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THE SIXTH EXTINCTION
Exerpts by Niles Eldredge
There is little doubt left in the minds of professional biologists that Earth is currently faced with a mounting loss of species that threatens to rival the five great mass extinctions of the geological past. As long ago as 1993, Harvard biologist E.O. Wilson estimated that Earth is currently losing something on the order of 30,000 species per year — which breaks down to the even more daunting statistic of some three species per hour. Some biologists have begun to feel that this biodiversity crisis — this “Sixth Extinction” — is even more severe, and more imminent, than Wilson had supposed.
Extinction in the past
The major global biotic turnovers were all caused by physical events that lay outside the normal climatic and other physical disturbances which species, and entire ecosystems, experience and survive. What caused them?
The previous mass extinctions were due to natural causes.
First major extinction (c. 440 mya): Climate change (relatively severe and sudden global cooling) seems to have been at work at the first of these-the end-Ordovician mass extinction that caused such pronounced change in marine life (little or no life existed on land at that time). 25% of families lost (a family may consist of a few to thousands of species).
Second major extinction (c. 370 mya): The next such event, near the end of the Devonian Period, may or may not have been the result of global climate change. 19% of families lost.
Third major Extinction (c. 245 mya): Scenarios explaining what happened at the greatest mass extinction event of them all (so far, at least!) at the end of the Permian Period have been complex amalgams of climate change perhaps rooted in plate tectonics movements. Very recently, however, evidence suggests that a bolide impact similar to the end-Cretaceous event may have been the cause. 54% of families lost.
Fourth major extinction (c. 210 mya): The event at the end of the Triassic Period, shortly after dinosaurs and mammals had first evolved, also remains difficult to pin down in terms of precise causes. 23% of families lost.
Fifth major extinction (c. 65 mya): Most famous, perhaps, was the most recent of these events at the end-Cretaceous. It wiped out the remaining terrestrial dinosaurs and marine ammonites, as well as many other species across the phylogenetic spectrum, in all habitats sampled from the fossil record. Consensus has emerged in the past decade that this event was caused by one (possibly multiple) collisions between Earth and an extraterrestrial bolide (probably cometary). Some geologists, however, point to the great volcanic event that produced the Deccan traps of India as part of the chain of physical events that disrupted ecosystems so severely that many species on land and sea rapidly succumbed to extinction. 17% of families lost.
How is The Sixth Extinction different from previous events?
The current mass extinction is caused by humans.
At first glance, the physically caused extinction events of the past might seem to have little or nothing to tell us about the current Sixth Extinction, which is a patently human-caused event. For there is little doubt that humans are the direct cause of ecosystem stress and species destruction in the modern world through such activities as:
-transformation of the landscape
-overexploitation of species
-pollution
-the introduction of alien species
And, because Homo sapiens is clearly a species of animal (however behaviorally and ecologically peculiar an animal), the Sixth Extinction would seem to be the first recorded global extinction event that has a biotic, rather than a physical, cause.
We are bringing about massive changes in the environment.
Yet, upon further reflection, human impact on the planet is a direct analogue of the Cretaceous cometary collision. Sixty-five million years ago that extraterrestrial impact — through its sheer explosive power, followed immediately by its injections of so much debris into the upper reaches of the atmosphere that global temperatures plummeted and, most critically, photosynthesis was severely inhibited — wreaked havoc on the living systems of Earth. That is precisely what human beings are doing to the planet right now: humans are causing vast physical changes on the planet.
What is the Sixth Extinction?
We can divide the Sixth Extinction into two discrete phases:
-Phase One began when the first modern humans began to disperse to different parts of the world about 100,000 years ago.
-Phase Two began about 10,000 years ago when humans turned to agriculture.
Humans began disrupting the environment as soon as they appeared on Earth.
The first phase began shortly after Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and the anatomically modern humans began migrating out of Africa and spreading throughout the world. Humans reached the middle east 90,000 years ago. They were in Europe starting around 40,000 years ago. Neanderthals, who had long lived in Europe, survived our arrival for less than 10,000 years, but then abruptly disappeared — victims, according to many paleoanthropologists, of our arrival through outright warfare or the more subtle, though potentially no less devastating effects, of being on the losing side of ecological competition.
Everywhere, shortly after modern humans arrived, many (especially, though by no means exclusively, the larger) native species typically became extinct. Humans were like bulls in a China shop:
-They disrupted ecosystems by overhunting game species, which never experienced contact with humans before.
-And perhaps they spread microbial disease-causing organisms as well.
The fossil record attests to human destruction of ecosystems:
-Wherever early humans migrated, other species became extinct.
-Humans arrived in large numbers in North America roughly 12,500 years ago-and sites revealing the butchering of mammoths, mastodons and extinct buffalo are well documented throughout the continent. The demise of the bulk of the La Brea tar pit Pleistocene fauna coincided with our arrival.
-The Caribbean lost several of its larger species when humans arrived some 8000 years ago.
-Extinction struck elements of the Australian megafauna much earlier-when humans arrived some 40,000 years ago. Madagascar-something of an anomaly, as humans only arrived there two thousand years ago-also fits the pattern well: the larger species (elephant birds, a species of hippo, plus larger lemurs) rapidly disappeared soon after humans arrived.
Indeed, only in places where earlier hominid species had lived (Africa, of course, but also most of Europe and Asia) did the fauna, already adapted to hominid presence, survive the first wave of the Sixth Extinction pretty much intact. The rest of the world’s species, which had never before encountered hominids in their local ecosystems, were as naively unwary as all but the most recently arrived species (such as Vermilion Flycatchers) of the Galapagos Islands remain to this day.
Why does the Sixth Extinction continue?
The invention of agriculture accelerated the pace of the Sixth Extinction.
Phase two of the Sixth Extinction began around 10,000 years ago with the invention of agriculture-perhaps first in the Natufian culture of the Middle East. Agriculture appears to have been invented several different times in various different places, and has, in the intervening years, spread around the entire globe.
Agriculture represents the single most profound ecological change in the entire 3.5 billion-year history of life. With its invention:
-Humans did not have to interact with other species for survival, and so could manipulate other species for their own use
-Humans did not have to adhere to the ecosystem’s carrying capacity, and so could overpopulate
-Humans do not live with nature but outside it.
