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ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. -- Four Soldiers will test their physical fitness, endurance, technical aptitude and reasoning skills May 20 to 23 as they vie for honors in the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command.
On a cloudy, muggy morning, three staff sergeants and one sergeant kicked off the four-day competition for RDECOM Noncommissioned Officer of the Year with the Army Physical Fitness Test.
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Read more:
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. -- Four Soldiers will test their physical fitness, endurance, technical aptitude and reasoning skills May 20 to 23 as they vie for honors in the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command.
On a cloudy, muggy morning, three staff sergeants and one sergeant kicked off the four-day competition for RDECOM Noncommissioned Officer of the Year with the Army Physical Fitness Test.
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Read more:
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Revista Mundo Estranho
Agosto/2012
edição 128
Texto: Yuri Vasconcelos
Foto: Dercílio Vanzelli
Ilustração: OSilva e Lígia Jeon
Design: Bernardo Borges
Edição: Marcel Nadale
Do you remember Royal Bethleem Hospital? It's where Bedlam died.
"Bethleem Hospital became a hospital specifically required to take thos who had "entirely lost their wits and God's great gift of reasoning, the whiche only distinguisheth us from the beast".
Directed by Robert Hooke (1635-1703), the beautiful new classical building concealed a dreadful time, with patients packed into insufficient space and no attemps of any kind of hygiene.
By this time a curious shift had taken place in social attitudes and the entertainment-hungry populace of London began to see Bethleem Hospital as a sort of circus or amusement park. We don't know exaclty when it began but by the middle eighteenth century every weekend hundreds arrived to be shown around the madhouse; it was a visit "guaranteed to amuse and lift spirit", said one commentator.
Sadly there is evidence that the warders deliberately worked the patients up before thit visits in order to make them behave even more wildly than they would otherwise. The governors were probably pleased as they had no thought that their patients could ever recover and the visitors paid good money to see them".
London's strangest tals - Tom Quinn
And now you have an idea of what sort of life Bedlam had at the end.
Bedlam, pullip Princess Ann
Brainstorm Session with NCHD Sindh Mar6, 2015 at Karachi University
Brainstorming Session
1. Challenges for universal primary education in Pakistan.
2. Role of NCHD and PHDF to increase the literacy rate.
3. Success and Failure of Plan already implemented.
4. Reasoning for High Drop out of students.
5. Improvement of Infrastructure needed for improving literacy rate.
6. How to incorporate technology for basic education?
7. Capacity building and teachers training programs and etc.
Participants: Mr.Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF, Madam Humaira Hashmi Director Operations NCHD Sindh, Mr.Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club,Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University.Mr.Abdul Wajid Shaikh DGM Karachi and Jamshoro, Mr.Daim Janwri DGM Thatta, Mr.Muneer Memon DGM Badin, Mr.Pir Niaz Jan DGM TM Khan, Dr Anwar Rajar DGM Matiari, Mr.Riaz Ahmed Aagro DGM Tando Allahyar, Mr.Sher Muhammad Mangrio ADGM Umer Kot,Mr.Abdul Fatah Moro DGM SBA&N.Feroz,Mr.Ayaz Shaikh DGM Larkana,Mr.Rizawan Memon ADGM Shikarpur, Mr.Javed Mangi ADGM Sukkur,Miss.Qamar u Nisa ADGM Ghotiki,Mr.Ali Madad Bozdar ADGM Jacab abad, Mr.Sajjad Ali Memon PCE, Mr.Hamza Lashari PCL,Miss.Zeesha Khuwaja Provincial Manager.
Madam Humaira Hashmi ( Director Operations NCHD Sindh ) provided detailed presentation about NCHD Programs i.e. UPE, Literacy, BBSYDP Projects and also about MALALA and OWN School initiatives. It also includes the detailed briefing of NCHD’s national and provincial achievements. The achievements and efforts were widely appreciated by the Participants.
Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University highlighted the importance of education and appreciated the role of NCHD in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and strategy execution to enhance Literacy rate and Universal Primary Education (UPE) with a view to fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He further ensured his volunteer support in teachers’ training and development for the provision of intellectual volunteers for the training of teachers all across the board. He further said that socio-economic development of Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia is largely attributed to effective education systems. In addition to that he urged government to increase budget allocation for the education sector.
Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club explained the role of private sector for enhancement of education. He said that Rotery club is already working for improvements in education. He affirmed his support to NCHD and also ensured that they would also undertake filed visits in collaboration with NCHD aiming at enhancement of School initiatives.
Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF provided detailed information regarding background of PHDF its working style and the current role. He also explained the collaboration of PHDF with NCHD & Govt of Pakistan. He also conducted interactive session with the participants about the models of UPE and Literacy. He also discussed about the use of technology to improve the education and teacher’s training.
All DGMs shared the achievements of their respective districts in the UPE and Literacy and also provided feedback to further improve the execution of strategies at the district level.
Prevez Lodhi sb appreciated the work, efforts and achievement of NCHD and focused on proper showcasing of NCHD work to share with the national and international donor community to attract them to support education through NCHD. He suggested all DGMs of NCHD to share success story reports & documentaries of schools/ literacy centers on social groups.
He further shared that his meeting with Baligh ur Rehman (Minister for Professional Education and Technical Training) has been fixed in which he will discuss about NCHD.
Any suggestions or comments? Please give a reasoning behind your comments, I really want to know what are the flaws and not.
Another thing, which stock should I use? I am debating between the above three stocks.
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
Brainstorm Session with NCHD Sindh Mar6, 2015 at Karachi University
Brainstorming Session
1. Challenges for universal primary education in Pakistan.
2. Role of NCHD and PHDF to increase the literacy rate.
3. Success and Failure of Plan already implemented.
4. Reasoning for High Drop out of students.
5. Improvement of Infrastructure needed for improving literacy rate.
6. How to incorporate technology for basic education?
7. Capacity building and teachers training programs and etc.
Participants: Mr.Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF, Madam Humaira Hashmi Director Operations NCHD Sindh, Mr.Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club,Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University.Mr.Abdul Wajid Shaikh DGM Karachi and Jamshoro, Mr.Daim Janwri DGM Thatta, Mr.Muneer Memon DGM Badin, Mr.Pir Niaz Jan DGM TM Khan, Dr Anwar Rajar DGM Matiari, Mr.Riaz Ahmed Aagro DGM Tando Allahyar, Mr.Sher Muhammad Mangrio ADGM Umer Kot,Mr.Abdul Fatah Moro DGM SBA&N.Feroz,Mr.Ayaz Shaikh DGM Larkana,Mr.Rizawan Memon ADGM Shikarpur, Mr.Javed Mangi ADGM Sukkur,Miss.Qamar u Nisa ADGM Ghotiki,Mr.Ali Madad Bozdar ADGM Jacab abad, Mr.Sajjad Ali Memon PCE, Mr.Hamza Lashari PCL,Miss.Zeesha Khuwaja Provincial Manager.
Madam Humaira Hashmi ( Director Operations NCHD Sindh ) provided detailed presentation about NCHD Programs i.e. UPE, Literacy, BBSYDP Projects and also about MALALA and OWN School initiatives. It also includes the detailed briefing of NCHD’s national and provincial achievements. The achievements and efforts were widely appreciated by the Participants.
Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University highlighted the importance of education and appreciated the role of NCHD in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and strategy execution to enhance Literacy rate and Universal Primary Education (UPE) with a view to fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He further ensured his volunteer support in teachers’ training and development for the provision of intellectual volunteers for the training of teachers all across the board. He further said that socio-economic development of Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia is largely attributed to effective education systems. In addition to that he urged government to increase budget allocation for the education sector.
Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club explained the role of private sector for enhancement of education. He said that Rotery club is already working for improvements in education. He affirmed his support to NCHD and also ensured that they would also undertake filed visits in collaboration with NCHD aiming at enhancement of School initiatives.
Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF provided detailed information regarding background of PHDF its working style and the current role. He also explained the collaboration of PHDF with NCHD & Govt of Pakistan. He also conducted interactive session with the participants about the models of UPE and Literacy. He also discussed about the use of technology to improve the education and teacher’s training.
All DGMs shared the achievements of their respective districts in the UPE and Literacy and also provided feedback to further improve the execution of strategies at the district level.
Prevez Lodhi sb appreciated the work, efforts and achievement of NCHD and focused on proper showcasing of NCHD work to share with the national and international donor community to attract them to support education through NCHD. He suggested all DGMs of NCHD to share success story reports & documentaries of schools/ literacy centers on social groups.
He further shared that his meeting with Baligh ur Rehman (Minister for Professional Education and Technical Training) has been fixed in which he will discuss about NCHD.
THE WIDER WORLD. PALESTINE AND ST. STEPHEN'S. by H. WILSON HARRIS, Daily News (London) 26 June 1922
Last Wednesday Lord Balfour made his first speech in the House of Lords in defence of the Palestine mandate. On a division the Government was defeated by a vote of over two to one. On Thursday the Palestine mandate was to have been discussed in the House of Commons. If the House had not been adjourned is consequence of the tragedy of an hour earlier the Government might have been hard put to it there too for a majority.
As it is the discussion in the Commons still lies ahead, and when it comes the opponents of the Government's Palestine policy will gather all their forces for the attack. Who are those opponents? They are first and foremost the bigoted Anti- Semites. whom no argument can move and no reasoning affect if it is designed to justify any policy by which Jews may benefit. They will be there in strength.
Then there are the patriot protectionists, who hold the view of colonies by which the Court party of George III. compassed the loss of America. For them victories are merely means of promoting British trade, and the fact that Palestine happens not to be a colony at all but a mandate territory administered by this country under responsibility to the League of Nations in no way diminishes the ardour of their demand that is the matter of contracts for the development of Palestine British business shall enjoy not merely a preference but a monopoly. They will muster all their battalions to press that indefeasible demand.
A Matter of Pledges.
Such critics matter little. But there are others who will raise a question calling for more serious argument. Is it to be desired that Palestine, a predominantly Arab country, should be systematically colonised by an alien and more highly-developed race such as the Jews? And in particular is such a policy of colonisation in strict accordance with the mandate condition that the wellbeing and development of the inhabitants form a sacred trust or civilisation?
The real problem here is whether the British Government is to repudiate the pledge given on its behalf by the then Foreign Secretary, Mr. Balfour, in November 1917, that there should be established in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people. On the wisdom of such a pledge there is obviously room for argument. But it may be observed that of the various parties who might have raised objection to it none have disapproved it at any time. The Allied Powers at Paris, in 1919 endorsed it. America has always favoured the course taken by the British Government. The League of Nations Council, representing such nations as France, Italy. and Catholic Spain, have accepted the main principles of the mandate without reserve
Behind everything lies the astonishing phenomenon of Jewish nationality. That is a fact that stands by itself. There is no analogy to it. Call it good or call it bad, there it is. The Jew may be a Briton or a German, or a Pole, a Russian or a Frenchman, but under and behind it all he is a Jew first, and in whatever alien hands Palestine may be at any moment Palestine remains the Jew's home still. That in itself would in no way justify the expulsion of the present inhabitants of Palestine to make room for the return of the Jew. It would not justify the imposing on them of any curtailment of their civil or religious or political rights, and the mandate expressly stipulates that no such disabilities shall in be imposed.
How to Develope.
