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Massif de l'Authion
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Massif de l'Authion
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Géographie
Altitude
2 080 m, Pointe des Trois Communes
Massif
Préalpes de Nice (Alpes)
Administration
Pays
Drapeau de la France France
Région
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Département
Alpes-Maritimes
Géologie
Roches
Roches sédimentaires
modifier Consultez la documentation du modèle
Le massif de l’Authion est un ensemble de sommets rapprochés des Alpes du Sud, associé aux Préalpes de Nice, situé dans le département des Alpes-Maritimes non loin du col de Tende (frontière franco-italienne).
Il domine les proches vallées du Caïros et de la Bévéra et est situé en bordure du parc national du Mercantour, au nord-est du col de Turini.
Ce massif, qui culmine à 2 080 m à la Pointe des Trois Communes, était considéré comme une position stratégique par son aspect de forteresse naturelle, car contrôlant les vallées de la Vésubie et de la Roya, cette dernière étant empruntée par la route reliant Nice au Piémont (vers Turin).
Histoire[modifier | modifier le code]
Fort de La Forca (2 078 m), massif de l’Authion
Le massif de l’Authion occupe une position stratégique, et a joué un rôle important dans la défense du comté de Nice, entre la Savoie et la France, soit du point de vue des Piémontais, soit de celui des Français.
Les armées de ces deux pays s’y affrontent lors de la guerre de Succession d'Autriche (1744 -1748), puis en juin 1793.
Il fut le lieu de combats des guerres de la Révolution, en 1793 et 1794 ; les armées françaises de Masséna tentèrent de le conquérir pour envahir le Piémont au cours de la guerre contre les Austro-Sardes. Après un échec sanglant, une opération de contournement menée par les Français obligea les Austro-Sardes à évacuer leurs positions défensives pour éviter l'encerclement.
La redoute des Trois communes (2 080 m)
À la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, en avril 1945, le massif est défendu par la 34e DI et des troupes de montagne allemandes retranchées dans un réseau de fortifications sur une série de buttes : le fort de la Forca (2 078 m), la redoute des Trois communes (2 082 m), le fort du Plan Caval (1 932 m) et le fort de Mille Fourches (2 042 m).
Le 10 avril 1945, les unités françaises de la 1re division française libre (DFL), en particulier le bataillon d'infanterie de marine du Pacifique (BIMP) et les éléments mécanisés du 1er régiment de fusiliers marins, soutenus par l’artillerie et l’aviation, lancent l'assaut sur les positions allemandes par le sud. Après des combats difficiles, le fort de Mille Fourches tombe le 11 avril 1945, suivi du fort de la Forca et du fort du Plan Caval. Le 12 avril, enfin, le fort de la Redoute des Trois Communes est pris d'assaut par un char soutenu par cinq soldats volontaires. Au terme d'une ascension périlleuse, le caporal Césaire Le Mercier, un breton appartenant au 1er BIMP, pénètre seul dans l'ouvrage et en ressort avec 38 prisonniers. L’ensemble du front allemand s’effondre le 24 avril 1945.
Plusieurs centaines de soldats des deux camps (273 tués, 644 blessés) ont laissé leur vie dans cette bataille, l’une des dernières sur le territoire français, qui ouvre le chemin des crêtes italiennes et permet aux troupes françaises de poursuivre vers le Piémont conformément aux ordres du général de Gaulle, désireux d'occuper des territoires en vue d’obtenir des modifications frontalières (Tende et La Brigue, communes du comté de Nice conservées par l'Italie en 1860 comme « territoires de chasse personnelle du Roi ») lors des futures négociations de paix. Cette attitude française conduit à des tensions et des accrochages avec les alliés américains, désireux d'empêcher le dépeçage des territoires italiens par des vainqueurs revanchards.
The city down there is Ga-Pa.
Gloomy skies today, but not cold, only some wind at the summit.