Homo sapiens became the first species to stop living inside local ecosystems. All other species, including our ancestral hominid ancestors, all pre-agricultural humans, and remnant hunter-gatherer societies still extant exist as semi-isolated populations playing specific roles (i.e., have “niches”) in local ecosystems. This is not so with post-agricultural revolution humans, who in effect have stepped outside local ecosystems. Indeed, to develop agriculture is essentially to declare war on ecosystems - converting land to produce one or two food crops, with all other native plant species all now classified as unwanted “weeds” — and all but a few domesticated species of animals now considered as pests.
The total number of organisms within a species is limited by many factors-most crucial of which is the “carrying capacity” of the local ecosystem: given the energetic needs and energy-procuring adaptations of a given species, there are only so many squirrels, oak trees and hawks that can inhabit a given stretch of habitat. Agriculture had the effect of removing the natural local-ecosystem upper limit of the size of human populations. Though crops still fail regularly, and famine and disease still stalk the land, there is no doubt that agriculture in the main has had an enormous impact on human population size:
-Earth can’t sustain the trend in human population growth. It is reaching its limit in carrying capacity.
-Estimates vary, but range between 1 and 10 million people on earth 10,000 years ago.
-There are now over 6 billion people.
-The numbers continue to increase logarithmically — so that there will be 8 billion by 2020.
-There is presumably an upper limit to the carrying capacity of humans on earth — of the numbers that agriculture can support — and that number is usually estimated at between 13-15 billion, though some people think the ultimate numbers might be much higher.
This explosion of human population, especially in the post-Industrial Revolution years of the past two centuries, coupled with the unequal distribution and consumption of wealth on the planet, is the underlying cause of the Sixth Extinction. There is a vicious cycle:
-Overpopulation, invasive species, and overexploitation are fueling the extinction.
-More lands are cleared and more efficient production techniques (most recently engendered largely through genetic engineering) to feed the growing number of humans — and in response, the human population continues to expand.
-Higher fossil energy use is helping agriculture spread, further modifying the environment.
-Humans continue to fish (12 of the 13 major fisheries on the planet are now considered severely depleted) and harvest timber for building materials and just plain fuel, pollution, and soil erosion from agriculture creates dead zones in fisheries (as in the Gulf of Mexico)
-While the human Diaspora has meant the spread, as well, of alien species that more often than not thrive at the detriment of native species. For example, invasive species have contributed to 42% of all threatened and endangered species in the U.S.
Can conservation measures stop the Sixth Extinction?
Only 10% of the world’s species survived the third mass extinction. Will any survive this one?
The world’s ecosystems have been plunged into chaos, with some conservation biologists thinking that no system, not even the vast oceans, remains untouched by human presence. Conservation measures, sustainable development, and, ultimately, stabilization of human population numbers and consumption patterns seem to offer some hope that the Sixth Extinction will not develop to the extent of the third global extinction, some 245 mya, when 90% of the world’s species were lost.
Though it is true that life, so incredibly resilient, has always recovered (though after long lags) after major extinction spasms, it is only after whatever has caused the extinction event has dissipated. That cause, in the case of the Sixth Extinction, is ourselves — Homo sapiens. This means we can continue on the path to our own extinction, or, preferably, we modify our behavior toward the global ecosystem of which we are still very much a part. The latter must happen before the Sixth Extinction can be declared over, and life can once again rebound.
© 2005, American Institute of Biological Sciences. Educators have permission to reprint articles for classroom use; other users, please contact editor@actionbioscience.org for reprint permission. See reprint policy.
Paleontologist Dr. Niles Eldredge is the Curator-in-Chief of the permanent exhibition “Hall of Biodiversity” at the American Museum of Natural History and adjunct professor at the City University of New York. He has devoted his career to examining evolutionary theory through the fossil record, publishing his views in more than 160 scientific articles, reviews, and books. Life in the Balance: Humanity and the Biodiversity Crisisis his most recent book.
www.gc.cuny.edu/directories/faculty/E.htm
Articles and Resources on The Sixth Extinction
Consequences of the Sixth Extinction
The article “How Will Sixth Extinction Affect Evolution of Species?,” on our site, describes how the current loss of biodiversity will affect evolution in the long run.
www.actionbioscience.org/newfrontiers/myers_knoll.html
BioScience Article
“Global Conservation of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.”
Habitat destruction has driven much of the current biodiversity extinction crisis, and it compromises the essential benefits, or ecosystem services that humans derive from functioning ecosystems. Securing both species and ecosystem services might be accomplished with common solutions. Yet it is unknown whether these two major conservation objectives coincide broadly enough worldwide to enable global strategies for both goals to gain synergy. In this November 2007, BioScience article, Will Turner and his colleagues assess the concordance between these two objectives, explore how the concordance varies across different regions, and examine the global potential for safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services simultaneously. Read the abstract, or log in to purchase the full article.
caliber.ucpress.net/doi/abs/10.1641/B571009
Biodiversity in the next millennium
American Museum of Natural History’s nationwide survey (undated) “reveals biodiversity crisis — the fastest mass extinction in Earth’s history.”
cbc.amnh.org/crisis/mncntnt.html
National Geographic
A 2/99 article about the Sixth Extinction, with views from several leading scientists.
www.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/9902/fngm/index.html
Extinction through time
Find out about cycles of life and death and extinction patterns through time.
www.carleton.ca/Museum/extinction/tablecont.html
Is Humanity Suicidal?
