM5 MKII as a backup. Arrived in Hólmavík I decide to follow the coast of Strandir and it is a beautiful discovery, wild, cut up with small beaches, it is worth the trip to Djupavik then return to Hólmavík for the night.
- Iceland is earth, wind, fire, water and ice ...
- Iceland, it's high, it's far, but it's beautiful (J.C.)
- Thank you for your passages on views, favorites and comments.
- The Golden circle - Vidéo / Diaporama
- Cliquez ici pour visionner : youtu.be/yOQilaECX10
- South And South East Iceland - Diaporama
- Cliquez ici pour visionner : youtu.be/SYjs_Vb9Jq4
- The East Fjords icedand - Diaporama
- Cliquez ici pour visionner : youtu.be/k8q4bKx7iTE
- The North East & Marina Puffin - Diaporama
- Cliquez ici pour visionner : youtu.be/CZRKTCxkfXA
- The Nord Central Iceland - Geothermal Region - Diaporama
- Cliquez ici pour Visionner : youtu.be/I1uRy_2rKEk
- La région du Lac Mývatn sa faune et flore .
The region of Lake Mývatn its flora and fauna.
- Cliquez ici pour visionner : youtu.be/L3aGA10DuMg
She tried her best to convince her dog to stay in the water, but the dog refused, running out as soon as it was in.
A new house was just finished by all the villagers, so the new owner invited them for a lunch. Women on a side, men on the other. It's not possible to refuse the rice alcool that they offer. The mood was festive, with lot of beer (chinese, less expensive and with bigger bottles) and opium!
© Eric Lafforgue
This place was incredibly beautiful - and incredibly melancholic. The sunset has just began; the dark waters of the Doolough Lake were quiet although strong wind was blowing from the west. The land was empty - no people, no cars; just a lonely valley with the quiet lake and an empty road. And the story from the Great Famine - story of hundreds people who died on the way through the valley after being refused at Delphi Lodge where they were told food is available...
In March of 1908, the Adelaide City Council purchased 2 acres on Halifax and Gilles streets to erect a refuse destructor. The successful tenderer was Heenan & Froude Ltd. of Manchester.
The destructor was driven by electricity, and by 1910, the destructor was in operation.
The chimney stack remains, surrounded by modern apartments.
Ernst II Bernhard Georg Johann Karl Frederick Peter Albert, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg (b. Altenburg, 31 August 1871 – d. Schloß Fröhliche Wiederkunft, 22 March 1955), was the last reigning duke of Saxe-Altenburg.
from Wiki
During World War I, Ernst refused all honorary appointments at the Kaiser's headquarters (which would have been considerably safer than other areas). He renounced his rank as General, entered the service as a mere Colonel, and distinguished himself at the Battle of Peronne. By the end of the war, he was a commander of a division.
A great lover of science, Ernst had a wireless installation fitted inside his castle in Altenburg during the start of the war. Its purpose was to specially communicate with airships. Ernst also had a lifelong interest in wireless telegraphy and telephony, and was considered an expert of aeronautics.
When Germany lost the war, all the German princes lost their titles and states. Ernst was one of the first princes to realize major changes were coming for Germany, and quickly arrived at an amicable settlement with his subjects. He was forced to abdicate the government of the duchy on 13 November 1918, and spent the rest of his life like a private citizen.
After his abdication Ernst, with a moderate fortune, retired to a hotel in Berlin. Two years later, in 1920, his marriage ended in divorce. Later the same year, Ernst announced his engagement to Helena Thomas, an opera singer. They had met while she was temporarily filling an engagement at the Ducal Theatre in Altenburg during the war. The marriage never took place however.
On 15 July 1934 Ernst married his second wife Maria Triebel, who had been his companion for many years, at his home, Schloss Froehliche Wiederkunft ("Palace of Happy Returnings"). Maria was born in Waltershausen on October 16, 1893, and died in Trockenborn-Wolfersdorf on February 28, 1955. This was a morganatic marriage, and she received only the title of "Baroness Reiseneck". They had no children.
Still interested in science Ernst established a modern observatory in Wolfersdorf, employing Kurd Kisshauer in 1922. On 1 May 1937 Ernst joined the Nazi party.
Ernst became the only former reigning German prince who accepted German Democratic Republic citizenship after World War II, refusing an offer to leave his beloved Schloß Fröhliche Wiederkunft and relocate to the British occupation zone. The Schloß had been confiscated by the Soviet occupiers, but Ernst had been granted free use of it until his death. In March 1954, with the death of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, he became the last survivor of the German princes who had reigned until 1918. One year later, on 22 March 1955, he died at his Schloß.