Our biggest achievement so far: 1000 m ascent, and then down again. Over 12 km. We climbed the Wank!
La chaîne des Aravis est une chaîne de montagnes située dans les Préalpes à cheval entre la Haute-Savoie et la Savoie. Son plus haut sommet est la pointe Percée que se partagent les communes du Grand-Bornand, de Sallanches et du Reposoir. Classé « site Natura 2000 » depuis 2006, la chaîne des Aravis fait partie des chaînes subalpines, dans le massif des Bornes-Aravis.
Comune di Laghi (Vicenza)
Prealpi Vicentine, Veneto Italy
Gennaio 1999 - Canon AE1 (Analogic)
Pol Sberzè Jewels * Made in Italy
Mostra fotografica a cura dell' Associazione Fotografi Naturalisti Italiani, Sezione Friuli Venezia Giulia (AFNI FVG) presso il Centro Visite del Parco Naturale delle Prealpi Giulie in Piazza del Tiglio 3, a Prato di Resia (Udine).
L' inaugurazione sarà sabato 29 aprile alle ore 18:00 e
sarà visitabile TUTTI I GIORNI fino al 17 maggio 2017 con orario dalle 9:00 alle 13:00 e dalle 14:00 alle 17:00.
VI ASPETTIAMO!!
GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION:
Lessinia is formed by a degrading plateau towards the Po plain, of trapezial shape, furrowed by five valleys: Valpolicella, Valpantena, Val Squaranto, Val d' Illasi and Val d' Alpone. Part of the Veneto PreAlps, between the rivers Adige (west side) and Chiampo (east side), between Val di Ronchi and the group of Varega Mountains to the nort, and the Po plain to the south. Lessinia is divided between the provinces of Verona (which includes the vastest part of it), Vicenza and Trento.
SETTLEMENTS IN LESSINIA:
The first setttlement in the Lessinian area can be considered the preistorical castellar, formed by dry walls and semicircular terracings. The real ancient houses, sometimes constructed on plain rock, are dated back approximately to the XIII century, but only in the successive century these houses have been organized in courts, (territorial divisions in which the houses enclose and protect a space in which to preserve the usual everyday activities). The court, locatable overall in western and central Lessinia, at middle-low heights, normally presents a "colombara" (a watchtower with small windows), an access arc, external walls and a paved threshing floor. The facades of the houses are directed to the south to take advantage from the solar energy. During the XVII-XVIII century the accesses to the court have been ulteriorly fortified with openings (rifleman) in the walls of the houses towards the entrance arc. Unfortunately today a deep devastation of the landscape with the building of small houses and villas that have replaced the terrazzati fields has ruined the area. New roads have replaced the old ones, made by dry stone bulwarks, and disposed as a fish thorn. One of the must popular construction material, that has given a particular touch to the lessinian landscape, is the "lastrame", commonly known as "Lessinia Stone" as in this zone there are many stone quarries, dating back to the Advanced Cretaceous Period, excavated in galleries in the past, and openair nowdays.
THE LESSINIA STONE MINING:
Since the Iron Age Lessinia Stone has been used in the construction of the castellars on the lessinian ridges: the external walls of the village, the pavements and the roofs of the huts, were all built with slabs of stone. This way of building continues nowdays in the civil buildings of high Lessinia, think, for example, of the fantastc complex of Gorgusello in Val di Fumane, of the settlements of Prun and Fane (Romanesque age), of XIII century's complex around the church of S. Paolo di Pun, and of Cerna, Vaggimal and Giare centres. The first mention of a stone quarry dates back to 1024 and it refers to the territory of Capavo, near Torbe:Armenardino and Zugno de Capavo are quarreling "de quadam predaraet terra ET nemus". In the early 1300, with the increase of commerce, the Lessinia stone's market developes. During the years 1360/70 some tenents in Torbe take to the monastery of S. Zeno "palustra scalinorum and pedes scalinorum" - finished material used "ad canipam revolti monasterii" and moreover a" seclarium lapidis... de quo makes you scalini I placed to you to revoltum manasterii "In the 1400's and the 1500's, with the spread of the rinascimental art and the diffusion of a crescent sensibility for the elegance of the signorile dwelling, the exploitation and the commerce of the local stone material bagin a greater development. Some stonedressers accumulate high capitals, that soon they invest in land and caves near Torbe: in 1589 Torbe is controlled by "messer Peter Burlani lapicida" that possesses a huge house right in the centre of the village "in summitate Zovecli", next to Negrar; another messere, "messer Antonio lapicida" , is known at the same time as land-owner in another village, near Mazzano.