But Palestine is a land worth developing. Merely as an agricultural country it is much under-populated. When its industrial possibilities are realised there will be room for immigration on a considerable scale for a generation to come. But who is to develop Palestine? Quite certainly the Arabs will not. Where has the Arab race ever thrown itself into the expansion of modern industry? Manifestly this country cannot. We grudge the two millions the policing of the country is still costing us, and we have no money to sink in the development of Palestine. Still less will the investors of America be attracted on a purely business basis by such opportunities as Palestine offers. Why should they? They have far better fields of investment near home.
What that means is that without the Jewish settlement Palestine will remain the undeveloped pastoral country it is to-day. It may be quite true that contractors of various countries have applied for concessions to dam rivers and instal hydro-electric machinery and other works, but all that is on the assumption that the Jews are to be in the country to develop it industrially. An Arab Palestine offers no encouragement to such undertakings.
Now what the Jews are doing is to come into Palestine from different countries of the world, from America in particular, bringing with them, or attracting to them, large sums of Americas money. They are coming in, no great numbers—about 1,000 a month—and they are given entry only after satisfying stringent conditions. They come as idealists, and they set about developing the country on something other than a business basis.
Business and Ideals.
That is why Jewish university graduates are at present labouring with their hands at making roads in the country to which they have returned out of exile. That is the truth that lies behind the grossly misrepresented Rutenberg concession. Mr. Rutenberg has not dashed suddenly in to clutch at a lucrative contract. He has been in Palestine for some three years working out a scheme for developing the water power of the country. And now that his scheme has been approved by the Colonial Office experts he is in America raising funds from American Zionists to carry through an undertaking which no one believes will give shareholders more than the most modest of dividends.
Those are the considerations that must in equity determine the decision on the mandate. Not that in reality there can be any fresh decision to take, for to the mandate substantially as it stands there is no alternative visible. The Arabs cannot stand alone We cannot abandon Palestine to its fate, be that fate Turkish or French. We cannot annex it outright in the face of the world. And if there is to be a mandate it must be in substance what the present mandate is, unless both the British pledge to the Jews and the welfare of Palestine itself are to be jettisoned together. Criticism of details there may and should be. In particular it is essential that the balance should be held between Jews and Arabs in Palestine with the same impartiality with which Sir Herbert Samuel is holding it today. Bat on the main issue the House of Commons ought to give the Government overwhelming support against the Die-Hard school of critics, for it is of the first moment that the mandate should be finally approved by the League without further delay. Till that is done a completely permanent regime cannot be established, and so long uncertainty and instability will prevail. It is fully time controversy was ended and construction begun.
Image: Photo of Henry Wilson Harris, circa 1917, by James Russell & Sons, print held by National Portrait Gallery.
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
I was raised in a secular household.
Although I wasn't raised to be an atheist, I "decided" that I didn't believe in god(s) when I was quite young. I like to think that I'm an atheist purely because of my own intellect and reasoning, however the reality is that I'm probably an atheist because I wasn't raised to believe in god. Just Like most Christians are Christian because they were raised to be. The same is true for any other religion. There are a billion Muslims who were raised to believe that theirs is the one true faith just the same as the kids in Catechism class or Sunday school are taught to believe the same about their faith. Never underestimate the role indoctrination of youth plays in perpetuating religion.
Most of what I know of the Bible and Christianity comes from "Chick Tracks" passed out by evangelists outside my schools growing up or from watching Movies like "The Ten Commandments," and playing video games. I learned Revelation 21:6: "...I am Alpha and Omega, the beginning and the end. I will give to him that is thirsty of the fountain of the water of life...," from Fallout 3. Ironically it came in a line delivered by Liam Neeson.
In high school I read Milton's "Paradise Lost" which retells the story of Adam and Eve albeit with some non Christian(even pagan) additions. Later during my first year of college I read parts of the book of Genesis and parts of the book of Ruth for a literature class. My unfamiliarity with the bible(or at least the old testament) in comparison with my classmates was apparent and I began to realize that a working knowledge of the Bible and it's stories would be valuable for interpreting and understanding much of western literature and culture.
We all know what someone means when they say "David and Goliath" or "Noah's Ark," but I figure there are many other stories that would be useful to have knowledge of for the purpose of understanding metaphors and allusions.
Thus, I ordered a Bible, a King James Version, as that seems to be one of the dominant translations (at least in protestantism), and it was the translation we used in the class where I first read parts of the Bible.
Seeing how little time i have for reading non law school material i doubt i'll get through it anytime soon, but i hope to digest it in the near future.
ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. -- Four Soldiers will test their physical fitness, endurance, technical aptitude and reasoning skills May 20 to 23 as they vie for honors in the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command.
On a cloudy, muggy morning, three staff sergeants and one sergeant kicked off the four-day competition for RDECOM Noncommissioned Officer of the Year with the Army Physical Fitness Test.
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Read more:
La final de la primera edició de la competició Rin4', un exercici de divulgació científica adreçat a un públic no especialitzat a càrrec de joves científics doctorands d'aquest curs acadèmic, va tenir lloc ahir 8 de juny a la Sala Polivalent de l'edifici Mercè Rodoreda del campus de la Ciutadella de la UPF. Prèviament, del 2 al 7 de juny, es van dur a terme les fases classificatòries entre els 70 aspirants dels més de 100 inscrits, de les que en van sortir els nou finalistes que van competir pel 1r, 2n i 3r premis, a més d'un premi especial atorgat pel públic assistent, dotats de 900, 600, 300, i 200 euros, respectivament.
En un acte conduït per David Comas, investigador del Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (CEXS), cadascun dels nou candidats, vuit del Doctorat de Biomedicina i un del Doctorat en Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions, van fer l'exposició del seu projecte de recerca en el temps rècord de quatre minuts com a màxim. En aquesta edició, les ponències finalistes van estar relacionades amb els àmbits de ciències de la salut i de la vida i de ciències cognitives i del llenguatge.
Jaume Casals, rector de la UPF va lliurar els premis. El primer premi va ser per a Cristina Galusca, que està fent la seva recerca en el Grup de Recerca Reasoning and Infant Cognition (RICO) del Centre de Cognició i Cervell (CBC) del Departament de Tecnologies de la Informació i les Comunicacions (DTIC), amb la ponència " Ull recorda això!".
El segon premi va ser per a Álvaro Castells, investigador del Centre de Regulació Genòmica (CRG), amb " Dinàmica del RNA emprant la microscopia d'alta definició"; el tercer premi va ser per a Mònica Domínguez i " El discurs prosòdic en la interacció home-màquina", recerca que està duent a terme al Grup de Recerca sobre el Tractament Automàtic del Llenguatge Natural (TALN) al DTIC. Finalment, el premi especial del públic va ser per a Carlota Rubio per " Buscant les forces que mouen el càncer", part de la recerca que fa dins del Grup de Recerca en Genòmica Biomèdica del Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut (CEXS).
Van formar part del jurat Núria Sebastián, directora de l' Escola de Doctorat de la UPF, Emma Rodero, professora del Departament de Comunicació de la UPF i Mónica López-Ferrado, periodista científica del diari Ara, guardonada en diverses ocasions per la seva tasca professional. Com van afirmar els membres del jurat: "La gran qualitat de les presentacions va fer molt difícil la decisió final".
Brainstorm Session with NCHD Sindh Mar6, 2015 at Karachi University
Brainstorming Session
1. Challenges for universal primary education in Pakistan.
2. Role of NCHD and PHDF to increase the literacy rate.
3. Success and Failure of Plan already implemented.
4. Reasoning for High Drop out of students.
5. Improvement of Infrastructure needed for improving literacy rate.
6. How to incorporate technology for basic education?
7. Capacity building and teachers training programs and etc.
Participants: Mr.Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF, Madam Humaira Hashmi Director Operations NCHD Sindh, Mr.Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club,Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University.Mr.Abdul Wajid Shaikh DGM Karachi and Jamshoro, Mr.Daim Janwri DGM Thatta, Mr.Muneer Memon DGM Badin, Mr.Pir Niaz Jan DGM TM Khan, Dr Anwar Rajar DGM Matiari, Mr.Riaz Ahmed Aagro DGM Tando Allahyar, Mr.Sher Muhammad Mangrio ADGM Umer Kot,Mr.Abdul Fatah Moro DGM SBA&N.Feroz,Mr.Ayaz Shaikh DGM Larkana,Mr.Rizawan Memon ADGM Shikarpur, Mr.Javed Mangi ADGM Sukkur,Miss.Qamar u Nisa ADGM Ghotiki,Mr.Ali Madad Bozdar ADGM Jacab abad, Mr.Sajjad Ali Memon PCE, Mr.Hamza Lashari PCL,Miss.Zeesha Khuwaja Provincial Manager.
Madam Humaira Hashmi ( Director Operations NCHD Sindh ) provided detailed presentation about NCHD Programs i.e. UPE, Literacy, BBSYDP Projects and also about MALALA and OWN School initiatives. It also includes the detailed briefing of NCHD’s national and provincial achievements. The achievements and efforts were widely appreciated by the Participants.
Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University highlighted the importance of education and appreciated the role of NCHD in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and strategy execution to enhance Literacy rate and Universal Primary Education (UPE) with a view to fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He further ensured his volunteer support in teachers’ training and development for the provision of intellectual volunteers for the training of teachers all across the board. He further said that socio-economic development of Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia is largely attributed to effective education systems. In addition to that he urged government to increase budget allocation for the education sector.
Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club explained the role of private sector for enhancement of education. He said that Rotery club is already working for improvements in education. He affirmed his support to NCHD and also ensured that they would also undertake filed visits in collaboration with NCHD aiming at enhancement of School initiatives.
Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF provided detailed information regarding background of PHDF its working style and the current role. He also explained the collaboration of PHDF with NCHD & Govt of Pakistan. He also conducted interactive session with the participants about the models of UPE and Literacy. He also discussed about the use of technology to improve the education and teacher’s training.
All DGMs shared the achievements of their respective districts in the UPE and Literacy and also provided feedback to further improve the execution of strategies at the district level.
Prevez Lodhi sb appreciated the work, efforts and achievement of NCHD and focused on proper showcasing of NCHD work to share with the national and international donor community to attract them to support education through NCHD. He suggested all DGMs of NCHD to share success story reports & documentaries of schools/ literacy centers on social groups.
He further shared that his meeting with Baligh ur Rehman (Minister for Professional Education and Technical Training) has been fixed in which he will discuss about NCHD.
Not sure of the reasoning here for the arrest, but the police followed the man on his bike and then arbitrarily arrested him. I don't know what happened previously - but he did not seem like any kind of threat to require this much force.
Not sure of the reasoning here for the arrest, but the police followed the man on his bike and then arbitrarily arrested him. I don't know what happened previously - but he did not seem like any kind of threat to require this much force.