We refused to leave the street and go home until our demand of capital punishment for war criminals are met. Took this photograph on yesterday evening, February 06, 2013, when thousands joined at Shahbag intersection in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It turned into a spontaneous mass protest with thousands of people continuing their sit-in programme to demand capital punishment for Jamaat-e-Islami politician Abdul Quader Molla and other war criminals. University teachers and students, journalists, cultural and political activists, particularly the young generation, gathered at the intersection. We claimed capital punishment for Abdul Quader Molla for he has been found guilty of five out of six charges, including a series of killings including some large-scale massacres in the Mirpur area of Dhaka during the country’s Liberation War in 1971. The given verdict has humiliated the whole nation and disappointed people seeking justice for the mass murder and rape by the collaborators, and also belittled the sacrifices of freedom fighters and intellectuals. The fiery protest is now spread throughout the nation, thousands of people in different districts are on streets demanding justice for war crime.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
All rights reserved. Do not use any of the images in this stream without my permission.
Contact me at ashikmasud@gmail.com | Facebook | Twitter | L&C
Kitsch anyone? The old-worldie decor is to distract customers from the lukewarm hospitality of the Quebeciose who refuse to speak English. No kidding; they even have language police to enforce French only laws..
It broke my heart and brought tears to my eyes meeting this family. As they walked away, it was clear that this was love; and I hoped their search would be successful; the missing brother so lucky to have such a loving family refusing to give up on him; searching to help him.
_____________________________
Inexplicable Police Presence; as in the police were inexplicably clueless about the reason for their presence in the park. All the police did was hang around and chat; once in a while opening the barriers at the park entrance for another police vehicle to enter or leave.
This went on for hours on end; well into overtime dollars.
This is how VicPD Chief Mismanage Manak runs his shop. No wonder he is always asking for more money for more police officers ...he sends them off to places unknown, forgets they are there getting no police work done.
Sadly, while cop-watching, I ran into a lovely family showing the photo of their son, the mother leading the kids in a search for their missing brother.
Would it not have been a better use of police dollars to have all of these police help this family find their missing loved one?
__________________
"Ultimately, encampments are a reflection of Canadian governments’ failure to successfully implement the right to adequate housing."
"International human rights law does not permit governments to destroy peoples’ homes, even if those homes are made of improvised materials and established without legal authority. Governments may not remove residents from encampments without meaningfully engaging with them and identifying alternative places to live that are acceptable to them. Any such removal from their homes or from the land which they occupy, without the provision of appropriate forms of legal protection, is defined as a ‘forced eviction’ and is considered a gross violation of human rights. The removal of residents’ private property without their knowledge and consent is also strictly prohibited."
"The impact of municipalities’ failure to proactively provide resources and services to mitigate or improve those conditions and concerns is most often ignored. Some communities have engaged bylaw officers or local police to tear down encampments at first sight."
www.make-the-shift.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/A-Natio...
Hamburg Germany 21.12.2013
Police refuses Demonstration to move. Hamburg Police has physically stopped a legally approved demonstration, only minutes after start.
More than 7.000 people gathered near the autonomous center Rote Flora in Hamburg/Schanzenviertel, for a demonstration in favour of the Rote Flora Center, rights for the Refugees and against the eviction and break down of the Esso-Häuser.
The demonstration was not allowed to walk and was stopped by water cannons, pepper spray and massive use of truncheons. Police then swept the streets, encircled parts of the demonstrators and blocked any new attempts for a march.
Police so far hasn’t given any official reason for the extensive use of force so far. Many people have been reported injured.
Wow, the U.S. had always been vague about a No First Nuclear Use Policy. Now, it's official, the U.S. could indeed use nuclear weapons against a perceived non-nuclear threat. What has this world come to?
The U.S. foreign policy appears to be in total disarray. The Biden administration has steadfastly refused to negotiate with Russia. That refusal led to Russia invading Ukraine. The U.S. then imposed various sanctions against Russia which resulted in global inflation and food shortages.
Now, the U.S. is trying to egg China to go into war.
After decades of a One China Policy where the U.S. has recognized Taiwan as part of China (the Shanghai Communique where the U.S. also agreed to decrease arms sales to Taiwan), Biden started selling billions of dollars worth of weapons to Taiwan, even said many times that he would send U.S. troops to Taiwan.
