View allAll Photos Tagged Reduce
Some of the contents of a large plastic box in our kitchen drawer where we put our recyclable items such as plastic bottles, magazines, flyers, food tins and drink cans. When it's full I take it out to the garage & tip everything in a big wheelie bin. This gets collected by a private company fortnightly, the other week they take our actual rubbish (trash) away, thankfully we don't produce much of that so often that wheelie bin only goes out once a month. Glass has to be taken to a bottle bank. I use to take gardening & bird watching magazines to our GP surgery for others to read but those days are gone.
We compost all our newspapers, cardboard packaging/toilet rolls etc & I reuse suitable plastic food trays to stand plant pots in. All available windowsills currently have trays with small pots containing tomato/chilli/pepper/courgette & sweetcorn seedlings, waiting for the current cold snap to pass so I can plant them out in the polytunnel.
For Macro Mondays theme "Trash" HMM!
The theme for this week's Macro Mondays is "plastic". I became very aware of the issue of single-use plastic contaminating our oceans on visiting uninhabited areas of eastern Greenland last year and taking part in a beach clean-up - we collected dozens of items of throwaway plastic. It has become big news this year with the UK's proposal to ban plastic straws and cotton buds. For my macro entry I decided to take a picture of my water bottle, which I now use instead of buying bottled water - saving a lot of money as well as doing a small bit to save our oceans. So - this is "Plastic" for Macro Mondays. HMM! (field of view is under 2 inches)
And doubling up - my Day 23 entry for April 2018: A month in 30 pictures, and #23/100 for 100 x: The 2018 Edition - my x is macro with a dedicated macro lens.
(P4231460)
Getting out & hiking into a place like this is always good for the mind, heart, & soul. At least it is for me! My son & two of my nephews went with me to Turkey Foot & Mize Mill Falls Saturday. Great day to be in the woods.
I shot this from the hotel in Boerne where we took refuge after losing all delivery of power and water at the house.
A southbound CSX mixed freight has reduced speed to 50 MPH for the diamond crossing with the former C&O Piedmont Sub just ahead at Doswell, Va. The date for this action was December 13, 1994. I understand the speed restriction over the crossing has now been raised a bit. Here's a better explanation for such a restriction than I can write from scratch:
"A flashover occurs when the brushes in the commutators of DC traction motors touch each other because of a unusual movement or bump, such as when a locomotive goes over a grade crossing. If the brushes touch each other, an electrical short can occur almost like a lightning strike. Obviously, this can severely damage the traction motors. Locomotives with DC traction motors must have the throttle reduced slightly when going over a grade crossing to reduce the risk of a flashover. Newer locomotives with AC traction motors have no commutator brushes and therefore do not have to be throttled down at grade crossings."
The galactic core area of the northern summer Milky Way over the Blakiston Valley and Blakiston Creek in Waterton Lakes National Park, Alberta on a July night. Sagittarius is at left over Vimy Peak, with the bright Sagittarius Starcloud over the valley, with the Messier 6 and 7 star clusters low and left of centre. Scorpius with reddish Antares is at right. The pink Lagoon Nebula, M8, is at top, and the globular cluster M22 is at upper left. The dark Pipe Nebula is at top centre.
This is a blend of tracked exposures for the sky and untracked exposures for the ground: a stack of 4 x 2-minute tracked at f/2.8 and ISO 1600 for the sky, blended with a stack of 2 x 5-minute untracked at f/4 and ISO 1600 for the ground, with LENR on for reducing thermal speckling this warm night. A tracked 2-minute exposure through an Kase/Alyn Wallace Starglow filter adds the star glow effect. An additional 8-minute exposure at ISO 400 and f/8 taken early in the evening during blue hour adds some illumination to the distant mountains. However, the majority of the landscape comes from untracked exposures taken just before the tracked ones when the sky was dark, with illumination just from starlight with a more normal colour balance.