Edward O. Wilson asks us why we stay on the course to our own self-destruction.
www.well.com/user/davidu/suicidal.html
A Field Guide to the Sixth Extinction
Niles Eldredge writes in 1999 about a few of the millions of plants and animals that won’t make it to the next millennium. The second link takes you to the site’s main page, entitled “Mass Extinction Underway — The World Wide Web’s most comprehensive source of information on the current mass extinction,” which provides links to numerous other resources.
www.well.com/user/davidu/fieldguide.html
www.well.com/user/davidu/extinction.html
Global Environment Outlook 3
The United Nations Environment Programme released this major report in May 2002. The report collated the thoughts of more than 1,000 contributors to assess the environmental impact of the last 30 years and outline policy ideas for the next three decades. It concluded that without action, the world may experience severe environmental problems within 30 years. The entire report can be read online or purchased online.
www.unep.org/geo/geo3/index.htm
Test your environmental knowledge
A 1999 survey showed that only one in three adult Americans had a passing understanding of the most pressing environmental issues. How do you measure up? Explanatory answers provided.
www.youthactionnet.org/quizzes/global_environment.cfm
World Atlas of Biodiversity — interactive map
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) released the firstWorld Atlas of Biodiversityin August 2002. This link takes you to their online interactive map that helps you search for data about species/land/water loss, extinction over time, and human global development. Click on the “?” for a help page that explains how to interact with this map.
stort.unep-wcmc.org/imaps/gb2002/book/viewer.htm
The Sixth Great Extinction: A Status Report
Earth Policy Institute’s 2004 update on the status of loss of biodiversity.
www.earth-policy.org/Updates/Update35.htm
Books
» The Biodiversity Crisis: Losing What Countsby The American Museum of Natural History (New Press, 2001).
» The Sixth Extinction: Patterns of of Life and the Future of Humankindby Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin (Doubleday and Company, 1996).
Get Involved
The Biodiversity Project
You can choose a way to get involved in protecting biodiversity — from educational resources to community outreach.
www.biodiversityproject.org/html/resources/introduction.htm
The Nature Conservancy
Select a state from the menu and find out how you can become an environmental volunteer in that state.
Information for Action
“This website explains the environmental problems & offers solutions to fix them. There are many valuable resources available” including lobbying info, contacts database, & news updates.
Harmony
“Harmony Foundation is all about education for the environment. We offer publications and programs… ‘Building Sustainable Societies’ offers innovative training for educators and community group leaders to support local action on important environmental issues.”
Earth Talk: Environmental advocacy for professionals
This discussion community and learning network seeks to contribute to global ecological sustainability by enabling communication connections between those working on behalf of forests, water, and climate.
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Tiger Illustration by Dorothy Lathrop from
"Fierce-Face: The story of a tiger" by Dhan Gopal Mukerji (1936)
Since Precision Scheduled Railroading was inflicted on CSX, it has proven to be neither precise, nor scheduled...with one exception.
I caught up with Q437 a couple times last week. Combining that with other observations, I concluded that Q437 seems to follow the last MBTA outbound out of Framingham pretty consistently. The westbound road job passed this spot in Westborough about ten minutes behind Keolis 537.
Fondée en 1872 dans la vallée de la Molignée par des moines bénédictins, l’Abbaye de Maredsous est caractéristique d’un style architectural néo-gothique qui s’harmonise parfaitement avec la nature boisée et vallonnée de la région
Empreints de spiritualité, les bâtiments de l’abbaye de Maredsous dégagent une sensation de plénitude et d’absolu à laquelle on ne peut rester indifférent. L’église qui domine le cloître, le monastère et la bibliothèque, les diverses dépendances dont l’ancienne école des métiers d’art, le Centre d’accueil Saint-Joseph, constituent un ensemble harmonieux qui invite le visiteur à la promenade et à la méditation.
La vie des moines de l'abbaye de Maredsous
Comme les Cisterciens ou les Trappistes, les moines de l’Abbaye de Maredsous ont adopté la règle de St-Benoît, une ligne de conduite qui partage la vie du moine entre prière, travail et tradition d’accueil.
Bien ancrés dans la société contemporaine, les moines de Maredsous ont développé une économie qui répond aux exigences du sacré comme aux besoins de la communauté. Ainsi, chaque moine s’emploie à une tâche bien précise : certains enseignent, d’autres travaillent à la bibliothèque, dans divers secteurs de la recherche scientifique, au Centre Informatique et Bible ou s’occupent du service d’administration et de fonctionnement de l’abbaye. Les moines collaborent aussi aux ateliers d’art ou à la fromagerie et s’occupent de l’accueil des visiteurs.
Dépositaire de la tradition bénédictine, l’Abbaye de Maredsous est surtout un foyer culturel : dès 1882, elle accueille un centre d’artisanat d’art et d’édition à l’origine du premier missel latin-français, et d’une traduction de la Bible en français en 1950. Dans la même optique, les moines diffusent la Bible sur disquettes dès 1981 et éditent depuis des logiciels d'étude et de lecture biblique.
Founded in 1872 in the Molignée valley by Benedictine monks, Maredsous Abbey is characteristic of a neo-Gothic architectural style which harmonizes perfectly with the wooded and hilly nature of the region.
Imbued with spirituality, the buildings of Maredsous Abbey give off a feeling of fullness and absoluteness to which we cannot remain indifferent. The church which dominates the cloister, the monastery and the library, the various outbuildings including the old crafts school, the Saint-Joseph Welcome Center, constitute a harmonious whole which invites the visitor to stroll and explore. meditation.
The life of the monks of Maredsous Abbey
Like the Cistercians or the Trappists, the monks of Maredsous Abbey have adopted the rule of St-Benoît, a line of conduct which divides the life of the monk between prayer, work and tradition of welcome.
Well anchored in contemporary society, the monks of Maredsous have developed an economy that meets the demands of the sacred as well as the needs of the community. Thus, each monk works on a very specific task: some teach, others work in the library, in various sectors of scientific research, at the Computer and Bible Center or take care of the administration and operation of the the abbey. The monks also collaborate in the art workshops or the cheese factory and take care of welcoming visitors.
Custodian of the Benedictine tradition, the Abbey of Maredsous is above all a cultural center: from 1882, it hosted a center of artistic crafts and publishing at the origin of the first Latin-French missal, and a translation of the Bible in French in 1950. In the same vein, the monks distributed the Bible on floppy disks from 1981 and have since published Bible study and reading software.
