View allAll Photos Tagged Reasoning
A proud Peacock (even tho' peacocks have not got the psychological reasoning that would make it possible for them to recognise the verb "proud")!!!This was photographed on a garden wall at Castell Gwydir, Llanrwst
The Maltby routes were given SP Darts when they arrived in 1998 after they were quickly taken off the 137/138s. The reasoning for taking them off 137/138s and putting them on 101/102s was vandalism and their poor ability at climbing West Hill. They proved to be poor so the route was upgraded to B10BLEs T815-827MAK when they arrived shortly after and the SPDs were moved onto other routes and some went to Doncaster. That was the standard allocation until about 2007 with odd B10Ms/Dominators/SPDs/Olympians/B6s. Then some W DWX ALX400s arrived and they were mixed in with the native B10BLEs and some more T MAKs from OG and also the 2 "spare" X78 B9TLs. Nowadays it is a mix of B10BLEs, ALX400s, odd SPDs and Olympians and then normally B9TLs on the late boards. This Olympian recently transferred from First Manchester and is quite a flyer. Generally only the P HMP and T KLF Olympians operate any high mileage late boards because all those are known to have full size fuel tanks, the others tend to end up running out of fuel with most having small tanks
on s'éternise toujours sur notre départ. are we going? are we staying? are we tired? are we selfish? yes, yes, yes, yes.
got there late, as usual. reasoning goes: better than not at all.
once there, it's all good. visiting old friends, hello, hello, hello, how many years, too long, what are you up to, really, yeah, we're dating now, neat huh? four I think, just about. who are you, don't know you, random jokes, chill enough, getting late, taking off, just us now, sit with host, out comes scotch, talking starts, time goes on, unchecked 'til checked.
then the time.
frown, check again, express surprise. can we use the computer? check the schedule. how long? fucking buses. walk to metro? why not? 'sti que c'est un trou ici, man, tu pourrais pas genre déménager un peu? demain, ou la semaine prochaine, let's go, un minimum de solidarité, c'est fuck loin chez vous, think about it, we'd see each other more often. well how much is it here? lucky bastard. still.
you're not moving, we know, it's all good, take it easy, jackets on, kiss cheeks, consider bus, quick calculation. fuck that, cab it.
jump out, run for it, down the stairs, ticket guy's gone, save a ticket, escalators, ears cocked, running still, platform now, collapse on bench, made it! smug and broke, check the time, rumble starts, right direction? and there it is.
dernier départ, familiar, empty. drives into station (wierd, so slow) stops. doors don't open.
ok.
the driver looks at us through the glass, shakes his head, mouths, "Non."
ok.
sits there a minute. two. moves slowly out of the station. maybe he never stopped at all. no one got off, but no one was there, and the doors didn't open so really who cares? and we double-check the time. getting later now, ok. right, it doesn't matter. just means that he wasn't the real d.d. he was Some Other, heading home, or wherever drivers go to put their trains to bed. he was nothing about us, he was like a ghost, or a brick, or a van that's not ours. the real one is coming, I can almost hear it. it has to be. I mean, the last metro is sacred. no one fucks with the schedule of the last metro, right?
Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event. Stunning evidence which displays multiple strata/layers.
Why this is so important ....
It has long been assumed, ever since the 17th century, that layers/strata observed in sedimentary rocks were built up gradually, layer upon layer, over many years. It certainly seemed logical at the time, from just looking at rocks, that lower layers would always be older than the layers above them, i.e. that lower layers were always laid down first followed, in time, by successive layers on top.
This was assumed to be true and became known as the superposition principle.
It was also assumed that a layer comprising a different material from a previous layer, represented a change in environmental conditions/factors.
These changes in composition of layers or strata were considered to represent different, geological eras on a global scale, spanning millions of years. This formed the basis for the Geologic Column, which is used to date rocks and also fossils. The evolutionary, 'fossil record' was based on the vast ages and assumed geological eras of the Geologic Column.
There was also circular reasoning applied with the assumed age of 'index' fossils (based on evolutionary preconceptions) used to date strata in the Geologic Column.
We now know that, although these assumptions seemed logical, they are not supported by the evidence.
At the time, the mechanics of stratification were not properly known or studied.
An additional factor was that this assumed superposition and uniformitarian model became essential, with the wide acceptance of Darwinism, for the long ages required for progressive microbes-to-human evolution. There was no incentive to question or challenge the superposition, uniformitarian model, because the presumed, fossil 'record' had become dependant on it, and any change in the accepted model would present devastating implications for Darwinism.
This had the unfortunate effect of linking the study of geology so closely to Darwinism, that any study independent of Darwinian considerations was effectively stymied.
Some of the wealth of field evidence can be observed here: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
and also in the links to stunning, experimental evidence, carried out by sedimentologists, given later.
Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evotuionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimantary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow.
_______________________________________________
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES (established by Nicholas Steno in the 17th Century):
What Nicolas Steno believed about strata formation is the basis of the principle of Superposition and the principle of Original Horizontality.
dictionary.sensagent.com/Law_of_superposition/en-en/
“Assuming that all rocks and minerals had once been fluid, Nicolas Steno reasoned that rock strata were formed when particles in a fluid such as water fell to the bottom. This process would leave horizontal layers. Thus Steno's principle of original horizontality states that rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later.”)
BEDDING PLANES.
'Bedding plane' describes the surface in between each stratum which are formed during sediment deposition.
science.jrank.org/pages/6533/Strata.html
“Strata form during sediment deposition, that is, the laying down of sediment. Meanwhile, if a change in current speed or sediment grain size occurs or perhaps the sediment supply is cut off, a bedding plane forms. Bedding planes are surfaces that separate one stratum from another. Bedding planes can also form when the upper part of a sediment layer is eroded away before the next episode of deposition. Strata separated by a bedding plane may have different grain sizes, grain compositions, or colours. Sometimes these other traits are better indicators of stratification as bedding planes may be very subtle.”
______________________________________________
Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian, influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they have known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evotuionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimentary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow. See diagram:
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/dat...
The field evidence (in the image) presented here - of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle, the Principle of Original Horizontality and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
We now know, the Superposition Principle only applies on a rare occasion of sedimentary deposits in perfectly, still water. Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the general rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Rapid, simultaneous formation of layers/strata, through particle segregation in moving water, is so easily created it has even been described by sedimentologists (working on flume experiments) as a law ...
"Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/
The example in the photo is the result of normal, everyday tidal action in a single incident. Where the water current or movement is more turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths (many metres) of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix, not to any particular timescale. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or other material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, coastal erosion, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils), alive or dead, engulfed by, or swept into, a turbulent sediment mix, will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, forming layers.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Sandown beach, Isle of Wight. Formed 20/01/2018, This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
"La ciencia humana consiste más en destruir errores que en descubrir verdades."