Schweiz / Tessin - Lugano
Lugano (/luːˈɡɑːnoʊ/, UK also /lʊˈɡænoʊ/, Italian: [luˈɡaːno]; Lombard: Lügán [lyˈɡaŋ]) is a city and municipality within the Lugano District in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is the largest city in both Ticino and the Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland. Lugano has a population (as of December 2020) of 62,315, and an urban agglomeration of over 150,000. It is the ninth largest Swiss city.
The city lies on Lake Lugano, at its largest width, and, together with the adjacent town of Paradiso, occupies the entire bay of Lugano. The territory of the municipality encompasses a much larger region on both sides of the lake, with numerous isolated villages. The region of Lugano is surrounded by the Lugano Prealps, the latter extending on most of the Sottoceneri region, the southernmost part of Ticino and Switzerland. Both western and eastern parts of the municipality share an international border with Italy.
Described as a market town since 984, Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan until it became part of the Old Swiss Confederation in 1513. In 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created, following the establishment of the canton. Since 1882, Lugano has been an important stop on the international Gotthard Railway. The rail brought a decisive contribution to the development of tourism and more generally of the tertiary sector which are, to this day, predominant in the economy of the city.
In 1956, Lugano hosted the first-ever Eurovision Song Contest.
Name and coat of arms
The toponym is first recorded in 804, in the form Luanasco, in 874 as Luano, and from 1189 as Lugano. German-language variants of the name (now no longer in use) were Lowens, Lauis, Lauwis, Louwerz. The local Lombard form of the name is rendered Lugan. The etymology of the name is uncertain, suggestions include derivation from Latin lucus ("grove"),[ from a vulgar Latin lakvannus ("lake-dweller")[14] and from the god Lugus.
History
Pre-history
The shores of Lake Lugano have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Within the modern city limits (Breganzona, Castagnola, Davesco and Gandria) several ground stones or quern-stones have been found. In the area surrounding Lugano, items from the Copper Age and the Iron Age have been found. There are Etruscan monuments at Davesco-Soragno (5th to 2nd century BC), Pregassona (3rd to 2nd century BC), and Viganello (3rd to 2nd century BC). Graves with jewellery and household items have been found in Aldesago, Davesco, Pazzallo and Pregassona along with Celtic money in Viganello.
The region around Lake Lugano was settled by the Romans by the 1st century BC. There was an important Roman town north of Lugano at Bioggio. There are fewer traces of the Romans in Lugano, but several inscriptions, graves and coins indicate that some Romans lived in what would become Lugano.
Foundation of Lugano
The first written mention of a settlement at Lugano can be found in documents, which are of disputed authenticity, with which the Longobard king Liutprand ceded various assets located in Lugano to the Church of Saint Carpophorus in Como in 724. Other documents, dating from 804 and 844 refer to Lake Lugano as Laco Luanasco, and an act of 984 indicates Lugano as a market town.
During the fighting between Guelphs and Ghibellines and the new disputes between Como and Milan, during the 14th and 15th centuries, Lugano was the scene of clashes between opposing forces. After a long rule by the Rusca family, Lugano was freed from the domination of Como, which had been taken over in 1335 from the Visconti. At the same time, the link between the town and the valley strengthened. By 1405–06 documents attest to a vallis comunitas Lugani et, a governing body that was independent of Como. The new community included the parishes of Lugano, Agno, Riva San Vitale and Capriasca. In 1416 the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, conquered the region of Lugano and the Rusca valley and made it a fief. A year later, Lugano's freedoms were first documented in a series of statutes modelled on those of Como. The town was able to secure complete independence.
