View allAll Photos Tagged REPUTATION)
Further enhancing the Cadillac Motor Car Company's reputation for engineering leadership, the introduction of the innovative new eight-cylinder Model 51 marked Cadillac's first application of the V8 in standard production, mass-produced vehicle. Since that debut, the V8 engine has continued to remain as Cadillac's standard powerplant since, for an ‘unbroken span of more than 65 years'.
Cadillac chose to replace its outdated four-cylinder Model 30 with the 1915 V-8 Type 51. The model 30 had been running for four years and it was considered by some to be outdated, though it had an outstanding reputation for both durability and reliability. In 1914 sales for Cadillac plummeted, possibly due to other luxury makers were running with sixes. The Model 51 V8 was introduced by Cadillac founder Henry M. Leyland and featured an amazing 70 hp and a water-cooled V8 engine.
As the Edwardian Era was coming to a close, the elegance and innocence of that time was manufactured into the 'Landaulette' model. The stylish transformable coupe made the Model 51 a legend as it featured sophistication and style. Cadillac advertised the Model 51 as 'The Penalty of Leadership' in an ad campaign that wowed consumers. The Model 51 was produced in significant numbers and became a Cadillac trademark for decades.
For years Leyland had been experimenting with a variety of engine types, and as a result of all of his hard research, he came to the conclusion that V8 would be much more popular than a six. The compact nature of the v-type design also appealed to Leyland and in some instance the long crankshaft that characterized the inline sixes had a tendency to ‘whip at high rpm'. At the time, most luxury models had moved on to much more powerful six-cylinder engines, but Cadillac continued to sport its mundane four cylinder engine. The Model 51 was then debuted by the luxury department, powered by eight cylinders that wowed the public.
The V8 was a strange and unique design for those days, and many people hadn't even seen such an engine. Two French manufacturers had developed V8's more than a decade previously and had utilized them to power racing machines. In America, as early as 1906 Howard Marmon had demonstrated an air-cooled V8. In 1910 the French firm of DeDion had marketed a production V8. The Cadillac Model 51 offered the first commercially available V8 engine in 1914.
The Model 30 was the original vehicle that included an all-new Delco system and an electric start. No more were drivers concerned with jamming a thumb or breaking a limb when cranking their cars. Unfortunately, though the Model 51 was impressive, but it paled deeply when placed alongside the 1912 Cadillac Model 30. This top-of-the-line Cadillac was the most expensive vehicle that GM produced, and at 1921, the Model 51 was priced at $5,190.
During the 1915 model year alone, Cadillac produced more than 13,000 units of the Model 51, which was a very impressive number for the first year on the market. The Cadillac Roadster, the four-passenger Cadillac Salon, the five-passenger touring car, and the Cadillac Seven-Passenger vehicle were all priced at $1,975, while the Cadillac Coupe was priced at $2,500, the Sedan for five-passengers at $2,800, the standard Cadillac Limousine was priced at $3,450 and the top-line vehicle, the formal 'Berlin Limousine' was sold at $3,600.
[Text taken from Conceptcarz.com]
www.conceptcarz.com/vehicle/z16349/Cadillac-Model-51.aspx
This Lego miniland-scale 1915 Cadillac Type 51 Tourer has been created for Flickr LUGNuts' 88th Build Challenge, - "Let's go Break Some records", - for vehicles that set the bar (high or low) for any number of vehicles statistics or records. Or for a vehicle which achieves a notable first. In the case of the Cadillac Type 51 - this model was the first production car V8 engine.
Expo Azzedine Alaïa, Thierry Mugler - 1980-1990 deux décennies de connivences artistiques | Fondation Azzedine Alaïa, Paris
------------
Installé à Paris dès 1956, Azzedine Alaïa doit sa formation aux femmes, amies et clientes plus qu’à aucune école d’apprentissage. Dans leurs vœux d’une garde-robe exigeante et discrète, il les accompagne (...et) a acquis la réputation de grand coupeur héritier d’une tradition académique qui le situe en ligne directe de Cristóbal Balenciaga ou Madeleine Vionnet.
Son expertise et sa virtuosité technique ne sont pas seulement convoitées par les élégantes du moment. Des couturiers et des créateurs de mode savent qu’ils peuvent éventuellement compter sur lui pour préciser certains modèles complexes ou prêter main forte sur une collection à terminer. C’est le cas ponctuel de Yves Saint Laurent. Ce fut aussi celui de Thierry Mugler, qu’Alaïa rencontre en 1979 et avec lequel il noue de véritables liens d’amitiés.
Pour sa collection automne-hiver 1979-80, Mugler invite Alaïa à réaliser la série de smokings de son défilé. (...) Cette collaboration incite Alaïa à devenir créateur lui-même. Thierry Mugler l’encourage vivement et témoigne envers lui d’un soutien qui se révèlera capital autant qu’indéfectible. (...) En 1982, à la demande du grand magasin américain Bergdorf Goodman, Alaïa présente un défilé à New York. C’est Mugler qui l’en persuade. (...)
Compagnons de route d’une décennie qu’ils ont préemptée stylistiquement, Alaïa et Mugler ont librement laissé les influences agir sur leurs créations mutuelles. Dans les années 1980, tous deux ont divinisé la femme, proclamant le retour du glamour en gloire et Hollywood pour inspiration à mille lieux des modes folkloriques des années 1970. Ils partagent une silhouette commune où les épaules en majesté contrastent avec les tailles étranglées et les hanches épanouies, souvenirs et fantasmes des modes des années 1930 et 1950 et des couturiers Adrian, Jacques Fath, Christian Dior et Cristóbal Balenciaga en tête.
Si Mugler a le sens du show (...) , Alaïa a le goût de l’intime et de la perfection. Mais c’est avec communauté d’esprit que leurs collections se répondent. (...)
Contemporains, amis (...), les deux créateurs ont tout au long de leur vie manifesté un profond respect pour leurs carrières respectives. Leurs vêtements, du jour comme ceux du soir se répondent dictant une mode à quatre mains, paraphe des modes contemporaines.
Couturier et collectionneur à l’origine d’un patrimoine de mode immense et reconnu, Azzedine Alaïa a préservé plus de 200 créations griffées Thierry Mugler dont une quarantaine sont ici exposées en dialogue avec ses propres archives.
Source: fondationazzedinealaia.org/expositions/30826/
--------------------------
Having settled in Paris since 1956, Azzedine Alaïa owes his training to women, friends, and clients more than to any school of apprenticeship. In their desire for a sophisticated and discreet wardrobe, he supported them (...and) earned a reputation as a master tailor, heir to an academic tradition that places him in direct lineage to Cristóbal Balenciaga and Madeleine Vionnet.
His expertise and technical virtuosity are not only coveted by the elegant women of the moment. Couturiers and fashion designers know they can count on him to refine certain complex designs or lend a hand with a collection that needs to be completed. This was the case for Yves Saint Laurent. It was also the case for Thierry Mugler, whom Alaïa met in 1979 and with whom he formed a close friendship.
For his fall-winter 1979-80 collection, Mugler invited Alaïa to create the series of tuxedos for his show. (...) This collaboration encouraged Alaïa to become a designer himself. Thierry Mugler strongly encouraged him and showed him support that would prove to be both crucial and unwavering. (...) In 1982, at the request of the American department store Bergdorf Goodman, Alaïa presented a show in New York. It was Mugler who persuaded him to do so. (...)
Fellow travelers for a decade they stylistically preempted, Alaïa and Mugler freely allowed their influences to influence each other's creations. In the 1980s, both deified women, proclaiming the return of glamour, with Hollywood as their inspiration, a world away from the folkloric fashions of the 1970s. They share a common silhouette where majestic shoulders contrast with narrowed waists and full hips, memories and fantasies of the fashions of the 1930s and 1950s, and of couturiers Adrian, Jacques Fath, Christian Dior, and Cristóbal Balenciaga at the forefront.
If Mugler has a sense of showmanship (...), Alaïa has a taste for intimacy and perfection. But it is with a shared spirit that their collections echo one another. (...)
Contemporaries, friends (...), the two designers have throughout their lives demonstrated a profound respect for each other's careers. Their daytime and evening wear echo each other, dictating a four-handed fashion, a hallmark of contemporary fashion.
A couturier and collector with a vast and renowned fashion heritage, Azzedine Alaïa has preserved more than 200 Thierry Mugler creations, some forty of which are exhibited here in dialogue with his own archives.
Model history:
The introduction of the Fulvia saloon in 1963 maintained Lancia's unparalleled reputation for innovation in automobile design. The boxily-styled Appia replacement featured an all-new, narrow-angle overhead-camshaft V4 engine; front wheel drive; independent front suspension by double wishbones; and disc brakes all round. A 2+2 coupe on a shorter wheelbase was launched in 1965. Though mechanically similar, the newcomer had all the visual presence its progenitor lacked and came with a 1,216cc engine producing 80bhp. Tuned 'HF' versions provided increased performance, while for the style conscious there was the eye-catching Sport Zagato, characterised by one of the eponymous Milanese carrozzeria's typically lightweight and aerodynamic bodies. The shape was penned by Ercole Spada, arguably Zagato's most important post-war designer, who had forged his reputation for creative brilliance with the iconic Aston Martin DB4GT Zagato of 1960.
Specific history of this car:
In 1964, the Lancia Works team presented the Sport Prototipo Zagato, a unique creation with a lightweight body and numerous weight-saving measures. Its first race was at the 1964 Targa Florio, with Marco Crosina and Fernando Frescobaldi, using race number 184. Unfortunately, the drivers and the car did not see the finish line due to an unplanned off-road excursion during the race. After the Targa Florio entry, the car had a very short racing history due to limited funds; the Works team, instead, decided to race the standard road going Flavia Zagato in the ‘Turismo’ category to try to help the sales of that car. After a few more outings on circuit events, the Sport Prototipo Zagato was left in Lancia’s Reparto Corse and stored for a few years, unused and nearly forgotten.
It was then, in 1967, that Claudio Maglioli, who was the Italian champion with Lancia in 1965 and 1966, was still racing for the Works team and he came across chassis no. 815538 1001 and immediately negotiated with Sandro Fiorio, head of Lancia's racing department, to purchase the car and any remaining spare parts. Maglioli kept the car in his workshop for 20 years, undertaking a careful and meticulous sympathetic restoration. Small details, such as putting baffles in the sump to avoid oil surge in left hand corners, were made, and the car remained with him until 1991, when he decided to sell the 815538 1001 to the current owner, an avid Lancia collector.
Chassis 815538 1001 had many special features, starting from the light alloy body that was some 220 kilograms lighter, compared to the standard Lancia Flavia Zagato, as well as the shortened wheelbase for better handling. The Sport Prototipo Zagato car has a very aggressive and low slung look with twin air intakes on the bonnet for the long carburettor trumpets to reach and breathe. Also of note are the lower roof line, deleted bumpers and a race specific interior, all to save weight and increase performance. In addition, a more direct steering box was fitted, which gave the car a much better response.
In a test drive and interview with Claudio Maglioli in Italian magazine Ruoteclassiche, he remembers how well the car handled. Maglioli remembers that to drive the car quickly, you had to use the slow-in, fast-out tactic. He reported that with clean racing lines around the corners, this car can be as quick and as effective as most and with a little more support from the Lancia Works team in period, it would have gone on to be one of the more successful race cars in Lancia’s history. The example offered here, by its second owner, remains relatively untouched and original, with only light preservation work by its first owner, a Works driver. This unique Zagato bodied competition car is a one-off piece of Lancia history and is ready to be shown or used on rallies and events.
Techno Classica 2016
Essen
Deutschland - Germany
April 2016
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The KV-1 was the unsuspecting winner of a Soviet contract for a new heavy tank to replace the obsolete T-35A Multi Turreted Heavy Tank. The KV tank beat the SMK and T-100 to make it to mass production. Immediately prior to the invasion of the USSR in June 1941, roughly 508 KV-1 tanks were in Red Army service.
The KV-1 was an unpleasant surprise to the advancing Germans in June 1941, due to its excellent armor protection. The KV-1 quickly gained a fearsome reputation on the battlefield, being able to withstand point-blank shots from the standard 37mm anti-tank guns fielded by Germany. Many KV-1s returned from combat peppered with dents and gouges from ricochets which had failed to penetrate its armor. However, the KV-1s made little impact on the actual fighting during the months of Operation Barbarossa, with the exception of a small number of engagements. Poor crew training, poor logistical support and inept command and control meant that the Soviet tanks, including the mighty KV-1, where deployed in small packets that were easily swallowed and terminated by the better organized German units.
The KV-1 tank weighed 45 tons and was powered by the 660hp V2K engine. The suspension was the first Soviet use of torsion bars, and it consisted of six road wheels, a rear drive wheel, a large front idler wheel and three return rollers. The tank had a crew of five. Soviet engineers constantly updated the tank and, between 1941 and 1942, the armor was thickened from 90mm to 200mm in places. The firepower was improved too, from the 30.2 caliber long F-32 76.2mm gun, to the 42.5 caliber long 76.2mm Zis-5 gun. The F-32 gun could penetrate 50mm of armor at 1,000m, whereas the Zis-5 gun could penetrate 60mm of armor at the same range. In 1942, this made the gun a significant threat to most German tanks. However, the gun was similar to the one on the T-34 medium tank, which was far more mobile and far cheaper to build.
When the Wehrmacht first encountered the KV-1, they were horrified and greatly impressed with its capability to take extreme punishment from the main German tank and anti-tank guns of the time. Contrary to popular belief, there were only a handful of KV-1 tanks that were ever pressed into German service. The captured tanks were known as ‘Beutepanzer’ or trophy tanks.
In 1941, the Germans had a categorizing system for those units captured from the enemy, this was an “Ebeuten” number. The number for KV tanks of all sub-types was “E I”. The overwhelming majority of these tanks were either dismantled at the roadside or returned to the Reich for museums or testing. However, there were some KV tanks pressed into Wehrmacht service.
The earliest known Beutepanzer KV-1s, which in the German numbering system were known as the Pz.KpfW KV-1a 753 (r) (r = Russia) were deployed in the Autumn of 1941. German changes were minimal, with most Beutepanzer KV-1s retaining the original Soviet radio and equipment, however, occasionally German radios and tool sets were issued. The most interesting German acquisitions were the two OKV-1 tanks pressed into service. The Kirov works in Leningrad had manufactured six prototype flame throwing KV tanks, with a flame unit in the hull. All were used in combat, and two were subsequently pressed into Wehrmacht service after their capture.
Between 1941 and 1943, the German army likely dealt with thousands of lost KV tanks, of which perhaps several hundred were captured in working condition. It is thought however that less than 50 KV-1 tanks were pressed into German service. A multitude of factors can explain this, from lack of spare parts, to German overconfidence in their own tanks, to ideological doctrine that viewed anything manufactured by a Slavic race to be inferior.