Forest fire smoke moving in added some haze and lowered contrast. The bright light is the Prince of Wales Hotel, and the light to the left is from the golf course clubhouse.
The sky tracker was the Star Adventurer Mini which worked perfectly. The camera was the Canon ESO Ra and lens the Canon 15-35mm RF at 35mm.
Taken w/ Skywatcher Evostar Pro 80 ED (w/.85x reducer/corrector), Skywatcher EQM-35, Nikon D3300 in heavy lunar light pollution. 170 lights x 60 s @ ISO 800, 58x90s @ ISO 400, ~45 dark, ~45 flat, ~100 bias, stacked in DSS and post-processed in Photoshop.
Trojan was a British automobile manufacturer producing light cars between 1914 and 1965, and light commercial vehicles for a short time. This rare 1929 Trojan Utility Car, FB7678, was seen at the Vintage Sports Car Club event at Prescott hill climb on 3rd August 2024 The Trojan Utility Car entered the market at £230, which was reduced to £125 in 1925, the same as a Model T Ford.
chicken curry alongside rice, broccoli, and side salad
a portion of precooked chicken removed from the freezer, thawed and reheated with spices
rice sprinkled with turmeric powder and steamed
broccoli boiled in water bought from iceland 58p reduced at the end of the day
more curry information
The secret to making great curry
www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/oct/31/how-to-make-...
6 Common Cooking Mistakes While Preparing Chicken Curry
Tips To Make It Perfect
www.ndtv.com/food/6-common-cooking-mistakes-while-prepari...
How to Cook Spices for Chicken Curry | Indian Food
www.youtube.com/watch?v=FV6Elm3gdRA
Varieties of Dahl Curry
food.ndtv.com/lists/10-best-dal-recipes-how-to-cook-it-to...
types of curry
curryculture.co.uk/types-of-curry/
lamb bhuna
www.kitchensanctuary.com/lamb-bhuna/
what is a bhuna?
www.seasonedpioneers.com/what-is-a-bhuna/
indian restaurant bhuna curry
glebekitchen.com/indian-restaurant-bhuna-curry/
chicken bhuna curry
searchingforspice.com/chicken-bhuna-curry-indian-takeaway...
how to thicken curry
lianaskitchen.co.uk/how-to-thicken-curry/
spices & ingredients
curryculture.co.uk/category/spices-ingredients/
tamarind sauce
greatcurryrecipes.net/2018/03/26/tamarind-sauce/
just one thing with michael mosley
food special with professor tim spector
7 days 30 different plant based foods
www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001ngjx
ps i'm not recommending any of these cookery adventures. they suit my personal taste. photographing to encourage myself to eat more healthily ...
i've created a group www.flickr.com/groups/cooking_is_my_hobby/ to gather ideas and encourage myself to continue with healthy eating by learning from others if you're interested in cooking, sometimes or a lot, or enjoy the cooking of others, you're always welcome ...
Jobst von Berg © 2024
Any duplication, processing, distribution or any form of utilisation shall require the prior written consent of Jobst von Berg in question
Antigua estación rebajada a apeadero en los 80. El centenario edificio original de la estación fue derruido y sustituido por un "triste" cobertizo (como en la mayoría de las estaciones de esta línea).
Tren Automotor Diesel de la serie 592 partiendo hacía Alcoy.
Ferrocarril Xàtiva-Alcoy.
En.
Old station reduced to a halt in the 80s. The century-old original station building was demolished and replaced by a "sad" shed (as in most of the stations on this line).
Diesel Railcar Train of the 592 series.
Xàtiva to Alcoy line.
A string bag I use for shopping so I won't need a plastic bag; a milk bottle now enjoying a second life as a coin jar; and a birthday card (50% recycled paper) with envelope (100% recycled).
Now if I could just remember to turn the lights off when I leave a room....