Portrait of the philosopher Socrates (479-399 BC), Roman copy of a Greek original.
Neues Museum
Bodestraße 1-3, 10178 Berlin
This picture has been donated to Wikimedia commons:
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_the_philosoph...
Wonderful Funniest Cartoon on Monday and Wonderful Humor Jokes while discussing about Family.
malenadugroup.blogspot.in/2014/10/Wife-very-funny-jokes-a...
Contrary to conventional wisdom, low mortgage interest rates locked-in by today’s buyers will not dissuade them from selling in the future.
Housing economists point to the specter of rising interest rates as a deterrent to future move-up home sales, reasoning that the higher cost of... at Locked-in low mortgage rates will not dissuade today's homebuyers from selling later
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Final image from the series "More Than Skin Deep" for the Body Altar Show.
More Than Skin Deep is a series I did about the people behind the tattoos, and more specifically, why they each decided to carry a permanent mark on their precious canvas. The title of each piece recalls my discussions with them regarding their vast reasoning. Shot with a Polaroid EE100 Special on Fuji pack film, the emulsion was boiled off the backing and applied to the canvas to give each piece more of a living feel. Shooting in an environment without Command +Z, and hand creating one of a kind pieces without the convenience of negatives to duplicate endlessly, allows the medium to replicate the subject matter.
These were shot on a Polaroid EE Special camera with Fuji pack film. The images were then boiled off the paper backing and glued via a mixture of tacky glue and water to 5x7 pre stretched canvases. I toyed with affixing the photo both after it had dried and still wet and found the dried version worked a bit better while the wet was more prone to air bubbles. Once dry, the photographs were rubbed with different colors of acrylic paint, especially visible were the glue residue picked it up. Once that was dry, I used duct tape and newspaper to protect the fronts and spray painted the sidesusing complimentary colors to what was found in the picture.
Here is info on the show they will be in (and for sale at $80 each):
Flesh: The Body Altar
Friday, January 7, 2011 at 8:00pm - Saturday, January 8, 2011 at 2:00am
Taste (at Edgewater in College Park)
717 W Smith St
Orlando, FL
Friday Ferox presents an art event focusing on all forms of art on the human body... BODY ART, TATTOOS, PIERCING, MODIFICATION...
Sponsored by Ascension Tattoos (www.ascensiontattoo.com) & Draco Felis.
Art by Earl Funk, Ant Iannucci, Vinny Burkhart, Jim Carchidi, Nik Nelson, Justin Lynn...
Music by Ring Of Scars and DJ Robb Blak.
Performances by Florida Tribal Dance.
Honey Malone on Silks.
Live Body Art.
Tattoo Fashion Show.
Henna by The Henna Goddess.
Vendors.
$5 cover (free raffle ticket for door prize & $5 Taste coupon given with paid admission)
18+ Suggested
Contact: anna@dracofelis.com, 407.252.4913, facebook.com/bluemaiya
Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event. Stunning evidence which displays multiple strata/layers.
Why this is so important ....
It has long been assumed, ever since the 17th century, that layers/strata observed in sedimentary rocks were built up gradually, layer upon layer, over many years. It certainly seemed logical at the time, from just looking at rocks, that lower layers would always be older than the layers above them, i.e. that lower layers were always laid down first followed, in time, by successive layers on top.
This was assumed to be true and became known as the superposition principle.
It was also assumed that a layer comprising a different material from a previous layer, represented a change in environmental conditions/factors.
These changes in composition of layers or strata were considered to represent different, geological eras on a global scale, spanning millions of years. This formed the basis for the Geologic Column, which is used to date rocks and also fossils. The evolutionary, 'fossil record' was based on the vast ages and assumed geological eras of the Geologic Column.
There was also circular reasoning applied with the assumed age of 'index' fossils (based on evolutionary beliefs & preconceptions) used to date strata in the Geologic Column. Dating strata from the assumed age of (index) fossils is known as Biostratigraphy.
We now know that, although these assumptions seemed logical, they are not supported by the evidence.
At the time, the mechanics of stratification were not properly known or studied.
An additional factor was that this assumed superposition and uniformitarian model became essential, with the wide acceptance of Darwinism, for the long ages required for progressive microbes-to-human evolution. There was no incentive to question or challenge the superposition, uniformitarian model, because the presumed, fossil 'record' had become dependant on it, and any change in the accepted model would present devastating implications for Darwinism.
This had the unfortunate effect of linking the study of geology so closely to Darwinism, that any study independent of Darwinian considerations was effectively stymied. This link of geology with Darwinian preconceptions is known as biostratigraphy.
Some other field evidence, in various situations, can be observed here: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
and also in the links to stunning, experimental evidence, carried out by sedimentologists, given later.
_______________________________________________
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES (established by Nicholas Steno in the 17th Century):
What Nicolas Steno believed about strata formation is the basis of the principle of Superposition and the principle of Original Horizontality.
dictionary.sensagent.com/Law_of_superposition/en-en/
“Assuming that all rocks and minerals had once been fluid, Nicolas Steno reasoned that rock strata were formed when particles in a fluid such as water fell to the bottom. This process would leave horizontal layers. Thus Steno's principle of original horizontality states that rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later.”)
BEDDING PLANES.
'Bedding plane' describes the surface in between each stratum which are formed during sediment deposition.
science.jrank.org/pages/6533/Strata.html
“Strata form during sediment deposition, that is, the laying down of sediment. Meanwhile, if a change in current speed or sediment grain size occurs or perhaps the sediment supply is cut off, a bedding plane forms. Bedding planes are surfaces that separate one stratum from another. Bedding planes can also form when the upper part of a sediment layer is eroded away before the next episode of deposition. Strata separated by a bedding plane may have different grain sizes, grain compositions, or colours. Sometimes these other traits are better indicators of stratification as bedding planes may be very subtle.”
______________________________________________
Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian, influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they have known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evolutionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimentary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow. See diagram:
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/dat...
The field evidence (in the image) presented here - of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle, the Principle of Horizontal Originality and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
We now know, the Superposition Principle only applies on a rare occasion where sedimentary deposits are laid down in still water.
Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the general rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
See many other examples of rapid stratification (with geological features): www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Rapid, simultaneous formation of layers/strata, through particle segregation in moving water, is so easily created it has even been described by sedimentologists (working on flume experiments) as a law ...
"Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/
The example in the photo is the result of normal, everyday tidal action formed in a single incident, and subsequently eroded by water flow revealing the strata/layers.