Nevertheless, a small number of selected KV-1 was converted for field tests at the front, and in order to develop a standardized pattern. This specific model was called the the Sd.Kfz 756(r) and based upon the 1942 KV-1B model, manufactured at Factory 100 Chelyabinsk (ChTZ). It was fitted with the applique armor on the nose and on the glacis plate which increased the armor up to 200mm (7.9 in) thick in places. It was equipped with the lightweight cast turret. Sometimes, this model also carried a heavyweight cast, or simplified welded turret. Standard armament remained the same, being the 76mm ZiS-5 gun. The construction work was carried out by the maintenance battalion of Panzer Regiment 204 of the 22nd Panzer Division.
The most drastic modification was the alteration made to the main armament. The original Soviet 76mm ZiS-5 gun was removed to make way for the German’s own 7.5cm KwK 40 L/43. This gun was derived from the 7.5cm PaK 40, a towed anti-tank gun that entered service in 1942. In 1942-43, the gun was also mounted on Germany’s main medium tank, the Panzerkampfwagen IV, replacing the short barreled 7.5cm KwK 37 howitzer. It was a deadly weapon, with a wide range of ammunition types that included Armor Piercing Capped Ballistic Cap (APCBC), Armor-Piercing Composite Rigid (APCR) and High-Explosive Anti-Tank (HEAT). The APCBC was its most deadly round, with a 990 m/sec muzzle velocity, capable of piercing 80 mm (3.15 in) of armor at 2.000 m. At this time, the 7.5cm KwK L/43 was a rare gun, as only 135 Panzers were equipped with it, and probably the weapons used for the Sd.Kfz 756(r) conversion were salvaged from other tanks that had been irreparably damaged in action, but retained an operable gun. With this modification, the Sd.Kfz 756(r) was intended as somewhat of an ‘Anti-KV’ or ‘Anti-T-34’ vehicle. The Soviets’ own 76mm Gun could not penetrate the front of a standard KV-1 (without 200mm armor) or T-34 at 1000m, but the German 7.5cm could handle both. Putting this gun on a chassis the 76mm could not penetrate would prove deadly to any Soviet vehicle facing it.
Though the ZiS gun was removed, the mantlet was retained. The new gun was posted through the void breach first and mounted into position, complete with its coaxial MG 34 machine gun. It is unknown as to what internal modifications took place concerning the placement of the trunnions and elevation/depression gears, since neither vehicle nor any construction drawings survived.
Being the more powerful gun, the KwK 40 was larger in the breach than the ZiS. The 7.5cm shell was 100mm longer than the 76mm shell of the ZiS, meaning the breach was also 100mm longer, and considerably less rounds (78 vs. 114) could be stored. Recoil length would also have been longer, meaning there was even less room behind the gun, and the KV-1’s turret was – despite the tank’s huge bulk - not very spacious.
However, minor modifications were also made to the turret. Salvaged commander’s cupola from either a Panzer III or Panzer IV were added atop the turret, but this was not added over the original commander’s hatch at the rear of the turret. A new hole was cut in the roof towards the right front of the turret, and the cupola added above it. This cupola gave the commander far better visibility, allowing him to spot targets, navigate terrain and observe friendly units easier. On the left, a protected air filter was added, another German standard piece.
At least one Sd.Kfz 756(r)s was operated by German forces at the Eastern front and took actively part at Kursk, even though details of the deployment remain obscure. However, the tests must have been successful, because the Sd.Kfz 756(r) was standardized. It was not adopted by the German army, though, because German doctrine would not allow the KV-1 as a standard panzer within the own ranks. Instead, complete conversion kits were produced in a limited number for allied forces. The Germans already had a number of captured examples in their arsenal which they were more than willing to part with. With this background, Hungary became the biggest operator or the Sd.Kfz 756(r). About 25 conversion kits were delivered to the Institute of Military Technology of the Hungarian Army (HTI) and the DIMÁVAG factory, where KV-1s of various standards, both captured by Hungarian forces, but mostly delivered from Germany, were revamped in the course of late 1943 until summer 1944. The only local adaptation was the use of Hungarian 8 mm Gebauer 34/40.M machine guns instead of Soviet or German weapons.
Within the Royal Hungarian Army, the tank was known as 756M "Kalapács" (= Hammer) and served alongside weaker and obsolete vehicles like the indigenous 40M "Turán" medium tank, light Panzer 38(t)s delivered from Germany or the light 38M "Toldi" tank. The total number of conversions remains unclear, but less than twenty (probably only a dozen) modified tanks reached frontline units. The 756Ms primarily served in the defense of Budapest in late 1943 and, after its fall, in the defense of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia.
The supply of usable KV-1 hulls for conversions was unreliable, though, and resources for the modifications scarce, so that 756M production was rather erratic, even though the 756M's firepower and armor was direly needed. Hungary also worked on an indigenous heavy tank with promising potential, the 44M "Tas", but it did not proceed beyond the mock-up stage and only two were partially built until August 1944. With the advance of the Red Army into Hungary the project was eventually dropped.
Germany, in order to mend the situation, supplied the Hungarian Army in 1944 with the heavy tanks it needed to fight Soviet T-34s and heavier/new types, in the form of a small number of the famed Tiger tanks, even though this was rather a symbolic gesture. In German service, the Tiger had, despite its firepower and heavy armor, turned out to be technically complex, and therefore unreliable and expensive to build and maintain, so that the original Tiger was quickly replaced with the more sophisticated Tiger II and the medium and heavy tanks of the E-Series. The former German Tigers, which had served on the Eastern front beforehand, gradually replaced the leftover 756Ms and other captured KV-1s in Hungarian service. By early 1945, no Hungarian 756M remained operational.
Specifications:
Crew: Five (commander, gunner, loader, driver, radio-operator/hull machine gunner)
Weight: 45 tonnes
Length: 7.70 m (25 ft 2 ¾ in) incl. gun facing forward
6.75 m (22 ft 2 in) hull only
Width: 3.32 m (10 ft 11 in)
Height: 2.81 m (9 ft 2 1/2 in)
Suspension: Torsion bar
Armor:
30 – 90 mm (1.18 – 3.54 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 38 km/h (26 mph)
Off-road speed: 24 km/h (15 mph)
Operational range: 200 km (140 mi) on road
Power/weight: 13 hp/tonne
Engine:
1× Model V2 V12 diesel engine, 600 bhp (400 kW)
Armament:
1× 7.5cm KwK 40 L/43 gun with 78 rounds
2-3× 8 mm Gebauer 34/40.M machine guns with a total of 3.000 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
The first entry for the “Captured!” group build at whatifmodellers.com in late 2020. I decided to start with something simple, and the topic actually did not ring too many bells. However, I came across Trumpeter’s 1:72 kit of the rather obscure SdKfz. 756(r), a vehicle that actually existed but probably only as a single specimen that was tested during the Battle of Kursk. But what if that conversion had persisted, or offered to allies…?
So I settled for Hungary as more or less logical operator, and the kit was – since it represents the final conversion package – built OOB. Fit is good, only on the turret some PSR was necessary. I also added some scratched tarpaulins and a headlight cover.
Painting and markings:
The paint scheme is quite colorful - inspired by Hungarian benchmark tanks and the Turan II exhibited at the Kubinka tank museum in Russia. Yes, such exhibits have to be taken with a grit of salt, but I wanted something unusual – and the museum tank sports this kind of spotty scheme and pretty bright colors. Normally, Hungarian tanks around 1943/44 were painted in an overall dark olive drab with streaks in red brown and sand added, but this more integral scheme was also used.
Basic colors are Humbrol 62, 105 and 10, the latter with a little 180 added for a more reddish hue (Sand, Marine Green and Service Brown Gloss with Red Leather, respectively). The model received a washing with highly thinned dark-brown acrylic paint plus post-shading with lighter hues of the basic tones.
Decals came next. The Hungarian white crosses were scratched from generic black and white decal sheet material (TL Modellbau), because I wanted oversized markings to avoid friendly fire incidents. The white line around the turret top is a marking I found on a picture of a captured Hungarian T-34. The tactical codes come from an IGB Turan II kit (the “license plates” and the unit symbols on front and back) and a Zvezda IS-2 sheet (the white “348” on the turret sides) – these are a bit untypical, because Hungarian tanks rather carried only a single individual tactical code at the back of the turret. But because of the rear-facing machine gun mount, this doesn’t work properly on the KV-1, so I went for a different solution.
After some dry-brushing with khaki drill and light grey the model was sealed with matt acrylic varnish, and after final assembly I also added mineral pigments to simulate dust, esp. around the lower areas.
A rather simple project, but the outcome looks good. The bright camouflage is unusual for a KV-1 (somehow looks a little Japan-esque?), and the Hungarian markings add to this exotic look. Not unbelievable, I think?
St Olave, Hart Street, London
A medieval church set in the surprisingly quiet and narrow streets near Fenchurch Street station. One of the most pleasing of the City of London churches, both in its setting and in its interior. It was far enough east to escape the ravages of the Great Fire, much to the relief of Samuel Pepys, whose parish church this was and who worked in the Navy Office next door. In the 1930s Betjeman described it as seeming like an East Anglian country parish church on holiday in the heart of the City. The church did not, alas, survive the Blitz similarly unscathed, but the exterior and setting today appear remarkably similar to postcards and photographs of the 1920s, set on the corner of Hart Street and Seething Lane with a polite little public garden behind. Don't miss the grinning skulls above the gateway.
Since the terrorist bombing of St Ethelburga in 1993, St Olave is the smallest surviving intact medieval church in the City. The interior has been carefully restored and perhaps retains something of its original atmosphere - indeed, it got rid of the worst of the middle-brow 19th Century restorations by Arthur Blomfield and Ewan Christian. Furnishings were brought out of store from All Hallows Staining and St Katherine Coleman, two churches in adjacent streets which had been demolished for building work in the 19th Century. The glass is now all post-war and by two artists whose reputations for fine work are firmly established, Arthur Buss and John Hayward.
Taylor Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour is her fifth concert tour. Reputation began on May 8, 2018 in Glendale and is set to conclude on November 21, 2018 in Tokyo, comprising 53 concerts.
Flying Solo Tip 070365 : Manage your deadlines to manage your reputation.
Read more : nowbeingwell.wixsite.com/flyingsolo/single-post/2016/09/0...
© COPYRIGHT. Dragon Papillon Photography. 2016. All rights reserved.
The east coast of the United States has a reputation for great fall color, but there are outstanding places here in the west as well. This SOOC photo was taken in St Charles Canyon, Idaho, just a few miles from home. These are all mountain maples, and I am always amazed at their variety of color.
Participants enjoy an intense arms/abs workout with instructor Holly at the Dowd YMCA's Taylor Swift: Reputation Party.
Paimpont forest, also known as Brocéliande, is in the French commune of Paimpont, near the city of Rennes in Brittany. As Brocéliande it had a reputation in the Medieval imagination as a place of magic and mystery. It is the setting of a number of adventures in Arthurian legend, notably Chrétien de Troyes's Yvain, the Knight of the Lion, and locals claim the tree in which the Lady of the Lake supposedly imprisoned Merlin can still be seen today. Other legendary places said to lie within the forest include the Val sans Retour, the tomb of Merlin, the Fountain of Youth, and Hotié de Vivianne (castle of the Lady of the Lake). The medieval chronicler Wace visited the forest but left disappointed:
"...I went there in search of marvels; I saw the forest and the land and looked for marvels, but found none. I came back as a fool and went as a fool. I went as a fool and came back as a fool. I sought foolishness and considered myself a fool."
For those living close to Paimpont, the Arthurian legend is very strong. Many names in the legend can be translated into Breton or French, for example the name Lancelot translates as "wanderer" or "vagabond" in Breton. There is also a strong influence from the Druids, and all around Brittany are standing stones or alignments, the most famous of which are nearby at Carnac; a group of the alignments at Kerlescan are nicknamed "the soldiers of Arthur."
Paimpont is a forest of broadleaf trees, oaks and beeches mainly, with areas of conifers either inside after clear-felling or on the periphery as transition with the moor, for example towards the west in the sector of Tréhorenteuc and the Val-sans-Retour (= Valley of no Return) which was devastated by several fires in particular in 1976, a year of great drought. It occupies mainly the territory of the commune of Paimpont, but extends to bordering communes, mainly Guer and Beignon in the south, Saint-Péran in the northeast, and Concoret in north. The forest of Paimpont is the largest remnant of an ancient forest occupying Argoat, the interior region of Brittany. It was more often called the forest of Brécélien, but its ancient character and other qualities underlined by many authors decided on its name of "forest of Brocéliande," tallying of the adventures of the legend of the Round Table. This flattering designation was reinforced by the birth of the Pays de Brocéliande at the end of the 20th century, an institution intended to facilitate the development of the communes of the west of the département.
The relative altitude of the forested massif contributes to give it a climate close to the oceanic climate of the coasts of Finistere. This mode, where west and south-west winds carry of clouds and regular rain supports the vegetation, dominates. The surplus of water feeds the many brooks occupying the bottoms of small valleys before flowing into the river Aff, then the Vilaine, to the area around Redon in the south of the department. The highest point is at 256 m in the western part called Haute forêt. Altitude decreases regularly while offering viewpoints towards the department of Morbihan; viewpoints which one finds the equivalents in the north on the commune of Mauron, port of the Côtes-d'Armor. It is not far from there that the Paimpont Biological Station of the University of Rennes 1, built in 1966 and 1967, dominates the lake of Chatenay. The varied forest and its surroundings constitute a framework favorable to many training courses in which the Rennes 1 biology students as well as foreign researchers take part. These buildings can accommodate approximately 70 people, and researchers work all the year on subjects generally very far away from the local biotope such as behavior of primates, represented by Cercopithecus, whose cries are familiar for the area but surprising to the walker little accustomed to this exotic fauna. The first researchers lengthily studied the ecology of the Armorican moors, the grounds, and the hydrology.
The forest belongs mainly to owners who maintain it and exploit it for timber and hunting; only in the north-eastern part, a small part (10%) is "domanial" and is managed by the National Forestry Commission. This situation prevents freedom of movement in the forest even with the access to the borough and its pond. The owners, however, signed a convention authorizing, from April 1 to the end of September, the use of some hiking trails in the forest. Among the responsibilities of the forest guards are watching for behaviors that threaten the forest, its flora, and its fauna. For example, behaviors that pose the risk of fire, and those that endanger the game, like dogs running loose. The gathering of mushrooms is not absolutely prohibited, but it is only tolerated near the approved trails. Because of its importance before the French Revolution, the forest was the responsibility of a royal jurisdiction called the National Forestry Commission, as the traditional jurisdictions of the seigneurs did not occupying itself with forest management. The wood was excessively exploited for the power supply of the charcoal blast furnaces for the nearby industry, at least in the 17th and 18th centuries; the assignment of the trees of first choice to the navy was a marginal role.