Lugano during the Renaissance
Between 1433 and 1438 the Duke of Milan sat as a feudal lord over Lugano. He compensated the Rusca family with the ownership of Locarno. Under the reign of his heirs in the following decades rebellions and riots broke out, which lasted until the French invasion of 1499.
Lugano as a dependency of the Old Swiss Confederacy
Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan, in particular by the powerful dynasties of the Visconti (rulers of Milan) and the Rusca (rulers of Como), until it became a Swiss dominion in 1513.
An important name in this period was that of the von Beroldingen, a noble family from Uri, whose members between 1576 and 1798 served as chancellors of the Vogt residing in Lugano. A key member of this family was Karl Konrad von Beroldingen (1624-1706), who served as Lugano's chancellor and general captain, serving also Spain, and receiving the title of Baron from Leopold I in 1691. He commissioned the construction of Palazzo Beroldingen, on the site of the current Parco Ciani [it], and Villa Favorita, in Castagnola.
Lugano during the Enlightenment
In 1746, the Agnelli brothers opened the first printing press and bookshop in Lugano. They began publishing the newspaper Nuove di diverse corti e paesi in 1748 and changed its name to Gazzetta di Lugano in 1797. The newspaper was widely read in north and central Italy. It supported the cause of the later Jansenists against the Jesuits and therefore was banned in 1768 in the territory of the Papal States. It was open to the themes of enlightened reform and the American Revolutionary War. It was the first newspaper in the Italian language to publish an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence of 1776. After the death of Abbot Gian Battista Agnelli in 1788, who had been the editor for more than 40 years, Abbot Giuseppe Lodovico Maria Vanelli took over the paper. Under Abbot Vanelli, it supported the revolutionary ideas from France, which drew protests from the Austrian government in Lombardy. The publication of the magazine ceased abruptly after edition number 17 of 29 April 1799, following the anti-French riots in Lugano during which the Agnelli printing house was sacked and Abbot Vanelli was shot.
Swiss control lasted until 1798 when Napoleon conquered the Old Swiss Confederation and created the Helvetic Republic, within which Lugano became the capital of the Canton of Lugano.
Canton of Lugano
The canton of Lugano unified the former Landvogteien of Lugano, Mendrisio, Locarno and Valmaggia. However, as with the other cantons of the Helvetic Republic, the autonomy of Lugano was very limited, the republic having been founded by Napoleon in order further to centralise power in Switzerland. The canton was led by a Directory of five members, who appointed a "national préfet".
The canton was deeply divided between "patriots" supporting the Cisalpine Republic, and traditionalist "aristocrats". By 1799 riots broke out in Lugano, and the second préfet, Francesco Capra, fled the town. Power passed to a provisional government sympathetic to the Habsburgs. However, French occupation was restored in 1800. Discontent continued and in early 1802 a revolt in Capriasca led to the autumn pronunciamento of Pian Povrò, which declared the independence of Lugano from the Helvetic client republic.
With the Act of Mediation, the following year, political agitation was finally quelled, as were the struggles between unionists and federalists. The canton of Lugano merged with Bellinzona creating the canton of Ticino, which endures to the present day.
Lugano in the early 19th century
After 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created. One of the primary tasks of the new city government was to determine the division of property and authority between the patriziato and the new political municipality. Two agreements between the two organizations, in 1804 and 1810, began this process. In the second half of the 19th century, the political municipality received various properties and rights from the patriziato. Francesco Capra, the préfet during the Helvetic Republic, became the first mayor of Lugano from 1803 until 1813. The cantonal constitution of 1814, set Lugano, Bellinzona and Locarno as capitals of the Canton. They each served as the capital in a six-year rotation. Lugano was the capital in 1827–33, 1845–51 and 1863–69.