Where the water current or movement is more turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths (many metres) of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix, not to any particular timescale. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or other material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, coastal erosion, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils), alive or dead, engulfed by, or swept into, a turbulent sediment mix, will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, forming layers.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Sandown, Isle of Wight. Formed 08/12/2017 This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
"A team of Russian sedimentologists directed by Alexander Lalomov (Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Ore Deposits) applied paleohydraulic analyses to geological formations in Russia. One example is the publication of a report in 2007 by the Lithology and Mineral Resources journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It concerns the Crimean Peninsular. It shows that the time of sedimentation of the sequence studied corresponds to a virtually instantaneous episode whilst according to stratigraphy it took several millions of years. Moreover, a recent report concerning the North-West Russian plateau in the St. Petersburg region shows that the time of sedimentation was much shorter than that attributed to it by the stratigraphic time-scale: 0.05% of the time."
www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Rapid strata formation and rapid erosion at Mount St Helens.
slideplayer.com/slide/5703217/18/images/28/Rapid+Strata+F...
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
Working nights to get this island built in False Creek. The reasoning behind the need for this island totally escapes me. Had trouble with lens flare from the long exposure and the brilliant bright work lights
Rapid strata formation in soft sand (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation in soft sand on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event. Stunning evidence which displays multiple strata/layers.
Why this is so important ....
It has long been assumed, ever since the 17th century, that layers/strata observed in sedimentary rocks were built up gradually, layer upon layer, over many years. It certainly seemed logical at the time, from just looking at rocks, that lower layers would always be older than the layers above them, i.e. that lower layers were always laid down first followed, in time, by successive layers on top.
This was assumed to be true and became known as the superposition principle.
It was also assumed that a layer comprising a different material from a previous layer, represented a change in environmental conditions/factors.
These changes in composition of layers or strata were considered to represent different, geological eras on a global scale, spanning millions of years. This formed the basis for the Geologic Column, which is used to date rocks and also fossils. The evolutionary, 'fossil record' was based on the vast ages and assumed geological eras of the Geologic Column.
There was also circular reasoning applied with the assumed age of 'index' fossils (based on evolutionary beliefs & preconceptions) used to date strata in the Geologic Column. Dating strata from the assumed age of (index) fossils is known as Biostratigraphy.
We now know that, although these assumptions seemed logical, they are not supported by the evidence.
At the time, the mechanics of stratification were not properly known or studied.
An additional factor was that this assumed superposition and uniformitarian model became essential, with the wide acceptance of Darwinism, for the long ages required for progressive microbes-to-human evolution. There was no incentive to question or challenge the superposition, uniformitarian model, because the presumed, fossil 'record' had become dependant on it, and any change in the accepted model would present devastating implications for Darwinism.
This had the unfortunate effect of linking the study of geology so closely to Darwinism, that any study independent of Darwinian considerations was effectively stymied. This link of geology with Darwinian preconceptions is known as biostratigraphy.
Some other field evidence, in various situations, can be observed here: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
and also in the links to stunning, experimental evidence, carried out by sedimentologists, given later.
_______________________________________________
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES (established by Nicholas Steno in the 17th Century):
What Nicolas Steno believed about strata formation is the basis of the principle of Superposition and the principle of Original Horizontality.
dictionary.sensagent.com/Law_of_superposition/en-en/
“Assuming that all rocks and minerals had once been fluid, Nicolas Steno reasoned that rock strata were formed when particles in a fluid such as water fell to the bottom. This process would leave horizontal layers. Thus Steno's principle of original horizontality states that rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later.”)
BEDDING PLANES.
'Bedding plane' describes the surface in between each stratum which are formed during sediment deposition.
science.jrank.org/pages/6533/Strata.html
“Strata form during sediment deposition, that is, the laying down of sediment. Meanwhile, if a change in current speed or sediment grain size occurs or perhaps the sediment supply is cut off, a bedding plane forms. Bedding planes are surfaces that separate one stratum from another. Bedding planes can also form when the upper part of a sediment layer is eroded away before the next episode of deposition. Strata separated by a bedding plane may have different grain sizes, grain compositions, or colours. Sometimes these other traits are better indicators of stratification as bedding planes may be very subtle.”
______________________________________________
Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian, influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they have known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evolutionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimentary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow. See diagram:
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/dat...
The field evidence (in the image) presented here - of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
We now know, the Superposition Principle only applies on a rare occasion where sedimentary deposits are laid down in still water.
Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the general rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
See many other examples of rapid stratification (with geological features): www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Rapid, simultaneous formation of layers/strata, through particle segregation in moving water, is so easily created it has even been described by sedimentologists (working on flume experiments) as a law ...
"Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/
The example in the photo is the result of normal, everyday tidal action formed in a single incident, and subsequently eroded by water flow revealing the strata/layers.
Where the water current or movement is more turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths (many metres) of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix, not to any particular timescale. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or other material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, coastal erosion, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils), alive or dead, engulfed by, or swept into, a turbulent sediment mix, will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, forming layers.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Sandown, Isle of Wight. Formed 08/12/2017 This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
"A team of Russian sedimentologists directed by Alexander Lalomov (Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Ore Deposits) applied paleohydraulic analyses to geological formations in Russia. One example is the publication of a report in 2007 by the Lithology and Mineral Resources journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It concerns the Crimean Peninsular. It shows that the time of sedimentation of the sequence studied corresponds to a virtually instantaneous episode whilst according to stratigraphy it took several millions of years. Moreover, a recent report concerning the North-West Russian plateau in the St. Petersburg region shows that the time of sedimentation was much shorter than that attributed to it by the stratigraphic time-scale: 0.05% of the time."
www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Rapid strata formation and rapid erosion at Mount St Helens.
slideplayer.com/slide/5703217/18/images/28/Rapid+Strata+F...
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
I saw this small family on a local pond this morning and was interested to know what they might be. My ability to identify anything but the most common birds is pretty lamentable - but can I assume that the adult is a cross between a Mallard and a "farmyard" duck (do the species interbreed?) and that the 2, very dissimilar, ducklings are just variants one step down the ancestral line? I also presume that this must be a second brood as they are still quite small and we are in August now.
Can anyone confirm that my reasoning is correct?
Thanks!
Tricks of the Mind | March 2013TRICKS OF THE MIND - March 2013
If you can't view this email, please click here.
Hi,
A question we're often asked is what is Mind Magic? Mind Magic is using magic (of the conjuring variety) to create the illusion that you can read minds, influence people and demonstrate paranormal & extraordinary powers, e.g. ESP, moving objects with the power of your mind and predicting the future.
