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His Majesty’s Opponents: Allama Mashriqi & Subhas Chandra Bose
By Nasim Yousaf
Allama Mashriqi (Sage of the East) and Subhas Chandra Bose (Netaji) were two prominent leaders of the Indian sub-continent (now comprised of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh). Both were His Majesty’s intransigent opponents and fought against the British Raj in their own ways. However, credit for India’s freedom is being given to Bose (and a few others), whereas Mashriqi’s paramount role in the freedom movement has been either misrepresented or completely wiped out in India (and Pakistan). As a grandson and biographer of Mashriqi, I feel compelled to provide the true facts, which have been kept hidden from public view.
Mashriqi and Bose were both born in British India, Mashriqi in Amritsar (Punjab) and Bose in Cuttack (Bengal). The two men had some similarities. Both wanted India’s freedom from British rule for the sake of saving the nation from political, economic, and cultural slavery. Both men believed that M.K. Gandhi’s methods were ineffective and could not bring freedom; and both adopted militarism in order to overthrow British rule. Gandhi opposed their ideas and supported their arrest. As they were considered a grave threat to British rule, the two men were jailed at different times. During their political careers, Mashriqi and Bose founded parallel/provisional Governments, Mashriqi in India and Bose outside the country. They were warned and harassed to stop their activities, but they brushed aside any pressure and moved forward with their goal of obtaining freedom for India.
Mashriqi and Bose headed prominent political movements dedicated to obtaining freedom for the Indian sub-continent. Mashriqi founded his private army, known as the Khaksar Tehrik (Khaksar Movement) in 1930. The Tehrik welcomed people from all faiths. Through the Tehrik, Mashriqi taught Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs and others how unity and discipline in their ranks could help them overturn foreign rule. Within a short period of time, Mashriqi’s army of Khaksars spread throughout India and the Tehrik also established branches in different parts of the world. Mashriqi and the Khaksars fought relentlessly for freedom of the Indian sub-continent and a large number of Khaksars’ lost their lives (including Mashriqi’s beloved son, Ehsanullah Khan Aslam). During the freedom struggle, Mashriqi and his sons (Anwar, Akram, and Asghar) and thousands of Khaksars were imprisoned (many for life). The rulers did everything to try to crush Mashriqi, his family, and the Khaksars (including torturing and threatening them, spreading false allegations and propaganda labeling them as “fifth columnists,” banning their activities, etc.). However, Mashriqi, his family, and the Khaksars remained relentlessly determined, mobilizing the public via fiery speeches, pamphlets, demonstrations, road marches, and mock wars. They continued their rigorous efforts until British rule came to an end in 1947.
Meanwhile, Bose became the head of the Indian National Army (also known as INA or Azad Hind Fauj) on July 05, 1943 with the help of the Japanese (who were part of the Axis powers). Like the Khaksar Tehrik, the INA was also comprised of Indians from different faiths. The INA focused its efforts on liberating India and fought British forces from outside India. In 1945, Bose’s forces were defeated by the British and the INA surrendered. Thereafter, the INA was disintegrated, and many of the INA’s soldiers were put on trial for treason, murder, and torture. Bose fled soon after his defeat and subsequently died in a plane crash (the circumstances surrounding his death have been questioned by some conspiracy theorists, even though there is no solid proof that he survived).
Bose and the INA’s role ended prior to independence, yet certain quarters in India claim that Bose brought freedom to the region, while ignoring Mashriqi’s efforts. To prove their point, they provide various questionable arguments. For example, apparently the late Prime Minister Clement Attlee mentioned in 1956 to then acting Governor of West Bengal Justice PB Chakraborthy that the British had abandoned their rule in India because of Bose’s INA. This seems to be based purely on hearsay, as there is not a single authentic historic British document or public statement by the Prime Minister or any other British high official that indicates that Attlee made this statement. Also, why would the British declare the INA victorious when the INA had been defeated by the Britons (who were part of the Allied forces)? If anything, it seems more plausible that Attlee confused INA soldiers with Khaksars – as the uniformed Khaksars were the ones fighting inside of India and after the INA’s surrender in 1945, many INA soldiers (e.g. Major General S.D. Khan and Col Ihsan Qadir) had joined the Khaksar Tehrik. In fact, by March of 1945, the “INA strength…was estimated to have declined to about 35,000” (source: cia.gov), whereas the Khaksar strength in 1946 was over five million Khaksar soldiers (Al-Islah, December 01, 1946). Some also claim that the mutiny of the Royal Indian Navy in 1946 was inspired by the INA. This claim may have some validity, but again lacks evidence and is based on questionable assumptions.