An extract of the files of the correctional court of Montfort:
"Having left the forging mills of Paimpont on Monday morning, he passed by the workshop of the carpenter who was far away from the forging mills but in the middle of the forest, he drank there with Julien Auffray his cousin and foreman of the carpenters." (Foreman of the carpenters and sawyers on contract to the naval yards elsewhere). Auffray interrogation, 1826.
The Matter of Britain is a name given collectively to the legends that concern the Celtic and legendary history of Great Britain, especially those focused on King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. The 12th century French poet Jean Bodel created the name in the following lines of his epic Chanson de Saisnes:
Ne sont que III matières à nul homme atandant,
De France et de Bretaigne, et de Rome la grant.
The name distinguishes and relates the Matter of Britain from the mythological themes taken from classical antiquity, the "matter of Rome", and the tales of the paladins of Charlemagne and their wars with the Moors and Saracens, which constituted the "matter of France". While Arthur is the chief subject of the Matter of Britain, other lesser-known legendary history of Great Britain, including the stories of Brutus of Britain, Old King Cole, King Lear, and Gogmagog, is also included in the Matter of Britain: see Legendary Kings of the Britons.
Legendary history of Britain
It could be said that the legendary history of Britain was created in part to form a body of patriotic myth for the island. Several agendas thus can be seen in this body of literature.
The Historia Britonum, the earliest known source of the story of Brutus of Britain, may have been devised to create a distinguished genealogy for a number of Welsh princes in the 9th century. Traditionally attributed to Nennius, its actual compiler is unknown; it exists in several recensions. This tale went on to achieve greater currency because its inventor linked Brutus to the diaspora of heroes that followed the Trojan War, and thus provided raw material which later mythographers such as Geoffrey of Monmouth, Michael Drayton, and John Milton could draw upon, linking the settlement of Britain to the heroic age of Greek literature, for their several and diverse literary purposes. As such, this material could be used for patriotic mythmaking just as Virgil linked the mythical founding of Rome to the Trojan War in The Æneid. Geoffrey of Monmouth also introduced the fanciful claim that the Trinovantes, reported by Tacitus as dwelling in the area of London, had a name he interpreted as Troi-novant, "New Troy".
More speculative claims link Celtic mythology with several of the rulers and incidents compiled by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his Historia Regum Britanniæ. It has been suggested, for instance, that Leir of Britain, who later became Shakespeare's King Lear, was originally the Welsh sea-god Llŷr (see also the Irish sea-god Lir). Various Celtic deities have been identified with characters from Arthurian literature as well: Morgan le Fay was often thought to have originally been the Welsh goddess Modron (cf. the Irish goddess Mórrígan). Many of these identifications come from the speculative comparative religion of the late 19th century, and have been questioned in more recent years.
William Shakespeare seems to have been deeply interested in the legendary history of Britain, and to have been familiar with some of its more obscure byways. Shakespeare's plays contain several tales relating to these legendary kings, such as King Lear and Cymbeline. It has been suggested that Shakespeare's Welsh schoolmaster Thomas Jenkins introduced him to this material, and perhaps directed him to read Geoffrey of Monmouth[citation needed]. These tales also figure in Raphael Holinshed's The Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, which also appears in Shakespeare's sources for Macbeth. A Welsh schoolmaster appears as the character Sir Hugh Evans in The Merry Wives of Windsor.
Other early authors also drew from the early Arthurian and pseudo-historical sources of the Matter of Britain. The Scots, for instance, formulated a mythical history in the Picts and the Dál Riata royal lines. While they do eventually become factual lines, unlike those of Geoffrey, their origins are vague and often incorporate both aspects of mythical British history and mythical Irish history. The story of Gabhran especially incorporates elements of both those histories.
The Arthurian cycle
"Parsifal before the Castle of the Grail" - inspired by Richard Wagner's Opera Parsifal - painted in Weimar Germany 1928 by Hans Werner Schmidt (1859-1950)
The Arthurian literary cycle is the best known part of the Matter of Britain. It has succeeded largely because it tells two interlocking stories that have intrigued many later authors. One concerns Camelot, usually envisioned as a doomed utopia of chivalric virtue, undone by the fatal flaws of Arthur and Sir Lancelot. The other concerns the quests of the various knights to achieve the Holy Grail; some succeed (Galahad, Percival), and others fail (Lancelot).
The medieval tale of Arthur and his knights is full of Christian themes; those themes involve the destruction of human plans for virtue by the moral failures of their characters, and the quest for an important Christian relic. Finally, the relationships between the characters invited treatment in the tradition of courtly love, such as Lancelot and Guinevere, or Tristan and Iseult. In more recent years, the trend has been to attempt to link the tales of King Arthur and his knights with Celtic mythology, usually in highly romanticized, early twentieth century reconstructed versions.
Additionally, it is possible to read the Arthurian literature in general, and that concerned with the Grail tradition in particular, as an allegory of human development and spiritual growth (a theme explored by mythologist Joseph Campbell amongst others).
Sources wikipedia
Les Grandes Marques du Monde au Grand Palais
Bonhams
Estimated : € 40.000 - 60.000
Sold for € 46.000
Parijs - Paris
Frankrijk - France
February 2018
- Delivered new to New York, USA
- Desirable manual transmission
- Professional engine rebuild 2015
- Partial restoration 2017
'The E-Type Jaguar has gained a well-deserved reputation as an extremely high performance car of great refinement. Only its lack of interior space has been criticised by some prospective buyers. Now, an additional E-Type model, 9" longer in the wheelbase, has been announced.' – John Bolster, Autosport, 11th March 1966.
Launched in October 1964, the 4,2-litre version of Jaguar's sensational E-Type sports car brought with it a more user friendly all-synchromesh gearbox and superior Lockheed brake servo along with the bigger, torquier engine. At around 150 mph, top speed remained virtually unchanged, the main performance gain resulting from the capacity increase being improved acceleration. Apart from '4.2' badging, the car's external appearance was unchanged, but there were numerous detail improvements, chiefly to the electrical and cooling systems, and to the seating arrangements. The 4,2-litre E-Type was built in roadster and coupé forms, and in 1966 gained an additional 2+2 variant on a 9" (23 cm) longer wheelbase. Intended to extend the E-Type's appeal beyond the traditional sports car market, the new 'family orientated' coupé came with improved visibility (thanks to greater glass area), increased headroom, improved heating and ventilation, additional luggage space, and optional Borg-Warner automatic transmission, yet despite its many advantages was consistently outsold by both the two-seater fixed-head coupé and the roadster.
One of 2.643 left-hand drive 'Series 1' examples built, this early E-Type 2+2 coupé was delivered new in New York, USA on 7th October 1966 and first owned by a Dr Irwin J Lebish. The current owner bought the car on 6th February 2016, with two previous French owners known. A desirable manual transmission model, this E-Type was originally finished in Pale Primrose Yellow with black interior. It comes with a substantial file of bills dating back to 2009, including one for an engine rebuild carried out in the UK in 2015 by marque specialists, SNG Barratt. Partially restored in 2017, including an overhaul of the braking system, the E-Type is said to be 'leak free', while the coachwork and interior are described as in very good original condition, the latter nicely patinated. Representing a rare opportunity to acquire the E-Type in its most practical form, the car is offered with an original owner's workshop manual, Jaguar Heritage Certificate, and French Carte Grise.
Marmon was a US maker of luxury cars. They developed the first production V16 engine, only to be beaten to production by Cadillac who were much better financed.
Key to building the marques reputation was the Model 34.
The following text comes from am Autoweek article published in 2003:
1917 MARMON MODEL 34 TOURING CAR: WAY AHEAD OF ITS TIME
As World War I began, Indianapolis car and flour milling machinery manufacturer Nordyke & Marmon decided to expand its automobile business by making an extraordinary new model. While the company’s genius engineer, Howard Marmon, is best known for the 1931 16-cylinder model, the six-cylinder Model 34 introduced in 1916 is probably Marmon’s more innovative vehicle. The 34 projected an image of progressive luxury, combining trend-setting design with excellent performance.
The exterior styling of the Model 34—drawn by Cleveland coachbuilder Leon Rubay—championed the beginning of streamlined automobile body shapes. The car’s distinctive look was set off with bicycle-style fenders connected by a running board strengthened with a Dutch bend edge, which folded part of a sheet of the metal. The running board surface continued into each fender, a great design detail. When the 34 was shown at the 1916 New York Auto Show, public reaction was strong. The Marmon factory expanded to meet demand.
At a time when most cars were trimmed with brass or nickel, the 34’s radiator shell, windshield frame and headlight housing were painted—to resemble a sporty car. A hood without louvers, and wire wheels contributed to the visual theme of speed. There were seven standard models of the 34: The five-passenger touring car was the least expensive at $3,100. Customers wanting more choices were shown a book of 50 body styles drawn by a dozen different coachbuilders.
The 34 used a relatively compact overhead-valve, 340-cid inline six-cylinder engine placed on a 136-inch-wheelbase chassis. Cylinders and the upper half of the crankcase were a single casting of Lynite aluminum. It was the first production automobile in which the major part of the engine was aluminum. The powerplant had a nominal rating of 33.75 horsepower—hence the 34 designation—but brake horsepower was 74, the same as Packard’s V12. So much aluminum was used in the 3500-pound car that the Model 34 weighed in 1000 pounds less than other cars of the same size, giving it an excellent power-to-weight ratio.
The featured model, a rare seven-passenger touring car, has been used sparingly during its long life. The original owner drove it only several hundred miles a year, and meticulously followed the factory service manual procedures by putting the car up on blocks for the winter. Donald DePue, who lives in Eastern Pennsylvania, bought this Model 34 in 1990. He had the car completely restored. It has only 19,000 miles on the odometer.
DePue’s car can go well above 50 mph, but does so with some noise. Each year the Model 34 takes part in the Marmon Club meet—the Mighty Marmon Muster—to be held in York Beach, Maine, this September.
In this touring car, driver and passengers sit in front and rear seats stylishly divided by a cowl (which conceals a cellarette—a period euphemism for a small bar—and two jump seats). The front seat is bench-style, with a bulge in the middle of the leather seatback that indicates there is only room for two. There are four pedals on the floor of the driver’s side: The brake and the clutch protrude. Close to the driver’s seat is a small circular brass pedal. This is the accelerator. To its side is a square metal footrest.
The Marmon business was seriously damaged by the double punch of canceled war contracts and the severe recession in 1921-22. That forced the 34 to continue into the late 1920s, beyond its time, which diluted Marmon’s luxury image. As the Depression began, new investors revived Marmon with a spectacular 16-cylinder car, and the company diversified into large specialty trucks.
That did not save the automobile business. However, the trucks thrived, allowing the Marmon name to continue on motor vehicles into the 1990s.
Dunalastair Water is an entirely man made reservoir in Scotland which lies between Loch Rannoch and Loch Tummel in Strath Tummel in Perth and Kinross council area. The loch provides water power for the Tummel hydroelectricity power station and has the reputation as one of the best wild trout fishing locations in the United Kingdom.
Dunalastair Water lies at the approximate grid reference of NN697584 it has an area of 165 hectares, being 2.5 km long and 800 metres wide at its broadest point. It was formed by the damming of the River Tummel by the Grampian Electric Supply Company in 1933 as part of the Tummel hydro-electric power scheme. The reservoir is narrow at its head, taking the form of a slender wooded glen with the Dunalastair estate situated on the northern bank. The reservoir has roads running on both its northern and southern shores, the B846, which is the road between Pitlochry and Rannoch railway station runs on the northern shore while a minor road from Kinloch Rannoch runs on its southern side. The Water is hemmed in by high ground to the north and south, with Beinn a' Chuallaich to the north and Schiehallion to the south.
The dam itself is 65 metres wide and has two floodgates and several spillways due to the quantity of water which sometimes needs to be released Into the River Tummel. The main purpose of the dam is to act as an intake which supplies water to an open 15 metre wide concrete aqueduct that runs to the south of the River Tummel. The aqueduct flows for five km losing very little height, keeping to the 200 metre contour before feeding the Tummel hydroelectricity power station at the head of Loch Tummel through two large pipes.
Dunalastair Water is a shallow reservoir, having an average depth of only 1.5 metres and this provides unique biological conditions for birds with the site around the Water being declared a SSSI over an area of 241.6 hectares. Among the birds which can be seen on the site are Old World warbler, willow warbler, bittern, grey heron, egret, kinglet and goldcrest. Gives list of birds on loch. Dunalastair Water is a first-rate venue for fishing with the shallow waters warming quickly and generating good feeding for the fish and providing a huge variety of insect life. There are some very large brown trout which inhabit the water and feed mainly at night. Fishing is strictly from boats and outboard motors are banned. The dam incorporates a fish ladder this is of the pool and weir design and consists of 18 pools.
Perth and Kinross is one of the 32 council areas of Scotland, and a lieutenancy area. It is bordered by Highland and Aberdeenshire to the north, Angus, Dundee, and Fife to the east, Clackmannanshire to the south, and Stirling and Argyll and Bute to the west. Perth is the administrative centre.
The council area corresponds to the historic shire of Kinross-shire and the north-eastern part of Perthshire; the remainder of Perthshire is now part of Stirling. Perthshire and Kinross-shire shared a county council from 1929 until 1975, and from 1975 to 1996 Perth and Kinross was a local government district within the Tayside region. In 1996 the district was reconstituted as a unitary authority area, with a minor boundary adjustment.
Geographically the area is split by the Highland Boundary Fault into a more mountainous northern part and a flatter southern part. The northern area is a popular tourist spot, while agriculture makes an important contribution to the southern part of the area.
The area is run by Perth and Kinross Council, and is represented by members of the Scottish National Party within both the Scottish Parliament and the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
The historical counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire were separate entities prior to 1975. Under the terms of the 1973 Local Government (Scotland) Act Kinross-shire became part of the Tayside region, while Perthshire was split between the Tayside and Central regions. Under the terms of the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 these regions were dissolved in 1996 and the unitary authority of Perth and Kinross was created from the areas of Perthshire and Kinross-shire which were previously part of the Tayside region.
The Highland Boundary Fault runs across the region from the northeast to the southwest. This roughly divides the area between highland Perthshire, including part of the Grampian Mountains, to the north, and lowland Perthshire and Kinross to the south. The highland area is intersected with glacial valleys, often containing ribbon lakes, including Loch Tay and Loch Earn. The lowland area is a fertile region lying within the Central Lowlands.
In the southern part of Perth and Kinross agriculture plays an important part of the local economy. This includes the cultivation of fruits, fodder, wheat and seed potatoes.
The scenic nature of the northern part of Perth and Kinross makes tourism an important part of the economy. The Forestry Commission controls large parts of the area, which is also home to a number of hydroelectric dams.
The Highlands is a historical region of Scotland. Culturally, the Highlands and the Lowlands diverged from the Late Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots language replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands. The term is also used for the area north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, although the exact boundaries are not clearly defined, particularly to the east. The Great Glen divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands. The Scottish Gaelic name of A' Ghàidhealtachd literally means "the place of the Gaels" and traditionally, from a Gaelic-speaking point of view, includes both the Western Isles and the Highlands.