Then Secretary of State Antony Blinken declared China would speed up seizure of Taiwan, something even the Taiwan officials disagree.
In a major China policy speech Blinken gave last May, he asserted, “We don’t seek to block China from its role as a major power, nor to stop China…from growing their economy or advancing the interests of its people,” yet the Biden administration declared a total ban on sales of advanced chips and software to China, exactly opposite to what Blinken said. Of course, the U.S. is trying to contain or restrain China's growth and development. Anything said to the contrary is a total lie.
www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/pentagon-s-strategy-won-t-ru...
Pentagon’s Strategy Won’t Rule Out Nuclear Use Against Non-Nuclear Threats
(Bloomberg) -- The Pentagon’s new National Defense Strategy rejected limits on using nuclear weapons long championed by arms control advocates and in the past by President Joe Biden.
Citing burgeoning threats from China and Russia, the Defense Department said in the document released Thursday that “by the 2030s the United States will, for the first time in its history face two major nuclear powers as strategic competitors and potential adversaries.” In response, the US will “maintain a very high bar for nuclear employment” without ruling out using the weapons in retaliation to a non-nuclear strategic threat to the homeland, US forces abroad or allies.
Biden pledged in his 2020 presidential campaign to declare that the US nuclear arsenal should be used only to deter or retaliate against a nuclear attack, a position blessed by progressive Democrats and reviled by defense hawks. The threat environment has changed dramatically since then, and the Pentagon strategy was forged in cooperation with the White House.
The nuclear report that’s part of the broader strategy said the Biden administration reviewed its nuclear policy and concluded that “No First Use” and “Sole Purpose” policies “would result in an unacceptable level of risk in light of the range of non-nuclear capabilities being developed and fielded by competitors that could inflict strategic-level damage” to the US and allies.
Mackenzie Eaglen, a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute, said she was “struck by how strong their position is on nuclear modernization and policy, and how much national security continuity there is between administrations of different parties. They’re willing to postpone their visionary policies in light of the harsh reality on nukes from China and Russia.”
President Vladimir Putin and other Russian officials have openly raised the possibility of using nuclear weapons in their invasion of Ukraine. But on Thursday, Putin said Russia only gave “hints” in response to repeated US and European discussion of a possible nuclear conflict. “We don’t need a nuclear strike on Ukraine -- there is no point, either military or political,” Putin told an audience of foreign policy analysts outside Moscow.
In the document, which was framed before the invasion, the Pentagon said Russia continues to “brandish its nuclear weapons in support of its revisionist security policy” while its modern arsenal is expected to grow further.
Meanwhile, China remains the US’s “most consequential strategic competitor for coming decades,” Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin said in a letter presenting the new defense strategy. He cited China’s “increasingly coercive actions to reshape the Indo-Pacific region and the international system to fit its authoritarian preferences,” even as it rapidly modernizes and expands its military.
China wants to have at least 1,000 deliverable nuclear warheads by the end of the decade, the nuclear strategy document said, and could use them for “coercive purposes, including military provocations against US allies and partners in the region.”
Hypersonic Weapons
The nuclear strategy document didn’t spell out what non-nuclear threats could produce a US nuclear response, but current threats include hypersonic weapons possessed by Russia and China for which the US doesn’t yet have a proven defense.
It did spell out, however, in the strongest terms, what would happen to another nuclear power, North Korea, if it launched a nuclear attack on the US, South Korea or Japan. That action “will result in the end of that regime,” it said. US nuclear weapons continue to play a role in deterring North Korean attacks.
The nuclear strategy affirmed modernization programs including the ongoing replacement of the aging US air-sea-land nuclear triad. Among them are the Navy’s Columbia-class nuclear ICBM submarine, the ground-based Minuteman III ICBM replacement, the new air-launched Long-Range Standoff Weapon and F-35 fighter jets for Europe carrying nuclear weapons.
The review confirmed previous reports that the Pentagon will retire the B83-1 gravity bomb and cancel the Sea-Launched Cruise Missile program. But it endorsed a controversial Trump-era naval weapon, the low-yield W76-2 submarine-launched nuclear warhead, which was described as providing “an important means to deter limited nuclear use.”
The broader strategy report also offered gently worded criticism of major US weapons programs, which often run years behind plans and billions of dollars over initial budgets.
“Our current system is too slow and too focused on acquiring systems not designed to address the most critical challenges we now face,” the Pentagon said. It called for more “open systems that can rapidly incorporate cutting-edge technology” while reducing problems of “obsolescence” and high costs.