It is sometimes called mentalism, although we use the term Psychological Artistry, and has been shown to be popular in the programmes of Derren Brown and other magicians. The workshops we run not only reveal these often guarded tricks and secrets, but merge them with psychology and neuroscience so that we can use and apply these approaches in therapy, coaching, business etc. For more information on these workshops, please see mindsways.com/SMS/
All of our workshops, Sleight of Mind Set and The Fascination all use Mind Magic tricks, tools and techniques and Psychological Artistry. There is one overriding theme within them all; that is the Show Not Tell principle. The Show Not Tell principle is all about making people experience and feel the message rather than just be told. The Show Not Tell principle is about engaging through emotions, not just logic and reasoning. The intellect finds the logic to justify what the emotions have decided.
To see more information about The Fascination, please see mindsways.com/the-fascination. For more on Sleight of Mind Set workshops, please go to mindsways.com/SMS/ and for more about the Show Not Tell principle, please look at mindsways.com/SNT/
TRICKS OF THE MIND
The real power of Mind Magic and Psychological Artistry lies not with just the tricks, but the effect that the delivery of the tricks have on people. On the workshops and in the packs we give you the tricks, however, learning to use them and turn them into effects is where the real power lies.
Delivering these effects, you can evoke the making of the extraordinary. By combining the tricks with the energy of your words, your message and your personality, you make yourself stand out, stimulate fascination and create interest in you. This is when the real magic happens, in the minds of others. To see what other's have said about the workshops, please see mindsways.com/about/what-people-say/
To see a few interesting examples of how magic can be used in communication, please see mindsways.com/the-fascination# PsychologicalTED
WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGICAL ARTISTRY?
To start with there are many definitions of psychology, but the one that sums it up for me is "the science of how we think". Next is the Artistry part, again, there have been many definitions but I like to think that artistry is a blend of:
Creating connection, rapport and emotions
Telling stories
Gaining and holding attention
Producing insights
Displaying human nature
Cognition
Show, Not Tell
Multiple Moments of Interest, Interaction and Insights (MMI's)
Therefore, Psychological Artistry is the blending of these two to create a method for successful communication. Psychological Artistry is where science and art meet Mind Magic.
Psychological Artistry is a route to form:
New Ideas
New Voices
New Questions
New Perspectives
New Expressions for our Passions
New Experiments
Expanded horizons
Emotional Engagement
Using Psychological Artistry is a way to express your personality, it:
Improves personal delivery
Increases your visibility
Enhances personal image and style
Powerful differential
Creates presence and raises profile
Increases perceptual awareness
Learning Psychological Artistry and Mind Magic is all about gaining access to valuable and guarded secrets.
Interesting examples of how all is not as it appears are the McGurk effect and Prof. Richard Wiseman's "The Incredible Colour Changing Card Effect", a well-known Fred Astaire clip and Rory Sutherland's Perspective Is Everything talk. Please take a look here or go to mindsways.com/SMS. These illustrate both the power and the approach of Psychological Artistry. I would love to know what you think.
MINDFUL ILLUSIONS
Understanding how powerful a role illusions can play in our life is extremely important. We can get dragged into the illusion that we cannot change ourselves, and this can affect us very deeply. We have to keep in mind that these beliefs are based on neuro-pathways that have wired themselves together in our past, and though they may even dominate our thoughts now, brain plasticity means we do not have to have this in our future. To see more about this, please mindsways.com/SMS#InfiniteMind
The SNT kit, which you get included in the price for the Sleight of Mind Set workshop, clearly illustrates that this previous wiring does not have to equal the future. It clearly shows us that we cannot believe what we see, but we see what we believe. For more on the SNT kit, please see mindsways.com/SNT/
THE ART OF CRITICAL THINKING
Our mind is our greatest strength, but is also the root of many of our flaws and weaknesses. We are emotional beings and do not always follow logic and critical thinking. However, logic and critical thinking are learned skills that still play an important role in our lives. This is another benefit of learning about Mind Magic and Psychological Artistry, because logic and critical thinking are skills and abilities that can be deliberately practised and developed through Mind Magic.
We all have flaws in thinking, including;
Logical fallacies
False assumptions
Unreliable memories
Rule of thumbs thinking
Beliefs through illusions
These fallacies are all used and highlighted by magicians. Learning and understanding Mind Magic is about applying a rational and logical system to our emotional situation. It is this ability that allows you to demonstrate you value, engage people on a deeply interesting level and help others which dramatically increases with your understanding of Mindful Illusions, Mind Magic and Psychological Artistry.
THE WORKSHOPS
All the workshops start at 10:00 a.m. and finish at 4:30 p.m. These are being held around the country, in:
Sleight of Mind Set
Scunthorpe | 29th March 2013
London | 2nd May 2013 (NEW DATE)
Birmingham | 7th May 2013 (NEW DATE)
To register your place on the Sleight of Mind Set, please go to mindsways.com/SMS#BookNow
The Fascination
London | 2nd April 2013
Bath | 10th April 2013
Birmingham | 16th April 2013
To register your place on The Fascination, please see mindsways.com/the-fascination#BookNow
REGISTER YOUR PLACE NOW
In the workshops, we will explore how Psychological Artistry and Mind Magic provide important insights into how we think, how we learn and how we experience the world, whilst training you in the tricks of the trade. As part of this workshop, you are supplied with whole new sets of routines and ideas in The Fascination Pack. This pack has been purpose-built to combine the psychology of fascination with the allure of Mind Magic.
To register your place on either of the workshops, please go to mindsways.com/SMS and mindsways.com/the-fascination
Thanks,
George
P.S. Both the SNT kit and The Fascination Pack are available separately. To see more, please go to mindsways.com/SNT and mindsways.com/TFP
07976 356 082
Iverley Road, Halesowen, United Kingdom, B63 3EP
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... of The Reasoning, with Maria Owen, at High Voltage Festival 2010, London.
See my other High Voltage Festival photos.
My beautiful griffin made by Creatures of Nat!!
This version of Hyperion is basically a Christmas gift to myself! I can't wait to have this majestic boy home with me!
To those curious about my griffin I made myself, I gave him to one of my greatest local friends, he will be super-loved there! My reasoning for rehoming him was because I had made him TOO big! If any of you remember, he was roughly the size of one of my Corgis! I had no where to display/store him just because of his size.
These photos belong to Natalie as he will be shipped later this week! Can't wait to have this boy home!
This is the colour version (with a slightly different crop) of an image I posted for Macromondays memories theme. The reasoning behind this being a memory is on the original.
Think I prefer this one, hence the post.
There isn't any real reasoning behind this. I wanted to continue my set, I didn't want it to just be full of girly images, and then I realised Bramhall Park, where I was planning to go at the weekend, had a sort of moat. After thinking about what you might find in a drained moat, I got ideas of a wounded knight from the celtic era, and that's how this photo was created.
According to Jordan (model of this photo) the moat was actually called something I don't remember and was made to stop sheep getting in... oh well.