A supermoon is a full moon or a new moon that nearly coincides with perigee—the closest that the Moon comes to the Earth in its elliptic orbit—resulting in a slightly larger-than-usual apparent size of the Moon as viewed from Earth.[1] The technical name is a perigee syzygy (of the Earth–Moon–Sun system) or a full (or new) Moon around perigee.[a] Because the term supermoon is astrological in origin, it has no precise astronomical definition.[2]
The real association of the Moon with both oceanic and crustal tides has led to claims that the supermoon phenomenon may be associated with increased risk of events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, but no such link has been found.[3]
The opposite phenomenon, an apogee syzygy or a full (or new) Moon around apogee, has been called a micromoon.
A blue moon is an additional full moon that appears in a subdivision of a year: the third of four full moons in a season.
The phrase in modern usage has nothing to do with the actual color of the Moon, although a visually blue Moon (the Moon appearing with a bluish tinge) may occur under certain atmospheric conditions—for instance, if volcanic eruptions or fires release particles in the atmosphere of just the right size to preferentially scatter red light.
Wikipedia
Excerpt from Wikipedia:
The Church of Our Lady is a historical building in Kalundborg, northwestern Zealand, Denmark. The precise date of construction is not known with any certainty, though its architecture indicates the early part of the 13th century. With its five distinctive towers, it stands on a hill above the harbour, making it the town's most imposing landmark.
The church is built of red brick, indicating that it was constructed no earlier than 1170 when brick was first used in Denmark.
At the time when the church was built, a small medieval town stood on the hill. It was originally fortified by Snare's castle but this was replaced in the 14th century by Kalundborg Castle, now in ruins, with its ring walls and ditches. Much of this has now disappeared but the old churchyard walls are still intact. Two brick houses from 1500 form part of the boundary walls and a few brick houses near the church are evidence of the prosperity the town enjoyed in the 15th century.
The central tower of the church collapsed in 1827 due to structural flaws and incautious repairs inside the church. Collapse did not cause any injuries but many medieval furnishings were destroyed .
As the church had fallen into a state of disrepair by the beginning of the 19th century, restoration work was carried out first from 1867 to 1871 under the leadership of Vilhelm Tvedes when the central tower was rebuilt, and later from 1917 to 1921 when the three entrances and the windows were reconstructed under architects Andreas and Mogens Clemmensen. From the square nave, four arms of equal length stretch out to a polygon terminal. These proportions have been compared to the description of the New Jerusalem in the Book of Revelation. While the original barrel vaults of the transepts are still in place, the columns in the nave and the vaults have been reconstructed.
The medieval sacristy (1400) along the north wall of the chancel is well preserved. In about 1500 it was given an upper storey.
The plan is in the form of a Greek cross with four arms of equal length. The window arches as well as the pilasters and sunken columns inside the church suggest the involvement of Lombard builders from northern Italy. It is said to be Denmark's most important contribution to architecture during the Middle Ages.
The church's central tower, known as Mary's tower (after the Virgin Mary), is 44 m tall and square-shaped while the four lateral towers, each 34 m tall, are octagonal. The other towers are also named after saints: St. Anne's to the east, St. Gertrude's to the west, St. Mary Magdalene's to the south and St. Catherine's to the north. The four columns supporting the central tower are made of granite, providing additional strength. With five towers in all, the church is unique.
The architecture reveals similarities with the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, as well as with grouped towers in the great churches of France and the Rhineland. In particular, both the church's age and its architectural style have much in common with Tournai Cathedral in the south of Belgium. The masonry, on the other hand, is comparable to that of other early brick buildings in the area such as St. Bendt's Church in Ringsted.
Normally Lee and I would be shaking hands with Lloyd on arrival, but at that precise moment, all three of us were balancing precariously on dinosaur eggs. Well not really dinosaur eggs, but enormous oval granite boulders, some of which have a habit of wobbling furiously if you're not paying attention. The beach here consists almost entirely of them - apart from the deep band of seaweed that has spread itself evenly across its width towards the cliffs since I was last here. As for the cliffs - standing anywhere near them really isn’t recommended, neither on top nor below. After you've struggled onto the beach, gaze up and you’ll see for yourself how even the smallest straw on the camel’s back of erosion would bring a deadly volume crashing down on top of your head. It’s never been an easy beach to navigate, and it’s gradually getting more challenging.
Lloyd was already here by the time we arrived, sitting behind his tripod in front of a composition he’d been lining up with his phone the previous afternoon. Our visiting friend was staying within walking distance of the celebrated cobbles, and although he told us it was a holiday with his wife rather than one of his regular autumn pilgrimages to Cornwall, he’d brought the camera along to keep himself entertained. He’d arrived in a pair of wellies that were sending me a radioactive shade of green with envy - Vibram soles on wellies for goodness sake! “What else would you ever need?” I hear you ask. Needless to say, by the time we stopped at the pub on the way home I was comparing the options on your favourite shopping app. Ever since that story of the cracked polariser from Vestrahorn, Mr Bezos is always on the phone asking me to promote stuff. Probably.
Porth Nanven is one of those places that I think I go to all the time, but when I looked through my archives, the last visit was eighteen months ago, almost exactly to the day. Just after my granddaughter Sennen was born. That afternoon, I drove off down to Sennen Cove in tribute, bought a rum and raisin flavour ice cream, sat on a rock feeling all misty eyed about becoming a grandad, decided there was nothing doing on the photography front and headed here instead. So my last visit was an afterthought - and guess what? Not one of the forty-five raw files has been anywhere near the editing suite. Forty-four if you discount the one with two of my fingers blighting the frame. Either I was reminding myself I’d just done a twin shot focus stack or I was commenting on what I thought of my own photography that day. Prior to that, I’d been here in the middle of the summer, just a couple of weeks before Lee and I set the compass for Iceland. Only two of those had been dragged through the software, and they were hardly inspiring.