¿ nee-KOH-tay-bah ? -- anagram of the epithet betonica; could not find reasoning
bet-OH-nee-kuh -- variant of vettonica, a Spanish native plant ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: leafy bract justicia, paper plume, rose-spotted white-flowered Justice wort, squirrel's tail, white shrimp plant • Bengali: পাটল বাসক patela basak • Gujarati: ગુલાબી અરડુસી gulabi aradusi • Hindi: हाड़पात hadpat, मोकंदर mokander, प्रमेहःहराती pramehaharati • Kannada: ಕಾಡು ಕನಕಾಂಬರ kaadu kanakaambara, ಸಣ್ಣ ಅಡುಸೋಗೆ sanna adusoge • Konkani: धवो पोक्षो dhavo pokso • Malayalam: വെള്ളക്കുറിഞ്ഞി vellakurunji • Marathi: गुलाबी अडुलसा gulabi adulasa • Odia: ମାଟି ଶାଗ mati saga • Rajasthani: गुलाबी अडूसा gulabi adusa • Sanskrit: श्वेत सहचरः sveta-sahacarah • Santali: ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱨ tayar • Tamil: வேலிமூங்கில் veli-munkil • Telugu: తెల్ల రంతు tellarantu
botanical names: Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau ... homotypic synonyms: Adhatoda betonica (L.) Nees • Ecbolium betonica (L.) Kuntze • Justicia betonica L. ... heterotypic synonyms: Gendarussa betonica Nees ex Steud., not validly publ. ... and more at POWO, retrieved 27 June 2025
Brainstorm Session with NCHD Sindh Mar6, 2015 at Karachi University
Brainstorming Session
1. Challenges for universal primary education in Pakistan.
2. Role of NCHD and PHDF to increase the literacy rate.
3. Success and Failure of Plan already implemented.
4. Reasoning for High Drop out of students.
5. Improvement of Infrastructure needed for improving literacy rate.
6. How to incorporate technology for basic education?
7. Capacity building and teachers training programs and etc.
Participants: Mr.Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF, Madam Humaira Hashmi Director Operations NCHD Sindh, Mr.Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club,Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University.Mr.Abdul Wajid Shaikh DGM Karachi and Jamshoro, Mr.Daim Janwri DGM Thatta, Mr.Muneer Memon DGM Badin, Mr.Pir Niaz Jan DGM TM Khan, Dr Anwar Rajar DGM Matiari, Mr.Riaz Ahmed Aagro DGM Tando Allahyar, Mr.Sher Muhammad Mangrio ADGM Umer Kot,Mr.Abdul Fatah Moro DGM SBA&N.Feroz,Mr.Ayaz Shaikh DGM Larkana,Mr.Rizawan Memon ADGM Shikarpur, Mr.Javed Mangi ADGM Sukkur,Miss.Qamar u Nisa ADGM Ghotiki,Mr.Ali Madad Bozdar ADGM Jacab abad, Mr.Sajjad Ali Memon PCE, Mr.Hamza Lashari PCL,Miss.Zeesha Khuwaja Provincial Manager.
Madam Humaira Hashmi ( Director Operations NCHD Sindh ) provided detailed presentation about NCHD Programs i.e. UPE, Literacy, BBSYDP Projects and also about MALALA and OWN School initiatives. It also includes the detailed briefing of NCHD’s national and provincial achievements. The achievements and efforts were widely appreciated by the Participants.
Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University highlighted the importance of education and appreciated the role of NCHD in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and strategy execution to enhance Literacy rate and Universal Primary Education (UPE) with a view to fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He further ensured his volunteer support in teachers’ training and development for the provision of intellectual volunteers for the training of teachers all across the board. He further said that socio-economic development of Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia is largely attributed to effective education systems. In addition to that he urged government to increase budget allocation for the education sector.
Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club explained the role of private sector for enhancement of education. He said that Rotery club is already working for improvements in education. He affirmed his support to NCHD and also ensured that they would also undertake filed visits in collaboration with NCHD aiming at enhancement of School initiatives.
Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF provided detailed information regarding background of PHDF its working style and the current role. He also explained the collaboration of PHDF with NCHD & Govt of Pakistan. He also conducted interactive session with the participants about the models of UPE and Literacy. He also discussed about the use of technology to improve the education and teacher’s training.
All DGMs shared the achievements of their respective districts in the UPE and Literacy and also provided feedback to further improve the execution of strategies at the district level.
Prevez Lodhi sb appreciated the work, efforts and achievement of NCHD and focused on proper showcasing of NCHD work to share with the national and international donor community to attract them to support education through NCHD. He suggested all DGMs of NCHD to share success story reports & documentaries of schools/ literacy centers on social groups.
He further shared that his meeting with Baligh ur Rehman (Minister for Professional Education and Technical Training) has been fixed in which he will discuss about NCHD.
But when in doubt, an agent uses transparent reasoning and takes a transparent abtract sort of shot.
Reasoning, thinking, reflecting....Soon it is over....Soon the decision is will be made....
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It was an eye opening day today. I reflected after seeing the answer in front of me. I made a big mistake; regret it already, it is too late....What shall I do? If I could - I would change it.
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I observed, watched, reflected, thought, reflected again.....April is the month....A stands for AWAKE .... A stands for Assumptions, A stands for Average.....WHAT COULD "A" STAND FOR IT anyway?
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"And Spring arose on the garden fair,
Like the Spirit of Love felt everywhere;
And each flower and herb on Earth's dark breast
rose from the dreams of its wintry rest."
- Percy Bysshe Shelley, The Sensitive Plant
.
"The sun was warm but the wind was chill.
You know how it is with an April day.
When the sun is out and the wind is still,
You're one month on in the middle of May.
But if you so much as dare to speak,
a cloud come over the sunlit arch,
And wind comes off a frozen peak,
And you're two months back in the middle of March."
- Robert Frost, Two Tramps in Mud Time, 1926
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ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. -- Four Soldiers will test their physical fitness, endurance, technical aptitude and reasoning skills May 20 to 23 as they vie for honors in the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command.
On a cloudy, muggy morning, three staff sergeants and one sergeant kicked off the four-day competition for RDECOM Noncommissioned Officer of the Year with the Army Physical Fitness Test.
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Read more:
There is a stage in exhaustion that for lack of better understanding, or reasoning for that matter, seems to always get the better of me when I least expect or desire it. And I stand here feeling rather confident that most if not all of you out there have experienced this seemingly frustrating phenomenon at least once or nearly everyday of your lives yourself. It’s the moment that immediately precedes what was apparently a missed opportunity. The moment after the ole sandman had come a knocking, and you failed to answer the door.
At that moment it seems the mind for no reason at all, despite lethargic aspirations of exhaustion, and would be torpidity, suddenly explodes with a gale force of thought. Everything suddenly becomes unusually vibrant, and interesting. And for a moment it seems as though tired has simply…gone away. A second wind perhaps. A third, a forth? Last night, after what has been a rather long and frantic week, I think I finally reached that stage.
When I’d finally gotten settled in for the evening, taking pictures was not high on my to do list. Come to think of it. It was not on the list at all. I didn’t have a shot for the day, and I didn’t care. The schedule for my closing day activities had been stripped bare of anything that did not seem at least hygienically necessary. Shower, food, bed. In that order. By the time I was finished with my shower, I must have reached my mark. The bed seemed inviting, but for some reason other things were drawing my attention. Suddenly I was worrying about issues revolving around the work places, that really weren’t issues at all. At least not ones important enough that they couldn’t wait until the fallowing morning. An hour passed, and I was still awake.
Wander around the house. Poke around in the refrigerator. Nothing looks good. Peek out the humans on display living room window, and soak in the view of a fresh layer of snow settling in on the land. Another half hour wasted. Grind a few gears about the this and that at work. Peek out the window again. Wonder about emails. Remember we have not shot a single picture today. Remember we don’t care. Remember we’ve been concerned about an particular email for the past couple of days. Stumble off to the computer, to check email.
Down into the dungeon, and settling before the mighty puter desk my eyes almost immediately fall onto the lap top. Sitting idle and to the side, I remind myself that I should be in bed. Then I remember that the lap top has been giving me fit’s the past few days. It’s an older model, and I think my latest project has overwhelmed it. I consider taking another stab at fixing the problem. Then I remember the email. The project can wait, as can the lap top. At least for now. There is still that thing at work eating at me.
Wake up the desk top, and search for the little email icon through the dry blurry haze of contact covered eyes. The images seem unusually interesting. Maybe I should try to shoot them? Maybe I should go to bed. I still need a picture of the day. I don’t care….I can’t remember what it was I was planning to do.
Sluggish, I drop my head and scan the desk top. Then something catches my eye. Something that I’m quite certain any other day, I never in a hundred chances would have ever noticed. I crack a grin upon making my observation and pick up the object to get a closer look.
“What the…..?…..Alcoa?
For some reason, at that moment. It seemed the discovery of this plastic water bottle lid, and the logo that adorned it, which up until that moment I’d only seen boasted upon the wheels of countless big rigs, seemed the perfect combination of not only taking my one and only shot for the day, it all so seemed to be the vice I needed to finally turn my mind off.
After I took the photo, I walked way from the computer, the camera, the pesky lap top and unfinished project. The freshly falling snow, the email, the worries I had about work, and the day as a whole. I walked away and I went to bed...
...Damn I wish I'd remembered to eat dinner.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=QgJmtZkgfQo
Thursday, January 22nd. 2009
It is often said that truth is the first casualty of war. Take the reasons offered for the ongoing bombardment and invasion of Gaza by the Israeli Defence Force. The right of national self defense is the oft-repeated mantra, the reasoning being that no nation can abide continued rocket attacks on its civilian population.
To support their claim, the Israelis have been issuing figures of up to 11,000 rockets lobbed either by Hamas or with its blessing into Southern Israel from Gaza, and have accused the group of refusing to respect and renew the current ceasefire while at the same time taking advantage of the lull to replenish its weapons stocks.
Well, regarding the just ended ceasefire, a report by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center (ITIC) which is part of the Israel Intelligence Heritage and Commemoration Center (IICC), an NGO dedicated to the memory of the fallen of the Israeli Intelligence Community says: "As of June 19 [when the ceasefire took effect], there was a marked reduction in the extent of attacks on the western Negev population. The lull was sporadically violated by rocket and mortar shell fire, carried out by rogue terrorist organizations, in some instance in defiance of Hamas (especially by Fatah and Al-Qaeda supporters). Hamas was careful to maintain the ceasefire."
The report goes on to show that between June 19 and November 4 (when the truce was broken by an Israeli incursion into Gaza -more on that later)only 20 rockets (three of which fell inside the Gaza Strip) and 18 mortar shells (five of which fell inside the Gaza Strip) were fired at Israel. Compare this with the average of 380 rockets and mortars a month in the six months preceding the ceasefire.
In fact, the Jerusalem Post reported that on Sunday, 21 December, less than a week before Israel launched her attack on Gaza, Shin Bet (Israel Security Agency) head Yuval Diskin told the cabinet that Hamas was interested in renewing the relative calm with Israel and wanted to improve the cease-fire conditions.
"Diskin listed Hamas' conditions as cancelling the blockade of the Gaza Strip, obtaining a commitment that Israel won't attack, and expanding the cease-fire to the West Bank."
In fact, historically it is Israel itself that has been reluctant to accede to truces and ceasefire.
In the early 90s, Hamas leader Sheikh Ahmad Yassin offered Israel a fixed ceasefire of 20-50 years if she withdrew to the 1967 borders, if both sides undertook not to attack each other and if there were free elections for Palestinian reps to peace talks. Yassin explicitly accepted that elected Palestinian reps would recognise Israel and that such an outcome would end the conflict. There were no takers from Israel.
On July 31, 2001, Israel's assassination of 2 militants in Nablus ended a near two-month Hamas ceasefire.
On July 22, 2002, just 90 minutes after the text of a Tanzim ceasefire supported by the EU, Jordan and the Saudis had been completed, an Israeli airstrike on a crowded apartment block killed a senior Hamas leader, Sheikh Salah Shehada, and 14 civilians, 9 of them children. The Israelis later admitted that they were aware of the impending declaration of the ceasefire.