In the 19th century, the city government was dominated by the Liberal Party. In 1900, slightly more than half of the seats on the city council (at the time 50 total members, but 60 members since 2004) were held by Liberals. Most of the rest of the seats were held by either Conservatives or Socialists.
The city government initially had eleven members, but in 1908 their number was reduced to five and in 2004 increased to seven. Throughout most of the 20th century, the Liberals held the absolute majority here as well. The rest of the municipal executive posts were held by the Conservatives, the Socialists (1944–48, 1976–80 and since 2000) and the Ticino League (since 1992).
Around 1830 new civic and government buildings began to emerge in Lugano. The town also began to expand into the surrounding hills, along the Cassarate, and toward Molino Nuovo, Paradiso and Castagnola. In 1843–44 the city hall was built on the site of the Bishop's Palace (built in 1346). It housed the cantonal government in 1845–51 and again in 1863–69. Since 1890, it has housed the city government. The promenade was built in stages: the first part was in the 1870s, the second in the first decade of the 20th century. In the first decades of the 19th century, the roads that connect Lugano with Bellinzona (1808–12), Ponte Tresa (1808–20) and Chiasso (1810–16) were built. In 1848 the first steamboat on Lake Lugano began to operate, with regular, scheduled service since 1856.
Modernization of the city
The construction of the Melide causeway between Melide and Bissone in 1844–47 favoured the development of the Chiasso-Bellinzona-Lugano-Gotthard line at the expense of the north–south route along Lake Maggiore. This tendency for development was strengthened further in 1882 with the completion of the Gotthard railway line. The railway station was built in 1874–77 in Lugano, and transformed it into one of the main links between northern Italy and central and northern Europe, which led to the development of tourism and in general, helped the services sector.
From the mid-19th century to 1970 the city recorded consistent population growth, especially between 1880 and 1910, when the population more than doubled. This increase was partly due to foreign nationals settling in Lugano (in 1870 18.7% of the population, 1910 43.6%) and people from other language areas of Switzerland (1870 1.4% of the population, 1910 6.9%). In the last three decades of the 20th century, the population fell slightly, despite the merger in 1972, of the municipalities of Castagnola and Brè-Aldesago. This reflected a trend to move away from the centre to the suburban communities.
However, in 2004 the municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the municipality and followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese in 2008. This, among other factors, resulted in a doubling of the population to 52,059 in 2006, of which over a third were foreigners. In 2013 the municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Val Colla were incorporated into the municipality.
Postwar Lugano
Following the Second World War, and particularly during the 1960s and 70s, thanks to an abundant flow of capital from nearby Italy, Lugano experienced a period of exponential growth in banking activities which led to it placing itself as the third financial centre of Switzerland, with over 100 banking institutions present in the city. Trade, tourism and finance are the mainstays of the local economy. In 2000, nine-tenths of the workers were employed in the services sector, of which three-quarters were commuters, including many cross-border commuters (13% of the working population).
Lugano was the host city of the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest, the first-ever edition of the contest. In 1975, the Congress Center was built followed in 1978 by the new City Hospital. In 1963 the city acquired the land for the airfield Lugano-Agno, and the first scheduled flights was in 1980. At the beginning of the 21st century they began the Grande Lugano projects, including: the car tunnel Vedeggio-Cassarate, which started in 2005 and connects the A2 motorway with the neighbourhood of Cornaredo, the creation of a new Kulturpol on the site of the former Grand Hôtel Palace and a convention and exhibition centre in the area of Campo Marzio.
Tourism
Lugano is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Switzerland. The city is home to a number of historic buildings and museums, whilst the surrounding area has many natural sights.