So what is it with Porth Nanven? As locations go, even for Cornwall it’s pretty well unique with its blanket of dinosaur eggs, shaped and smoothed to perfection by countless Atlantic seasons. But perhaps the first paragraph tells the truth in part. Add the fact that the boulders at the water's edge are generally covered in messy tangles of seaweed, the beach is often full of footprints, both human and canine, the movement of the tide changes your carefully thought out compositions every five minutes, and maybe that’s why I don’t come here so often these days. Break an ankle on those cobbles and there’s no phone signal to help you out either. What I have concluded (and I’m not alone in this) is that it’s best to go at low tide, when the shoreline stays roughly in one place for a slightly longer period of time, and if you’re lucky, you might get some untouched sand in front of you. Although you'll probably be picking stray lumps of seaweed out of the way once you’ve set up your shot, whilst trying to keep off the sand. You can always spot the photographers here. We hop from boulder to boulder like oversized penguins, trying desperately to avoid leaving footprints.
And then it’s just a question of trying to maintain balance. Not only on the cobbles in your Vibram soled wellies, but also in your ever changing compositions. In two and a half hours I raced through a number of them, some that I liked, while others looked as if they might topple in either direction when I examined them on the big screen at home.
I came away with some more shots that almost worked - new ideas to return to next time. And it won’t be eighteen months away either.
The 1/4" (6.35mm)-high sensor on the bottom of a Canon X Mark 1 M Bluetooth mouse/calculator.
I rarely use its calculator function; as a mouse, it's precise and reliable.
Ektar ist a film that requires precise metering. Apparently, the old selenium meter on the Agfa Reflex is off by at least one stop.
Because of the resulting underexposure there is a colour shift and some loss of definition, which comes on top of the somewhat reduced sharpness of the triplet lens (the lens can do better than this). I'll have to keep that in mind for the next roll.
I didn't notice that on the previous roll because that was B&W and the film latitude absorbed the underexposure.
Agfa Optima Reflex 35mm TLR
Kodak Ektar 100 professional grade color negative film
Developed and scanned by www.meinfilmlab.de
Light painted still life. Bristol Blue Glass has been made in our city since the 18th century. Cobalt Oxide is added to the glass to give it this deep blue colour. Local legend is that it was developed as a way of hiding the precise amount of taxable liquid in large glass containers from customs and excise officers.
From Fernando Pessoa's Alberto Caeiro (translated into English):
Sometimes on days when the light is perfect and precise,
When things have all the reality they can,
I ask myself slowly
Why do I even attribute
Beauty to things.
(...)
With their asymmetrical ear openings, Saw-whet Owls (Aegolius acadicus) are among the most attentive of listeners. At a dinner party, for instance, they might hear even the most hushed of rumor-mongering from the corner of the room, and be able to share with you precisely what was said and by whom. In reality, they use this heightened sense of hearing while perched in an opportune branch in the night. With their disc-shaped faces angled downward, they listen for the rustling movement of mice and voles beneath the leaf-litter. So precise is their hearing, that they can accurately strike a prey item without ever seeing it.
A SWEET disorder in the dress
Kindles in clothes a wantonness :
A lawn about the shoulders thrown
Into a fine distraction :
An erring lace which here and there
Enthrals the crimson stomacher :
A cuff neglectful, and thereby
Ribbons to flow confusedly :
A winning wave (deserving note)
In the tempestuous petticoat :
A careless shoe-string, in whose tie
I see a wild civility :
Do more bewitch me than when art
Is too precise in every part
DELIGHT IN DISORDER.
by Robert Herrick
Not sure of the precise species (and it could be a hybrid) but I think this is probably the stream water-crowfoot (R. penicillatus)
on the river today - such an attractive sight to see I think.
There are 2 patches of this in the river at the edge of my ground. They are looking particularly good this year as the river has been very undisturbed with nobody wading/fishing.
Velvet Underground & Nico - Sunday Morning
Precise location of the trees please.
Originally uploaded for the Guess Where Group www.flickr.com/groups/guesswhereuk/
You can also find me here / Il est aussi possible de me retrouver ici : Facebook Page
Excursion dans les Pyrénées, plus précisément dans la Vallée d'Aspe au lac de Lhurs. Le temps est doux, une petite brise nocturne l’accompagne et le clair de lune dessine les silhouettes de ces géants.
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Excursion in the Pyrenees, specifically in the Aspe Valley at hte Lhurs lake. The weather is mild, a small night breeze accompanies and the moonlight draws the silhouettes of these giants.
2015 - Lac de Lhurs / Vallée d'Aspe / Pyrénées / France.
This is not blight. To be more precise this is the future and, if the folks in this cooperative are any indication, the future for the city is bright. I spoke with Jerry about his project, the area around the Michigan Central Station, and mostly about why Detroit. I came away very encouraged. You can learn more about Jerry and his group of creative pioneers at facethestation.com/people/.
That all said, the Roosevelt Park area tells an interesting tale of economics, will and responsible behavior. On the one hand you have the Imagination Station people, the owners of Slow’s BBQ (http://slowsbarbq.com/) and community groups like the Corktown Development Corporation (http://www.corktowndetroit.org/) pooling limited resources to restore and reshape a vital and historic neighborhood, while the slumlord/ billionaire sits on his cash and watches nature reclaim his derelict buildings. It almost makes you think money and character are mutually exclusive in some folks.
This is an oldie from '08, so the precise location is lost in the mists of time and my memory. It's probably off of the Scenic Drive, or further south off of the South Pleasant Creek Road. The precise location is perhaps of little significance, as similar views can be had in many spots in this wonderful park and, indeed, in so many other parts of southern Utah that they could be called a commonplace. However, I have found it almost impossible to walk by such views without gazing in mesmerized awe. It may be useful to note that this is not one of my frequent details; what we see here is probably about 70 feet in height, though the actual wall might be two to ten times the width shown here.
Stephan Frontenac sitting at his table, he sees Beth come up to his dock in a small motor boat driven by someone else. He sees her wave the boat away and start walking towards his home. He watches her dancers grace, those composed precise and trained movements that made him fall in love with her. He smiles and nods in her direction, waiting for her to come closer before he speaks.
beth Latynina steps carefully onto the dock as dismissing the driver would just take an moment to look around. Slight wrinkle of nose to the smell of the swamp reminding her of years past tredging around in the sewers with Stephan. Still looking as young and beautiful as ever. Would walk over to where she sees her husbamd sitting. Lips drawn into an smile as speaks," so this is where you have been hiding lately?.."