The area is very sparsely populated, with many mountain ranges dominating the region, and includes the highest mountain in the British Isles, Ben Nevis. During the 18th and early 19th centuries the population of the Highlands rose to around 300,000, but from c. 1841 and for the next 160 years, the natural increase in population was exceeded by emigration (mostly to Canada, the United States, Australia and New Zealand, and migration to the industrial cities of Scotland and England.) and passim The area is now one of the most sparsely populated in Europe. At 9.1/km2 (24/sq mi) in 2012, the population density in the Highlands and Islands is less than one seventh of Scotland's as a whole.
The Highland Council is the administrative body for much of the Highlands, with its administrative centre at Inverness. However, the Highlands also includes parts of the council areas of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Argyll and Bute, Moray, North Ayrshire, Perth and Kinross, Stirling and West Dunbartonshire.
The Scottish Highlands is the only area in the British Isles to have the taiga biome as it features concentrated populations of Scots pine forest: see Caledonian Forest. It is the most mountainous part of the United Kingdom.
Between the 15th century and the mid-20th century, the area differed from most of the Lowlands in terms of language. In Scottish Gaelic, the region is known as the Gàidhealtachd, because it was traditionally the Gaelic-speaking part of Scotland, although the language is now largely confined to The Hebrides. The terms are sometimes used interchangeably but have different meanings in their respective languages. Scottish English (in its Highland form) is the predominant language of the area today, though Highland English has been influenced by Gaelic speech to a significant extent. Historically, the "Highland line" distinguished the two Scottish cultures. While the Highland line broadly followed the geography of the Grampians in the south, it continued in the north, cutting off the north-eastern areas, that is Eastern Caithness, Orkney and Shetland, from the more Gaelic Highlands and Hebrides.
Historically, the major social unit of the Highlands was the clan. Scottish kings, particularly James VI, saw clans as a challenge to their authority; the Highlands was seen by many as a lawless region. The Scots of the Lowlands viewed the Highlanders as backward and more "Irish". The Highlands were seen as the overspill of Gaelic Ireland. They made this distinction by separating Germanic "Scots" English and the Gaelic by renaming it "Erse" a play on Eire. Following the Union of the Crowns, James VI had the military strength to back up any attempts to impose some control. The result was, in 1609, the Statutes of Iona which started the process of integrating clan leaders into Scottish society. The gradual changes continued into the 19th century, as clan chiefs thought of themselves less as patriarchal leaders of their people and more as commercial landlords. The first effect on the clansmen who were their tenants was the change to rents being payable in money rather than in kind. Later, rents were increased as Highland landowners sought to increase their income. This was followed, mostly in the period 1760–1850, by agricultural improvement that often (particularly in the Western Highlands) involved clearance of the population to make way for large scale sheep farms. Displaced tenants were set up in crofting communities in the process. The crofts were intended not to provide all the needs of their occupiers; they were expected to work in other industries such as kelping and fishing. Crofters came to rely substantially on seasonal migrant work, particularly in the Lowlands. This gave impetus to the learning of English, which was seen by many rural Gaelic speakers to be the essential "language of work".
Older historiography attributes the collapse of the clan system to the aftermath of the Jacobite risings. This is now thought less influential by historians. Following the Jacobite rising of 1745 the British government enacted a series of laws to try to suppress the clan system, including bans on the bearing of arms and the wearing of tartan, and limitations on the activities of the Scottish Episcopal Church. Most of this legislation was repealed by the end of the 18th century as the Jacobite threat subsided. There was soon a rehabilitation of Highland culture. Tartan was adopted for Highland regiments in the British Army, which poor Highlanders joined in large numbers in the era of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1790–1815). Tartan had largely been abandoned by the ordinary people of the region, but in the 1820s, tartan and the kilt were adopted by members of the social elite, not just in Scotland, but across Europe. The international craze for tartan, and for idealising a romanticised Highlands, was set off by the Ossian cycle, and further popularised by the works of Walter Scott. His "staging" of the visit of King George IV to Scotland in 1822 and the king's wearing of tartan resulted in a massive upsurge in demand for kilts and tartans that could not be met by the Scottish woollen industry. Individual clan tartans were largely designated in this period and they became a major symbol of Scottish identity. This "Highlandism", by which all of Scotland was identified with the culture of the Highlands, was cemented by Queen Victoria's interest in the country, her adoption of Balmoral as a major royal retreat, and her interest in "tartenry".
Recurrent famine affected the Highlands for much of its history, with significant instances as late as 1817 in the Eastern Highlands and the early 1850s in the West. Over the 18th century, the region had developed a trade of black cattle into Lowland markets, and this was balanced by imports of meal into the area. There was a critical reliance on this trade to provide sufficient food, and it is seen as an essential prerequisite for the population growth that started in the 18th century. Most of the Highlands, particularly in the North and West was short of the arable land that was essential for the mixed, run rig based, communal farming that existed before agricultural improvement was introduced into the region.[a] Between the 1760s and the 1830s there was a substantial trade in unlicensed whisky that had been distilled in the Highlands. Lowland distillers (who were not able to avoid the heavy taxation of this product) complained that Highland whisky made up more than half the market. The development of the cattle trade is taken as evidence that the pre-improvement Highlands was not an immutable system, but did exploit the economic opportunities that came its way. The illicit whisky trade demonstrates the entrepreneurial ability of the peasant classes.
Agricultural improvement reached the Highlands mostly over the period 1760 to 1850. Agricultural advisors, factors, land surveyors and others educated in the thinking of Adam Smith were keen to put into practice the new ideas taught in Scottish universities. Highland landowners, many of whom were burdened with chronic debts, were generally receptive to the advice they offered and keen to increase the income from their land. In the East and South the resulting change was similar to that in the Lowlands, with the creation of larger farms with single tenants, enclosure of the old run rig fields, introduction of new crops (such as turnips), land drainage and, as a consequence of all this, eviction, as part of the Highland clearances, of many tenants and cottars. Some of those cleared found employment on the new, larger farms, others moved to the accessible towns of the Lowlands.
In the West and North, evicted tenants were usually given tenancies in newly created crofting communities, while their former holdings were converted into large sheep farms. Sheep farmers could pay substantially higher rents than the run rig farmers and were much less prone to falling into arrears. Each croft was limited in size so that the tenants would have to find work elsewhere. The major alternatives were fishing and the kelp industry. Landlords took control of the kelp shores, deducting the wages earned by their tenants from the rent due and retaining the large profits that could be earned at the high prices paid for the processed product during the Napoleonic wars.
When the Napoleonic wars finished in 1815, the Highland industries were affected by the return to a peacetime economy. The price of black cattle fell, nearly halving between 1810 and the 1830s. Kelp prices had peaked in 1810, but reduced from £9 a ton in 1823 to £3 13s 4d a ton in 1828. Wool prices were also badly affected. This worsened the financial problems of debt-encumbered landlords. Then, in 1846, potato blight arrived in the Highlands, wiping out the essential subsistence crop for the overcrowded crofting communities. As the famine struck, the government made clear to landlords that it was their responsibility to provide famine relief for their tenants. The result of the economic downturn had been that a large proportion of Highland estates were sold in the first half of the 19th century. T M Devine points out that in the region most affected by the potato famine, by 1846, 70 per cent of the landowners were new purchasers who had not owned Highland property before 1800. More landlords were obliged to sell due to the cost of famine relief. Those who were protected from the worst of the crisis were those with extensive rental income from sheep farms. Government loans were made available for drainage works, road building and other improvements and many crofters became temporary migrants – taking work in the Lowlands. When the potato famine ceased in 1856, this established a pattern of more extensive working away from the Highlands.
The unequal concentration of land ownership remained an emotional and controversial subject, of enormous importance to the Highland economy, and eventually became a cornerstone of liberal radicalism. The poor crofters were politically powerless, and many of them turned to religion. They embraced the popularly oriented, fervently evangelical Presbyterian revival after 1800. Most joined the breakaway "Free Church" after 1843. This evangelical movement was led by lay preachers who themselves came from the lower strata, and whose preaching was implicitly critical of the established order. The religious change energised the crofters and separated them from the landlords; it helped prepare them for their successful and violent challenge to the landlords in the 1880s through the Highland Land League. Violence erupted, starting on the Isle of Skye, when Highland landlords cleared their lands for sheep and deer parks. It was quietened when the government stepped in, passing the Crofters' Holdings (Scotland) Act, 1886 to reduce rents, guarantee fixity of tenure, and break up large estates to provide crofts for the homeless. This contrasted with the Irish Land War underway at the same time, where the Irish were intensely politicised through roots in Irish nationalism, while political dimensions were limited. In 1885 three Independent Crofter candidates were elected to Parliament, which listened to their pleas. The results included explicit security for the Scottish smallholders in the "crofting counties"; the legal right to bequeath tenancies to descendants; and the creation of a Crofting Commission. The Crofters as a political movement faded away by 1892, and the Liberal Party gained their votes.
Today, the Highlands are the largest of Scotland's whisky producing regions; the relevant area runs from Orkney to the Isle of Arran in the south and includes the northern isles and much of Inner and Outer Hebrides, Argyll, Stirlingshire, Arran, as well as sections of Perthshire and Aberdeenshire. (Other sources treat The Islands, except Islay, as a separate whisky producing region.) This massive area has over 30 distilleries, or 47 when the Islands sub-region is included in the count. According to one source, the top five are The Macallan, Glenfiddich, Aberlour, Glenfarclas and Balvenie. While Speyside is geographically within the Highlands, that region is specified as distinct in terms of whisky productions. Speyside single malt whiskies are produced by about 50 distilleries.
According to Visit Scotland, Highlands whisky is "fruity, sweet, spicy, malty". Another review states that Northern Highlands single malt is "sweet and full-bodied", the Eastern Highlands and Southern Highlands whiskies tend to be "lighter in texture" while the distilleries in the Western Highlands produce single malts with a "much peatier influence".
The Scottish Reformation achieved partial success in the Highlands. Roman Catholicism remained strong in some areas, owing to remote locations and the efforts of Franciscan missionaries from Ireland, who regularly came to celebrate Mass. There remain significant Catholic strongholds within the Highlands and Islands such as Moidart and Morar on the mainland and South Uist and Barra in the southern Outer Hebrides. The remoteness of the region and the lack of a Gaelic-speaking clergy undermined the missionary efforts of the established church. The later 18th century saw somewhat greater success, owing to the efforts of the SSPCK missionaries and to the disruption of traditional society after the Battle of Culloden in 1746. In the 19th century, the evangelical Free Churches, which were more accepting of Gaelic language and culture, grew rapidly, appealing much more strongly than did the established church.
For the most part, however, the Highlands are considered predominantly Protestant, belonging to the Church of Scotland. In contrast to the Catholic southern islands, the northern Outer Hebrides islands (Lewis, Harris and North Uist) have an exceptionally high proportion of their population belonging to the Protestant Free Church of Scotland or the Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Outer Hebrides have been described as the last bastion of Calvinism in Britain and the Sabbath remains widely observed. Inverness and the surrounding area has a majority Protestant population, with most locals belonging to either The Kirk or the Free Church of Scotland. The church maintains a noticeable presence within the area, with church attendance notably higher than in other parts of Scotland. Religion continues to play an important role in Highland culture, with Sabbath observance still widely practised, particularly in the Hebrides.
In traditional Scottish geography, the Highlands refers to that part of Scotland north-west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which crosses mainland Scotland in a near-straight line from Helensburgh to Stonehaven. However the flat coastal lands that occupy parts of the counties of Nairnshire, Morayshire, Banffshire and Aberdeenshire are often excluded as they do not share the distinctive geographical and cultural features of the rest of the Highlands. The north-east of Caithness, as well as Orkney and Shetland, are also often excluded from the Highlands, although the Hebrides are usually included. The Highland area, as so defined, differed from the Lowlands in language and tradition, having preserved Gaelic speech and customs centuries after the anglicisation of the latter; this led to a growing perception of a divide, with the cultural distinction between Highlander and Lowlander first noted towards the end of the 14th century. In Aberdeenshire, the boundary between the Highlands and the Lowlands is not well defined. There is a stone beside the A93 road near the village of Dinnet on Royal Deeside which states 'You are now in the Highlands', although there are areas of Highland character to the east of this point.
A much wider definition of the Highlands is that used by the Scotch whisky industry. Highland single malts are produced at distilleries north of an imaginary line between Dundee and Greenock, thus including all of Aberdeenshire and Angus.
Inverness is regarded as the Capital of the Highlands, although less so in the Highland parts of Aberdeenshire, Angus, Perthshire and Stirlingshire which look more to Aberdeen, Dundee, Perth, and Stirling as their commercial centres.
The Highland Council area, created as one of the local government regions of Scotland, has been a unitary council area since 1996. The council area excludes a large area of the southern and eastern Highlands, and the Western Isles, but includes Caithness. Highlands is sometimes used, however, as a name for the council area, as in the former Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service. Northern is also used to refer to the area, as in the former Northern Constabulary. These former bodies both covered the Highland council area and the island council areas of Orkney, Shetland and the Western Isles.
Much of the Highlands area overlaps the Highlands and Islands area. An electoral region called Highlands and Islands is used in elections to the Scottish Parliament: this area includes Orkney and Shetland, as well as the Highland Council local government area, the Western Isles and most of the Argyll and Bute and Moray local government areas. Highlands and Islands has, however, different meanings in different contexts. It means Highland (the local government area), Orkney, Shetland, and the Western Isles in Highlands and Islands Fire and Rescue Service. Northern, as in Northern Constabulary, refers to the same area as that covered by the fire and rescue service.
There have been trackways from the Lowlands to the Highlands since prehistoric times. Many traverse the Mounth, a spur of mountainous land that extends from the higher inland range to the North Sea slightly north of Stonehaven. The most well-known and historically important trackways are the Causey Mounth, Elsick Mounth, Cryne Corse Mounth and Cairnamounth.
Although most of the Highlands is geographically on the British mainland, it is somewhat less accessible than the rest of Britain; thus most UK couriers categorise it separately, alongside Northern Ireland, the Isle of Man, and other offshore islands. They thus charge additional fees for delivery to the Highlands, or exclude the area entirely. While the physical remoteness from the largest population centres inevitably leads to higher transit cost, there is confusion and consternation over the scale of the fees charged and the effectiveness of their communication, and the use of the word Mainland in their justification. Since the charges are often based on postcode areas, many far less remote areas, including some which are traditionally considered part of the lowlands, are also subject to these charges. Royal Mail is the only delivery network bound by a Universal Service Obligation to charge a uniform tariff across the UK. This, however, applies only to mail items and not larger packages which are dealt with by its Parcelforce division.
The Highlands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to Stonehaven. This part of Scotland is largely composed of ancient rocks from the Cambrian and Precambrian periods which were uplifted during the later Caledonian Orogeny. Smaller formations of Lewisian gneiss in the northwest are up to 3 billion years old. The overlying rocks of the Torridon Sandstone form mountains in the Torridon Hills such as Liathach and Beinn Eighe in Wester Ross.