In the case of Mashriqi, there are many historic documents and events that show how he created grave fear in the British rulers’ minds and ultimately brought about an end to British rule. Throughout the 1930’s and ‘40’s, Mashriqi and the Khaksars worked tirelessly to mobilize the masses and undermine British rule. To cite just a few examples, upon Mashriqi’s directive, 3,000 Khaksar soldiers (who were in the Armed Forces of British India) brought about a mutiny in the armed forces. This was reported in Al-Islah on March 08, 1946. And in the time period leading up to independence, Mashriqi and the Khaksars moved aggressively to ensure that the British would have no choice but to quit India, as summarized below.
On November 7-10, 1946, a Khaksar military camp was held in Peshawar in which military exercises were conducted and the plan for a coup was finalized. On the last day of the camp (Nov 10, 1946), Mashriqi delivered a fiery speech to a crowd of 120,000 (including 10,000 uniformed Khaksars) comprised of Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians and other faiths. During the speech, Mashriqi again spoke about British exploitation (Al-Islah November 15, 1946) and inspired the masses to revolt and overturn British rule. On December 01, 1946, just a few weeks after his speech at the said Khaksar camp, Mashriqi made the following announcement in a pamphlet:
“Idara-i-Aliya [Khaksar Headquarters] shall soon issue an order that in the entire India, four million [sources quote a range from 4-5 million members] Khaksars, side by side with hundreds of thousands rather millions of supporters shall march simultaneously…This moment shall dawn upon us very soon and that is why it is being ordered that a grand preparation for this historical day should commence immediately…so that British can clearly witness the day of India’s freedom…”
The above message was widely distributed via flyers, wall writings, billboards, cinema slides and in Khaksar speeches in India. Furthermore, Al-Islah newspaper dated December 06, 1946 announced a street march of 10 million people (with spades); the announcement invited the masses from all faiths and backgrounds (civil and military) and also declared the issuance of 10 million advertisements in order to bring an end to British rule in the Indian sub-continent.
Such open and county-wide invitation of revolt was a clear signal to the British rulers that Mashriqi was going to overturn British rule. Thus, British Prime Minister Attlee soon announced that power shall be transferred “by a date not later than June, 1948.” Following this announcement, Mashriqi again took a number of steps to ensure that this was not a ploy by the British. For example, the British could have used their favored leaders (with whom they would hold talks) to instigate country-wide riots between Muslims and Hindus in an attempt to legitimize that the country was not ready for independence. Mashriqi would not allow this type of gambit to be played and put the last nail in the coffin for British rule when in March of 1947, he ordered 300,000 Khaksar soldiers to assemble in Delhi on June 30, 1947 to overthrow British rule (the British feared the gathering of such a large number of Khaksars).
On May 14, 1947, Mashriqi again addressed over 50,000 people in Patna and called for a Muslim-Hindu revolution:
“…The last remedy under the present circumstances is that one and all rise against this conspiracy [partition] as one man. Let there be a common Hindu-Muslim Revolution in which not hundreds but millions will lose their lives by the bullets of Birla and the British. Millions will die, no doubt, in this way but hundreds of millions will be saved forever. If man has decided to kill man for sheer lust of power and with nothing to show to the world except tyranny and loot, it is time that we should sacrifice men in millions now in order to uphold Truth, Honour and Justice.”
Faced with the prospect of a revolution, the rulers saw the writing on the wall and Lord Mountbatten hurriedly announced the Mountbatten Plan to transfer power. The plan was accepted by Muslim and Hindu leaders (including M.K. Gandhi) weeks before the assembly of the 300,000 Khaksars (despite the acceptance of the plan and a strict lockdown on public assemblies via Section 144, 70,000-80,000 Khaksars still assembled in Delhi according to The Tribune Lahore, July 02, 1947; according to the Khaksar circle, the gathering was much larger than the 80,000 reported in the newspaper).
A powerful ruler does not quit or transfer power without a strong threat to their rule; Mashriqi and the Khaksars were the threat that ultimately compelled the British to relinquish their rule in the Indian sub-continent.
In closing, while Bose certainly played some role in the freedom movement, his role was limited to fighting from outside India and ended before independence was achieved. Meanwhile, Mashriqi and the Khaksars were fighting from within India and continued to remain a powerful force that helped ensure the end of British rule in 1947. It is ironic then that Mashriqi’s crucial fight and sacrifices for independence have been ignored. In the context of this article, I have only just briefly summarized Mashriqi’s role; I cover the subject in much more detail in my published works. I urge the Government of India to provide Mashriqi official recognition (as they have done with Bose) and release Mashriqi and the Khaksar Tehrik’s confiscated documents (pre- and post-partition). It is imperative that the public is not only aware of Mashriqi’s sacrifices in bringing freedom to the Indian sub-continent, but also how Mashriqi fought to keep India united. By not declassifying Mashriqi and the Khaksar Tehrik’s documents, India and Pakistan are depriving the people of the truth about how the freedom of the Indian sub-continent came about.