Stephan Frontenac stands up and walks over to beth, taking her hands in his and saying “I thought it was time for me to leave the beaches for a back bayou somewhere.” He looks around finding the smell of decay in the swamp rather pleasant and says with a content smile “With Libby in Midian, this seemed like a logical choice.”
beth Latynina: slender hands curl within your own as just laughs," yes and am surprised you did not do it long ago.." stepping in closer to you bringing with her the coying scent of perfume you love so much. Body shifts as lips part pressing to your in an lingering kiss," Whispering then," well i thought it wise to come and check up on you both..."
[stephan Frontenac looks around and notices his complet lack of a sofa. He shrugs a little to himself and says "I'm happy to see you love, you always make my whole body tingle in happiness when I see you, especially when it's been too long."
[ beth Latynina shifts curling along your side one hand resting to your chest." so tell me what our daughter has been up too? She has yet to return my phone calls.."
[ Stephan Frontenac had been debating which bad news to tell Beth first, about Libby or Ashagi, but thankfully she directed the conversation. He frowns a little at her question and just blurts it out "It's been hard on her, she's had to grow up fast. She was raped a few weeks ago and she's made enemies with the Noble family somehow. I'm not unconvinced the two are unrelated. Cute little Phoebe Noble, Cait's daughter if you remember her, turned into more of a monster then her father."
beth latynina blinks as had been so afraid of that," I was so hoping she would not have to go though that. Physically she is alright? There was no permanate damage?.." frowning when you speak of Cait's daughter." is such an shame. As emember she was always so sweet and shy everytime I met her." sighs," well Libby is smart and strong. You have someone watching her?"
A shot for Ruth
It is a Magpie , or to be more precise - H.M.S. Magpie as it makes it's way along the Camel Estuary from Padstow to open water , and here passing Hawker's Cove !!
HMS Magpie is a survey ship of the Royal Navy, intended for use on inshore and coastal survey work. Magpie replaced HMS Gleaner. She was accepted by the RN in May 2018 and commissioned on 28 June 2018.
History
HMS Magpie undergoing sea trials
In August 2017, the replacement for HMS Gleaner, the Royal Navy's existing inshore survey launch, was announced to be one of a total of 38 multi-role workboats of various sizes being constructed to undertake various duties. The main structure of the vessel was constructed by Safehaven Marine, a boatbuilding company based in Cork. In February 2018, it was announced that the ship would be named HMS Magpie. The type selected for the inshore survey vessel was based on Safehaven's Wildcat 60 catamaran design, the largest available at 18m in length, and with a displacement of 37 tonnes. Magpie was built to accommodate a crew of 12 for up to seven days, with the capability of operating in all weathers. Following completion and initials trials by Safehaven Marine, Magpie was subsequently delivered to Atlas Elektronik UK (AEUK) for installation of its mission equipment. In April 2018, Magpie underwent further trials with its mission equipment installed, before final delivery of the launch to the Royal Navy in May 2018 for commissioning in early summer.
As Magpie is considerably larger than the vessel she replaces, the title of smallest commissioned vessel in the Royal Navy, which had belonged to Gleaner, passed to the two Scimitar-class patrol vessels. Magpie will be a significant improvement over her predecessor, both in terms of equipment – not only will she feature better on-board equipment from Gleaner, but will also have the capability of launching and recovering UUVs – and endurance.
One of Magpie's first major taskings was a continuation of work done by her predecessor Gleaner in surveying Portsmouth Harbour to ensure the stability of the seabed in anticipation of Portsmouth's use by the aircraft carriers Queen Elizabeth and Prince of Wales.
Passos precisos, por caminhos imprecisos
Precise strides, along imprecise paths
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São Paulo SP, 2024
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The precise date of construction is not known with any certainty, though its architecture indicates the early part of the 13th century. With its five distinctive towers, it stands on a hill above the harbour, making it the town's most imposing landmark.
For commerce, anyhow. I'd hate to be doing something precise in the farmhouse when the four o'clock rolled by. ;)
Radiant by artist Nicky Assmann (1980, lives and works in Rotterdam), in TENT. Radiant is a dynamic ‘mobile’ sculpture in which optical patterns and colour effects appear, due to a precise balance between space, form, movement and light.
2019-12-20 6702-CR2-L1E2T2
Look how carefully this eagle places the branch so that the "Y" in the branch is placed on the tree limb. This stuff just amazes me.
This is a shot of the precise spot where the Byzantine Cathedral of the Taxiarchs (of St. Michael the Archangel) once stood in Ioannina, Greece, within the South-Eastern citadel (aka Iç-Kale) of the Castle. The church was deliberately demolished in c.1430, then on the exactly same spot the ‘FETHİYE Câmii’ (Turkish for ‘mosque of the Conquest’) was erected by the Ottoman Turks.
It was in writing that the latter had promised certain privileges (such as the freedom of worship with no conversion of churches into mosques etc.) to the people living in Ioannina as conditions of the surrender agreement reached (“Sinan Paşa's designation”, ratified by imperial decree of Sultan Murad II).
NO COMMENT, SAVE OR FAVE FROM ANYONE WITH LESS THAN MY MACRO SHOTS, NOR SHOTS FROM CELL PHONE, IPADS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES.
This article includes a list of references, but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Rose
Rosa rubiginosa 1.jpg
Rosa rubiginosa
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryote
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Rosoideae
Genus: Rosa
L.
Species
See List of Rosa species
Synonyms
Hulthemia Dumort.
×Hulthemosa Juz. (Hulthemia × Rosa)
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over a hundred species and thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing or trailing with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles. Flowers vary in size and shape and are usually large and showy, in colours ranging from white through yellows and reds. Most species are native to Asia, with smaller numbers native to Europe, North America, and northwestern Africa. Species, cultivars and hybrids are all widely grown for their beauty and often are fragrant. Roses have acquired cultural significance in many societies. Rose plants range in size from compact, miniature roses, to climbers that can reach seven meters in height. Different species hybridize easily, and this has been used in the development of the wide range of garden roses.[1]
The name rose comes from French, itself from Latin rosa, which was perhaps borrowed from Oscan, from Greek ρόδον rhódon (Aeolic βρόδον wródon), itself borrowed from Old Persian wrd- (wurdi), related to Avestan varəδa, Sogdian ward, Parthian wâr.[2][3]
I will appreciate comments from those who are in my list. No multi-invites please.