Smile on Saturday: Recycled
...and that's gotta be a handy wheel for moving around after too many nectars...
this is another angle on road grille
Living in reduced circumstances.
Camden, North London.
Many but not all homeless were found rooms once lockdown started, it would be good to think this momentum can be continued & something good can come out of this pandemic.
Well-known for their highly publicized efforts to reduce coal smoke emissions in downtown Durango, the Durango & Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad decided to "go green" in a different way back in 2010 with one of their locomotives and a string of coaches. For their 2010 "Railfest" event, one RPO car (a concession car in disguise) and three coaches were painted "Pullman Green" to resemble a classic Denver & Rio Grande Western passenger consist. Even their lone operable K-28 #473 had her boiler jacket painted green. That unique trainset is seen here, rumbling across the Animas Timber Bridge (MP 495.25) south of Silverton under a threatening sky. All four of the cars pictured are expected to remain green for several more months. These cars were used for the 2010 Fall Photo Specials, as well as a couple of private charters that were planned later in the year and in early 2011.
Operating at reduced speed because of the tight curves and close clearances, Denver & Rio Grande Western K-27 #463 emerges from the west portal of the 366 ft. long, "Rock Tunnel" at Milepost 315.20, with a mixed freight bound for Chama, NM via Cumbres Pass.
This image was captured during an October 2024 photo shoot on the Cumbres & Toltec Scenic Railroad, which was organized by Lerro Photography. This particular location is one of the more spectacular photo spots on the railroad, but also one of the trickiest to photograph with a large group of people. My camera position here is on an outcropping of rock, which is very uneven, and which features steep drop-offs on all but one side. To my right, it is literally 600 feet down to the bottom of the gorge. It is simply not safe for more than about 10 people at a time on these rocks as all it would take is one clumsy person bumping into another to cause a terrible accident. It is also typically quite windy here, making it difficult to find a nice, stable footing. Suffice it to say that I'm almost always relieved when run-bys here are completed.
Scanning a few of my Dad's old negs, I ran across this sad sight. A pair of New York Central J3A Hudsons in a scrap yard somewhere in the Chicago area. What a shame one of these classics wasn't saved!
my workshop on my Facebook just like ;-) Clic Here
my 500px Clic Here
Origins
Although there are no historical records that deal directly with the founding of Venice,[10] tradition and the available evidence have led several historians to agree that the original population of Venice consisted of refugees from Roman cities near Venice such as Padua, Aquileia, Treviso, Altino and Concordia (modern Portogruaro) and from the undefended countryside, who were fleeing successive waves of Germanic and Hun invasions.[11] Some late Roman sources reveal the existence of fishermen on the islands in the original marshy lagoons. They were referred to as incolae lacunae ("lagoon dwellers"). The traditional founding is identified with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo at the islet of Rialto (Rivoalto, "High Shore"), which is said to have been at the stroke of noon on 25 March 421.[12][13]
The last and most enduring immigration into the north of the Italian peninsula was that of the Lombards in 568, leaving the Eastern Roman Empire a small strip of coast in the current Veneto, including Venice. The Roman/Byzantine territory was organized as the Exarchate of Ravenna, administered from that ancient port and overseen by a viceroy (the Exarch) appointed by the Emperor in Constantinople, but Ravenna and Venice were connected only by sea routes and with the Venetians' isolated position came increasing autonomy. New ports were built, including those at Malamocco and Torcello in the Venetian lagoon. The tribuni maiores, the earliest central standing governing committee of the islands in the Lagoon, dated from c. 568.[14]