Anxiety in Scripture is expressed with a number of different Hebrew and Greek words, most of which have to do with negative thinking. Anxious thinking is beyond the normal reasoning process. Descriptions for it include dread, apprehension, hesitation, agitation, uneasiness, loss of control, doubt, a “gnawing away,” or worry.
1. Anxiety results in heaviness of heart and provides no relief to the situation.
Proverbs 12:25 Anxiety in a man’s heart weighs him down, but a good word makes him glad. (ESV)
Job 6:2–3 If my misery could be weighed and my troubles be put on the scales, they would outweigh all the sands of the sea. (NLT)
2. We must live by faith and not by sight. Anxiety pulls us down when we focus on what might be rather than what is.
Psalm 73:2–3 But I had nearly lost confidence; my faith was almost gone because I was jealous of the proud when I saw that things go well for the wicked. (GNT)
Psalm 142:4–5 When I look beside me, I see that there is no one to help me, no one to protect me. No one cares for me. LORD, I cry to you for help; you, LORD, are my protector. (GNT)
Job 23:8–10; Philippians 4:8; 2 Timothy 1:7
3. Giving the problem back to God, asking for his help, is the proper response to anxiety.
1 Peter 5:7 Give all your worries and cares to God, for he cares about you. (NLT)
Philippians 4:6 Don’t worry about anything; instead, pray about everything. Tell God what you need, and thank him for all he has done. (NLT)
Isaiah 41:10–13
4. Anxiety is linked to envy and jealousy.
Proverbs 24:19–20 Fret not yourself because of evildoers, and be not envious of the wicked, for the evil man has no future; the lamp of the wicked will be put out. (ESV)
Psalm 37:1–9
5. God’s sufficient resources are more than enough for our every concern.
2 Corinthians 12:9 But he said to me, “My grace is sufficient for you, for my power is made perfect in weakness.” Therefore I will boast all the more gladly of my weaknesses, so that the power of Christ may rest upon me. (ESV)
Ephesians 1:3; Philippians 4:13–19; Romans 8:32
6. Trusting God’s sovereignty replaces anxiety with peace. He has our best interests at heart.
Isaiah 26:3–4 You keep him in perfect peace whose mind is stayed on you, because he trusts in you. Trust in the LORD forever, for the LORD GOD is an everlasting rock. (ESV)
Psalm 139:16; Isaiah 45:5–7
7. Knowing that God has plans all laid out for us removes anxiety about the future.
Jeremiah 29:11–13 For I know the plans I have for you, declares the LORD, plans for welfare and not for evil, to give you a future and a hope. Then you will call upon me and come and pray to me, and I will hear you. You will seek me and find me, when you seek me with all your heart. (ESV)
Matthew 6:33–34 But seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness, and all these things will be added to you. Therefore do not be anxious about tomorrow, for tomorrow will be anxious for itself. Sufficient for the day is its own trouble. (ESV)
John 14:1–3; James 4:15
8. God can use any situation for good, even those that trouble us.
Romans 8:28 And we know that for those who love God all things work together for good, for those who are called according to his purpose. (ESV)
Biblical Narratives
• Hannah, anxious because she was childless, 1 Samuel 1
• Jeremiah, concerned about committing to God’s plan to purchase property, Jeremiah 32:24–27
• David, realizing he must focus on God and not his enemies, Psalm 13
Practical Steps
• Memorize Isaiah 41:10.
• Read chapter 22 in The Knowledge of the Holy by A. W. Tozer.
• Listen to Christian music that speaks of God’s provision, strength, and guidance.
• Keep a prayer list and write down when God answers. Review God’s answers when your faith is weak.
• Physical exercise is a must at least three times a week for thirty minutes. It makes a huge difference in mental attitude.
Keith R. Miller, Quick Scripture Reference for Counseling Men (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 2014), 36–38.
If anyone can tell me the reasoning for this livery please do so in the comments box. Whilst linked by hourly regional services to Hamburg, this IC working would be heading on further south with a loco change at Itzehoe which is the northern limit of electrification. The most prestigious service at Westerland has the oldest motive power!
We're road tripping down south later this week and Mav can't wait! He insisted on wearing a scarf today to practise for the snow and there was simply no reasoning with him.
Tourist (fillet brazing) not a Super Tourist (lugged). The seat tube extension is interesting. Wonder if there's a reasoning behind it?
BOX DATE: 2004
MANUFACTURER: Mattel
PERSONAL FUN FACT: I vividly recall the first time I saw the New York Minute dolls and this playset at Toys 'R' Us. It was sometime in the later half of 2004. By that point I wasn't regularly buying dollies in store anymore. I was still actively playing with them, but was starting to feel self conscious. There was a display cap in the doll section that featured all the newly released Mary-Kate and Ashley merchandise. I was enticed, but quickly talked myself out of getting them. I really don't know the reasoning for that...maybe I was embarrassed? It was a decision I would quickly come to regret. Mary-Kate and Ashley were the last fashion dolls I continued to collect as a kid. The only other dolls I still maintained an interest in were American Girls. So I was dismayed as an adult collector that I had passed up on the chance to get this playset. I had taken great care of all my childhood Mary-Kate and Ashley items. For the most part, other than my most used pieces, they had fared well over the years. I realized how expensive it was to buy the New York Minute dolls on eBay very early on into 2011. As for Big Shirl's House of Bling? I couldn't even find pictures of it right away! Eventually a few did find their way to eBay, but for exorbitant prices. Well over $100 for a simple playset. Having grown up in the time frame that the set was made, I knew quality wise it wouldn't be worth that much. I never forgot that I wanted this set, but I honestly didn't think it was something I'd ever be lucky enough to own.
In 2024 I was browsing eBay one afternoon. I usually have a rotation of things I check for that aren't "high risk" for me to purchase. Around that time I was looking into American Girl shoe lots for some extra "meet" footwear we needed for our girls. Whenever I'm on eBay or Mercari, I usually take a peek at Mary-Kate and Ashley dolls. I wasn't missing much for my collection at that point, so it seemed very unlikely I'd find a treasure. As I scrolled down I saw a "Buy It Now" option for Big Shirl's House of Bling. It was owned by a collector and had been deboxed, but was PERFECT. I did the mental math of how much it would cost with tax and shipping. All told it would be $77...more than I'd ever paid for a playset before (the most is usually $50, and that's only occurred a handful of times). I knew this might be my only shot to get the playset, and Mary-Kate/Ashley dolls are so precious to me. I just couldn't resist, especially since I had gotten the New York Minute dolls three years before. I knew how much fun my sister and I would have using this salon for videos and photos. Plus, Colleen's favorite scene from the movie (which neither of us admittedly care for) is when Ashley says to the stylist, "I'd like a more corporate bling." So we mutually decided to pounce on this opportunity. Everything arrived a few days later well packaged and protected. All the original components were intact, including part of the box itself (that had no real value or use to me). It's better quality than I expected in parts. The vanity is super heavy weight. But the stools have very flimsy bases, and most of the set is cardboard. I am SO unbelievably grateful to finally own this amazing piece of Mary-Kate and Ashley history. I know younger me would be proud...I always wanted to play with this set!