Project 2020/366 - Day 007: Snowburst
DC had a prediction for snow today. It was a fairly precise forecast, calling for a burst of snow in the late afternoon, spreading from the north and west towards the southeast, with dropping temperatures but a gradual changeover to rain as warmer air moved in behind. In response, the federal government sent everyone home at 1 pm so that the roads could be cleared and the no one would be stuck on the streets.
As it turned out, the forecast was right on the money. A snowburst arrived and it came down at a pretty good clip for awhile. That's when I was in the slop, looking for a good subject. Here, a bicycle commuter heads north in the 15th Street Cycletrack carrying an umbrella in left hand and controlling her ride (a bike-share bike) with the right hand. She gave a look of misery when she passed.
DxO cool filter applied to drop the color temp and lend a stronger sense of winter.
[38A9CD]
My goal was to take a precise photo that showed the scales found on the wings of butterflies and moths. This moth, sleeping during the day on my porch, was not injured in this exercise. Not even awakened.
The scales come in a variety of forms--some look like hairs, some vaguely like ping pong paddles, some like flat scales.
Pigments provide the colors in black, tan and grey scales. Brilliant yellows, blues are reds are produced by structural modifications that refract light.
I attached a Canon 2X extender to my 180 mm macro lens--effectively a 360 mm macro. That sounds good, but it reduces the amount of light coming in, so you need to increase the ISO or provide light. But in addition to increasing light, an extender decreases the depth of field, so although this moth was close to flat, I could not get all of it in focus. So I took 3 photos, each with a different focal plane, and stacked the three frames in photoshop.
If you go to the downward pointing arrow, click on it and select "View all sizes" and choose one of the higher resolutions to view. A click will change to a different resolution. Return by clicking "photo" to the left of the sizes.
This may be a moth in the family Geometridae. It is remarkably cryptic on cement. The yellow dots on the cement are pollen grains. I swept the porch the previous day...I thought I got it clean.
More than one, to be precise. The leaves are from the neighbour's maple trees and every autumn many of them end up in my garden. I don't mind as the cats love to play with them and for me they offer some nice photo opportunities. There is another capture in the comments.
Linus has an appointment at the vet tomorrow morning for being neutered. His exact age is unknown but he is more than a year old now. I had planned to do thIs earlier but at first the vet and I decided to postpone it because of his extreme panic around people he didn't know. He had just begun to trust me and we didn't want to ruin everything. We then planned the OP for summer but after what had happened to Ramses I just couldn't do it. The fact that Linus is a whole male hasn't caused any problems so far but recently Fynn and Linus have started to fight more. It's usually Fynn who starts the fights and I think that in a way he may feel threatened by Linus. Nobody needs additional stress, especially not Fynn who usually reacts to stress by a flare-up of his chronic cat flu.
Car ignition coils arranged neatly at Horopito motors.
Horopito Motors, also known as "Smash Palace". Part working car mechanics, part museum. If you are into rusty and crusty (or want used car parts) it is a great place to spend several hours photographing!
Arles le 13 août 2016.
Nous sommes un samedi, jour du magnifique marché d'Arles.
Mon 11ème livret photographique sur cette city que j'aime tant parcourir, re découvrir.
Avec, toujours, cet enivrant instant où je gare ma voiture et ... vite,
illico, ce sentiment confus que tout sera net, précis, vivant.
Je scrute chaque 1ers murs, chaque 1ères façades.
Volets, portes languedociennes, plantes en vrac un peu partout,
affiches déchirées, consumées,
des gamins en mouvements dans des ruelles que le soleil bombarde.
L'occasion encore une fois de vivre sur place
un petit bout de ces rencontres photographiques d'Arles. Surtout le off des murs ...
Intensément perdu.
Malgré cela, mon attention sera surtout dévouée à la performance de William Kentridge,
un artiste génialement homme orchestre : sons et images.
Dans ce livret sera consacrée un nombre important de shoots que j'ai réalisé dans la salle
où fut projetée son œuvre du moment :
"More Sweetly Play the Dance."
Hommage à ce si beau et envoûtant travail sur l'image "animée"
d'une conscience du temps et de la vanité des hommes.
Ici je reproduis le texte de Nicolas Michel, in Jeune Afrique.
Son texte est clair, sobre et si juste pour saisir son travail engagé.
"... Le fusain noircit le papier déjà sale, s’efface, noircit à nouveau. Il y a des arbres et des plantes, des monticules de terre et des restes d’habitation, et puis toute une cohorte de vivants, de malades et de morts qui s’avancent, accompagnés par une fanfare, vers un inconnu mystérieux. C’est une danse macabre presque joyeuse...
Projetée sur huit écrans alignés sur quarante mètres, cette procession poétique chorégraphiée par la danseuse sud-africaine Dada Masilo (...) mélange films et dessins, et emporte tout dans un tourbillon poétique. Peut-être faut-il y voir un cortège de réfugiés ou la foule courbée par le poids d’un deuil, mais la musique et la danse semblent dire que c’est là le mouvement de la vie même, funèbre et enjoué..."
...
1975/5000
Arles on 13 August 2016.
We are a Saturday, the day of the magnificent market of Arles.
My 11th photographic booklet on this city that I like so much to go, re discover.
With, always, this intoxicating moment when I park my car and ... quickly,
Illico, this confused feeling that everything will be clear, precise, alive.
I scrutinize every first wall, every first facade.
Shutters, doors languedociennes, plants in bulk almost everywhere,
Posters torn, burnt,
Kids moving in alleys that the sun bombs.
The opportunity once again to live on the spot
A little bit of these photographic encounters in Arles. Especially the off the walls ...
Intensely lost.
Despite this, my focus will be on the performance of William Kentridge,
A genially orchestral artist: sounds and images.
In this booklet will be devoted a significant number of shoots that I realized in the room
Where his work of the moment was projected:
"More Sweetly Play the Dance."