The traditional first doge of Venice, Paolo Lucio Anafesto, was actually Exarch Paul, and his successor, Marcello Tegalliano, Paul's magister militum (General; literally, "Master of Soldiers.") In 726 the soldiers and citizens of the Exarchate rose in a rebellion over the iconoclastic controversy at the urging of Pope Gregory II. The Exarch was murdered and many officials put to flight in the chaos. At about this time, the people of the lagoon elected their own leader for the first time, although the relationship of this ascent to the uprisings is not clear. Ursus would become the first of 117 "doges" (doge is the Venetian dialect development of the Latin dux ("leader"); the corresponding word in English is duke, in standard Italian duce.) Whatever his original views, Ursus supported Emperor Leo's successful military expedition to recover Ravenna, sending both men and ships. In recognition, Venice was "granted numerous privileges and concessions" and Ursus, who had personally taken the field, was confirmed by Leo as dux[15] and given the added title of hypatus (Greek for "Consul".)[16]
In 751, the Lombard King Aistulf conquered most of the Exarchate of Ravenna, leaving Venice a lonely and increasingly autonomous Byzantine outpost. During this period, the seat of the local Byzantine governor (the "duke/dux", later "doge"), was situated in Malamocco. Settlement on the islands in the lagoon probably increased in correspondence with the Lombard conquest of other Byzantine territories as refugees sought asylum in the lagoon city. In 775/776, the episcopal seat of Olivolo (Helipolis) was created. During the reign of duke Agnello Particiaco (811–827), the ducal seat was moved from Malamocco to the highly protected Rialto, the current location of Venice. The monastery of St. Zachary and the first ducal palace and basilica of St. Mark, as well as a walled defense (civitatis murus) between Olivolo and Rialto, were subsequently built here. Winged lions, which may be seen throughout Venice, are a symbol for St. Mark.
Charlemagne sought to subdue the city to his own rule. He ordered the Pope to expel the Venetians from the Pentapolis along the Adriatic coast,[17] and Charlemagne's own son Pepin of Italy, king of the Lombards under the authority of his father, embarked on a siege of Venice itself. This, however, proved a costly failure. The siege lasted six months, with Pepin's army ravaged by the diseases of the local swamps and eventually forced to withdraw. A few months later, Pepin himself died, apparently as a result of a disease contracted there. In the aftermath, an agreement between Charlemagne and Nicephorus in 814 recognized Venice as Byzantine territory and granted the city trading rights along the Adriatic coast.
In 828, the new city's prestige was raised by the acquisition of the claimed relics of St. Mark the Evangelist from Alexandria, which were placed in the new basilica. The patriarchal seat was also moved to Rialto. As the community continued to develop and as Byzantine power waned, it led to the growth of autonomy and eventual independence.[18]
Expansion
Piazza San Marco in Venice, with St Mark's Campanile and Basilica in the background
These Horses of Saint Mark are a replica of the Triumphal Quadriga captured in Constantinople in 1204 and carried to Venice as a trophy.
From the 9th to the 12th century, Venice developed into a city state (an Italian thalassocracy or Repubblica Marinara, the other three being Genoa, Pisa, and Amalfi). Its strategic position at the head of the Adriatic made Venetian naval and commercial power almost invulnerable. With the elimination of pirates along the Dalmatian coast, the city became a flourishing trade center between Western Europe and the rest of the world (especially the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world).
The Republic of Venice seized a number of places on the eastern shores of the Adriatic before 1200, mostly for commercial reasons, because pirates based there were a menace to trade. The Doge already carried the titles of Duke of Dalmatia and Duke of Istria. Later mainland possessions, which extended across Lake Garda as far west as the Adda River, were known as the "Terraferma", and were acquired partly as a buffer against belligerent neighbours, partly to guarantee Alpine trade routes, and partly to ensure the supply of mainland wheat, on which the city depended. In building its maritime commercial empire, the Republic dominated the trade in salt,[19] acquired control of most of the islands in the Aegean, including Cyprus and Crete, and became a major power-broker in the Near East. By the standards of the time, Venice's stewardship of its mainland territories was relatively enlightened and the citizens of such towns as Bergamo, Brescia and Verona rallied to the defence of Venetian sovereignty when it was threatened by invaders.