In February 2005, Hamas signed on to a limited ceasefire agreement banning non-retaliatory attacks on Israeli targets, during talks with the Palestinian Authority and other militant groups. While the ceasefire officially ended on January 1, 2006, Hamas maintained it without further commitment till popular anger over the alleged Israeli shelling of a beach in northern Gaza, which killed 7 family members, forced it to withdraw from the ceasefire in June 2006. It is instructive to note that throughout this period, Israel continued her policy of incursions, shelling and assassinations.
Given then that Hamas was committed to maintaining the June 19 tahadiyeh (lull), how and why then did it collapse?
The ceasefire was based on unwritten understandings and there was ambiguity as to how long it would hold. According to the ITIC report quoted earlier, " Israel 's position was that the lull had no time limit. The position of Hamas and the other Palestinian terrorist organizations was that it would remain in force for six months and they then expected it to be extended to Judea and Samaria . Spokesmen of Hamas and other terrorist organizations later stated that it would end on Friday morning, December 19." However fighting broke out on the evening of November 4 when, according to the BBC, Israeli tanks and a bulldozer moved 250m into the central part of the coastal enclave, backed by military aircraft.
The Israelis claim their intention was to destroy a tunnel dug by militants to abduct its troops. In the ensuing violence, 6 Hamas fighters were killed and the group responded by lobbing over 35 rockets and mortars into southern Israel. The ITIC report shows that by December 17, a further 330 rockets and mortars had been fired from Gaza into Israel by Hamas and other Palestinian groups while Israel responded with air strikes and by "closing the [border] crossings for longer periods leading to shortages of basic goods in the Gaza Strip and disruptions in the supply of fuel." And while the ITIC report claimed that "electrical power was not cut off, since the plant in Ashqelon , which supplies 65% of the Gaza Strip's electricity, provided an uninterrupted flow of power", TimesOnline quoted UN figures showing that half of Gaza City’s residents received water only once a week for a few hours and homes were without electricity for up to 16 hours a day.
By December 18, with one day left to go in what was by then a largely fictitious ceasefire, Hamas was declaring, in the words of MP Mushir al-Masri "the truce with Israel is finished .... and there is no possibility of it being renewed." Another Hamas official, Ayman Taha, explained that the lull was dead "because the enemy did not abide by its obligations."
Explaining the group's logic, Israeli author Arthur Nelsen wrote in Haaretz: "Breaking the siege that has crippled normal Gazan life is the central challenge facing Hamas, both because it has decimated the lives of its electoral base, and because it is a litmus test of the group's alternative policy for statehood through resistance as well as talks. If the tahadiyeh (lull) had succeeded in opening Gaza's borders to aid, trade and free passage for Gazans - especially work-related passage - it would have been political madness for Hamas to break it. As things were, the Gaza closure pushed the organization's popular support down to 16 percent in November, according to one opinion poll, and it must have concluded it no longer had anything to gain by holding fire. "
It therefore seems clear that, contrary to Israeli government assertions, Hamas largely abided by the tahadiyeh and would have preferred to extend and renew it even after the hostilities provoked on November 4 provided the Israeli blockade of Gaza was lifted, as Shin Bet's Diskin confirmed. It is thus the siege and the reasoning behind it, namely the toppling of Hamas and reversal of the 2006 election result, that is the real issue.
On this, there is broad agreement across the Israeli political spectrum, despite recent statements to the contrary. On December 21, the same day Diskin gave his cabinet briefing, the top candidates to become Israel's next Prime Minister, Kadima's Tzipi Livni and Likud's Benjamin Netanyahu vowed to topple Hamas in Gaza. Livni said her government's "strategic objective" would be to "topple the Hamas regime" using military, economic and diplomatic means. Netanyahu called for a more "active policy of attack", accusing the current government of being too "passive". "In the long-term, we will have to topple the Hamas regime. Ephraim Sneh, former Deputy Defense Minister and chairman of the Strong Israel Party, argued in the Washington Post on New Year's Day that Israel's strategic aim is not to stop rockets falling on Sderot, but to topple the Hamas government in Gaza. More directly, Deputy Prime Minister Haim Ramon in televised comments last week said: "The goal of the [current] operation is to topple Hamas."
But even the uprooting and destruction of Hamas would be but a step on the way to Israel's ultimate goal, an imposed peace. The idea that Palestinian quiet would be met with Israeli concessions has been effectively demolished in the West Bank. There, where no rockets or mortars are being fired and where a moderate Fatah government of Mohammud Abbas holds sway, Israel has increased its checkpoints, expanded its settlements and continued to build its illegal "separation barrier" on Palestinian land. Even the much touted pullout from Gaza was described by a senior adviser to then Prime Minister Ariel Sharon, Dov Weisglass, as "formaldehyde." It supplies the amount of formaldehyde that is necessary so that there will not be a political process with the Palestinians... this whole package that is called the Palestinian state has been removed from our agenda indefinitely."
A final word on Hamas rockets and the targetting of civilians. Arthur Nelsen writes concerning the former: "Rocket attacks may be criminal and ineffective - as well as self-defeating in the destructive response they elicit from Israel. But they also meet a very human need to maintain both honor under fire and the spirit of resistance....As Hamas spokesman Fawzi Barhoum put it, 'Because the occupation decided to use every shade of punishment to destroy Hamas - collective punishment, deporting, arresting and killing - we need military resistance to force it to stop.'"
And the targetting of civilians is a tactic that has been adopted by both sides. In January 2008, Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert said concerning those his government now claims are held hostage by Hamas: "As far as I'm concerned Gaza residents will walk, without gas for their cars, because they have a murderous, terrorist regime that doesn't let people in southern Israel live in peace." Once the principle has been established that Gazans can be punished for Hamas' rockets, it is a small leap from blockading and siege to bombing and death.
Mike Dobies discovers some pages missing. Makes quick decision to go with pages in the 300's instead reasoning that they won't be needed.
I was living in Gatlinburg when I first heard that plans were underway to build an Aquarium here and I thought it was a poor idea. After all, this was the mountains, not the beach. That reasoning shows how little I know. In it's first few years of operation Aquarium of the Smokies has become the most visited aquarium in the United States.
When Karen and I recently took the tour it was easy to see why this one is so popular. The place is fabulous. We've been to several great aquariums throughout the country, but have never enjoyed one more than here.
This is a state-of-the-art, 125,000 square foot, 1.4 million gallon facility which features eleven-foot sharks and 8,000 other exotic sea creatures from around the world. An innovation that we especially liked was the 345-foot glide path that carries you through the world's longest underwater aquarium tunnel. In fact, we walked back and stepped back onto the moving path more than once to experience it again. This feature allows everyone an opportunity to have an unobstructed front row view.
The aquarium is open 365 days a year. Click the web link below for current ticket prices and hours of operation.
www.unleashedmoto.com/eshopprod_cat_6623_product_1019207.... - When it comes to motorcycle safety - we believe the best possible protection is avoiding the crash altogether. Such was the reasoning behind the Alliance Hi-Vizhelmet. Painted in a UV-resistant fluorescent color and affixed with reflectivegraphics, the Hi-Viz will dramatically increase your day or night conspicuity.See and be seen. Chrome Fog Free Hydra Dry Precision Optics Pro Lock Pro Shield Rubatone World Standard
In monotheism, God is conceived of as the Supreme Being and principal object of faith.[3] The concept of God as described by most theologians includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge), omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), divine simplicity, and as having an eternal and necessary existence. Many theologians also describe God as being omnibenevolent (perfectly good), and all loving.
God is most often held to be non-corporeal,[3] and to be without any human biological sex,[4][5] yet the concept of God actively creating the universe (as opposed to passively)[6] has caused many religions to describe God using masculine terminology, using such terms as "Him" or "Father". Furthermore, some religions (such as Judaism) attribute only a purely grammatical "gender" to God.[7]
In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while in deism, God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe. In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God is not believed to exist, while God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent".[3] Many notable philosophers have developed arguments for and against the existence of God.[8]
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion, this deity was called Aten,[9] premised on being the one "true" Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe.[10] In the Hebrew Bible and Judaism, "He Who Is", "I Am that I Am", and the tetragrammaton YHWH (Hebrew: יהוה, which means: "I am who I am"; "He Who Exists") are used as names of God, while Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of YHWH. In the Christian doctrine of the Trinity, God, consubstantial in three persons, is called the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend from the Egyptian Aten.[11][12][13][14][15] In Islam, the name Allah, "Al-El", or "Al-Elah" ("the God") is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity.[16] Other religions have names for God, for instance, Baha in the Bahá'í Faith,[17] Waheguru in Sikhism,[18] and Ahura Mazda in Zoroastrianism.[19]
The many different conceptions of God, and competing claims as to God's characteristics, aims, and actions, have led to the development of ideas of omnitheism, pandeism,[20][21] or a perennial philosophy, which postulates that there is one underlying theological truth, of which all religions express a partial understanding, and as to which "the devout in the various great world religions are in fact worshipping that one God, but through different, overlapping concepts or mental images of Him."[22]
Contents [hide]
1Etymology and usage
2General conceptions
2.1Oneness
2.2Theism, deism and pantheism
2.3Other concepts
3Non-theistic views
3.1Agnosticism and atheism
3.2Anthropomorphism
4Existence
5Specific attributes
5.1Names
5.2Gender
5.3Relationship with creation
6Depiction
6.1Zoroastrianism
6.2Islam
6.3Judaism
6.4Christianity
7Theological approaches
8Distribution of belief
9See also
9.1In specific religions
10References
11Further reading
12External links
Etymology and usage
The Mesha Stele bears the earliest known reference (840 BCE) to the Israelite God Yahweh.
Main article: God (word)
The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized[23]) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke".[24] The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.[25]
The word 'Allah' in Arabic calligraphy
In the English language, the capitalized form of God continues to represent a distinction between monotheistic "God" and "gods" in polytheism.[26][27] The English word God and its counterparts in other languages are normally used for any and all conceptions and, in spite of significant differences between religions, the term remains an English translation common to all. The same holds for Hebrew El, but in Judaism, God is also given a proper name, the tetragrammaton YHWH, in origin possibly the name of an Edomite or Midianite deity, Yahweh. In many translations of the Bible, when the word LORD is in all capitals, it signifies that the word represents the tetragrammaton.[28]
Allāh (Arabic: الله) is the Arabic term with no plural used by Muslims and Arabic speaking Christians and Jews meaning "The God" (with a capital G), while "ʾilāh" (Arabic: إله) is the term used for a deity or a god in general.[29][30][31] God may also be given a proper name in monotheistic currents of Hinduism which emphasize the personal nature of God, with early references to his name as Krishna-Vasudeva in Bhagavata or later Vishnu and Hari.[32]
Ahura Mazda is the name for God used in Zoroastrianism. "Mazda", or rather the Avestan stem-form Mazdā-, nominative Mazdå, reflects Proto-Iranian *Mazdāh (female). It is generally taken to be the proper name of the spirit, and like its Sanskrit cognate medhā, means "intelligence" or "wisdom". Both the Avestan and Sanskrit words reflect Proto-Indo-Iranian *mazdhā-, from Proto-Indo-European mn̩sdʰeh1, literally meaning "placing (dʰeh1) one's mind (*mn̩-s)", hence "wise".[33]
Waheguru (Punjabi: vāhigurū) is a term most often used in Sikhism to refer to God. It means "Wonderful Teacher" in the Punjabi language. Vāhi (a Middle Persian borrowing) means "wonderful" and guru (Sanskrit: guru) is a term denoting "teacher". Waheguru is also described by some as an experience of ecstasy which is beyond all descriptions. The most common usage of the word "Waheguru" is in the greeting Sikhs use with each other:
Waheguru Ji Ka Khalsa, Waheguru Ji Ki Fateh
Wonderful Lord's Khalsa, Victory is to the Wonderful Lord.