Just another weirdo in Boulder Colorado. He was more than happy to have his picture taken, while I stopped traffic behind me. Not sure what the guy's reasoning is, and I'm not going to ask.
ODC2...Object Describing Your Personality...Wrench! I don't think that the people who really know me would argue the point. Mechanical reasoning is my claim to fame; my intelligence. I may teach reading and writing, but I love to work with my hands and especially fix things that are broken. I have wrenches just about everywhere, three #17 to adjust the drip in the bilge, #14 is what I need for the bolts on the boat motor, I have a pair of #10s in my car for disconnecting the car battery (which I just had to do the other day because the horn decided to start blaring for no reason). I have a special wrench at school to tighten the legs on the little benches that those wiggly 4-yr-old bottoms sit on everyday. I even got a torque wrench for a birthday present last year. We have wrenches at home and wrenches on vacation. We label our tools with electrical tape: blue for Brittany (water), red for St. Ger. home (stop); white for the boat, and ground wire tape yellow/green for those tools that aren't yet duplicated and they travel back and forth with us. Beside the mechanical aspect of wrenches, there is also the heart-wrenching and gut-wrenching occurances that bring me easily to tears (I am a very sensitive person). Then there is my rather obstinate side and that (drum roll) is when I 'throw a wrench into the works' and make life difficult for me and everybody else. (I've really got to get over that one.)
After a long time of reasoning (...and saving up money) I finally bought this swiss made USM Haller sideboard in light grey.
If I had been trained myself in logic,
I could have acquired good knowledge of reasoning, But it would have brought little benefit.
Venturing outside.
Hah. I look about fourteen here.
Also, have uploaded about a million photographs today. My reasoning for this, it was Sunday. What else is there to do?
Discussing the importance of symmetry as part of spatial reasoning with @Tegu blocks in our STEAM Makerspace group.
I came across this the other day and well, I must say, I share the sentiment. If for no other reason then my bank of ten years denied me a loan recently. Their reasoning behind it was I needed to be employed for at least 9 months to qualify. I told the loan officer that if I was WORKING, I wouldn't need the loan!!! Hello! McFly!
I needed it to pay RENT.
He had ZERO empathy...I even started crying, begging, asking him if there was anything they could do for a loyal customer of 10 years. He didn't even apologize when I started crying and I was bawling...
so yeah, "FUCK THE BANKERS"
My beautiful griffin made by Creatures of Nat!!
This version of Hyperion is basically a Christmas gift to myself! I can't wait to have this majestic boy home with me!
To those curious about my griffin I made myself, I gave him to one of my greatest local friends, he will be super-loved there! My reasoning for rehoming him was because I had made him TOO big! If any of you remember, he was roughly the size of one of my Corgis! I had no where to display/store him just because of his size.
These photos belong to Natalie as he will be shipped later this week! Can't wait to have this boy home!
Rapid strata formation (field evidence).
Photo of strata formation on a beach, created by tidal action of the sea.
Formed in a single, high tidal event. Stunning evidence which displays multiple strata/layers.
Why this is so important ....
It has long been assumed, ever since the 17th century, that layers/strata observed in sedimentary rocks were built up gradually, layer upon layer, over many years. It certainly seemed logical at the time, from just looking at rocks, that lower layers would always be older than the layers above them, i.e. that lower layers were always laid down first followed, in time, by successive layers on top.
This was assumed to be true and became known as the superposition principle.
It was also assumed that a layer comprising a different material from a previous layer, represented a change in environmental conditions/factors.
These changes in composition of layers or strata were considered to represent different, geological eras on a global scale, spanning millions of years. This formed the basis for the Geologic Column, which is used to date rocks and also fossils. The evolutionary, 'fossil record' was based on the vast ages and assumed geological eras of the Geologic Column.
There was also circular reasoning applied with the assumed age of 'index' fossils (based on evolutionary beliefs & preconceptions) used to date strata in the Geologic Column. Dating strata from the assumed age of (index) fossils is known as Biostratigraphy.
We now know that, although these assumptions seemed logical, they are not supported by the evidence.
At the time, the mechanics of stratification were not properly known or studied.
An additional factor was that this assumed superposition and uniformitarian model became essential, with the wide acceptance of Darwinism, for the long ages required for progressive microbes-to-human evolution. There was no incentive to question or challenge the superposition, uniformitarian model, because the presumed, fossil 'record' had become dependant on it, and any change in the accepted model would present devastating implications for Darwinism.
This had the unfortunate effect of linking the study of geology so closely to Darwinism, that any study independent of Darwinian considerations was effectively stymied. This link of geology with Darwinian preconceptions is known as biostratigraphy.
Some other field evidence, in various situations, can be observed here: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
and also in the links to stunning, experimental evidence, carried out by sedimentologists, given later.
_______________________________________________
GEOLOGIC PRINCIPLES (established by Nicholas Steno in the 17th Century):
What Nicolas Steno believed about strata formation is the basis of the principle of Superposition and the principle of Original Horizontality.
dictionary.sensagent.com/Law_of_superposition/en-en/
“Assuming that all rocks and minerals had once been fluid, Nicolas Steno reasoned that rock strata were formed when particles in a fluid such as water fell to the bottom. This process would leave horizontal layers. Thus Steno's principle of original horizontality states that rock layers form in the horizontal position, and any deviations from this horizontal position are due to the rocks being disturbed later.”)
BEDDING PLANES.
'Bedding plane' describes the surface in between each stratum which are formed during sediment deposition.
science.jrank.org/pages/6533/Strata.html
“Strata form during sediment deposition, that is, the laying down of sediment. Meanwhile, if a change in current speed or sediment grain size occurs or perhaps the sediment supply is cut off, a bedding plane forms. Bedding planes are surfaces that separate one stratum from another. Bedding planes can also form when the upper part of a sediment layer is eroded away before the next episode of deposition. Strata separated by a bedding plane may have different grain sizes, grain compositions, or colours. Sometimes these other traits are better indicators of stratification as bedding planes may be very subtle.”