These foundations are interspersed with many igneous intrusions of a more recent age, the remnants of which have formed mountain massifs such as the Cairngorms and the Cuillin of Skye. A significant exception to the above are the fossil-bearing beds of Old Red Sandstone found principally along the Moray Firth coast and partially down the Highland Boundary Fault. The Jurassic beds found in isolated locations on Skye and Applecross reflect the complex underlying geology. They are the original source of much North Sea oil. The Great Glen is formed along a transform fault which divides the Grampian Mountains to the southeast from the Northwest Highlands.
The entire region was covered by ice sheets during the Pleistocene ice ages, save perhaps for a few nunataks. The complex geomorphology includes incised valleys and lochs carved by the action of mountain streams and ice, and a topography of irregularly distributed mountains whose summits have similar heights above sea-level, but whose bases depend upon the amount of denudation to which the plateau has been subjected in various places.
Climate
The region is much warmer than other areas at similar latitudes (such as Kamchatka in Russia, or Labrador in Canada) because of the Gulf Stream making it cool, damp and temperate. The Köppen climate classification is "Cfb" at low altitudes, then becoming "Cfc", "Dfc" and "ET" at higher altitudes.
Places of interest
An Teallach
Aonach Mòr (Nevis Range ski centre)
Arrochar Alps
Balmoral Castle
Balquhidder
Battlefield of Culloden
Beinn Alligin
Beinn Eighe
Ben Cruachan hydro-electric power station
Ben Lomond
Ben Macdui (second highest mountain in Scotland and UK)
Ben Nevis (highest mountain in Scotland and UK)
Cairngorms National Park
Cairngorm Ski centre near Aviemore
Cairngorm Mountains
Caledonian Canal
Cape Wrath
Carrick Castle
Castle Stalker
Castle Tioram
Chanonry Point
Conic Hill
Culloden Moor
Dunadd
Duart Castle
Durness
Eilean Donan
Fingal's Cave (Staffa)
Fort George
Glen Coe
Glen Etive
Glen Kinglas
Glen Lyon
Glen Orchy
Glenshee Ski Centre
Glen Shiel
Glen Spean
Glenfinnan (and its railway station and viaduct)
Grampian Mountains
Hebrides
Highland Folk Museum – The first open-air museum in the UK.
Highland Wildlife Park
Inveraray Castle
Inveraray Jail
Inverness Castle
Inverewe Garden
Iona Abbey
Isle of Staffa
Kilchurn Castle
Kilmartin Glen
Liathach
Lecht Ski Centre
Loch Alsh
Loch Ard
Loch Awe
Loch Assynt
Loch Earn
Loch Etive
Loch Fyne
Loch Goil
Loch Katrine
Loch Leven
Loch Linnhe
Loch Lochy
Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond and the Trossachs National Park
Loch Lubnaig
Loch Maree
Loch Morar
Loch Morlich
Loch Ness
Loch Nevis
Loch Rannoch
Loch Tay
Lochranza
Luss
Meall a' Bhuiridh (Glencoe Ski Centre)
Scottish Sea Life Sanctuary at Loch Creran
Rannoch Moor
Red Cuillin
Rest and Be Thankful stretch of A83
River Carron, Wester Ross
River Spey
River Tay
Ross and Cromarty
Smoo Cave
Stob Coire a' Chàirn
Stac Polly
Strathspey Railway
Sutherland
Tor Castle
Torridon Hills
Urquhart Castle
West Highland Line (scenic railway)
West Highland Way (Long-distance footpath)
Wester Ross
inspired by www.flickr.com/photos/scoobyfoo/sets/72057594083488682/ I tried to explane my image with lego
“Reputation is character minus what you've been caught doing.”
~ Michael Lapoce
The trick is in teaching them not to do it in the first place - a little thing called "impulse control"....
{he is not in any trouble or getting caught doing anything - just using him to make my point...}
therainbowfashionista.blogspot.com/2013/01/bad-reputation...
Skin: cStar Limited - TAO Goth 3 - Marble
Hair: .Deviant Kitties. - Neopunk
Ears: [][]Trap[][] & [ni.Ju] - Short Gelf Ears - Pierced
Eyes: cStar Limited - TAO - Black Goth Eyes
Lashes: cStar Limited - TAO - Goth Lashes
Piercings: :Zombie Suicide: - Jewlbie Piercing - No Shadows
Posture Collar: ezura - Twisted Hunt Lady - Black Collar (Twisted Hunt Fall 2012 prize I think)
Dress: =Razorblade Jacket= - Punk Prom Dress - Black
Hands: SiniStyle - Taped Fist & Black Nails - Loose Hand - Forearm
Boots: :Zombie Suicide: - Tsusime Boots - Black
Pose: Apple Spice - Party 005
Reputations changeable
Situations tolerable
Baby, you're adorable
Handle me with care
I'm so tired of being lonely
I still have some love to give
Won't you show me that you really care
Everybody's got somebody to lean on
Put your body next to mine, and dream on
Participants enjoy an intense arms/abs workout with instructor Holly at the Dowd YMCA's Taylor Swift: Reputation Party.
“Inspiring women to be financially independent”
Shaku Atre is an exceptional speaker, with the reputation of capturing the attention of audiences and maintaining their interest while guiding her listeners painlessly through sophisticated material. Ms. Atre is the President of Atre Group Inc. which is a leading consulting, training, and publishing company specializing in Business Intelligence (BI), Data Warehouses and Big Data.
Before heading her present company, Ms. Atre was a Partner with Price Waterhouse Coopers. She also has fourteen years of experience in various fields with IBM. Ms. Atre completed Masters of Science, Suma cum Laude, in Statistics, University of Poona, India; Scholarship to University of Heidelberg, Germany, Applied Mathematics, Thesis on Astronomy. She is an acknowledged expert in the Data Warehousing and database field.
She has extensive practical experience in database projects, has helped a number of clients in establishing successful Data Warehouses and client/server installations, and has taught at IBM’s prestigious Systems Research Institute.
She has lectured on the subject to professional organizations in the USA and Canada, as well as in more than 35 countries around the world. Ms. Atre is frequently quoted in reputable publications such as Computerworld and Information Week. She has written an award-winning outstanding book on database management systems that has become a classic on the subject: Database: Structured Techniques for Design, Performance and Management, published by John Wiley and Sons, New York. The book has sold over 250,000 copies (not including its Spanish and Russian translations) and has been selected by several book clubs and leading universities including Harvard, Columbia, Cornell, MIT, New York University, Stanford, and U.C. Berkeley as well as by the Moscow University. Her book Information Center: Strategies and Case Studies published by Atre International Consultants Inc., has also been very well received by the industry. Database Management Systems is another successful book authored by Ms. Atre. Her fourth book, Distributed Databases, Cooperative Processing & Networking was published by McGraw-Hill.
She has also authored a very well received book: Atre’s Roadmap for Data Warehouse/Data Mart Implementations published by Gartner Group, and is co-author of her latest BI book Business Intelligence Roadmap: The Complete Project Lifecycle for Decision-Support Applications published by Addison Wesley.
St Vitus' Cathedral, inside the Prague Castle (or President's Palace) walls. has some of the most beautiful and colourful stained glass windows I have ever seen, among other treasures there. This one was very deeply coloured, and more easily accessible for photographing, as some of them were extremely high up, though incredibly intricately patterned and coloured.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral
and
Despite Times Square’s notorious reputation, it managed to maintain its powerful symbolism, in part because of its “chaotic action, dense and diverse pedestrian activity, [and] continuous role as the key entertainment district.” It also remained a central transit hub and offered a “unique physical ‘experience of place,’ which derived from its small-scale buildings, open space, and illuminated lights.” Times Square’s symbolic meaning, therefore, ignited debate and opposition with any proposed plan for renewal.
In addition to the district’s symbolism, efforts at redevelopment also proved challenging, in part, because the adult industry made huge profits. For example, CUNY researchers estimated that the weekly gross of peep shows ranged from $74,000 to $106,000 in 1978.
Likewise, property ownership was convoluted as landlords sought to create distance between themselves and those who ran the porno shops and peep shows on their property. The redevelopment project focused on revitalizing 42nd street as a theater and entertainment center. After tremendous time, money, and effort, Times Square slowly began to transform as adult stores and sleazy theaters were replaced by child-oriented stores and successful musicals. As tourist activity increased, Times Square continued to improve. A new TKTS sales center was installed. Further construction stopped vehicular traffic and made the plaza area more inviting to pedestrians. In 2008, the newly designed Duffy Square was re-opened to the public. Times Square has experienced flourishes of creative vibrancy and periods of great depravity, and yet it remains “the crossroads of the world.”
Khârn's already impressive reputation became legendary when Angron promoted the man who had shaken him out of his despair to the position of Equerry (a rank combining the roles of squire, councilor and personal confidante). Yet there were many, both amongst the World Eaters and outside it, that, while they respected Angron's choice, doubted its wisdom: the Equerry's primary role was to serve as a counterpoint to the Primarch's personality and a foil for his decisions. For all his qualities as a warrior, Khârn was neither patient nor particularly subtle, nor a great orator, and, instead of guiding and tempering his Primarch's words and decisions with wisdom, he often was second into the thickest of the fray right behind Angron, slaying anything which had escaped Angron's twin Chainaxes. Any words of tempering he might have uttered were quickly forgotten in the rush of battle. In the shadow of Angron, Khârn began to change, becoming more aggressive and unstable, reckless traits he had long kept in check rising to the surface. Angron's use of the Butcher's Nails, skull implants designed to heighten aggression, only accelerated Khârn's descent into madness. Lost in his thirst for battle, Khârn and his brothers were easy prey for the Dark Gods, and were among the first to side withHorus in his war against the Emperor. Khârn fought with a renewed fury during the Heresy, finally finding a foe worthy of his skills in the Loyalist Space Marines. It seemed that Khorne had a plan for the World Eater's captain, every gore-drenched warzone bringing Khârn closer to complete servitude to the Blood God.
Southend Corporation had an excellent reputation, as it ALWAYS ran the timetabled service, never turning journeys short (extra buses were added, not existing ones curtailed), and that included fog, flood and snow.
The Traffic Superintendent knew well how deep the water was, as a lorry had been stuck there and had to be pulled out first.
The Fleetlines allocated to service 8 didn't have a hope of getting through this (floodwater not draining owing to it coinciding with a high tide) so PD3/6 training bus 316 was brought out, as this had the stronger engine of the two (315 was the other). The only other half cab double-deckers that could have gone through were open-toppers, but because of the depth of the water, the lower deck floor flooded and so it was felt only one of the closed-toppers should be used.
The bus had no difficulty getting through the water, foot hard down in 1st gear all the way. It made around 8 trips through the water before high tide passed and it quickly drained away.
The bus was back on training again 2 days later on the Monday as usual without harm.
Participants enjoy some relaxing yoga with instructor Anna at the Dowd YMCA's Taylor Swift: Reputation Party.
They also built their reputation providing the best nuts, dried fruits, spices, beans, rices, grains, mushrooms, chilies, extracts and specialty products available in bulk form, mostly as a wholesale business.
As one would expect, bulk items are also an important part of their full line natural foods grocery, where you will also find organic produce, packaged foods, supplements, personal care items, and "Greens," including Pines' Gluten Free, Organic, non-GMO Project Verified, Green Superfoods.
Mount Hope and Pines were both established in the 1970s when the natural food marketplace consisted of small idealistic companies. Both Pines and Mount Hope are still owned by the original people. Mount Hope understands the need for nutrient-dense vegetable powders, tablets and capsules.
These #superfoods are important in the diet, but the #chlorophyll, #betacarotene and other sensitive nutrients in them loose value in the presence of oxygen. Pines removes the oxygen from each glass bottle and seals it with a special tight-fitting metal cap. That's why Mount Hope features Pines at the top of their GreenSuperfood section.
Pines is not only the first "Green Superfood", but we also feature the only wheatgrass and cereal-grass products grown in accordance with the standards established in 1937 by Charles Schnabel, widely known as the "father of wheatgrass." His standards not only regarded growing and harvesting, but also packaging as Pines still does today. Those standards are why Pines' products are vibrant green while products sold in plastic bottles and packets are often dull green or even grey.
When you travel between Phoenix and Flagstaff, take some time for the scenic ride to Cottonwood, enjoy the landscape, and stop in at this beautiful, clean and well-stocked natural food grocery.
Mount Hope's Facebook:
www.facebook.com/pages/Mount-Hope-Foods-Naturally/1245493...
Pines Website: www.wheatgrass.com/
Pines Instagram: instagram.com/wheatgrass_people
Pines Facebook Page on Organic Farming and Non-GMO
www.facebook.com/PinesWheatGrass
Pines Twitter: twitter.com/PinesWheatGrass
Pines Tumblr: pineswheatgrass.tumblr.com/
The WheatGrass Girl's Twitter: twitter.com/WheatGrass76
The WheatGrass Girl's Facebook:
Participants enjoy some relaxing yoga with instructor Anna at the Dowd YMCA's Taylor Swift: Reputation Party.
Dubai has a reputation for glitz and glamour, and is home to white-collar expatriate workers from all over the world. But the people who really make this city work are the hundreds of thousands of guys from the Indian subcontinent; these guys are the construction workers, the labourers, the truck and forklift drivers, the gardeners, the mechanics, the carpenters... and they work very hard indeed. Typically they get Fridays off, and in the afternoon they like to cut loose playing cricket. Late on Friday afternoons you'll see thousands of these guys, occupying just about any free space - car parks, open fields, construction sites, beaches - playing cricket. I love the fact that the Pakistani guys play in their flowing, colourful 'punjabis'. And they're all pretty handy at cricket too!
These guys are waiting for their turn to bat in the shade of a gnarled tree.
Other 'Weekend Warrior' photos can be seen in my new album;
Nikon D800
24-70mm f/2.8
Cycling is an important means of transportation in Copenhagen, and a dominating feature of the cityscape. The city offers ideal cycling conditions: dense urban proximities, short distances and flat terrain as well as a long and well-designed system of cycle tracks. This has earned Copenhagen the reputation of being the most bicycle-friendly city in the world.
Nikola Tesla 1856-1943
used acrylic, ballpoint pen, gel pen, pastels, mechanical pencil, hb pencils & charcoal on canson mixed media sketching paper 11x14
Time:3-4hrs
Dedicated to the memory of Nikola Tesla. He gives me inspiration. This man's face is very unique so it has been very hard for me to draw so this isn't an exact likeness which is why I tried to capture his image in an abstract way. Well, gave it the best I could and I think it came out ok so i'm not too disappointed with it.