Baha, the "greatest" name for God in the Baha'i faith, is Arabic for "All-Glorious".
General conceptions
Main article: Conceptions of God
There is no clear consensus on the nature or even the existence of God.[34] The Abrahamic conceptions of God include the monotheistic definition of God in Judaism, the trinitarian view of Christians, and the Islamic concept of God. The dharmic religions differ in their view of the divine: views of God in Hinduism vary by region, sect, and caste, ranging from monotheistic to polytheistic. Divinity was recognized by the historical Buddha, particularly Śakra and Brahma. However, other sentient beings, including gods, can at best only play a supportive role in one's personal path to salvation. Conceptions of God in the latter developments of the Mahayana tradition give a more prominent place to notions of the divine.[citation needed]
Oneness
Main articles: Monotheism and Henotheism
The Trinity is the belief that God is composed of The Father, The Son (embodied metaphysically in the physical realm by Jesus), and The Holy Spirit.
Monotheists hold that there is only one god, and may claim that the one true god is worshiped in different religions under different names. The view that all theists actually worship the same god, whether they know it or not, is especially emphasized in Hinduism[35] and Sikhism.[36] In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity describes God as one God in three persons. The Trinity comprises The Father, The Son (embodied metaphysically by Jesus), and The Holy Spirit.[37] Islam's most fundamental concept is tawhid (meaning "oneness" or "uniqueness"). God is described in the Quran as: "Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; He begetteth not, nor is He begotten; And there is none like unto Him."[38][39] Muslims repudiate the Christian doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Jesus, comparing it to polytheism. In Islam, God is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of his creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, and are not expected to visualize God.[40]
Henotheism is the belief and worship of a single god while accepting the existence or possible existence of other deities.[41]
Theism, deism and pantheism
Main articles: Theism, Deism, and Pantheism
Theism generally holds that God exists realistically, objectively, and independently of human thought; that God created and sustains everything; that God is omnipotent and eternal; and that God is personal and interacting with the universe through, for example, religious experience and the prayers of humans.[42] Theism holds that God is both transcendent and immanent; thus, God is simultaneously infinite and in some way present in the affairs of the world.[43] Not all theists subscribe to all of these propositions, but each usually subscribes to some of them (see, by way of comparison, family resemblance).[42] Catholic theology holds that God is infinitely simple and is not involuntarily subject to time. Most theists hold that God is omnipotent, omniscient, and benevolent, although this belief raises questions about God's responsibility for evil and suffering in the world. Some theists ascribe to God a self-conscious or purposeful limiting of omnipotence, omniscience, or benevolence. Open Theism, by contrast, asserts that, due to the nature of time, God's omniscience does not mean the deity can predict the future. Theism is sometimes used to refer in general to any belief in a god or gods, i.e., monotheism or polytheism.[44][45]
"God blessing the seventh day", a watercolor painting depicting God, by William Blake (1757 – 1827)
Deism holds that God is wholly transcendent: God exists, but does not intervene in the world beyond what was necessary to create it.[43] In this view, God is not anthropomorphic, and neither answers prayers nor produces miracles. Common in Deism is a belief that God has no interest in humanity and may not even be aware of humanity. Pandeism and Panendeism, respectively, combine Deism with the Pantheistic or Panentheistic beliefs.[21][46][47] Pandeism is proposed to explain as to Deism why God would create a universe and then abandon it,[48] and as to Pantheism, the origin and purpose of the universe.[48][49]
Pantheism holds that God is the universe and the universe is God, whereas Panentheism holds that God contains, but is not identical to, the Universe.[50] It is also the view of the Liberal Catholic Church; Theosophy; some views of Hinduism except Vaishnavism, which believes in panentheism; Sikhism; some divisions of Neopaganism and Taoism, along with many varying denominations and individuals within denominations. Kabbalah, Jewish mysticism, paints a pantheistic/panentheistic view of God—which has wide acceptance in Hasidic Judaism, particularly from their founder The Baal Shem Tov—but only as an addition to the Jewish view of a personal god, not in the original pantheistic sense that denies or limits persona to God.[citation needed]
Other concepts
Dystheism, which is related to theodicy, is a form of theism which holds that God is either not wholly good or is fully malevolent as a consequence of the problem of evil. One such example comes from Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov, in which Ivan Karamazov rejects God on the grounds that he allows children to suffer.[51]
In modern times, some more abstract concepts have been developed, such as process theology and open theism. The contemporaneous French philosopher Michel Henry has however proposed a phenomenological approach and definition of God as phenomenological essence of Life.[52]
God has also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the "greatest conceivable existent".[3] These attributes were all supported to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim theologian philosophers, including Maimonides,[53] Augustine of Hippo,[53] and Al-Ghazali,[8] respectively.
Non-theistic views
See also: Evolutionary origin of religions and Evolutionary psychology of religion
Non-theist views about God also vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", because "the word 'God' is to me a sound conveying no clear or distinct affirmation";[54] he said more specifically that he disbelieved in the Christian god. Stephen Jay Gould proposed an approach dividing the world of philosophy into what he called "non-overlapping magisteria" (NOMA). In this view, questions of the supernatural, such as those relating to the existence and nature of God, are non-empirical and are the proper domain of theology. The methods of science should then be used to answer any empirical question about the natural world, and theology should be used to answer questions about ultimate meaning and moral value. In this view, the perceived lack of any empirical footprint from the magisterium of the supernatural onto natural events makes science the sole player in the natural world.[55]
Another view, advanced by Richard Dawkins, is that the existence of God is an empirical question, on the grounds that "a universe with a god would be a completely different kind of universe from one without, and it would be a scientific difference."[56] Carl Sagan argued that the doctrine of a Creator of the Universe was difficult to prove or disprove and that the only conceivable scientific discovery that could disprove the existence of a Creator (not necessarily a God) would be the discovery that the universe is infinitely old.[57]
Stephen Hawking and co-author Leonard Mlodinow state in their book, The Grand Design, that it is reasonable to ask who or what created the universe, but if the answer is God, then the question has merely been deflected to that of who created God. Both authors claim however, that it is possible to answer these questions purely within the realm of science, and without invoking any divine beings.[58] Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.[59]
Agnosticism and atheism
Agnosticism is the view that, the truth values of certain claims – especially metaphysical and religious claims such as whether God, the divine or the supernatural exist – are unknown and perhaps unknowable.[60][61][62]
Atheism is, in a broad sense, the rejection of belief in the existence of deities, or a God.[63][64] In a narrower sense, atheism is specifically the position that there are no deities.[65]
Anthropomorphism
Main article: Anthropomorphism
Pascal Boyer argues that while there is a wide array of supernatural concepts found around the world, in general, supernatural beings tend to behave much like people. The construction of gods and spirits like persons is one of the best known traits of religion. He cites examples from Greek mythology, which is, in his opinion, more like a modern soap opera than other religious systems.[66] Bertrand du Castel and Timothy Jurgensen demonstrate through formalization that Boyer's explanatory model matches physics' epistemology in positing not directly observable entities as intermediaries.[67] Anthropologist Stewart Guthrie contends that people project human features onto non-human aspects of the world because it makes those aspects more familiar. Sigmund Freud also suggested that god concepts are projections of one's father.[68]
Likewise, Émile Durkheim was one of the earliest to suggest that gods represent an extension of human social life to include supernatural beings. In line with this reasoning, psychologist Matt Rossano contends that when humans began living in larger groups, they may have created gods as a means of enforcing morality. In small groups, morality can be enforced by social forces such as gossip or reputation. However, it is much harder to enforce morality using social forces in much larger groups. Rossano indicates that by including ever-watchful gods and spirits, humans discovered an effective strategy for restraining selfishness and building more cooperative groups.[69]
Existence
Main article: Existence of God
St. Thomas Aquinas summed up five main arguments as proofs for God's existence.
Isaac Newton saw the existence of a Creator necessary in the movement of astronomical objects.
Arguments about the existence of God typically include empirical, deductive, and inductive types. Different views include that: "God does not exist" (strong atheism); "God almost certainly does not exist" (de facto atheism); "no one knows whether God exists" (agnosticism[70]);"God exists, but this cannot be proven or disproven" (de facto theism); and that "God exists and this can be proven" (strong theism).[55]
Countless arguments have been proposed to prove the existence of God.[71] Some of the most notable arguments are the Five Ways of Aquinas, the Argument from Desire proposed by C.S. Lewis, and the Ontological Argument formulated both by St. Anselm and René Descartes.[72]
St. Anselm's approach was to define God as, "that than which nothing greater can be conceived". Famed pantheist philosopher Baruch Spinoza would later carry this idea to its extreme: "By God I understand a being absolutely infinite, i.e., a substance consisting of infinite attributes, of which each one expresses an eternal and infinite essence." For Spinoza, the whole of the natural universe is made of one substance, God, or its equivalent, Nature.[73] His proof for the existence of God was a variation of the Ontological argument.[74]
Scientist Isaac Newton saw God as the masterful creator whose existence could not be denied in the face of the grandeur of all creation.[75] Nevertheless, he rejected polymath Leibniz' thesis that God would necessarily make a perfect world which requires no intervention from the creator. In Query 31 of the Opticks, Newton simultaneously made an argument from design and for the necessity of intervention:
For while comets move in very eccentric orbs in all manner of positions, blind fate could never make all the planets move one and the same way in orbs concentric, some inconsiderable irregularities excepted which may have arisen from the mutual actions of comets and planets on one another, and which will be apt to increase, till this system wants a reformation.[76]
St. Thomas believed that the existence of God is self-evident in itself, but not to us. "Therefore I say that this proposition, "God exists", of itself is self-evident, for the predicate is the same as the subject.... Now because we do not know the essence of God, the proposition is not self-evident to us; but needs to be demonstrated by things that are more known to us, though less known in their nature—namely, by effects."[77] St. Thomas believed that the existence of God can be demonstrated. Briefly in the Summa theologiae and more extensively in the Summa contra Gentiles, he considered in great detail five arguments for the existence of God, widely known as the quinque viae (Five Ways).
For the original text of the five proofs, see quinque viae
Motion: Some things undoubtedly move, though cannot cause their own motion. Since there can be no infinite chain of causes of motion, there must be a First Mover not moved by anything else, and this is what everyone understands by God.
Causation: As in the case of motion, nothing can cause itself, and an infinite chain of causation is impossible, so there must be a First Cause, called God.
Existence of necessary and the unnecessary: Our experience includes things certainly existing but apparently unnecessary. Not everything can be unnecessary, for then once there was nothing and there would still be nothing. Therefore, we are compelled to suppose something that exists necessarily, having this necessity only from itself; in fact itself the cause for other things to exist.
Gradation: If we can notice a gradation in things in the sense that some things are more hot, good, etc., there must be a superlative that is the truest and noblest thing, and so most fully existing. This then, we call God (Note: Thomas does not ascribe actual qualities to God Himself).