Venice remained closely associated with Constantinople, being twice granted trading privileges in the Eastern Roman Empire, through the so-called Golden Bulls or 'chrysobulls' in return for aiding the Eastern Empire to resist Norman and Turkish incursions. In the first chrysobull, Venice acknowledged its homage to the Empire but not in the second, reflecting the decline of Byzantium and the rise of Venice's power.[20][21]
Venice became an imperial power following the Fourth Crusade, which, having veered off course, culminated in 1204 by capturing and sacking Constantinople and establishing the Latin Empire. As a result of this conquest, considerable Byzantine plunder was brought back to Venice. This plunder included the gilt bronze horses from the Hippodrome of Constantinople, which were originally placed above the entrance to St Mark's cathedral in Venice, although the originals have been replaced with replicas and are now stored within the basilica. Following the fall of Constantinople, the former Roman Empire was partitioned among the Latin crusaders and the Venetians. Venice subsequently carved out a sphere of influence in the Mediterranean known as the Duchy of the Archipelago, and captured Crete.[22]
The seizure of Constantinople would ultimately prove as decisive a factor in ending the Byzantine Empire as the loss of the Anatolian themes after Manzikert. Although the Byzantines recovered control of the ravaged city a half century later, the Byzantine Empire was terminally weakened, and existed as a ghost of its old self until Sultan Mehmet The Conqueror took the city in 1453.
View of San Giorgio Maggiore Island from St. Mark's Campanile
Situated on the Adriatic Sea, Venice always traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim world. By the late 13th century, Venice was the most prosperous city in all of Europe. At the peak of its power and wealth, it had 36,000 sailors operating 3,300 ships, dominating Mediterranean commerce. During this time, Venice's leading families vied with each other to build the grandest palaces and support the work of the greatest and most talented artists. The city was governed by the Great Council, which was made up of members of the noble families of Venice. The Great Council appointed all public officials and elected a Senate of 200 to 300 individuals. Since this group was too large for efficient administration, a Council of Ten (also called the Ducal Council or the Signoria), controlled much of the administration of the city. One member of the great council was elected "Doge", or duke, the ceremonial head of the city, who normally held the title until his death.
The Venetian governmental structure was similar in some ways to the republican system of ancient Rome, with an elected chief executive (the Doge), a senate-like assembly of nobles, and a mass of citizens with limited political power, who originally had the power to grant or withhold their approval of each newly elected Doge. Church and various private properties were tied to military service, although there was no knight tenure within the city itself. The Cavalieri di San Marco was the only order of chivalry ever instituted in Venice, and no citizen could accept or join a foreign order without the government's consent. Venice remained a republic throughout its independent period, and politics and the military were kept separate, except when on occasion the Doge personally headed the military. War was regarded as a continuation of commerce by other means (hence, the city's early production of large numbers of mercenaries for service elsewhere, and later its reliance on foreign mercenaries when the ruling class was preoccupied with commerce).
Francesco Guardi, The Grand Canal, 1760 (Art Institute of Chicago)
The chief executive was the Doge, who theoretically held his elective office for life. In practice, several Doges were forced by pressure from their oligarchical peers to resign the office and retire into monastic seclusion when they were felt to have been discredited by perceived political failure.
Although the people of Venice generally remained orthodox Roman Catholics, the state of Venice was notable for its freedom from religious fanaticism and it enacted not a single execution for religious heresy during the Counter-Reformation. This apparent lack of zeal contributed to Venice's frequent conflicts with the Papacy. In this context, the writings of the Anglican Divine, William Bedell, are particularly illuminating. Venice was threatened with the interdict on a number of occasions and twice suffered its imposition. The second, most famous, occasion was in 1606, by order of Pope Paul V.
Venetian ambassadors sent home still-extant secret reports of the politics and rumours of European courts, providing fascinating information to modern historians.