Not sure many people know this of him but the government seized over 700 patents of his. Patents which could have transformed our planet forever( in the good kind of way) For instance...free energy would be one of the main focal points. A lot of the people who were financing him at the time like JP MORGAN which ( is not in the free energy business lol ) finally found about the purposes his inventions and stop financing him. Also an interesting thought...Tomas Edison used his Alternating Current to kill a variety of animals including even a horse some say in order to discredit and shame his reputation. Also the fist electric chair was used in the sentencing of someone to death with alternating current also to show Tesla's invention as cruel and inhumane to further discredit...What is really amazing to me is that some of his inventions is said to have come from dreams.
Nikola Tesla is finally beginning to attract real attention and encourage serious debate more than 70 years after his death.
Was he for real? A crackpot? Part of an early experiment in corporate-government control?
We know that he was undoubtedly persecuted by the energy power brokers of his day -- namely Thomas Edison, whom we are taught in school to revere as a genius. He was also attacked by J.P. Morgan and other "captains of industry." Upon Tesla's death on January 7th, 1943, the U.S. government moved into his lab and apartment confiscating all of his scientific research, some of which has been released by the FBI through the Freedom of Information Act. (I've embedded the first 250 pages below and have added a link to the .pdf of the final pages, 290 in total).
Besides his persecution by corporate-government interests (which is practically a certification of authenticity), there is at least one solid indication of Nikola Tesla's integrity -- he tore up a contract with Westinghouse that was worth billions in order to save the company from paying him his huge royalty payments.
But, let's take a look at what Nikola Tesla -- a man who died broke and alone -- has actually given to the world. For better or worse, with credit or without, he changed the face of the planet in ways that perhaps no man ever has.
1. Alternating Current-- This is where it all began, and what ultimately caused such a stir at the 1893 World's Expo in Chicago. A war was leveled ever-after between the vision of Edison and the vision of Tesla for how electricity would be produced and distributed. The division can be summarized as one of cost and safety: The DC current that Edison (backed by General Electric) had been working on was costly over long distances, and produced dangerous sparking from the required converter (called a commutator). Regardless, Edison and his backers utilized the general "dangers" of electric current to instill fear in Tesla's alternative: Alternating Current. As proof, Edison sometimes electrocuted animals at demonstrations. Consequently, Edison gave the world the electric chair, while simultaneously maligning Tesla's attempt to offer safety at a lower cost. Tesla responded by demonstrating that AC was perfectly safe by famously shooting current through his own body to produce light. This Edison-Tesla (GE-Westinghouse) feud in 1893 was the culmination of over a decade of shady business deals, stolen ideas, and patent suppression that Edison and his moneyed interests wielded over Tesla's inventions. Yet, despite it all, it is Tesla's system that provides power generation and distribution to North America in our modern era.
2. Light -- Of course he didn't invent light itself, but he did invent how light can be harnessed and distributed. Tesla developed and used fluorescent bulbs in his lab some 40 years before industry "invented" them. At the World's Fair, Tesla took glass tubes and bent them into famous scientists' names, in effect creating the first neon signs. However, it is his Tesla Coil that might be the most impressive, and controversial. The Tesla Coil is certainly something that big industry would have liked to suppress: the concept that the Earth itself is a magnet that can generate electricity (electromagnetism) utilizing frequencies as a transmitter. All that is needed on the other end is the receiver -- much like a radio.
3. X-rays -- Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation was heavily researched in the late 1800s, but Tesla researched the entire gamut. Everything from a precursor to Kirlian photography, which has the ability to document life force, to what we now use in medical diagnostics, this was a transformative invention of which Tesla played a central role. X-rays, like so many of Tesla's contributions, stemmed from his belief that everything we need to understand the universe is virtually around us at all times, but we need to use our minds to develop real-world devices to augment our innate perception of existence.
4. Radio -- Guglielmo Marconi was initially credited, and most believe him to be the inventor of radio to this day. However, the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943, when it was proven that Tesla invented the radio years previous to Marconi. Radio signals are just another frequency that needs a transmitter and receiver, which Tesla also demonstrated in 1893 during a presentation before The National Electric Light Association. In 1897 Tesla applied for two patents US 645576, and US 649621. In 1904, however, The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla.
5. Remote Control -- This invention was a natural outcropping of radio. Patent No. 613809 was the first remote controlled model boat, demonstrated in 1898. Utilizing several large batteries; radio signals controlled switches, which then energized the boat's propeller, rudder, and scaled-down running lights. While this exact technology was not widely used for some time, we now can see the power that was appropriated by the military in its pursuit of remote controlled war. Radio controlled tanks were introduced by the Germans in WWII, and developments in this realm have since slid quickly away from the direction of human freedom.
6. Electric Motor -- Tesla's invention of the electric motor has finally been popularized by a carbrandishing his name. While the technical specifications are beyond the scope of this summary, suffice to say that Tesla's invention of a motor with rotating magnetic fields could have freed mankind much sooner from the stranglehold of Big Oil. However, his invention in 1930 succumbed to the economic crisis and the world war that followed. Nevertheless, this invention has fundamentally changed the landscape of what we now take for granted: industrial fans, household applicances, water pumps, machine tools, power tools, disk drives, electric wristwatches and compressors.
7. Robotics -- Tesla's overly enhanced scientific mind led him to the idea that all living beings are merely driven by external impulses. He stated: "I have by every thought and act of mine, demonstrated, and does so daily, to my absolute satisfaction that I am an automaton endowed with power of movement, which merely responds to external stimuli." Thus, the concept of the robot was born. However, an element of the human remained present, as Tesla asserted that these human replicas should have limitations -- namely growth and propagation. Nevertheless, Tesla unabashedly embraced all of what intelligence could produce. His visions for a future filled with intelligent cars, robotic human companions, and the use of sensors, and autonomous systems are detailed in a must-read entry in the Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2006 (PDF).
8. Laser -- Tesla's invention of the laser may be one of the best examples of the good and evil bound up together within the mind of man. Lasers have transformed surgical applications in an undeniably beneficial way, and they have given rise to much of our current digital media. However, with this leap in innovation we have also crossed into the land of science fiction. From Reagan's "Star Wars" laser defense system to today's Orwellian "non-lethal" weapons' arsenal, which includes laser rifles and directed energy "death rays," there is great potential for development in both directions.
9 and 10. Wireless Communications and Limitless Free Energy -- These two are inextricably linked, as they were the last straw for the power elite -- what good is energy if it can't be metered and controlled? Free? Never. J.P. Morgan backed Tesla with $150,000 to build a tower that would use the natural frequencies of our universe to transmit data, including a wide range of information communicated through images, voice messages, and text. This represented the world's first wireless communications, but it also meant that aside from the cost of the tower itself, the universe was filled with free energy that could be utilized to form a world wide web connecting all people in all places, as well as allow people to harness the free energy around them. Essentially, the 0's and 1's of the universe are embedded in the fabric of existence for each of us to access as needed. Nikola Tesla was dedicated to empowering the individual to receive and transmit this data virtually free of charge. But we know the ending to that story . . . until now?
Tesla had perhaps thousands of other ideas and inventions that remain unreleased. A look at his hundred of patents shows a glimpse of the scope he intended to offer. If you feel that the additional technical and scientific research of Nikola Tesla should be revealed for public scrutiny and discussion, instead of suppressed by BIG INDUSTRY and even our supposed institutions of higher education, join the world's call to tell power brokers everywhere that we are ready to Occupy Energy and learn about what our universe really has to offer.
The release of Nikola Tesla's technical and scientific research -- specifically his research into harnessing electricity from the ionosphere at a facility called Wardenclyffe -- is a necessary step toward true freedom of information
Like a wave in the physical world, in the infinite ocean of the medium which pervades all, so in the world of organisms, in life, an impulse started proceeds onward, at times, may be, with the speed of light, at times, again, so slowly that for ages and ages it seems to stay, passing through processes of a complexity inconceivable to men, but in all its forms, in all its stages, its energy ever and ever integrally present. A single ray of light from a distant star falling upon the eye of a tyrant in bygone times may have altered the course of his life, may have changed the destiny of nations, may have transformed the surface of the globe, so intricate, so inconceivably complex are the processes in Nature. In no way can we get such an overwhelming idea of the grandeur of Nature than when we consider, that in accordance with the law of the conservation of energy, throughout the Infinite, the forces are in a perfect balance, and hence the energy of a single thought may determine the motion of a universe-Nikola Tesla
Nikola Tesla 1856-1943
used acrylic, ballpoint pen, gel pen, pastels, mechanical pencil, hb pencils & charcoal on canson mixed media sketching paper 11x14
Time:3-4hrs
Dedicated to the memory of Nikola Tesla. He gives me inspiration. This man's face is very unique so it has been very hard for me to draw so this isn't an exact likeness which is why I tried to capture his image in an abstract way. Well, gave it the best I could and I think it came out ok so i'm not too disappointed with it.
Not sure many people know this of him but the government seized over 700 patents of his. Patents which could have transformed our planet forever( in the good kind of way) For instance...free energy would be one of the main focal points. A lot of the people who were financing him at the time like JP MORGAN which ( is not in the free energy business lol ) finally found about the purposes his inventions and stop financing him. Also an interesting thought...Tomas Edison used his Alternating Current to kill a variety of animals including even a horse some say in order to discredit and shame his reputation. Also the fist electric chair was used in the sentencing of someone to death with alternating current also to show Tesla's invention as cruel and inhumane to further discredit...What is really amazing to me is that some of his inventions is said to have come from dreams.
Nikola Tesla is finally beginning to attract real attention and encourage serious debate more than 70 years after his death.
Was he for real? A crackpot? Part of an early experiment in corporate-government control?
We know that he was undoubtedly persecuted by the energy power brokers of his day -- namely Thomas Edison, whom we are taught in school to revere as a genius. He was also attacked by J.P. Morgan and other "captains of industry." Upon Tesla's death on January 7th, 1943, the U.S. government moved into his lab and apartment confiscating all of his scientific research, some of which has been released by the FBI through the Freedom of Information Act. (I've embedded the first 250 pages below and have added a link to the .pdf of the final pages, 290 in total).
Besides his persecution by corporate-government interests (which is practically a certification of authenticity), there is at least one solid indication of Nikola Tesla's integrity -- he tore up a contract with Westinghouse that was worth billions in order to save the company from paying him his huge royalty payments.
But, let's take a look at what Nikola Tesla -- a man who died broke and alone -- has actually given to the world. For better or worse, with credit or without, he changed the face of the planet in ways that perhaps no man ever has.
1. Alternating Current-- This is where it all began, and what ultimately caused such a stir at the 1893 World's Expo in Chicago. A war was leveled ever-after between the vision of Edison and the vision of Tesla for how electricity would be produced and distributed. The division can be summarized as one of cost and safety: The DC current that Edison (backed by General Electric) had been working on was costly over long distances, and produced dangerous sparking from the required converter (called a commutator). Regardless, Edison and his backers utilized the general "dangers" of electric current to instill fear in Tesla's alternative: Alternating Current. As proof, Edison sometimes electrocuted animals at demonstrations. Consequently, Edison gave the world the electric chair, while simultaneously maligning Tesla's attempt to offer safety at a lower cost. Tesla responded by demonstrating that AC was perfectly safe by famously shooting current through his own body to produce light. This Edison-Tesla (GE-Westinghouse) feud in 1893 was the culmination of over a decade of shady business deals, stolen ideas, and patent suppression that Edison and his moneyed interests wielded over Tesla's inventions. Yet, despite it all, it is Tesla's system that provides power generation and distribution to North America in our modern era.
2. Light -- Of course he didn't invent light itself, but he did invent how light can be harnessed and distributed. Tesla developed and used fluorescent bulbs in his lab some 40 years before industry "invented" them. At the World's Fair, Tesla took glass tubes and bent them into famous scientists' names, in effect creating the first neon signs. However, it is his Tesla Coil that might be the most impressive, and controversial. The Tesla Coil is certainly something that big industry would have liked to suppress: the concept that the Earth itself is a magnet that can generate electricity (electromagnetism) utilizing frequencies as a transmitter. All that is needed on the other end is the receiver -- much like a radio.
3. X-rays -- Electromagnetic and ionizing radiation was heavily researched in the late 1800s, but Tesla researched the entire gamut. Everything from a precursor to Kirlian photography, which has the ability to document life force, to what we now use in medical diagnostics, this was a transformative invention of which Tesla played a central role. X-rays, like so many of Tesla's contributions, stemmed from his belief that everything we need to understand the universe is virtually around us at all times, but we need to use our minds to develop real-world devices to augment our innate perception of existence.
4. Radio -- Guglielmo Marconi was initially credited, and most believe him to be the inventor of radio to this day. However, the Supreme Court overturned Marconi's patent in 1943, when it was proven that Tesla invented the radio years previous to Marconi. Radio signals are just another frequency that needs a transmitter and receiver, which Tesla also demonstrated in 1893 during a presentation before The National Electric Light Association. In 1897 Tesla applied for two patents US 645576, and US 649621. In 1904, however, The U.S. Patent Office reversed its decision, awarding Marconi a patent for the invention of radio, possibly influenced by Marconi's financial backers in the States, who included Thomas Edison and Andrew Carnegie. This also allowed the U.S. government (among others) to avoid having to pay the royalties that were being claimed by Tesla.
5. Remote Control -- This invention was a natural outcropping of radio. Patent No. 613809 was the first remote controlled model boat, demonstrated in 1898. Utilizing several large batteries; radio signals controlled switches, which then energized the boat's propeller, rudder, and scaled-down running lights. While this exact technology was not widely used for some time, we now can see the power that was appropriated by the military in its pursuit of remote controlled war. Radio controlled tanks were introduced by the Germans in WWII, and developments in this realm have since slid quickly away from the direction of human freedom.
6. Electric Motor -- Tesla's invention of the electric motor has finally been popularized by a carbrandishing his name. While the technical specifications are beyond the scope of this summary, suffice to say that Tesla's invention of a motor with rotating magnetic fields could have freed mankind much sooner from the stranglehold of Big Oil. However, his invention in 1930 succumbed to the economic crisis and the world war that followed. Nevertheless, this invention has fundamentally changed the landscape of what we now take for granted: industrial fans, household applicances, water pumps, machine tools, power tools, disk drives, electric wristwatches and compressors.
7. Robotics -- Tesla's overly enhanced scientific mind led him to the idea that all living beings are merely driven by external impulses. He stated: "I have by every thought and act of mine, demonstrated, and does so daily, to my absolute satisfaction that I am an automaton endowed with power of movement, which merely responds to external stimuli." Thus, the concept of the robot was born. However, an element of the human remained present, as Tesla asserted that these human replicas should have limitations -- namely growth and propagation. Nevertheless, Tesla unabashedly embraced all of what intelligence could produce. His visions for a future filled with intelligent cars, robotic human companions, and the use of sensors, and autonomous systems are detailed in a must-read entry in the Serbian Journal of Electrical Engineering, 2006 (PDF).