Ordered tendencies of nature: A direction of actions to an end is noticed in all bodies following natural laws. Anything without awareness tends to a goal under the guidance of one who is aware. This we call God (Note that even when we guide objects, in Thomas's view, the source of all our knowledge comes from God as well).[78]
Alister McGrath, a formerly atheistic scientist and theologian who has been highly critical of Richard Dawkins' version of atheism
Some theologians, such as the scientist and theologian A.E. McGrath, argue that the existence of God is not a question that can be answered using the scientific method.[79][80] Agnostic Stephen Jay Gould argues that science and religion are not in conflict and do not overlap.[81]
Some findings in the fields of cosmology, evolutionary biology and neuroscience are interpreted by some atheists (including Lawrence M. Krauss and Sam Harris) as evidence that God is an imaginary entity only, with no basis in reality.[82][83][84] These atheists claim that a single, omniscient God who is imagined to have created the universe and is particularly attentive to the lives of humans has been imagined, embellished and promulgated in a trans-generational manner.[85] Richard Dawkins interprets such findings not only as a lack of evidence for the material existence of such a God, but as extensive evidence to the contrary.[55] However, his views are opposed by some theologians and scientists including Alister McGrath, who argues that existence of God is compatible with science.[86]
Neuroscientist Michael Nikoletseas has proposed that questions of the existence of God are no different from questions of natural sciences. Following a biological comparative approach, he concludes that it is highly probable that God exists, and, although not visible, it is possible that we know some of his attributes.[59]
Specific attributes
Different religious traditions assign differing (though often similar) attributes and characteristics to God, including expansive powers and abilities, psychological characteristics, gender characteristics, and preferred nomenclature. The assignment of these attributes often differs according to the conceptions of God in the culture from which they arise. For example, attributes of God in Christianity, attributes of God in Islam, and the Thirteen Attributes of Mercy in Judaism share certain similarities arising from their common roots.
Names
Main article: Names of God
99 names of Allah, in Chinese Sini (script)
The word God is "one of the most complex and difficult in the English language." In the Judeo-Christian tradition, "the Bible has been the principal source of the conceptions of God". That the Bible "includes many different images, concepts, and ways of thinking about" God has resulted in perpetual "disagreements about how God is to be conceived and understood".[87]
Throughout the Hebrew and Christian Bibles there are many names for God. One of them is Elohim. Another one is El Shaddai, meaning "God Almighty".[88] A third notable name is El Elyon, which means "The Most High God".[89]
God is described and referred in the Quran and hadith by certain names or attributes, the most common being Al-Rahman, meaning "Most Compassionate" and Al-Rahim, meaning "Most Merciful" (See Names of God in Islam).[90]
Supreme soul
The Brahma Kumaris use the term "Supreme Soul" to refer to God. They see God as incorporeal and eternal, and regard him as a point of living light like human souls, but without a physical body, as he does not enter the cycle of birth, death and rebirth. God is seen as the perfect and constant embodiment of all virtues, powers and values and that He is the unconditionally loving Father of all souls, irrespective of their religion, gender, or culture.[91]
Vaishnavism, a tradition in Hinduism, has list of titles and names of Krishna.
Gender
Main article: Gender of God
The gender of God may be viewed as either a literal or an allegorical aspect of a deity who, in classical western philosophy, transcends bodily form.[92][93] Polytheistic religions commonly attribute to each of the gods a gender, allowing each to interact with any of the others, and perhaps with humans, sexually. In most monotheistic religions, God has no counterpart with which to relate sexually. Thus, in classical western philosophy the gender of this one-and-only deity is most likely to be an analogical statement of how humans and God address, and relate to, each other. Namely, God is seen as begetter of the world and revelation which corresponds to the active (as opposed to the receptive) role in sexual intercourse.[6]
Biblical sources usually refer to God using male words, except Genesis 1:26-27,[94][95] Psalm 123:2-3, and Luke 15:8-10 (female); Hosea 11:3-4, Deuteronomy 32:18, Isaiah 66:13, Isaiah 49:15, Isaiah 42:14, Psalm 131:2 (a mother); Deuteronomy 32:11-12 (a mother eagle); and Matthew 23:37 and Luke 13:34 (a mother hen).
Relationship with creation
See also: Creator deity, Prayer, and Worship
And Elohim Created Adam by William Blake, c.1795
Prayer plays a significant role among many believers. Muslims believe that the purpose of existence is to worship God.[96][97] He is viewed as a personal God and there are no intermediaries, such as clergy, to contact God. Prayer often also includes supplication and asking forgiveness. God is often believed to be forgiving. For example, a hadith states God would replace a sinless people with one who sinned but still asked repentance.[98] Christian theologian Alister McGrath writes that there are good reasons to suggest that a "personal god" is integral to the Christian outlook, but that one has to understand it is an analogy. "To say that God is like a person is to affirm the divine ability and willingness to relate to others. This does not imply that God is human, or located at a specific point in the universe."[99]
Adherents of different religions generally disagree as to how to best worship God and what is God's plan for mankind, if there is one. There are different approaches to reconciling the contradictory claims of monotheistic religions. One view is taken by exclusivists, who believe they are the chosen people or have exclusive access to absolute truth, generally through revelation or encounter with the Divine, which adherents of other religions do not. Another view is religious pluralism. A pluralist typically believes that his religion is the right one, but does not deny the partial truth of other religions. An example of a pluralist view in Christianity is supersessionism, i.e., the belief that one's religion is the fulfillment of previous religions. A third approach is relativistic inclusivism, where everybody is seen as equally right; an example being universalism: the doctrine that salvation is eventually available for everyone. A fourth approach is syncretism, mixing different elements from different religions. An example of syncretism is the New Age movement.
Jews and Christians believe that humans are created in the likeness of God, and are the center, crown and key to God's creation, stewards for God, supreme over everything else God had made (Gen 1:26); for this reason, humans are in Christianity called the "Children of God".[100]
Depiction
God is defined as incorporeal,[3] and invisible from direct sight, and thus cannot be portrayed in a literal visual image.
The respective principles of religions may or may not permit them to use images (which are entirely symbolic) to represent God in art or in worship .
Zoroastrianism
Ahura Mazda (depiction is on the right, with high crown) presents Ardashir I (left) with the ring of kingship. (Relief at Naqsh-e Rustam, 3rd century CE)
During the early Parthian Empire, Ahura Mazda was visually represented for worship. This practice ended during the beginning of the Sassanid empire. Zoroastrian iconoclasm, which can be traced to the end of the Parthian period and the beginning of the Sassanid, eventually put an end to the use of all images of Ahura Mazda in worship. However, Ahura Mazda continued to be symbolized by a dignified male figure, standing or on horseback which is found in Sassanian investiture.[101]
Islam
Further information: God in Islam
Muslims believe that God (Allah) is beyond all comprehension or equal and does not resemble any of His creations in any way. Thus, Muslims are not iconodules, are not expected to visualize God.[40]
Judaism
At least some Jews do not use any image for God, since God is the unimageable Being who cannot be represented in material forms.[102] In some samples of Jewish Art, however, sometimes God, or at least His Intervention, is indicated by a Hand Of God symbol, which represents the bath Kol (literally "daughter of a voice") or Voice of God;[103] this use of the Hand Of God is carried over to Christian Art.
Christianity
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Early Christians believed that the words of the Gospel of John 1:18: "No man has seen God at any time" and numerous other statements were meant to apply not only to God, but to all attempts at the depiction of God.[104]
Use of the symbolic Hand of God in the Ascension from the Drogo Sacramentary, c. 850
However, later on the Hand of God symbol is found several times in the only ancient synagogue with a large surviving decorative scheme, the Dura Europos Synagogue of the mid-3rd century, and was probably adopted into Early Christian art from Jewish art. It was common in Late Antique art in both East and West, and remained the main way of symbolizing the actions or approval of God the Father in the West until about the end of the Romanesque period. It also represents the bath Kol (literally "daughter of a voice") or voice of God,[103] just like in Jewish Art.
In situations, such as the Baptism of Christ, where a specific representation of God the Father was indicated, the Hand of God was used, with increasing freedom from the Carolingian period until the end of the Romanesque. This motif now, since the discovery of the 3rd century Dura Europos synagogue, seems to have been borrowed from Jewish art, and is found in Christian art almost from its beginnings.
The use of religious images in general continued to increase up to the end of the 7th century, to the point that in 695, upon assuming the throne, Byzantine emperor Justinian II put an image of Christ on the obverse side of his gold coins, resulting in a rift which ended the use of Byzantine coin types in the Islamic world.[105] However, the increase in religious imagery did not include depictions of God the Father. For instance, while the eighty second canon of the Council of Trullo in 692 did not specifically condemn images of The Father, it suggested that icons of Christ were preferred over Old Testament shadows and figures.[106]
The beginning of the 8th century witnessed the suppression and destruction of religious icons as the period of Byzantine iconoclasm (literally image-breaking) started. Emperor Leo III (717–741), suppressed the use of icons by imperial edict of the Byzantine Empire, presumably due to a military loss which he attributed to the undue veneration of icons.[107] The edict (which was issued without consulting the Church) forbade the veneration of religious images but did not apply to other forms of art, including the image of the emperor, or religious symbols such as the cross.[108] Theological arguments against icons then began to appear with iconoclasts arguing that icons could not represent both the divine and the human natures of Jesus at the same time. In this atmosphere, no public depictions of God the Father were even attempted and such depictions only began to appear two centuries later.
The Second Council of Nicaea in 787 effectively ended the first period of Byzantine iconoclasm and restored the honouring of icons and holy images in general.[109] However, this did not immediately translate into large scale depictions of God the Father. Even supporters of the use of icons in the 8th century, such as Saint John of Damascus, drew a distinction between images of God the Father and those of Christ.
In his treatise On the Divine Images John of Damascus wrote: "In former times, God who is without form or body, could never be depicted. But now when God is seen in the flesh conversing with men, I make an image of the God whom I see".[110] The implication here is that insofar as God the Father or the Spirit did not become man, visible and tangible, images and portrait icons can not be depicted. So what was true for the whole Trinity before Christ remains true for the Father and the Spirit but not for the Word. John of Damascus wrote:[111]
"If we attempt to make an image of the invisible God, this would be sinful indeed. It is impossible to portray one who is without body:invisible, uncircumscribed and without form."
Around 790 Charlemagne ordered a set of four books that became known as the Libri Carolini (i.e. "Charles' books") to refute what his court mistakenly understood to be the iconoclast decrees of the Byzantine Second Council of Nicaea regarding sacred images. Although not well known during the Middle Ages, these books describe the key elements of the Catholic theological position on sacred images. To the Western Church, images were just objects made by craftsmen, to be utilized for stimulating the senses of the faithful, and to be respected for the sake of the subject represented, not in themselves. The Council of Constantinople (869) (considered ecumenical by the Western Church, but not the Eastern Church) reaffirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea and helped stamp out any remaining coals of iconoclasm. Specifically, its third canon required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of a Gospel book:[112]
We decree that the sacred image of our Lord Jesus Christ, the liberator and Savior of all people, must be venerated with the same honor as is given the book of the holy Gospels. For as through the language of the words contained in this book all can reach salvation, so, due to the action which these images exercise by their colors, all wise and simple alike, can derive profit from them.