The Pentagon strategy documents were sent to Congress in classified form in March so they were considered during congressional approval of the fiscal 2023 defense budget.
time.com/6225745/biden-nuclear-defense-strategy-china-rus...
U.S. Unveils Strategy for Nuclear Threats from China and Russia
The Biden Administration unveiled a new defense strategy Thursday that puts the U.S. military on a Cold War-footing with China and Russia, detailing a plan to confront two nuclear peer adversaries for the first time in history with a multi-year build-up of modernized weaponry, enhanced foreign alliances and a top-to bottom overhaul of the American nuclear arsenal.
The strategy laid out by Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin largely breaks from President Joe Biden’s campaign pledge to reduce the role of nuclear weapons in U.S. strategy. There are a few nods in the direction of disarmament, including directives to stop developing a nuclear-armed sea launched cruise missiles, retire the largest gravity bomb, the B83, in the U.S. arsenal, and eliminate large stockpiles of nuclear weapons that have traditionally been kept as a “hedge against an uncertain future.” But there is no drastic change that non-proliferation experts were hoping for.
“It largely continues the nuclear deterrence strategy and posture, including capability added in the Trump Administration. It is unclear how it reduces the role of nuclear weapons as the President directed,” says Leonor Tomero, who served as Biden’s Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for nuclear and missile defense before leaving in October 2021. “There is an urgent need to reduce the risk of nuclear war, especially at a time when nuclear tensions are higher than they have been for years.”
The risks of miscalculation and of unintended rapid escalation could lead to nuclear weapons use, Tomero says. “These new threats require clear solutions and practical steps to adapt and strengthen deterrence to reduce these risks,” she says.
www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/china-wants-to-speed-up-its-...
China Wants to ‘Speed Up’ Its Seizure of Taiwan, Blinken Says
(Bloomberg) -- US Secretary of State Antony Blinken accused China of undermining the decades-long status quo that has kept both nations from going to war over Taiwan, saying Beijing was trying to “speed up” its seizure of the island.
“What’s changed is this -- a decision by the government in Beijing that that status quo was no longer acceptable, that they wanted to speed up the process by which they would pursue reunification,” Blinken said Wednesday during an interview at Bloomberg’s offices in Washington.
“They also, I think, made decisions about how they would do that, including exerting more pressure on Taiwan, coercion -- making life difficult in a variety of ways on Taiwan in the hopes that that would speed reunification,” Blinken said.
The latest comments from the top US diplomat rebuking China over Taiwan expand on Blinken’s argument from last week that China may seize Taiwan on a “much faster timeline” than previously thought. Those remarks caused a stir given the close attention paid to comments from senior US officials about the likelihood of a possible Chinese invasion of Taiwan.
Blinken’s latest criticism, part of a broader war of words between Washington and Beijing, also came shortly after China wrapped up its twice-a-decade Communist Party congress, which saw Chinese leader Xi Jinping consolidate his power.
China and Taiwan downplay the likelihood of an invasion anytime soon. On Wednesday, Wellington Koo, secretary-general of Taiwan’s National Security Council, said there were no signs Beijing would start a war in 2023. China’s focus for now was on domestic issues, such as its economic downturn, he said in a TV interview.
In a meeting with reporters in August, China’s ambassador to the US, Qin Gang, said speculation Beijing had moved up a timeline for an attack was “baseless.”
Asked about Xi’s power play in Beijing, Blinken said the US was focusing on how to shape the world order around China by strengthening partnerships with allies rather than trying to influence China’s internal dynamics.
“We’re not going to be doing anything to shape the internal environment -- these are decisions that China will make and that we can’t make,” Blinken said. “But we can shape the external environment in which China is actively making decisions about its policies in the world.”
‘External Environment’
On Taiwan, a Chinese diplomat reiterated Wednesday their desire to eventually “reunify” the mainland with the self-ruled island.
“We’re closer than ever in history -- and we’re more confident and capable than ever -- of realizing national rejuvenation,” Ma Xiaoguang, a spokesman for China’s Taiwan Affairs Office, told a regular news briefing in Beijing. “Similarly, we’re also closer than ever in history -- as well as more confident and capable -- to realizing the complete reunification of the motherland.”
Taiwan remains the key flash point and the most likely source of conflict between the US and China. Tensions over the island spiked dramatically when House Speaker Nancy Pelosi defied Beijing’s warnings and visited the island in August.