About the Author: Historian and scholar Nasim Yousaf’s extensive knowledge of the freedom movement comes from exhaustive secondary research and direct accounts from Mashriqi’s sons, daughters and the Khaksars, all of whom were part of the freedom movement. His works have been published in renowned peer-reviewed publications and he has presented papers at prestigious academic conferences in the US. His books can be found in major research libraries in many countries.
Copyright © 2019 Nasim Yousaf
www.facebook.com/pg/AllamaMashriqiAndNetaji
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#AllamaMashriqi #SubhasChandraBose #Netaji #NasimYousaf #Khaksars #Jinnah #QuaideAzam #Gandhi #Nehru #TwoNationTheory #Partition #PartitionofIndia #OralHistory #BritishRaj #BritishEmpire #PakistanHistory #IndianHistory #FreedomMovement #IndependenceMovement #INA #IndianNationalArmy #Pakistan #India #DelhiChalo #IndianSubcontinent #DistortedHistory
The army jawans paying salute at the tomb of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
There also take place the ceremonies -both the official and of armed forces on the national days of celebration and a great number of people visit this place to pay homage to the father of the nation.
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Members of Mehdi Foundation International display official banner showing support of Imran Khan at the PTI Karachi Dharna.
...another view of Mazar-e-Quaid.
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...and Sardar Abdul Rab Nishter are also laid to rest here.
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Please don't copy, edit or use this image on websites, blogs or other media. However if you are interested in using any of my images, please feel free to contact with me.
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Founder of Pakistan
Orignial picture was www.flickr.com/photos/lucky_khan/212352062/in/set-7215759...
A news reporter interviews Mehdi Foundation International members at the PTI Karachi Dharna (Pakistan).
Mazar-e-Quaid- mausoleum of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world
Members from Mehdi Foundation USA hold placards with messages in favour of Imran Khan at PTI's Azadi March in Washington D.C.
On the behest of the Master of the Mint, this portrait of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was carved by the artist. The portrait can appear on the Rs. 10 or Rs. 20 coins under consideration of the Government of Pakistan. The pattern of this portrait is ready for processing for making moulds for striking coins.
The Quaid-e-Azam Residency in Ziarat, where the founder of Pakistan, M. Ali Jinnah spent his last days
Khalil Najmi live interview on PTV morning show Subhe 9. My daughters were also invited for their performance as voiceover artists involved in dubbing of Turkish plays.
Front shot of brass copy of Bas Relief carving of H.H. Prince Karim Aga Khan completed on June 22, 2010. Bas Relief carvings are used to serve as pattern for making molds for stamping of coins and medals, Bas Relief die cast murals and Bas Relief tiles.
Members from Mehdi Foundation USA hold placards with messages in favour of Imran Khan at PTI's Azadi March in Washington D.C.
The portrait is ready for mass production in Fiber Glass. Portraits are available to adorn the offices and branches of the major national and multi-national companies and financial institutions. You can also use these portraits as souvenirs for your high profile clients and Government functionaries. The portrait is available in 3 different finishing as under:
Wood finishing
White Marble
Golden
Silver
Copper
You may please send your orders to the undersigned on Khalil_Najmi_0302-2190969
Former Chevening Scholars sharing their Chevening experience with the students of Quaid-e-Azam University Islamabad.
Mr Muhammad Atif Sheikh, President Special Talent Exchange Programme.
Ms Yasmin Yusuf Khan, Secretary, Inland Revenue, Federal Board of Revenue.
A Navy cadet guards the Mausoleum of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Karachi, Pakistan.
Digital output obtained directly from the negative.
Medallion portrait carved as a proposed design for SAMA Saudi Monetary Agency. The portrait is carved by Artist Khalil Najmi. The artist is already involved in designing new photo-effect coins for the Pakistan Mint. In this portrait King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz is shown praying to Allah Almighty and his lips are open and the tounge seems uttering the word Allah. This picture was carefully selected from a set of portraits downloaded from internet. The portrait is a symbolic representation in this way to present him as the Custodian of the two Holy Mosques and a true leader of the whole Muslim Ummah.
Khalil Najmi live interview on PTV morning show Subhe 9. My daughters were also invited for their performance as voiceover artists involved in dubbing of Turkish plays
The portrait of Quaid-e-Azam was being carved on the behest of the Master of the Mint, Lahore for Rs. 10 and 20 coins under consideration of the Government of Pakistan.
I have developed these proposed layouts for the coins, which have been presented to the Minister and Secretary Finance GOP by me. I also have plans to carve portraits Allama Mohammad Iqbal and Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah. The set of these portraits can appear on Rs. 5, 10 and 20 coins.
Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: محمد على جناح (December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a Muslim politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan and served as its first Governor-General. He is officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: قائد اعظم — Great Leader) and
Best Known As: Founder of Pakistan
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was a lawyer and politician who fought for the cause of India's independence from Britain, then moved on to found a Muslim state in Pakistan in 1947.
Jinnah entered politics in India in 1905 and by 1917 his charisma and diplomacy had made him a national leader and the most visible supporter of Hindu-Muslim unity. His strong belief in gradual and peaceful change was in contrast to the civil disobedience strategies of Mohandas Gandhi, and in the '20s Jinnah broke from the Indian National Congress to focus on an independent Muslim state.
In 1940 he demanded a separate nation in Pakistan and by 1947 he somehow managed to get it from the British and India. Through civil wars, a rotten economy and millions of displaced refugees, Quaid-i-Azam Jinnah ("great leader") pretty much built a country from scratch.
In his biography of Jinnah titled "Jinnah of Pakistan", the historian, Stanley Wolpert, makes the following observation that succinctly describes the legacy of Jinnah and his footprint on history:
Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state. Muhammad Ali Jinnah did all three.
Jinnah is depicted on all Pakistani rupee notes of denominations five and higher, and is the namesake of many Pakistani public institutions. The former Quaid-i-Azam International Airport, now called the Jinnah International Airport, in Karachi is Pakistan's busiest.
One of the largest streets in the Turkish capital Ankara — Cinnah Caddesi — is named after him. In Iran, one of the capital Tehran's most important new highways is also named after him, while the government released a stamp commemorating the centennial of Jinnah's birthday. The Mohammad Ali Jenah Expressway of Tehran is also named after him.
In Chicago, a portion of Devon Avenue was named as "Mohammed Ali Jinnah Way". The Mazar-e-Quaid,
Jinnah's mausoleum, is among Karachi's most imposing buildings. There is a "Jinnah Tower" in Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, which was built to commemorate Jinnah.
Jinnah was played by Christopher Lee in the 1998 feature film Jinnah.
The portrait of Quaid-e-Azam was being carved on the behest of the Master of the Mint, Lahore Mr. Misbah ul Haq. The portrait was presented personally to him in January 2013. A plaster cast was obtained from this pattern by the mold department at the Mint.
It was encouragement and support from the Master of the Mint that i resumed carving of portraits after a lapse of more than two decades. However, after his retirement from Mint in April 2013 an upward flight in my relations with the Mint nose dived and then crashed in July, when Pakistan Mint returned my pattern.
11 September is commemorated as the day of death anniversary of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah -the founder of Pakistan.
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© All rights reserved
Please don't copy, edit or use this image on websites, blogs or other media. However if you are interested in using any of my images, please feel free to contact with me.
====================================================================== =====
Mausoleum of Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah (Sister of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah) at Mazar e Qaid, Karachi, Pakistan.
On the behest of the Master of the Mint, this portrait of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was carved by the artist. The portrait can appear on the Rs. 10 or Rs. 20 coins under consideration of the Government of Pakistan. The pattern of this portrait is ready for processing for making moulds for striking coins.
On the behest of the Master of the Mint, this portrait of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was carved by the artist. The portrait can appear on the Rs. 10 or Rs. 20 coins under consideration of the Government of Pakistan. The pattern of this portrait is ready for processing for making moulds for striking coins.
On the behest of the Master of the Mint, this portrait of Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah was carved by the artist. The portrait can appear on the Rs. 10 or Rs. 20 coins under consideration of the Government of Pakistan. The pattern of this portrait is ready for processing for making moulds for striking coins.
An illuminated view of mausoleum of Mohammad Ali Jinnah, father of the nation, known as mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi Pakistan Photo: Mohsin Hassan
A member of Mehdi Foundation International holds up a poster which declares Imran Khan to be an improved version of the found of Pakistan, 'Quaid-e-Azam' Muhammad Ali Jinnah (PTI's Azadi Dharna, Sydney, Australia).
Shot from below. Brass copy of Bas Relief carving of H.H. Prince Karim Aga Khan completed on June 22, 2010. Bas Relief carvings are used to serve as pattern for making molds for stamping of coins and medals, Bas Relief die cast murals and Bas Relief tiles.
Members from Mehdi Foundation USA hold placards with messages in favour of Imran Khan at PTI's Azadi March in Washington D.C.
Mazar-e-Quaid- mausoleum of the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Iconic symbol of Karachi throughout the world
This is the Mausoleum of the Quaid e Azam in Karachi. Visited on a Sunday during Ramazan and it was quiet and peaceful