The newly invented German printing press spread rapidly throughout Europe in the 15th century, and Venice was quick to adopt it. By 1482, Venice was the printing capital of the world, and the leading printer was Aldus Manutius, who invented the concept of paperback books that could be carried in a saddlebag. His Aldine Editions included translations of nearly all the known Greek manuscripts of the era.[23]
Decline
The Grand Canal in Venice
Venice's long decline started in the 15th century, when it first made an unsuccessful attempt to hold Thessalonica against the Ottomans (1423–1430). It also sent ships to help defend Constantinople against the besieging Turks (1453). After Constantinople fell to Sultan Mehmet II he declared war on Venice. The war lasted thirty years and cost Venice much of its eastern Mediterranean possessions. Next, Christopher Columbus discovered the New World. Then Portugal found a sea route to India, destroying Venice's land route monopoly. France, England and the Dutch Republic followed them. Venice's oared galleys were at a disadvantage when it came to traversing the great oceans, and therefore Venice was left behind in the race for colonies.
The Black Death devastated Venice in 1348 and once again between 1575 and 1577.[24] In three years the plague killed some 50,000 people.[25] In 1630, the plague killed a third of Venice's 150,000 citizens.[26] Venice began to lose its position as a center of international trade during the later part of the Renaissance as Portugal became Europe's principal intermediary in the trade with the East, striking at the very foundation of Venice's great wealth, while France and Spain fought for hegemony over Italy in the Italian Wars, marginalising its political influence. However, the Venetian empire was a major exporter of agricultural products and, until the mid-18th century, a significant manufacturing center.
Modern age[edit source | editbeta]
A map of the sestiere of San Marco
The Republic lost independence when Napoleon Bonaparte conquered Venice on 12 May 1797 during the First Coalition. The French conqueror brought to an end the most fascinating century of its history: during the 18th century, Venice became perhaps the most elegant and refined city in Europe, greatly influencing art, architecture and literature. Napoleon was seen as something of a liberator by the city's Jewish population, although it can be argued they had lived with fewer restrictions in Venice. He removed the gates of the Ghetto and ended the restrictions on when and where Jews could live and travel in the city.
Venice became Austrian territory when Napoleon signed the Treaty of Campo Formio on 12 October 1797. The Austrians took control of the city on 18 January 1798. It was taken from Austria by the Treaty of Pressburg in 1805 and became part of Napoleon's Kingdom of Italy, but was returned to Austria following Napoleon's defeat in 1814, when it became part of the Austrian-held Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. In 1848–1849, a revolt briefly reestablished the Venetian Republic under Daniele Manin. In 1866, following the Third Italian War of Independence, Venice, along with the rest of the Veneto, became part of the newly created Kingdom of Italy.
During the Second World War, the historic city was largely free from attack, the only aggressive effort of note being Operation Bowler, a successful Royal Air Force precision strike on the German naval operations there in March 1945. The targets were destroyed with virtually no architectural damage done the city itself.[27] However the industrial areas in Mestre and Marghera and the railway lines to Padua, Trieste and Trento were repeatedly bombed.[28] On 29 April 1945, New Zealand troops under Freyberg reached Venice and relieved the city and the mainland, which were already in partisan hands.[29]
Subsidence[edit source | editbeta]
Further information: Acqua alta
Acqua alta or high water in Venice.
Venice and surroundings in false colour, from Terra. The picture is oriented with North at the top.
Foundations
The buildings of Venice are constructed on closely spaced wooden piles. Most of these piles are still intact after centuries of submersion. The foundations rest on the piles, and buildings of brick or stone sit above these footings. The piles penetrate a softer layer of sand and mud until they reach a much harder layer of compressed clay.
Submerged by water, in oxygen-poor conditions, wood does not decay as rapidly as on the surface.