The island, which is claimed by China, receives billions of dollars in advanced weapons from the US. President Joe Biden has become more explicit than his predecessors about US plans to come to the island’s defense in case of a Chinese invasion.
“Everyone has a very big interest, I think, in making very clear to all involved, starting with Beijing, that the world does not want to see any kind of crisis regarding Taiwan, any kind of disruption, and the world believes that these differences need to be resolved peacefully,” Blinken said.
More broadly, Blinken said the US and China were now clearly engaged in a global competition to shape international affairs, with Beijing pushing back against the US to champion an “illiberal” world order.
“We don’t look for conflict. We don’t want a Cold War. We’re not trying to contain or restrain China,” Blinken said. “But equally, we’re resolute in standing up for our interests, standing up for our values. And again, when it comes to Taiwan, standing up for the proposition that’s held for decades, that these differences need to be managed and resolved peacefully.”
A well used casting by Yatming was their Hino truck which saw itself attached to all manner of different bodystyles! This refuse truck from the 1980's was sold under the Birmingham based Pikit Toys name. Mint and boxed.
We hit the pool at 4:30 on Monday afternoon and stayed until the sun was gone. I hate the end of summer!
I refused to completely give up on the autumn that already packed its bag and left for climates warmer than the St.Vrain Valley, taking with it our glorious season. The foliage is pretty crusty here with one left over Russian Olive. The bare row is the line of chokecherry bushes I never even got to this year; maybe next year. I was on a quest to shoot some windows shots to celebrate MurkySoft announcing Windows #8 and leaving us with a screwed and dangerous #7. What are the odds they fixed something instead of bloating an OS that only Atlas would shoulder? Are they resolved to never fix their crap OSes?
Again, there was a blank sky that was less than inspiring on this day. I found one more bold shot toward the creek and its spread of natural vegetation. This last autumn pass mostly consisted of keeping the foliage out of the frame but there was still a bold shot here. I am still not willing to let this autumn slip away and I made another pass the other day. I got a couple of shots of the foliage that was still deteriorating.
I am out here Broley, the Boulder County greenbelt investments in mosquito breeding. The bold sky is gone, the rippling water gone, the bold clouds gone, my favorite foliage, gone or brown and most cattails seeding the next year's supply. I shot few pictures and kept the sky out of the frame. The colorful autumn foliage remains in this sheltered location.
I had collected sufficient anecdotal evidence that people approved of the new furniture configuration and that, as needed, they were making minor alterations as needed.
Thus I set my sights on the peripheral environment. I had been wanting to organize formally the organized chaos that was the random stacks of books on the shelves and the assorted posters on the common room walls. I was spurred to do this because the complaint that I had made about the common room's incoherent conditions on a postgraduate feedback form had been heard in fact by the administrators. When a staff member called me, I knew something could at length be done.
The problem with all the books on the shelves and the posters on the walls is that people have developed unspoken rules for why they are placed there; yet the consequences of their placement without regulation are obvious: while people can browse other people's refuse and find treasure in a pile of books that otherwise would be thrown out, this purpose is not explicitly stated: this tradition is passed on by word of mouth or by guesswork. In addition, since no other rules govern these piles, they grow to such heights that browsing the stacks become tedious: indeed, there comes a point at which a pile of loose books and articles grows to an unmanageable, unsearchable multitude. Looking at some of these items, dated from, even, a decade ago, their relevance has passed. They should no longer exist and should be thrown out. Unfortunately such a rule has not existed for their passing, yet.
This is where I, with the help of the research office, step in. I toured the premises with the administrator, pointing out this unbridled growth and concluding that the more these piles are able to grow unchecked, the less effective these piles become to users. She nodded and for the most part agreed with my assessment. She will follow up by asking the administration to perhaps develop rules for the timely disposal (and replenshiment) of the refuse literature. If possible, per my friend's suggestion, the next cycle of refuse books can be positioned upright for easier browsing by users.
While I was in a cleaning mood, I also asked the administrator to help me to clean up my office in 102 Hui Oi Chow. Like elsewhere in the building and on campus, this office serves an ancillary purpose in being a storage room for university, faculty, department and individual refuse. I pointed out to the administrator individuals' junk and university junk accumulating on shelves, by walls and in corners. The administrator promised to remove the excess equipment and furniture. I would do my part to clean up by asking people in the office to claim their excess belongings lest they be thrown out.
Mercedes Iconic Refuse Wagon in service with Wyre Forest Council.