______________________________________________
Several catastrophic events, flash floods, volcanic eruptions etc. have forced Darwinian, influenced geologists to admit to rapid stratification in some instances. However they claim it is a rare phenomenon, which they have known about for many years, and which does nothing to invalidate the Geologic Column, the fossil record, evolutionary timescale, or any of the old assumptions regarding strata formation, sedimentation and the superposition principle. They fail to face up to the fact that rapid stratification is not an extraordinary phenonemon, but rather the prevailing and normal mechanism of sedimentary deposition whenever and wherever there is moving, sediment-laden water. The experimental evidence demonstrates the mechanism and a mass of field evidence in normal (non-catastrophic) conditions shows it is a normal everyday occurrence.
It is clear from the experimental evidence that the usual process of stratification is - that strata are not formed by horizontal layers being laid on top of each other in succession, as was assumed. But by sediment being sorted in the flowing water and laid down diagonally in the direction of flow. See diagram:
www.flickr.com/photos/truth-in-science/39821536092/in/dat...
The field evidence (in the image) presented here - of rapid, simultaneous stratification refutes the Superposition Principle and the Principle of Lateral Continuity.
We now know, the Superposition Principle only applies on a rare occasion where sedimentary deposits are laid down in still water.
Superposition is required for the long evolutionary timescale, but the evidence shows it is not the general rule, as was once believed. Most sediment is laid down in moving water, where particle segregation is the general rule, resulting in the simultaneous deposition of strata/layers as shown in the photo.
See many other examples of rapid stratification (with geological features): www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Rapid, simultaneous formation of layers/strata, through particle segregation in moving water, is so easily created it has even been described by sedimentologists (working on flume experiments) as a law ...
"Upon filling the tank with water and pouring in sediments, we immediately saw what was to become the rule: The sediments sorted themselves out in very clear layers. This became so common that by the end of two weeks, we jokingly referred to Andrew's law as "It's difficult not to make layers," and Clark's law as "It's easy to make layers." Later on, I proposed the "law" that liquefaction destroys layers, as much to my surprise as that was." Ian Juby, www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/
The field example in the photo is the result of normal, everyday tidal action formed in a single incident,
Where the water current or movement is more turbulent, violent, or catastrophic, great depths (many metres) of stratified sediment can be laid down in a short time. Certainly not the many millions of years assumed by evolutionists.
The composition of strata formed in any deposition event. is related to whatever materials are in the sediment mix, not to any particular timescale. Whatever is in the mix will be automatically sorted into strata/layers. It could be sand, or other material added from mud slides, erosion of chalk deposits, coastal erosion, volcanic ash etc. Any organic material (potential fossils), alive or dead, engulfed by, or swept into, a turbulent sediment mix, will also be sorted and buried within the rapidly, forming layers.
See many other examples of rapid stratification with geological features: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Stratified, soft sand deposit. demonstrates the rapid, stratification principle.
Important, field evidence which supports the work of the eminent, sedimentologist Dr Guy Berthault MIAS - Member of the International Association of Sedimentologists.
(Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/)
And also the experimental work of Dr M.E. Clark (Professor Emeritus, U of Illinois @ Urbana), Andrew Rodenbeck and Dr. Henry Voss, (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/)
Location: Yaverland, Isle of Wight. photographed 04/06/2018, formed several months earlier and in the early stages of consolidation.
This field evidence demonstrates that multiple strata in sedimentary deposits do not need millions of years to form and can be formed rapidly. This natural example confirms the principle demonstrated by the sedimentation experiments carried out by Dr Guy Berthault and other sedimentologists. It calls into question the standard, multi-million year dating of sedimentary rocks, and the dating of fossils by depth of burial or position in the strata.
Mulltiple strata/layers are evident in this example.
Dr Berthault's experiments (www.sedimentology.fr/) and other experiments (www.ianjuby.org/sedimentation/) and field studies of floods and volcanic action show that, rather than being formed by gradual, slow deposition of sucessive layers superimposed upon previous layers, with the strata or layers representing a particular timescale, particle segregation in moving water or airborne particles can form strata or layers very quickly, frequently, in a single event.
And, most importantly, lower strata are not older than upper strata, they are the same age, having been created in the same sedimentary episode.
Such field studies confirm experiments which have shown that there is no longer any reason to conclude that strata/layers in sedimentary rocks relate to different geological eras and/or a multi-million year timescale. www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PVnBaqqQw8&feature=share&.... they also show that the relative position of fossils in rocks is not indicative of an order of evolutionary succession. Obviously, the uniformitarian principle, on which the geologic column is based, can no longer be considered valid. And the multi-million, year dating of sedimentary rocks and fossils needs to be reassessed. Rapid deposition of stratified sediments also explains the enigma of polystrate fossils, i.e. large fossils that intersect several strata. In some cases, tree trunk fossils are found which intersect the strata of sedimentary rock up to forty feet in depth. upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Lycopsi... They must have been buried in stratified sediment in a short time (certainly not millions, thousands, or even hundreds of years), or they would have rotted away. youtu.be/vnzHU9VsliQ
In fact, the vast majority of fossils are found in good, intact condition, which is testament to their rapid burial. You don't get good fossils from gradual burial, because they would be damaged or destroyed by decay, predation or erosion. The existence of so many fossils in sedimentary rock on a global scale is stunning evidence for the rapid depostion of sedimentary rock as the general rule. It is obvious that all rock containing good intact fossils was formed from sediment laid down in a very short time, not millions, or even thousands of years.
See set of photos of other examples of rapid stratification: www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157635944904973/
Carbon dating of coal should not be possible if it is millions of years old, yet significant amounts of Carbon 14 have been detected in coal and other fossil material, which indicates that it is less than 50,000 years old. www.ldolphin.org/sewell/c14dating.html
www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm
Evolutionists confidently cite multi-million year ages for rocks and fossils, but what most people don't realise is that no one actually knows the age of sedimentary rocks or the fossils found within them. So how are evolutionists so sure of the ages they so confidently quote? The astonishing thing is they aren't. Sedimentary rocks cannot be dated by radiometric methods*, and fossils can only be dated to less than 50,000 years with Carbon 14 dating. The method evolutionists use is based entirely on assumptions. Unbelievably, fossils are dated by the assumed age of rocks, and rocks are dated by the assumed age of fossils, that's right ... it is known as circular reasoning.
* Regarding the radiometric dating of igneous rocks, which is claimed to be relevant to the dating of sedimentary rocks, in an occasional instance there is an igneous intrusion associated with a sedimentary deposit -
Prof. Aubouin says in his Précis de Géologie: "Each radioactive element disintegrates in a characteristic and constant manner, which depends neither on the physical state (no variation with pressure or temperature or any other external constraint) nor on the chemical state (identical for an oxide or a phosphate)."
"Rocks form when magma crystallizes. Crystallisation depends on pressure and temperature, from which radioactivity is independent. So, there is no relationship between radioactivity and crystallisation.