Most of these piles were made from trunks of alder trees,[30] a wood noted for its water resistance.[31] The alder came from the westernmost part of today's Slovenia (resulting in the barren land of the Kras region), in two regions of Croatia, Lika and Gorski kotar (resulting in the barren slopes of Velebit) and south of Montenegro.[citation needed] Leonid Grigoriev has stated that Russian larch was imported to build some of Venice's foundations.[32] Larch is also used in the production of Venice turpentine.[33]
History[edit source | editbeta]
The city is often threatened by flood tides pushing in from the Adriatic between autumn and early spring. Six hundred years ago, Venetians protected themselves from land-based attacks by diverting all the major rivers flowing into the lagoon and thus preventing sediment from filling the area around the city. This created an ever-deeper lagoon environment.
In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.
During the 20th century, when many artesian wells were sunk into the periphery of the lagoon to draw water for local industry, Venice began to subside. It was realised that extraction of water from the aquifer was the cause. The sinking has slowed markedly since artesian wells were banned in the 1960s. However, the city is still threatened by more frequent low-level floods (called Acqua alta, "high water") that creep to a height of several centimetres over its quays, regularly following certain tides. In many old houses, the former staircases used to unload goods are now flooded, rendering the former ground floor uninhabitable.
Some recent studies have suggested that the city is no longer sinking,[34][35] but this is not yet certain; therefore, a state of alert has not been revoked. In May 2003, the Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi inaugurated the MOSE project (Modulo Sperimentale Elettromeccanico), an experimental model for evaluating the performance of hollow floatable gates; the idea is to fix a series of 78 hollow pontoons to the sea bed across the three entrances to the lagoon. When tides are predicted to rise above 110 centimetres, the pontoons will be filled with air, causing them to float and block the incoming water from the Adriatic Sea. This engineering work is due to be completed by 2014.[36]
Geography
Sestieri of Venice:
Cannaregio
Castello
Dorsoduro
San Marco
San Polo
Santa Croce
The historical city is divided into six areas or "sestiere" (while the whole comune (municipality) is divided into 6 boroughs of which one is composed of all 6 sestiere). These are Cannaregio, San Polo, Dorsoduro (including the Giudecca and Isola Sacca Fisola), Santa Croce, San Marco (including San Giorgio Maggiore) and Castello (including San Pietro di Castello and Sant'Elena). Each sestiere was administered by a procurator and his staff. Nowadays each sestiere is a statistic and historical area without any degree of autonomy.
These districts consist of parishes – initially seventy in 1033, but reduced under Napoleon and now numbering just thirty-eight. These parishes predate the sestieri, which were created in about 1170.
Other islands of the Venetian Lagoon do not form part of any of the sestieri, having historically enjoyed a considerable degree of autonomy.
Each sestiere has its own house numbering system. Each house has a unique number in the district, from one to several thousand, generally numbered from one corner of the area to another, but not usually in a readily understandable manner.
Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, Venice has a Humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with cool winters and very warm summers. The 24-hour average in January is 2.5 °C (36.5 °F), and for July this figure is 22.7 °C (72.9 °F). Precipitation is spread relatively evenly throughout the year, and averages 801 millimetres (31.5 in).
With the impending withdrawal of all Chopper C Sets on 26/2/21, it sees the start of some several transfer trains to Chullora Industrial Siding. Seen passing Berala is 8144 and 8252 with train T191.
The cars withdrawn include:
C2: C3603, T4269, T4261, C3595
C4: C3589, T4260
C10: C3594, T4255
Up on the first walk after French lockdown was reduced, I went on a foggy and wet day to Calerne plateau.
The period between the First World War and WWII is so distant that it's doubtful many people think about passenger air travel during those decades. If they do, what comes to mind are scary-looking wooden and canvas biplanes held together by a maze of guy wires.
If my father was dreading many noisy, bumpy and nerve-wracking hours on one of those all the way to Miami while on his way to the airfield at Rio in early 1943, he would have been delighted to see one of Pan Am's Boeing S-307 Strato-Clippers waiting on the apron for its lucky passengers.