8. Laser -- Tesla's invention of the laser may be one of the best examples of the good and evil bound up together within the mind of man. Lasers have transformed surgical applications in an undeniably beneficial way, and they have given rise to much of our current digital media. However, with this leap in innovation we have also crossed into the land of science fiction. From Reagan's "Star Wars" laser defense system to today's Orwellian "non-lethal" weapons' arsenal, which includes laser rifles and directed energy "death rays," there is great potential for development in both directions.
9 and 10. Wireless Communications and Limitless Free Energy -- These two are inextricably linked, as they were the last straw for the power elite -- what good is energy if it can't be metered and controlled? Free? Never. J.P. Morgan backed Tesla with $150,000 to build a tower that would use the natural frequencies of our universe to transmit data, including a wide range of information communicated through images, voice messages, and text. This represented the world's first wireless communications, but it also meant that aside from the cost of the tower itself, the universe was filled with free energy that could be utilized to form a world wide web connecting all people in all places, as well as allow people to harness the free energy around them. Essentially, the 0's and 1's of the universe are embedded in the fabric of existence for each of us to access as needed. Nikola Tesla was dedicated to empowering the individual to receive and transmit this data virtually free of charge. But we know the ending to that story . . . until now?
Tesla had perhaps thousands of other ideas and inventions that remain unreleased. A look at his hundred of patents shows a glimpse of the scope he intended to offer. If you feel that the additional technical and scientific research of Nikola Tesla should be revealed for public scrutiny and discussion, instead of suppressed by BIG INDUSTRY and even our supposed institutions of higher education, join the world's call to tell power brokers everywhere that we are ready to Occupy Energy and learn about what our universe really has to offer.
The release of Nikola Tesla's technical and scientific research -- specifically his research into harnessing electricity from the ionosphere at a facility called Wardenclyffe -- is a necessary step toward true freedom of information
Like a wave in the physical world, in the infinite ocean of the medium which pervades all, so in the world of organisms, in life, an impulse started proceeds onward, at times, may be, with the speed of light, at times, again, so slowly that for ages and ages it seems to stay, passing through processes of a complexity inconceivable to men, but in all its forms, in all its stages, its energy ever and ever integrally present. A single ray of light from a distant star falling upon the eye of a tyrant in bygone times may have altered the course of his life, may have changed the destiny of nations, may have transformed the surface of the globe, so intricate, so inconceivably complex are the processes in Nature. In no way can we get such an overwhelming idea of the grandeur of Nature than when we consider, that in accordance with the law of the conservation of energy, throughout the Infinite, the forces are in a perfect balance, and hence the energy of a single thought may determine the motion of a universe-Nikola Tesla
Participants enjoy an intense arms/abs workout with instructor Holly at the Dowd YMCA's Taylor Swift: Reputation Party.
"Theranos Founder Faces a Test of Technology, and Reputation" by REED ABELSON and JULIE CRESWELL via NYT t.co/uocIzEmoEv (via Twitter twitter.com/felipemassone/status/678264164310237184)
Ireland's reputation for being clean and green does not stand up well if you wander in the countryside. In County Cork open cast gravel pits are everywhere, some still in use, others derelict.
Wikipedia
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ([bʱiːmraːw raːmdʑiː aːmbeːɽkər]; 14 April 1891 – 6 December 1956), popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Modern Buddhist Movement and campaigned against social discrimination of Dalits, women and labour. He was Independent India's first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.
Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning a law degree and various doctorates from Columbia University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer. His later life was marked by his political activities, where he became involved in the negotiations for India's independence campaigning by publishing journals advocating political rights and social freedom for 'untouchables' and contributing significantly to the establishment of the state of India. In 1956 he converted to Buddhism, initiating mass conversions of Dalits.
In 1990, Ambedkar was posthumously conferred with the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award.[4] Ambedkar's legacy includes numerous memorials and depictions in popular culture.
Early life and education[edit]
Ambedkar was born into a poor low Mahar, (dalit) caste in the town and military cantonment of Mhow in the Central Provinces (now in Madhya Pradesh).[5] He was the 14th and last child of Ramji Maloji Sakpal, a ranked army officer at the post of Subedar and Bhimabai Murbadkar Sankpal.[6] His family was of Marathi background from the town of Ambavade (Mandangad taluka) in Ratnagiri district of modern-day Maharashtra. They belonged to the Mahar caste, who were treated as untouchables and subjected to socio-economic discrimination.[7] Ambedkar's ancestors had long been in the employment of the army of the British East India Company, and his father served in the British Indian Army at the Mhow cantonment.[8]
Belonging to the Kabir panth, Ramji Sakpal encouraged his children to read the Hindu classics. He used his position in the army to lobby for his children to study at the government school, as they faced resistance owing to their caste. Although able to attend school, Ambedkar and other untouchable children were segregated and given little attention or assistance by the teachers. They were not allowed to sit inside the class. Even if they needed to drink water, someone from a higher caste would have to pour that water from a height as they were not allowed to touch either the water or the vessel that contained it. This task was usually performed for the young Ambedkar by the school peon, and if the peon was not available then he had to go without water; the situation he later in his writings described as "No peon, No Water".[9] He was required to sit on a gunny sack which he had to take home with him.[10]
Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894 and the family moved to Satara two years later. Shortly after their move, Ambedkar's mother died. The children were cared for by their paternal aunt, and lived in difficult circumstances. Three sons – Balaram, Anandrao and Bhimrao – and two daughters – Manjula and Tulasa – of the Ambedkars would go on to survive them. Of his brothers and sisters, only Ambedkar succeeded in passing his examinations and graduating to a high school. His original surname Ambavadekar comes from his native village 'Ambavade' in Ratnagiri district.[11] His Brahmin teacher, Mahadev Ambedkar, who was fond of him, changed his surname from 'Ambavadekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' in school records.[11]
Higher education[edit]
Matriculation[edit]
In 1897, Ambedkar's family moved to Bombay where Ambedkar became the only untouchable enrolled at Elphinstone High School. In 1906, his marriage to a nine-year old girl, Ramabai, was arranged.[2]
In 1907, he passed his matriculation examination and in the following year he entered Elphinstone College, which was affiliated to the University of Bombay, becoming the first from his untouchable community to do so. This success provoked celebrations in his community and after a public ceremony he was presented with a biography of the Buddha by Dada Keluskar, the author and a family friend.[2]
Degree in Economics and Political science[edit]
By 1912, he obtained his degree in economics and political science from Bombay University, and prepared to take up employment with the Baroda state government. His wife, by then 15 years old, had just moved his young family and started work, when he had to quickly return to Mumbai to see his ailing father, who died on 2 February 1913.[12]
Ambedkar as a student.
Postgraduation in Economics, Columbia University[edit]
In 1913, he moved to the United States. He had been awarded a Baroda State Scholarship of £11.50 (Sterling) per month for three years under a scheme established by the Gaekwar of Baroda that was designed to provide opportunities for postgraduate education at Columbia University in New York City. Soon after arriving there he settled in rooms at Livingston Hall with Naval Bhathena, a Parsi who was to be a lifelong friend. He passed his M.A. exam in June 1915, majoring in Economics, with Sociology, History, Philosophy and Anthropology as other subjects of study; he presented a thesis, Ancient Indian Commerce.
Economics, Columbia University[edit]
In 1916 he completed his second thesis, National Dividend of India-A Historic and Analytical Study for another M.A. and finally he received his PhD in Economics in 1927[13] for his third thesis, after he left for London. On 9 May, he read his paper Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development before a seminar conducted by the anthropologist Alexander Goldenweiser.
London School of Economics[edit]
In October 1916 he enrolled for the Bar course at Gray's Inn, and also at the same time enrolled at the London School of Economics where he started work on a doctoral thesis. But in June 1917 he was obliged to go back to India as the term of his scholarship from Baroda ended. However, he was given permission to return to submit his thesis within four years. His thesis was on the "Indian Rupee." Ambedkar came back to London at the first opportunity and completed his studies. At the London School of Economics he took a Master's degree in 1921 and in 1923 he took his D.Sc.in Economics, and the same year he was called to the Bar by Gray's Inn. His third and fourth Doctorates (Ll.D, Columbia, 1952 and Ll.D., Osmania, 1953) were conferred honoris causa.
Incidentally, in his journey (1917) he travelled separately from his collection of books, which were lost when the ship on which they were dispatched was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine.[12]
Opposition to untouchability[edit]
Ambedkar as a barrister in 1922
As Ambedkar was educated by the Princely State of Baroda, he was bound to serve it. He was appointed as Military Secretary to the Gaikwad but had to quit within a short time. He described the incident in his autobiography, Waiting for a Visa.[9] Thereafter he tried to find ways to make a living for his growing family. He worked as a private tutor, as an accountant, and established an investment consulting business, but it failed when his clients learned that he was an untouchable.[14] In 1918 he became Professor of Political Economy in the Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics in Mumbai. Even though he was successful with the students, other professors objected to his sharing the same drinking-water jug that they all used.[15]
Ambedkar had been invited to testify before the Southborough Committee, which was preparing the Government of India Act 1919. At this hearing, Ambedkar argued for creating separate electorates and reservations for untouchables and other religious communities.[16] In 1920, he began the publication of the weekly Mooknayak (Leader of the Silent) in Mumbai with the help of Shahaji II (1874–1922), Maharaja of Kolhapur.[17]
Ambedkar went on to work as a legal professional. In 1926 he successfully defended three non-Brahmin leaders who had accused the Brahmin community of ruining India and were then subsequently sued for libel. Dhananjay Keer notes that "The victory was resounding, both socially and individually, for the clients and the Doctor".[18]
Protests[edit]
While practicing law in the Bombay High Court, he tried to uplift the untouchables in order to educate them. His first organised attempt to achieve this was the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha, which was intended to promote education and socio-economic improvement, as well as the welfare of "outcastes", at the time referred to as depressed classes.[19] For the protection of Dalit rights he started many periodicals like Mook Nayak, Bahishkrit Bharat, and Equality Janta.[20]
He was appointed to the Bombay Presidency Committee to work with the all-European Simon Commission in 1925.[21] This commission had sparked great protests across India, and while its report was ignored by most Indians, Ambedkar himself wrote a separate set of recommendations for the future Constitution of India.[22]
By 1927 Ambedkar decided to launch active movements against untouchability. He began with public movements and marches to open up and share public drinking water resources. He also began a struggle for the right to enter Hindu temples. He led a satyagraha in Mahad to fight for the right of the untouchable community to draw water from the main water tank of the town.[23] In a conference in late 1927, Ambedkar public condemned the classic Hindu text, the Manusmrti (Laws of Manu), for ideologically justifying the system of caste discrimination and “untouchability,” ceremonially burning copies of the ancient text. On 25 December 1927, thousands of people burnt copies of Manusmriti under leadership of Ambedkar.[24][25]
In 1930, Ambedkar launched Kalaram Temple movement. This was a non-violent movement for which he was preparing for three months. About 15000 volunteers assembled at Kalaram Temple satygraha making one of the greatest processions of Nashik. The procession was headed by a military band, a batch of scouts, women and men walked in discipline, order and determination to see the god for the first time. When they reached to gate, the gates were closed by Brahmin authorities. This movement was for human dignity and self-respect.[26]
Poona Pact[edit]
In 1932, British announced the formation of separate electorate for "Depressed Classes" in the Communal Award. Gandhi fiercely opposed a separate electorate for untouchables, saying he feared that such an arrangement would divide the Hindu community into two groups.[27] Gandhi protested by fasting while imprisoned in the Yerwada Central Jail of Poona. Following the fast, Congress politicians and activists such as Madan Mohan Malaviya and Palwankar Baloo organised joint meetings with Ambedkar and his supporters at Yerwada.[28] On 25 September 1932, the agreement known as Poona Pact was signed between Ambedkar (on behalf of the depressed classes among Hindus) and Madan Mohan Malaviya(on behalf of the other Hindus). The agreement gave reserved seats for the depressed classes in the Provisional legislatures, within the general electorate and not by creating a separate electroate. The Due to the pact, the depressed class received 148 seats in the legislature, instead of the 71 as allocated in the Communal Award earlier proposed by the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. The text uses the term "Depressed Classes" to denote Untouchables among Hindus who were later called Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under India Act 1935, and the later Indian Constitution of 1950.[29][30]
Political career[edit]
In 1935, Ambedkar was appointed principal of the Government Law College, Mumbai, a position he held for two years. Settling in Mumbai, Ambedkar oversaw the construction of a house, and stocked his personal library with more than 50,000 books.[31] His wife Ramabai died after a long illness in the same year. It had been her long-standing wish to go on a pilgrimage to Pandharpur, but Ambedkar had refused to let her go, telling her that he would create a new Pandharpur for her instead of Hinduism's Pandharpur which treated them as untouchables. Speaking at the Yeola Conversion Conference on 13 October in Nasik, Ambedkar announced his intention to convert to a different religion and exhorted his followers to leave Hinduism.[31] He would repeat his message at numerous public meetings across India.
In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party, which contested in the 1937 Bombay election to the Central Legislative Assembly for the 13 reserved and 4 general seats and securing 11 and 3 seats respectively.[32]
Ambedkar published his book Annihilation of Caste in the same year. It strongly criticised Hindu orthodox religious leaders, the caste system in general[33] and included "a rebuke of Gandhi" on the subject.[34]
Ambedkar served on the Defence Advisory Committee[35] and the Viceroy's Executive Council as minister for labour.[35]
In his work Who Were the Shudras?, Ambedkar attempted to explain the formation of Untouchables. He saw the Shudras and Ati Shudras who form the lowest caste in the ritual hierarchy of the caste system, as being separate from Untouchables. Ambedkar oversaw the transformation of his political party into the Scheduled Castes Federation, although it performed poorly in the elections held in 1946 for the Constituent Assembly of India.
Babasaheb Ambedkar contested from Bombay North in the first Indian General Election in 1952 but lost to the Congress candidates Narayan Kajrolkar, who had been his assistant once. Ambedkar became a member of Rajya Sabha, probably as an appointed member. He tried to enter Lok Sabha again in 1954 when he contested the by-election from Bhandara but he was placed third in the ballot won by Congress. By the time the second general election was held in 1957, Ambedkar had already passed away.
Ambedkar was critical of Islam and its practices in South Asia. While justifying the Partition of India, he condemned the practice of child marriage, as well as the mistreatment of women, in Muslim society.
No words can adequately express the great and many evils of polygamy and concubinage, and especially as a source of misery to a Muslim woman. Take the caste system. Everybody infers that Islam must be free from slavery and caste. [...] [While slavery existed], much of its support was derived from Islam and Islamic countries. While the prescriptions by the Prophet regarding the just and humane treatment of slaves contained in the Koran are praiseworthy, there is nothing whatever in Islam that lends support to the abolition of this curse. But if slavery has gone, caste among Musalmans [Muslims] has remained.[36]
Drafting India's Constitution[edit]
People paying tribute at the central statue of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University in Aurangabad.