But images of God the Father were not directly addressed in Constantinople in 869. A list of permitted icons was enumerated at this Council, but symbols of God the Father were not among them.[113] However, the general acceptance of icons and holy images began to create an atmosphere in which God the Father could be symbolized.
Prior to the 10th century no attempt was made to use a human to symbolize God the Father in Western art.[104] Yet, Western art eventually required some way to illustrate the presence of the Father, so through successive representations a set of artistic styles for symbolizing the Father using a man gradually emerged around the 10th century AD. A rationale for the use of a human is the belief that God created the soul of Man in the image of His own (thus allowing Human to transcend the other animals).
It appears that when early artists designed to represent God the Father, fear and awe restrained them from a usage of the whole human figure. Typically only a small part would be used as the image, usually the hand, or sometimes the face, but rarely a whole human. In many images, the figure of the Son supplants the Father, so a smaller portion of the person of the Father is depicted.[114]
By the 12th century depictions of God the Father had started to appear in French illuminated manuscripts, which as a less public form could often be more adventurous in their iconography, and in stained glass church windows in England. Initially the head or bust was usually shown in some form of frame of clouds in the top of the picture space, where the Hand of God had formerly appeared; the Baptism of Christ on the famous baptismal font in Liège of Rainer of Huy is an example from 1118 (a Hand of God is used in another scene). Gradually the amount of the human symbol shown can increase to a half-length figure, then a full-length, usually enthroned, as in Giotto's fresco of c. 1305 in Padua.[115] In the 14th century the Naples Bible carried a depiction of God the Father in the Burning bush. By the early 15th century, the Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry has a considerable number of symbols, including an elderly but tall and elegant full-length figure walking in the Garden of Eden, which show a considerable diversity of apparent ages and dress. The "Gates of Paradise" of the Florence Baptistry by Lorenzo Ghiberti, begun in 1425 use a similar tall full-length symbol for the Father. The Rohan Book of Hours of about 1430 also included depictions of God the Father in half-length human form, which were now becoming standard, and the Hand of God becoming rarer. At the same period other works, like the large Genesis altarpiece by the Hamburg painter Meister Bertram, continued to use the old depiction of Christ as Logos in Genesis scenes. In the 15th century there was a brief fashion for depicting all three persons of the Trinity as similar or identical figures with the usual appearance of Christ.
In an early Venetian school Coronation of the Virgin by Giovanni d'Alemagna and Antonio Vivarini, (c. 1443) The Father is depicted using the symbol consistently used by other artists later, namely a patriarch, with benign, yet powerful countenance and with long white hair and a beard, a depiction largely derived from, and justified by, the near-physical, but still figurative, description of the Ancient of Days.[116]
. ...the Ancient of Days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire. (Daniel 7:9)
Usage of two Hands of God"(relatively unusual) and the Holy Spirit as a dove in Baptism of Christ, by Verrocchio, 1472
In the Annunciation by Benvenuto di Giovanni in 1470, God the Father is portrayed in the red robe and a hat that resembles that of a Cardinal. However, even in the later part of the 15th century, the symbolic representation of the Father and the Holy Spirit as "hands and dove" continued, e.g. in Verrocchio's Baptism of Christ in 1472.[117]
God the Father with His Right Hand Raised in Blessing, with a triangular halo representing the Trinity, Girolamo dai Libri c. 1555
In Renaissance paintings of the adoration of the Trinity, God may be depicted in two ways, either with emphasis on The Father, or the three elements of the Trinity. The most usual depiction of the Trinity in Renaissance art depicts God the Father using an old man, usually with a long beard and patriarchal in appearance, sometimes with a triangular halo (as a reference to the Trinity), or with a papal crown, specially in Northern Renaissance painting. In these depictions The Father may hold a globe or book (to symbolize God's knowledge and as a reference to how knowledge is deemed divine). He is behind and above Christ on the Cross in the Throne of Mercy iconography. A dove, the symbol of the Holy Spirit may hover above. Various people from different classes of society, e.g. kings, popes or martyrs may be present in the picture. In a Trinitarian Pietà, God the Father is often symbolized using a man wearing a papal dress and a papal crown, supporting the dead Christ in his arms. They are depicted as floating in heaven with angels who carry the instruments of the Passion.[118]
Representations of God the Father and the Trinity were attacked both by Protestants and within Catholicism, by the Jansenist and Baianist movements as well as more orthodox theologians. As with other attacks on Catholic imagery, this had the effect both of reducing Church support for the less central depictions, and strengthening it for the core ones. In the Western Church, the pressure to restrain religious imagery resulted in the highly influential decrees of the final session of the Council of Trent in 1563. The Council of Trent decrees confirmed the traditional Catholic doctrine that images only represented the person depicted, and that veneration to them was paid to the person, not the image.[119]
Artistic depictions of God the Father were uncontroversial in Catholic art thereafter, but less common depictions of the Trinity were condemned. In 1745 Pope Benedict XIV explicitly supported the Throne of Mercy depiction, referring to the "Ancient of Days", but in 1786 it was still necessary for Pope Pius VI to issue a papal bull condemning the decision of an Italian church council to remove all images of the Trinity from churches.[120]
The famous The Creation of Adam by Michelangelo, c.1512
God the Father is symbolized in several Genesis scenes in Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling, most famously The Creation of Adam (whose image of near touching hands of God and Adam is iconic of humanity, being a reminder that Man is created in the Image and Likeness of God (Gen 1:26)).God the Father is depicted as a powerful figure, floating in the clouds in Titian's Assumption of the Virgin in the Frari of Venice, long admired as a masterpiece of High Renaissance art.[121] The Church of the Gesù in Rome includes a number of 16th century depictions of God the Father. In some of these paintings the Trinity is still alluded to in terms of three angels, but Giovanni Battista Fiammeri also depicted God the Father as a man riding on a cloud, above the scenes.[122]
In both the Last Judgment and the Coronation of the Virgin paintings by Rubens he depicted God the Father using the image that by then had become widely accepted, a bearded patriarchal figure above the fray. In the 17th century, the two Spanish artists Velázquez (whose father-in-law Francisco Pacheco was in charge of the approval of new images for the Inquisition) and Murillo both depicted God the Father using a patriarchal figure with a white beard in a purple robe.
The Ancient of Days (1794) Watercolor etching by William Blake
While representations of God the Father were growing in Italy, Spain, Germany and the Low Countries, there was resistance elsewhere in Europe, even during the 17th century. In 1632 most members of the Star Chamber court in England (except the Archbishop of York) condemned the use of the images of the Trinity in church windows, and some considered them illegal.[123] Later in the 17th century Sir Thomas Browne wrote that he considered the representation of God the Father using an old man "a dangerous act" that might lead to Egyptian symbolism.[124] In 1847, Charles Winston was still critical of such images as a "Romish trend" (a term used to refer to Roman Catholics) that he considered best avoided in England.[125]
In 1667 the 43rd chapter of the Great Moscow Council specifically included a ban on a number of symbolic depictions of God the Father and the Holy Spirit, which then also resulted in a whole range of other icons being placed on the forbidden list,[126][127] mostly affecting Western-style depictions which had been gaining ground in Orthodox icons. The Council also declared that the person of the Trinity who was the "Ancient of Days" was Christ, as Logos, not God the Father. However some icons continued to be produced in Russia, as well as Greece, Romania, and other Orthodox countries.
Theological approaches
Theologians and philosophers have attributed to God such characteristics as omniscience, omnipotence, omnipresence, perfect goodness, divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary existence. God has been described as incorporeal, a personal being, the source of all moral obligation, and the greatest conceivable being existent.[3] These attributes were all claimed to varying degrees by the early Jewish, Christian and Muslim scholars, including Maimonides,[53] St Augustine,[53] and Al-Ghazali.[128]
Many philosophers developed arguments for the existence of God,[8] while attempting to comprehend the precise implications of God's attributes. Reconciling some of those attributes generated important philosophical problems and debates. For example, God's omniscience may seem to imply that God knows how free agents will choose to act. If God does know this, their ostensible free will might be illusory, or foreknowledge does not imply predestination, and if God does not know it, God may not be omniscient.[129]
However, if by its essential nature, free will is not predetermined, then the effect of its will can never be perfectly predicted by anyone, regardless of intelligence and knowledge. Although knowledge of the options presented to that will, combined with perfectly infinite intelligence, could be said to provide God with omniscience if omniscience is defined as knowledge or understanding of all that is.
The last centuries of philosophy have seen vigorous questions regarding the arguments for God's existence raised by such philosophers as Immanuel Kant, David Hume and Antony Flew, although Kant held that the argument from morality was valid. The theist response has been either to contend, as does Alvin Plantinga, that faith is "properly basic", or to take, as does Richard Swinburne, the evidentialist position.[130] Some theists agree that only some of the arguments for God's existence are compelling, but argue that faith is not a product of reason, but requires risk. There would be no risk, they say, if the arguments for God's existence were as solid as the laws of logic, a position summed up by Pascal as "the heart has reasons of which reason does not know."[131] A recent theory using concepts from physics and neurophysiology proposes that God can be conceptualized within the theory of integrative level.[132]
Many religious believers allow for the existence of other, less powerful spiritual beings such as angels, saints, jinn, demons, and devas.[133][134][135][136][137]
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
... of the Reasoning, at the HRH Prog Festival at the Magna Science Adventure Centre, Rotherham, South Yorkshire, England.
See where this picture was taken. [?]
See my other The Reasoning photos.
If anyone can tell me the reasoning for this livery please do so in the comments box. Whilst linked by hourly regional services to Hamburg, this IC working would be heading on further south with a loco change at Itzehoe which is the northern limit of electrification. The most prestigious service at Westerland has the oldest motive power!
¿ nee-KOH-tay-bah ? -- anagram of the epithet betonica; could not find reasoning
bet-OH-nee-kuh -- variant of vettonica, a Spanish native plant ... Dave's Botanary
commonly known as: leafy bract justicia, paper plume, rose-spotted white-flowered Justice wort, squirrel's tail, white shrimp plant • Bengali: পাটল বাসক patela basak • Gujarati: ગુલાબી અરડુસી gulabi aradusi • Hindi: हाड़पात hadpat, मोकंदर mokander, प्रमेहःहराती pramehaharati • Kannada: ಕಾಡು ಕನಕಾಂಬರ kaadu kanakaambara, ಸಣ್ಣ ಅಡುಸೋಗೆ sanna adusoge • Konkani: धवो पोक्षो dhavo pokso • Malayalam: വെള്ളക്കുറിഞ്ഞി vellakurunji • Marathi: गुलाबी अडुलसा gulabi adulasa • Odia: ମାଟି ଶାଗ mati saga • Rajasthani: गुलाबी अडूसा gulabi adusa • Sanskrit: श्वेत सहचरः sveta-sahacarah • Santali: ᱛᱟᱭᱟᱨ tayar • Tamil: வேலிமூங்கில் veli-munkil • Telugu: తెల్ల రంతు tellarantu
botanical names: Nicoteba betonica (L.) Lindau ... homotypic synonyms: Adhatoda betonica (L.) Nees • Ecbolium betonica (L.) Kuntze • Justicia betonica L. ... heterotypic synonyms: Gendarussa betonica Nees ex Steud., not validly publ. ... and more at POWO, retrieved 27 June 2025
The Charles Town history info (see below, calls this Victorian Gothic... I would argue that it is more an example of Second Empire Victorian. My reasoning, the central tower with a steep though short mansard roof, it's asymetrical with almost a townhouse feel, has a small iron trim on the tower top, and the ornamentation on the towers top and windows make the structure appear grand and imposing. Plus, it's completion date of 1876 is right smack in the time period (1865 to 1880) when Second Empire was popular. All that, coupled with windows that have no arches, and border on federal, I think take this house out of classification as Gothic or Gothic Revival.