Above, Pan American's three Boeing S-307s are parked together for an undated publicity shot. The one that carried my father is in the center, bearing registration number NC19910. There's some confusion as to whether it was Clipper Flying Cloud or Clipper Comet. Wikipedia isn't sure.
The Boeing S-307 story is too long to fit here but it doesn't need to, since Wikipedia has all the facts a person could possibly want about this pioneering airliner. Simply saying that it was pressurized with four engines mounted on a wing that was below the body doesn't begin to do it justice.
It's a shame Father wasn't as interested in aircraft as I am, because I would have loved to hear his impressions.
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The Boeing Model 307 Stratoliner (or Strato-Clipper in Pan American service, or C-75 in USAAF service) is an American stressed-skin four-engine low-wing tailwheel monoplane airliner derived from the B-17 Flying Fortress bomber, which entered commercial service in July 1940.
It was the first airliner in revenue service with a pressurized cabin, which with supercharged engines, allowed it to cruise above the weather.
As such it represented a major advance over contemporaries, with a cruising speed of 220 mph (350 km/h) at 20,000 ft (6,100 m) compared to the Douglas DC-3s 160 mph (260 km/h), at 8,000 ft (2,400 m) then in service.
When it entered commercial service it had had a crew of five to six, including two pilots, a flight engineer, two flight attendants and an optional navigator, and had a capacity for 33 passengers, which later modifications increased, first to 38, and eventually to 60.
/ / /
The noted industrial designer Raymond Loewy designed the passenger cabin, with furnishings provided by Marshall Field's.
It was divided into four compartments, each with six deep comfortable reclining chairs which could be converted into 16 sleeping berths.
Each compartment was provided with adjustable air conditioning vents, reading lights, and a call button.
Nine additional seats were provided along the port side of the aircraft, while washrooms which doubled as dressing rooms were provided at both ends of the cabin.
The rear washroom was for women and was named the "ladies charm room", which aside from the walls being covered in heavy plate glass mirrors, in its 34 sq ft (3.2 m2) it two dressing tables, each with a sink, plush upholstered stools, soft indirect lighting provided by fluorescent lamps, ashtrays, hot and cold running water, shelves with towels, and a separate cubicle was provided for the toilet.
The men's washroom was in front as the "Men's Lounge", and also had a separate cubicle for the toilet, and two sinks, along with outlets to run an electric razor.
A somewhat cramped galley of 28 sq ft (2.6 m2) provided hot food was situated at the rear of the cabin, behind which was positioned the rear hemispherical pressure bulkhead.
Up to 412 cu ft (11.7 m3) or 6,590 lb (2,990 kg) of baggage could be stowed under the floor of the cabin, between the wing spars, and behind the rear spar, which was accessible in flight through a hatch in the cabin floor, or on the ground through three hatches on the underside of the fuselage.
Extensive use was made of the latest in sound proofing, and the Dynafocal engine shock mounts were designed to reduce vibrations from being felt by the passengers.
The air conditioning system used both electrical and mechanical systems, which drew air in through vents in leading edge of each wing near the roots to bring outside air to two engine driven superchargers that compressed the air, which was then passed through radiator condensers to cool the air, and it was then run through channels to the vents in the cabin.
External hookups allowed ground air conditioner units to cool the cabin air when the engines were off.
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In 1937 Pan American Airways placed their first order for two Stratoliners, which they soon increased to six. Deliveries to Pan Am started in March 1940, and they had received their first three before war intervened and civil aircraft production halted. The other three would not be built. All three were named for historically notable Clipper ships. Pan Am carried out their first revenue flight on July 4, 1940, with service between Miami, Brownsville, Texas and Los Angeles. Unlike TWA, Pan Am did not exclusively assign their aircraft to specific routes, and instead they were used for their Latin American routes and ranged from Miami and Los Angeles to Brazil.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner#Pan_American...(Pan_Am)