Tribute to this beautiful and captivating work on the image "animated"
Of a consciousness of time and the vanity of men.
Here I reproduce the text of Nicolas Michel, in Jeune Afrique.
His text is clear, sober and so just to seize his committed work.
"... The charcoal blackens the already dirty paper, fades, blackens again, there are trees and plants, mounds of earth and remains of habitation, and then a whole cohort of living, sick And of the dead who come forward, accompanied by a fanfare, towards a mysterious unknown. It is a macabre dance almost joyous ...
Projected on eight screens aligned forty meters, this poetic procession choreographed by the South African dancer Dada Masilo (...) mixes films and drawings, and carries everything in a poetic whirlwind. Perhaps we should see a procession of refugees or the crowd bent by the weight of a mourning, but music and dance seem to say that this is the movement of life itself, funereal and playful ... "
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_________
Ibises are a group of long-legged wading birds in the family Threskiornithidae, that inhabit wetlands, forests and plains. Ibises usually feed as a group, probing mud for food items, usually crustaceans. It is widespread across much of Australia. It has a predominantly white plumage with a bare, black head, long down curved bill and black legs. They are monogamous and highly territorial while nesting and feeding. Most nest in trees, often with spoonbills or herons. Due to its increasing presence in the urban environment and its habit of rummaging in garbage, the species has acquired a variety of colloquial names such as tip turkey; and bin chicken, and in recent years has become an icon of popular culture, being regarded with passion, wit, and, in equal measure, affection and disgust.
Eucalyptus is a genus of over seven hundred species of flowering trees, shrubs or mallees in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including Corymbia, they are commonly known as eucalypts. Plants in the genus Eucalyptus have bark that is either smooth, fibrous, hard or stringy, leaves with oil glands, and sepals and petals that are fused to form a cap or operculum over the stamens. The fruit is a woody capsule commonly referred to as a gumnut. Most species of Eucalyptus are native to Australia, and every state and territory has representative species. About three-quarters of Australian forests are eucalypt forests. Wildfire is a feature of the Australian landscape and many eucalypt species are adapted to fire, and resprout after fire or have seeds which survive fire. A few species are native to islands north of Australia and a smaller number are only found outside the continent. Eucalypts have been grown in plantations in many other countries because they are fast growing and have valuable timber, or can be used for pulpwood, for honey production or essential oils. In some countries, however, they have been removed because they are highly flammable. 46136
I watch him plant some seedlings .
I love how he was precise and gentle while planting.
Japanese Friendship Garden
A bush cricket or katydid os some kind... Precise species ID help appreciated! :) Spotted at Parc naturel Jacques-Bonnette.
Panasonic G9 with Olympus 60mm F/2.8 macro and diffused Nikon SB-20 flash.
No AI was used in the creation or post-processing of this photo - nor for any of my other photos posted here on Flickr.
IMPORTANT:
If you would like to use this photo in a way that is appropriate under its Creative Commons license, you are welcome to do so, but please make sure to credit me by my real name and Flickr handle, and please also include a link to the Flickr page of the photo, as well as a link to the relevant Creative Commons license text. I have put examples of proper attribution on my profile page. Optionally, you may also send me a little note about your use... :)
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P1071758_CrEtc1
hydroelectric, to be precise
not on a van, but down by the river
Posted by Second Life Resident Torley Linden. Visit Oritz.
Ah! Yes! Those hardworking, precise 'guest-worker' gardeners of the KLCC Park are very thorough in maintaining the smooth grass lawns of the park. But here and there on their edges little 'weeds' escape sharp knives!
Much to the desires of a host of insects - and Olymp, too - from relatively large to small. And they delight on tiny flowering weeds such as exquisite Aneilema nudiflorum, Small-leaved Dew Flower.
Here's a Wee Bee, a Meliponini - I think - of some sort, perhaps 3-4 mm, collecting from Doveblue.
Ahi weaves precise slashes and pyroclastic strikes to form his unique eruptive fighting style, leaving only ash and obsidian in his wake.
Made some changes to Ahi. The shins have been replaced to be more sleek, and some of the torso colors have been changed to be less messy. Also, the sword blade is the correct color. The leg articulation is a lot better in this version, so he can actually pull off some neat poses.
Everything one invents is true, you may be perfectly sure of that. Poetry is as precise as geometry.
[Gustave Flaubert]
Idiom: "to throw something into sharp relief"
Fig. [for something] to make something plainly evident or clearly visible
(Taken from The Free Dictionary)
.
Photo from the Andreas Müller collection, slide kindly provided for scanning by Michael Bernhard.
München-Riem
October 1972
CS-TBB "Santa Maria"
Boeing 707-382B
18962 / 501
Transportes Aéreos Portugueses (TAP)
CS-TBB is taxiing to Riem’s runway 25 for take-off. This airframe was noted here on 12 September 1972 (possibly the precise date for this shot), 27 February 1977 and 11 October 1978.
Information from airhistory.net - thanks to Kerry Taylor:
Delivered new to TAP on 08 Jun 1966 as CS-TBB. Leased to Eagle Air as TF-VLV on 14 Aug 1984. Returned to TAP as CS-TBB on 24 Oct 1985. Transferred to Air Atlantis on 26 Mar 1986. To the US as N46RT in Feb 1987 and WFU at Waco. Leased to the US Navy as 165343 in Mar 1995. It was designated as a TC-18F and was used as a trainer for the E-6 fleet. To storage at Oklahoma City in Dec 1999. Noted derelict in May 2001 and later scrapped.
Registration details for this airframe:
rzjets.net/aircraft/?reg=337263
CS-TBB with TAP at LHR in August 1978 (slightly revised colours):
imgproc.airliners.net/photos/airliners/4/7/1/2536174.jpg
CS-TBB with TAP Air Portugal at LGW in October 1980 (later colours):
www.flickr.com/photos/53277566@N06/7415810438
This airframe as TF-VLV with Eagle Air at AMS in October 1985 (basic TAP colours):
www.flickr.com/photos/brunogeiger/21243046024
CS-TBB with Air Atlantis at DUB in June 1986:
www.flickr.com/photos/24101413@N03/16190186809
Scan from Kodachrome slide.