This Victorian Gothic house, designed and built by J.C. Holmes, was completed in 1876. It was the home of William L. Wilson (1833-1900). While serving as president of West Virginia University from 1882-83, Wilson accepted a nomination for U.S. Congress from the second district of WV. He won election by 10 votes. Appointed U.S. Postmaster General in 1894, he introducted rural-free delivery of mail in Jefferson County, first in the country.
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
Think Twice: Harnessing the Power of CounterIntuition
Author: Michael J. Mauboussin
Publication Date: November 4, 2009
Description: Leaders in all fields-business, medicine, law, government-make crucial decisions every day. The harsh truth is that they mismanage many of those choices, even though they have the right intentions. These blunders take a huge toll on leaders, their organizations, and the people they serve.
Why is it so hard to make sound decisions? We fall victim to simplified mental routines that prevent us from coping with the complex realities inherent in important judgment calls. Yet these cognitive errors are preventable. In Think Twice, Michael Mauboussin shows you how to recognize-and avoid-common mental missteps. Sharing vivid stories from business and beyond, Mauboussin offers powerful rules for avoiding each error. And he explains how to know when it's time to think twice-to question your reasoning and adopt decision-making strategies that are far more effective, even if they seem counterintuitive.
Author Bio: Michael J. Mauboussin is Chief Investment Strategist at Legg Mason Capital Management. He has been an adjunct professor of finance at Columbia Business School since 1993. BusinessWeek's Guide to the Best Business Schools highlighted him as one of the school's "Outstanding Faculty"-a distinction received by only seven professors.
Author Site: www.michaelmauboussin.com/
Other works by Michael:
Expectations Investing
More Than You Know
Harvard Business Review Articles
Contact: publicity@hbr.org
"Chain of Custody" - "In every chain of reasoning, the evidence of the last conclusion can be no greater than that of the weakest link of the chain, whatever may be the strength of the rest."
-Thomas Reid's Essays on the Intellectual Powers of Man, 1786
‘Case in Point’ is a weekly cartoon series, created by CaseCentral Corporation, that illustrates the lighter side of eDiscovery. ‘Case in Point’ also runs a contest inviting anyone from the expansive eDiscovery realm – lawyers, IT staff, judges, service providers, paralegals, writers and consultants – to submit their own humorous experience or a scenario they find particularly funny, here: www.casecentral.com/caseinpoint/idea.
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ABERDEEN PROVING GROUND, Md. -- Four Soldiers will test their physical fitness, endurance, technical aptitude and reasoning skills May 20 to 23 as they vie for honors in the U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Command.
On a cloudy, muggy morning, three staff sergeants and one sergeant kicked off the four-day competition for RDECOM Noncommissioned Officer of the Year with the Army Physical Fitness Test.
Twenty Soldiers, led by Sgt. Maj. Kenneth Agueda, gathered at Lauderick Creek Training Site as the four participants began the competition with a land-navigation course through the woods of APG. They had three hours to plot grids and find select points using only a compass, pencil and map.
Read more:
I felt bad that I was pretty busy studying for tests tonight so I didn't have a chance to take any shots and I had nothing prepared. So I looked back into the archives and I remembered I had made this AWHILE back, but didn't post it because I wanted the timing to be right.
My reasoning was it was a great concept, but at the time I was too happy for it to be relevant to me. I'm still too happy, but I wanted to post it anyways. My reasoning is who cares if I'm too happy, the whole point is reaching out to others who aren't.
And I know a bunch of you guys right now are crazy busy and not in the best of spirits.
So I have a story for you. It's not exactly happy, but it took place today and I feel like sharing because it's relevant.
Okay so I teach swimming at this pool that is in a high school that is a 30 minute drive from my house. On weekdays I have to take a train to get down there on time to teach. Since it's in a high school many of the staff I work with go to the school. Our staff is very up beat and we are all friends. It's a great environment to work in. Probably the only reason I take the trouble to train it down there every week and then drive 30 minutes there and then 30 minutes back every sunday. The friends I've met there are some of the best people I've ever met and they are some of the only friends I can really be myself around. I'm grateful for them.
The story takes place today and revolves around one of my best friends from swimming, Leanne. This year she is in grade 12 at the high school I swim at and she is the student government president. But this year has been far from fun and games for her. As long as I've known her I've never seen her without a smile and she is ALWAYS in good spirits. I always tried to mimic her good attitude, so she really has help me mold myself into who I am today (just to put things in perspective I've been teaching there for 4 years now, so that's basically how long I've REALLY known some of these friends).
This year she has been SERIOUSLY slacking because she is always busy doing government stuff. She has done a lot for the school, I know that for a fact. But she barely gets any sleep any more so IF she goes to class she usually sleeps through it or she'll skip just so she can catch up on sleep in her government office. One of my other friends from swimming Alana used to be one of Leanne's best friends. This year they barely talk because Leanne just is never around and if she is she is not mentally there. According to Alana, Leanne has really changed this year for the worse and she just isn't the same. I know I've noticed a difference with Leanne, but since she comes to swimming regularly I get to see her as much as I usually would be able to see her.
I see this story has gotten longer than I planned, so I'll cut to the chase. At swimming Leanne has found a good friend in me because she has distance herself from her other friends from school. We talk ALL the time, but I find that Leanne doesn't really talk to her other friends at swimming anymore, just me.
Today I found her at the coffee shop I always go to before swimming. I never see her there. This is a first and the year is almost over. She was by herself and she had a HUGE stack of books on the table with her and she was reading one. As long as I've known her she has never been that interested in books, so I was surprised.
I sat next to her and kind of startled her and I asked her how her Prom weekend was since they had prom last friday. She said it was great, but the stories she told me didn't sound that great. And then I asked her about the books and she said that she has been reading a lot lately since she has had free time (she always hungout with friends after school with her free time before). This made me feel really bad and I asked what she got and she told me she just picked out books like looked light and fluffy and fun. That made me feel even worse. So basically I tried my best to make her laugh from there on in and it was mission accomplished. By the time swimming was done she had her smile back and she gave me a big hug and told me how sweet I was. That made me blush xD
Made me feel really good that I could reach out. Sorry for the long story, when I feel good I just don't stop talking :s
Hope you enjoyed my story and I hope you can reach out to other people around you :)
CHIBITRONICS CIRCUIT ART + OZOBOTS ROBOTIC PROGRAMMING
One of the STEAM Camp’s key missions is to create innovative ways to play, learn and socially interact in an expanding digital world. Students using Ozobots are learning sequential thinking, logical reasoning and coding concepts. These critical life skills enable students from all walks of life to succeed in the future digital age. Our students learn how to channel their ideas into reality, creating private games, secret codes and their very own robotic equations, putting them at the forefront of learning without even realizing it. When playing digital apps with a physical toy, it bridges the gap between the physical and digital realm - creating a whole new world of educational play. Such activities help us present an innovative way to teach subjects like programming, math and science in classrooms. Kids become engaged and inspired lifelong learners when topics come alive.
___________
About STEAM Camp
STEAM Camp introduces participants to potential careers within Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Mathematics. Campers will learn about educational decisions that will prepare them for these careers. STEAM Camp also focuses on how these careers often require similar, overlapping skills. This is a connected educational approach designed to share a well-rounded experience. Middle school students presented by the Urban League of Greater Madison, Girl Scouts of Badgerland Wisconsin and Big Brothers, Big Sisters of Dane County. This will be a constructive and collaborative experience. Campers will discover together how to explore these exciting careers.
Brainstorm Session with NCHD Sindh Mar6, 2015 at Karachi University
Brainstorming Session
1. Challenges for universal primary education in Pakistan.
2. Role of NCHD and PHDF to increase the literacy rate.
3. Success and Failure of Plan already implemented.
4. Reasoning for High Drop out of students.
5. Improvement of Infrastructure needed for improving literacy rate.
6. How to incorporate technology for basic education?
7. Capacity building and teachers training programs and etc.
Participants: Mr.Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF, Madam Humaira Hashmi Director Operations NCHD Sindh, Mr.Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club,Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University.Mr.Abdul Wajid Shaikh DGM Karachi and Jamshoro, Mr.Daim Janwri DGM Thatta, Mr.Muneer Memon DGM Badin, Mr.Pir Niaz Jan DGM TM Khan, Dr Anwar Rajar DGM Matiari, Mr.Riaz Ahmed Aagro DGM Tando Allahyar, Mr.Sher Muhammad Mangrio ADGM Umer Kot,Mr.Abdul Fatah Moro DGM SBA&N.Feroz,Mr.Ayaz Shaikh DGM Larkana,Mr.Rizawan Memon ADGM Shikarpur, Mr.Javed Mangi ADGM Sukkur,Miss.Qamar u Nisa ADGM Ghotiki,Mr.Ali Madad Bozdar ADGM Jacab abad, Mr.Sajjad Ali Memon PCE, Mr.Hamza Lashari PCL,Miss.Zeesha Khuwaja Provincial Manager.
Madam Humaira Hashmi ( Director Operations NCHD Sindh ) provided detailed presentation about NCHD Programs i.e. UPE, Literacy, BBSYDP Projects and also about MALALA and OWN School initiatives. It also includes the detailed briefing of NCHD’s national and provincial achievements. The achievements and efforts were widely appreciated by the Participants.
Dr. Iqbal Muhammad Choudry Director HEJ Research Institute of Chemistry Karachi University highlighted the importance of education and appreciated the role of NCHD in bridging the gap between strategy formulation and strategy execution to enhance Literacy rate and Universal Primary Education (UPE) with a view to fulfilling Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). He further ensured his volunteer support in teachers’ training and development for the provision of intellectual volunteers for the training of teachers all across the board. He further said that socio-economic development of Brazil, South Korea and Malaysia is largely attributed to effective education systems. In addition to that he urged government to increase budget allocation for the education sector.
Anees Ur Rehman Chairman Fund Raising Committee Rotery Club explained the role of private sector for enhancement of education. He said that Rotery club is already working for improvements in education. He affirmed his support to NCHD and also ensured that they would also undertake filed visits in collaboration with NCHD aiming at enhancement of School initiatives.
Pervaiz Lodhie Member PHDF provided detailed information regarding background of PHDF its working style and the current role. He also explained the collaboration of PHDF with NCHD & Govt of Pakistan. He also conducted interactive session with the participants about the models of UPE and Literacy. He also discussed about the use of technology to improve the education and teacher’s training.
All DGMs shared the achievements of their respective districts in the UPE and Literacy and also provided feedback to further improve the execution of strategies at the district level.
Prevez Lodhi sb appreciated the work, efforts and achievement of NCHD and focused on proper showcasing of NCHD work to share with the national and international donor community to attract them to support education through NCHD. He suggested all DGMs of NCHD to share success story reports & documentaries of schools/ literacy centers on social groups.
He further shared that his meeting with Baligh ur Rehman (Minister for Professional Education and Technical Training) has been fixed in which he will discuss about NCHD.