Upon India's Transfer of Power by British Government to leaders of High Cast on 15 August 1947, the new Congress-led government invited Ambedkar to serve as the nation's first Law Minister, which he accepted. On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, charged by the Assembly to write India's new Constitution.[37]
Granville Austin has described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as 'first and foremost a social document'. ... 'The majority of India's constitutional provisions are either directly arrived at furthering the aim of social revolution or attempt to foster this revolution by establishing conditions necessary for its achievement.'[38]
The text prepared by Ambedkar provided constitutional guarantees and protections for a wide range of civil liberties for individual citizens, including freedom of religion, the abolition of untouchability and the outlawing of all forms of discrimination. Ambedkar argued for extensive economic and social rights for women, and also won the Assembly's support for introducing a system of reservations of jobs in the civil services, schools and colleges for members of scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Other Backward Class, a system akin to affirmative action.[39] India's lawmakers hoped to eradicate the socio-economic inequalities and lack of opportunities for India's depressed classes through these measures.[40] The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 by the Constituent Assembly.[41]
Ambedkar resigned from the cabinet in 1951 following the stalling in parliament of his draft of the Hindu Code Bill, which sought to expound gender equality in the laws of inheritance and marriage.[42] Ambedkar independently contested an election in 1952 to the lower house of parliament, the Lok Sabha, but was defeated in the Bombay (North Central) constituency by a little-known Narayan Sadoba Kajrolkar, who polled 138137 votes compared to Ambedkar's 123576 votes.[43][44][45] He was appointed to the upper house, of parliament, the Rajya Sabha in March 1952 and would remain as member till death.[46]
Opposition to Article 370[edit]
Ambedkar opposed Article 370 in the Constitution, which gives a special status to the State of Jammu and Kashmir, and it was put against his wishes. Balraj Madhok reportedly said, Ambedkar had clearly told Sk. Abdullah: "You wish India should protect your borders, she should build roads in your area, she should supply you food grains, and Kashmir should get equal status as India. But Government of India should have only limited powers and Indian people should have no rights in Kashmir. To give consent to this proposal, would be a treacherous thing against the interests of India and I, as the Law Minister of India, will never do it." Then Sk. Abdullah went to Nehru, who directed him to Gopal Swami Ayyangar, who approached Sardar Patel asking him to do something as it was a matter of prestige of Nehru, who has promised Sk. Abdullah accordingly. Patel got it passed when Nehru was on foreign tour. On the day this article came up for discussion, Ambedkar did not reply to questions on it though he did participate on other articles. All arguments were done by Krishna Swami Ayyangar.[47][48][49]
Economic planning[edit]
Ambedkar was the first Indian to pursue an Economics doctorate degree abroad.[50] According to him the industrialization and agricultural industry growth could enhance the economy of the nation.[51] He stressed on money investment in the agricultural industry as the primary industry of India.[52] According to Sharad Pawar, Ambedkar’s vision benefited the government in accomplishing the food security goal.[53] He supported economic and social development of the society for nations progress. He also emphasised on education, public hygiene, community health, residential facilities as the basic amenities.[51] His DSc thesis "The problems of Ruppee, its origin and solution (1923)" reveals the factors responsible for Rupee fall.[52] He proved the importance of price stability than exchange stability. He analysed the silver and gold rate exchange and its effect on Indian economy. He found out the reasons for the failure of British Indian economy’s public treasury.[52] He found the loss made by British rule on Indian development.[54]
He is creditworthy to establish Finance Commission of India. He did not support the income tax policy for the lower income group community. He contributed in Land Revenue Tax and excise duty policies to stabilize Indian economy.[52] He played an important role in the land reform and the state economic development.[55] According to him, the caste system divided labours and it was one of the hurdles for the economic progress. He emphasised on free economy with stable rupee which India has adopted recently.[52] He advocated the birth control rate to develop the Indian economy. This policy has been adopted by Indian government as national policy for family planning. He emphasised on equal rights to women for economic development.[52] He laid the foundation of industrial relations after Indian independence.[55]
Formation of Reserve Bank of India[edit]
Ambedkar was an economist by training and until 1921 his career was as a professional economist. It was after that time that he became a political leader. He wrote three scholarly books on economics:
Administration and Finance of the East India Company,
The Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India
The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution[56][57][58]
The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), was based on the ideas that Ambedkar presented to the Hilton Young Commission.[56][58][59][60]
Second marriage[edit]
Ambedkar's first wife had died in 1935 following long illness. After the completion of the drafting of India's constitution in the late 1940s, Ambedkar went to Bombay for treatment. He was suffering from lack of sleep, had neurotic pain in his legs and was taking both insulin and homeopathic medicines. There he met Dr. Sharada Kabir, a Saraswat Brahmin, whom he married on 15 April 1948, at his home in New Delhi. Doctors recommended that he needed a companion who was both a good cook and a possessor of medical knowledge and could thus take care of him.[61] She adopted the name Savita Ambedkar and took care of him for the rest of his life.[3]
Conversion to Buddhism[edit]
Dikshabhumi, a stupa at the site in Nagpur, where Ambedkar embraced Buddhism along with many of his followers
Ambedkar had considered converting to Sikhism, which saw oppression as something to be fought against and which for that reason appealed also to other leaders of scheduled castes. He rejected the idea after meeting with leaders of the Sikh community and concluding that his conversion might result in him having what scholar Stephen P. Cohen describes as a "second-rate status" among Sikhs.[62]
He studied Buddhism all his life, and around 1950, he turned his attention fully to Buddhism and travelled to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) to attend a meeting of the World Fellowship of Buddhists.[63] While dedicating a new Buddhist vihara near Pune, Ambedkar announced that he was writing a book on Buddhism, and that as soon as it was finished, he planned to make a formal conversion to Buddhism.[64] Ambedkar twice visited Burma in 1954; the second time in order to attend the third conference of the World Fellowship of Buddhists in Rangoon.[65] In 1955, he founded the Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha, or the Buddhist Society of India.[66] He completed his final work, The Buddha and His Dhamma, in 1956. It was published posthumously.[66]
After meetings with the Sri Lankan Buddhist monk Hammalawa Saddhatissa,[67] Ambedkar organised a formal public ceremony for himself and his supporters in Nagpur on 14 October 1956. Accepting the Three Refuges and Five Precepts from a Buddhist monk in the traditional manner, Ambedkar completed his own conversion, along with his wife. He then proceeded to convert some 500,000 of his supporters who were gathered around him.[64] He prescribed the 22 Vows for these converts, after the Three Jewels and Five Precepts. He then traveled to Kathmandu in Nepal to attend the Fourth World Buddhist Conference.[65] His work on The Buddha or Karl Marx and "Revolution and counter-revolution in ancient India" remained incomplete.[68]
Death[edit]
Annal Ambedkar Manimandapam, Chennai
Bust of Ambedkar at Ambedkar Museum in Pune
Since 1948, Ambedkar had been suffering from diabetes. He was bed-ridden from June to October in 1954 owing to side-effects from his medication and failing eyesight.[64] He had been increasingly embittered by political issues, which took a toll on his health. His health worsened during 1955. Three days after completing his final manuscript The Buddha and His Dhamma, Ambedkar died in his sleep on 6 December 1956 at his home in Delhi.
A Buddhist cremation[69] was organised for him at Dadar Chowpatty beach on 7 December,[70] attended by half a million sorrowing people.[71] A conversion program was supposed to be organised on 16 December 1956.[72] So, those who had attended the cremation were also converted to Buddhism at the same place.[72]
Ambedkar was survived by his second wife, who died in 2003.[73] and his son Yashwant (known as Bhaiyasaheb Ambedkar).[74] Ambedkar's grandson, Ambedkar Prakash Yashwant, is the chief-adviser of the Buddhist Society of India,[75] leads the Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh[76] and has served in both houses of the Indian Parliament.[76]
A number of unfinished typescripts and handwritten drafts were found among Ambedkar's notes and papers and gradually made available. Among these were Waiting for a Visa, which probably dates from 1935–36 and is an autobiographical work, and the Untouchables, or the Children of India's Ghetto, which refers to the census of 1951.[64]
A memorial for Ambedkar was established in his Delhi house at 26 Alipur Road. His birthdate is celebrated as a public holiday known as Ambedkar Jayanti or Bhim Jayanti. He was posthumously awarded India's highest civilian honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1990.[77]
On the anniversary of his birth and death, and on Dhamma Chakra Pravartan Din (14 October) at Nagpur, at least half a million people gather to pay homage to him at his memorial in Mumbai.[78] Thousands of bookshops are set up, and books are sold. His message to his followers was "Educate!,Organize!,Agitate!".[79]
Legacy[edit]
A bookseller in Chaitya Bhoomi peddles Buddhist calendars and books by Ambedkar
Ambedkar's legacy as a socio-political reformer, had a deep effect on modern India.[80][81] In post-Independence India his socio-political thought has acquired respect across the political spectrum. His initiatives have influenced various spheres of life and transformed the way India today looks at socio-economic policies, education and affirmative action through socio-economic and legal incentives. His reputation as a scholar led to his appointment as free India's first law minister, and chairman of the committee responsible to draft a constitution. He passionately believed in the freedom of the individual and criticized equally both caste society. His allegation of Hinduism foundation of caste system, made him controversial and unpopular among the Hindu community.[82] His conversion to Buddhism sparked a revival in interest in Buddhist philosophy in India and abroad.[83]
Many public institutions are named in his honour, and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport in Nagpur, otherwise known as Sonegaon Airport. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar is also named in his honour. A large official portrait of Ambedkar is on display in the Indian Parliament building. Ambedkar, was voted as the "Greatest Indian" in 2012 by a poll organised by History TV18 and CNN IBN. Nearly 20 million votes were cast, making him the most popular Indian figure since the launch of the initiative.[84][85] Due to his role in economics, Narendra Jadhav, a notable Indian economist,[86] has said that Ambedkar was "the highest educated Indian economist of all times."[87] Amartya Sen, said that Ambedkar is "father of my economics", Sen continues that "he was highly controversial figure in his home country, though it was not the reality. His contribution in the field of economics is marvelous and will be remembered forever."[88][89] Osho a spiritual teacher remarked "I have seen people who are born in the lowest category of Hindu law, the sudras, the untouchables,so intelligent: when India became independent, the man who made the constitution of India, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a sudra. There was no equal to his intelligence as far as law is concerned – he was a world-famous authority." [90] President Obama addressed the Indian parliament in 2010, and referenced Dalit leader Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as the great and revered Human Rights champion and main author of India’s constitution.[91]
Ambedkar's political philosophy has given rise to a large number of political parties, publications and workers' unions that remain active across India, especially in Maharashtra. His promotion of Buddhism has rejuvenated interest in Buddhist philosophy among sections of population in India. Mass conversion ceremonies have been organised by human rights activists in modern times, emulating Ambedkar's Nagpur ceremony of 1956.[92] He is regarded as a Bodhisattva by some Indian Buddhists, though he never claimed it himself.[93] Outside India, at the end of the 1990s, some Hungarian Romani people drew parallels between their own situation and the situation of the downtrodden people in India. Inspired by Ambedkar's approach, they started to convert to Buddhism.[94]
In 1976, Rover, whose reputation was starting to falter under the unrelenting industrial disputes of parent company British Leyland, struck back with the sublimely styled and fantastically powered Rover SD1, only the 5th new model Rover had built since the end of World War II. Designed by David Bache and built to emulate the succulent lines of the Ferrari Daytona, the car was simple and sublime at the same time, and won European Car of the Year Award for 1977.
In order to compliment the fleet though, British Leyland considered an estate version to appeal to the family market, so as to make this model compete with the likes of the Volvo 900 and the Ford Cortina. Carbodies was commissioned by British Leyland to create two running prototypes at the Rover factory in Solihull. The two cars were built in differing ways, the first being a simple conversion of an early saloon, whilst the other was built from scratch. The cars were differentiated by way of their rear design, with one using a recessed tailgate, and the other using a clamshell split-tailgate.
The estate cars were used for a while by British Leyland chairman Sir Michael Edwardes for commuting around London, and although he was very interested in the idea of an estate version of the SD1, the project was scrapped upon British Leyland's bankruptcy in the late 1970's.
In all honesty, it's a real shame these cars never were put into production as they probably could have been a valuable extra string to the SD1's bow.
In my family, I have a reputation for being a rather... let's say "experimental" chef. I like to combine things which aren't usually combined and mix things with other things and try to turn substances into solids which aren't normally solids...
Still, while my "dim-sim baklava" wasn't the biggest success on record, this line of cakes turned out rather nicely.
I call them:
Egg Cakes!
This is because the only real liquid in them is egg. There is no milk, no water, no butter, no oil. Just egg.
Odd as this may seem, they are a yummy variety of tea cake with a lovely springy texture (which is also low fat).
You can flavour these cakes with anything; a basic vanilla egg cake is nice, and it's also cool to throw in a few pieces of finely chopped fruit. Anything you fancy.
The particular egg cake in the picture is flavoured with orange rind and lavender flowers. Here's a recipe:
~ Orange and Lavender Egg Cake ~
Please note: I am a really peasanty cook, so all the ingredients are approximate. This symbol ≈, in case you are not familiar with it, is a way of saying roughly equals or approximately. You will see it a lot in just a moment.
All measurements are metric.
Fiddliness: Very very easy. Almost failsafe.
Ingredients:
3 large eggs
2 fresh lavender flowers (I use plain French lavender from the garden, washed)
Rind of one orange
≈ 4 tablespoons of orange juice
≈ 4 tablespoons of sugar
≈ 1 cup of self raising flour
Serves 4 hungry people or up to 8 not-hungry people (it's pretty filling because of all the egg).
Method:
First up, preheat the oven to ≈175ºC (a moderate oven) and grease a small cake tin (or in my case a bread tin).
Next, put all the ingredients into a mixing bowl except the flour.
When adding the lavender flowers, don't put them in whole, but tear off the florets and add those – you don't really want to put the central stem in, but if you did, it wouldn't be a disaster.
With orange rind, I just wash an orange and grate the rind off with a normal grater.
Next, mix all the stuff together until it makes a nice smooth mixture.
Now taste it to see if it's sweet enough. My recipe isn't all that sweet, so you might like to add more sugar than I did.
Once you've got the mixture tasting the way you like it, add half the flour and stir it in. Now add the rest of the flour in smallish amounts, stirring, until it makes a thick batter. You be the judge of how much is needed. I never measure my flour in this recipe. I just add it until it seems right. Do work quickly, though, or else the cake won't rise properly.
Now pour the batter into your pre-greased cake tin and cook in your pre-heated moderate oven for around thirty minutes, or until a knife pushed into the cake comes out clean.
You will notice that the egg cake has a lovely shiny golden-brown top! This is because it has a sort of built-in egg glaze.
Can be served warm or cold.
Enjoy!
Optional: Dust the cake with a little icing sugar before serving to make it look a bit less plain.
Also Optional: If the lavender is too hard to get hold of, then just leave it out. The cake will still be nice. Dried lavender instead of fresh lavender should also be fine, just as long as it's culinary grade.