Stourport, Worcestershire.
17 Sept.2014
Edited Chandra Space Telescope image of the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A. (I had many more variants, but Flickr refused to load them for no rational reason.) Inverted grayscale variant.
Image source: chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2019/firstlight/
Original caption: NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory has captured many spectacular images of cosmic phenomena over its two decades of operations, but perhaps its most iconic is the supernova remnant Cassiopeia A.
Located about 11,000 light-years from Earth, Cas A (as it's nicknamed) is the glowing debris field left behind after a massive star exploded. When the star ran out of fuel, it collapsed onto itself and blew up as a supernova, possibly briefly becoming one of the brightest objects in the sky. (Although astronomers think that this happened around the year 1680, there are no verifiable historical records to confirm this.)
The shock waves generated by this blast supercharged the stellar wreckage and its environment, making the debris glow brightly in many types of light, particularly X-rays. Shortly after Chandra was launched aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on July 23, 1999, astronomers directed the observatory to point toward Cas A. It was featured in Chandra's official “First Light” image, released Aug. 26, 1999, and marked a seminal moment not just for the observatory, but for the field of X-ray astronomy. Near the center of the intricate pattern of the expanding debris from the shattered star, the image revealed, for the first time, a dense object called a neutron star that the supernova left behind.
Since then, Chandra has repeatedly returned to Cas A to learn more about this important object. A new video shows the evolution of Cas A over time, enabling viewers to watch as incredibly hot gas — about 20 million degrees Fahrenheit — in the remnant expands outward. These X-ray data have been combined with data from another of NASA's "Great Observatories," the Hubble Space Telescope, showing delicate filamentary structures of cooler gases with temperatures of about 20,000 degrees Fahrenheit. Hubble data from a single time period are shown to emphasize the changes in the Chandra data.
The video shows Chandra observations of Cas A from 2000 to 2013. In that time, a child could enter kindergarten and graduate from high school. While the transformation might not be as apparent as that of a student over the same period, it is remarkable to watch a cosmic object change on human time scales.
The blue, outer region of Cas A shows the expanding blast wave of the explosion. The blast wave is composed of shock waves, similar to the sonic booms generated by a supersonic aircraft. These expanding shock waves produce X-ray emission and are sites where particles are being accelerated to energies that reach about two times higher than the most powerful accelerator on Earth, the Large Hadron Collider. As the blast wave travels outwards at speeds of about 11 million miles per hour, it encounters surrounding material and slows down, generating a second shock wave - called a "reverse shock" - that travels backwards, similar to how a traffic jam travels backwards from the scene of an accident on a highway.
These reverse shocks are usually observed to be faint and much slower moving than the blast wave. However, a team of astronomers led by Toshiki Sato from RIKEN in Saitama, Japan, and NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, have reported reverse shocks in Cas A that appear bright and fast moving, with speeds between about 5 and 9 million miles per hour. These unusual reverse shocks are likely caused by the blast wave encountering clumps of material surrounding the remnant, as Sato and team discuss in their 2018 study. This causes the blast wave to slow down more quickly, which re-energizes the reverse shock, making it brighter and faster. Particles are also accelerated to colossal energies by these inward moving shocks, reaching about 30 times the energies of the LHC.
This recent study of Cas A adds to a long collection of Chandra discoveries over the course of the telescope's 20 years. In addition to finding the central neutron star, Chandra data have revealed the distribution of elements essential for life ejected by the explosion (shown above), have constructed a remarkable three dimensional model of the supernova remnant, and much more.
Scientists also created a historical record in optical light of Cas A using photographic plates from the Palomar Observatory in California from 1951 and 1989 that had been digitized by the Digitized Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH) program, located at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian (CfA). These were combined with images taken by the Hubble Space Telescope between 2000 and 2011. This long-term look at Cas A allowed astronomers Dan Patnaude of CfA and Robert Fesen of Dartmouth College to learn more about the physics of the explosion and the resulting remnant from both the X-ray and optical data.
This recent study of Cas A adds to a long collection of Chandra discoveries over the course of the telescope’s 20 years. In addition to finding the central neutron star, Chandra data have revealed the distribution of elements essential for life ejected by the explosion, clues about the details of how the star exploded, and much more.
NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center manages the Chandra program. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory’s Chandra X-ray Center controls science and flight operations from Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Dumpster 2050 apparently, unless that's the size or something.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Don't be a thief! Please do not use this photo or any part of this photo without first asking for permission, thank you.