Consequently, radioactivity doesn't date the formation of rocks. Moreover, daughter elements contained in rocks result mainly from radioactivity in magma where gravity separates the heavier parent element, from the lighter daughter element. Thus radiometric dating has no chronological signification." Dr. Guy Berthault www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
"A team of Russian sedimentologists directed by Alexander Lalomov (Russian Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Ore Deposits) applied paleohydraulic analyses to geological formations in Russia. One example is the publication of a report in 2007 by the Lithology and Mineral Resources journal of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It concerns the Crimean Peninsular. It shows that the time of sedimentation of the sequence studied corresponds to a virtually instantaneous episode whilst according to stratigraphy it took several millions of years. Moreover, a recent report concerning the North-West Russian plateau in the St. Petersburg region shows that the time of sedimentation was much shorter than that attributed to it by the stratigraphic time-scale: 0.05% of the time."
www.sciencevsevolution.org/Berthault.htm
Rapid strata formation and rapid erosion at Mount St Helens.
slideplayer.com/slide/5703217/18/images/28/Rapid+Strata+F...
Visit the fossil museum:
www.flickr.com/photos/101536517@N06/sets/72157641367196613/
Just how good are peer reviews of scientific papers?
www.sciencemag.org/content/342/6154/60.full
www.examiner.com/article/want-to-publish-science-paper-ju...
The neo-Darwinian idea that the human genome consists entirely of an accumulation of billions of mutations is, quite obviously, completely bonkers. Nevertheless, it is compulsorily taught in schools and universities as 'science'.
The Biltmore House is a French Renaissance-inspired chateau near Asheville, North Carolina built during the Gilded Age by George Washington Vanderbilt II between 1888 and 1895. It is the largest privately-owned home in the US, at 175,000 square feet with over 250 rooms. Behind some walls are secret passageways to various rooms. Their reasoning is unclear, but it is apparent that they were used.
The idea behind the estates creation was Vanderbilt's desire to replicate the working estates of Europe. He commissioned Richard Morris Hunt to design the house in imitation of several Loire Valley chateaux, including the Chateau de Blois. Vanderbilt definitely wanted grander, thus employed Fredrick Law Olmsted to design the grounds, including the deliberately rustic three-mile Approach Road, and Gifford Pinchot to manage the forests. Vanderbilt was a conservationist and believed in building a residence that could be self-supported. Vanderbilt established scientific forestry programs, poultry farms, cattle farms, hog farms and a dairy. During the years that the residence was occupied by the Vanderbilts, family members and friends from all over the US and from around the world came to experience the luxurious estate with it’s sweet-smelling gardens, rich foods at the 64-seat banquet table, and the stunning beauty of Vanderbilt's mountainous grounds.
Unfortunately much of Vanderbilt’s wealth was depleted due to poor investments, over zealous spending, and poor business skills. The mere construction and upkeep of the estate became too exhausting financially for him to maintain. After Vanderbilt died of complications from an emergency appendectomy in 1914, his widow finalized the sale of most of the original 125,000 acres. What remains today is an estate that covers approximately 8,000 acres. The estate is still owned by the Biltmore Company, which is controlled by Vanderbilt’s great-grandson, William A.V. Cecil II. Because of his shrewed marketing initiatives and immersed attention to customer service, he has turned a potentially large debt left by his great grandfather into a profitable museum that sells more ticket annually than Colonial Williamsburg.
Readers of the book, Lady on the Hill: How Biltmore Became an American Icon, will be amazed at how much detail was put into the estate’s construction.
1. Rickman, Ellen Erwin. Image of America: Biltmore Estate. South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2005.
Crawling behind the Northern stopper, the maroon ex Thunderbird leads 5z65 Carnforth Steamtown - Tyne Yard with 4 mk2's in tow past Durranhill. The reasoning for it even going there is unknown. 09/07/13
The first Boolean logical computer
Jevons was a firm believer that sound logical reasoning was central to good decision making in politics and economics. To assist with teaching his students how to reason logically, Jevons designed various tools to help them develop the deductive reasoning approach.
Among these was a logical abacus (a simple collection of wooden sticks, each with a variable assignment written on them) and his logical machine, known as the Logical Piano. The Logical Piano was built in 1869 by a Salford watchmaker and, simply put, was constructed from Jevons' logical abacus connected to a keyboard by sophisticated mechanisms. A user would enter various premises and the machine would return all logical consequences of these premises.
Jevons' Logical Piano can be considered the first working mechanical computer. While Charles Babbage designed his Difference Engine for arithmetic and his Analytical Engine for general-purpose computation, Jevons' Logical Piano was designed and constructed to solve problems in logic.
"It is highly remarkable that when we turn to the kindred science of logic we meet with no real mechanical aids or devices" --WS Jevons
The Logical Piano can be seen as the first automated theorem prover and an initial step towards automated reasoning, which is now an established research area with applications in hardware and software verification, knowledge representation and robotics.
"Mind thus seems able to impress some of its highest attributes upon matter, and to create its own rival in the wheels and levers of an insensible machine" --WS Jevons
Electronic logical computers
Jevons' approach inspired US art historian Allan Marquand to build and electrically powered logical machine in 1885. Later, in the wake of World War II, surplus components became available that were used to build a number of eletronic logical machines.
in 1949 the philosopher Wolfe Mays of the University of Manchester and Dietrich Prinz of Ferranti designed an electronic implementation of Jevons' Logical Piano using relays. As with Jevons, their aim was to facilitate the teaching of logical reasoning.
In the last two weeks of October 1952, Mays and Desmond Paul Henry - a fellow Manchester philosopher - held an exhibition at the University's Christie Library called 'Jevonsonia'. Jevons' Logical Piano was proudly displayed alongside Mays' and Prinz's Logical Computer.
As Mays, Prinz and others were realising the practical electronic implementations of Jevons' machine, others found different uses for the surplus components of war.
In June 1948, The Baby - a machine built by Tom Kilburn and Sir Frederick (Freddie) Williams - ran its first stored program at Manchester. This form of digital computer rapidly proved to be more flexible than its logical counterpart.
Automated reasoning has since been developed entirely on general-purpose digital computers, rather than dedicated logical computers like Jevons', and Manchester has a strong track record in this field.
William Stanley Jevons was a remarkable philosopher, economist and pioneer of computer logic. He believed that good decision making required good logical reasoning, and devised algorithms and machines to automate and teach this reasoning:
"There was a consciousness on my my mind that I was the discoverer of the true logic of the future I felt a delight such as one can seldom hope to feel. I remembered only too son though how unworthy and weak an instrument I was for accomplishing so great a work" (an extract from Jevons' diary in 1860)
See also en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_Jevons and