Both Lake Lugano and the surrounding mountains provide a wide variety of outdoor activities. The area surrounding Lugano is home to over 300 kilometres (190 mi) of mountain biking trails, the largest net of trails in Switzerland.
Heritage sites of national significance
17 sites in Lugano are part of the Swiss heritage site of national significance. The city of Lugano, the districts of Barbengo, Brè, Gandria and Biogno, and the sites of Cantine di Gandria and Castagnola are all part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
The heritage sites of national significance include two libraries, the Biblioteca Cantonale and the Biblioteca Salita dei Frati as well as the Swiss National Recording Archives (Fonoteca nazionale svizzera). There were three churches; Cathedral of San Lorenzo, Church of Santa Maria degli Angioli and the Church of San Rocco.
There were four museums; the Museo Cantonale d'Arte [de], Museum of Modern Art, Lugano, the Museo cantonale di storia naturale di Lugano and the Villa Ciani complex with the 'Museo civico. In 2015, the two art museums in the city merged to form MASI Lugano. The cemetery complex at via Trevano is also one of the sites, as is the Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana (RTSI) Italian-language broadcast facility. The rest of the sites are houses throughout the town. They include the Palazzo civico at piazza della Riforma, the Palazzo e cinema Corso at via Pioda, the Palazzo Riva at via Francesco Soave, the Palazzo Riva at via Massimiliano Magatti, the Palazzo Riva at via Pretorio 7 and Villa Favorita in Castagnola.
Natural sights
A very popular destination in Lugano is Lake Lugano. The lake is 48.7 square kilometres (18.8 sq mi) in size, 63% of which is in Switzerland and 37% in Italy. It has an average width of roughly 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) and is nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) at its widest. The maximum depth of the lake is 279 meters (915 ft). The water is generally warm with average water temperatures in the summer ranging from 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) to 24.0 °C (75.2 °F).
Several companies provide tourist boat services on the lake. A popular excursion is by boat to the picturesque lakeside village of Gandria. Additionally, there are numerous shipyards, water taxis and boat rental sites along the lake, as well as hotels and restaurants that offer moorings. Bathing in the lake is allowed at any of the 50 or so bathing establishments located along the Swiss shores.
In addition to the lake, Lugano is surrounded by mountains, which provide a number of opportunities for sports or sightseeing. Two mountains, both providing excellent views over the city and lake, bracket each end of the town's waterfront. Monte Brè (933 metres (3,061 ft)), to the north, is reputedly Switzerland's sunniest spot and is also home to the old village of Brè. Monte San Salvatore (912 metres (2,992 ft)), to the south, has an old church and museum atop its summit. Both mountains are accessible by funicular railways, which are themselves easily accessible by frequent city bus or by car.
Slightly further afield is Monte Generoso (1,704 metres (5,591 ft)), with a view that encompasses the lakes of Lugano, Como and Maggiore, as well as the Alps from the Matterhorn to the Bernina Range, the Lombardy Plains, and, on a clear day, the city of Milan. The summit can be reached by taking either an SNL boat, or a railway train, to Capolago, and changing there onto a rack railway train of the Monte Generoso Railway.
(Wikipedia)
Lugano (lombardisch Lügàn [lyˈgaŋ, lyˈgeɲ], deutsch veraltet Lauis, rätoromanisch Ligiaun ist eine Stadt und politische Gemeinde im Bezirk Lugano des Schweizer Kantons Tessin. Sie liegt im Sottoceneri und ist die grösste politische Gemeinde des Kantons. Sie ist in die Kreise Lugano West, Lugano Ost und seit 2013 auch Lugano Nord gegliedert.
Die Stadt ist nach Zürich und Genf der drittgrösste Finanzplatz der Schweiz. Seit den Eingemeindungen von Pregassona (2004), dann Barbengo, Carabbia und Villa Luganese im Jahr 2008 und von Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico und Val Colla im Jahr 2013 ist Lugano flächenmässig die siebtgrösste Schweizer Stadt, belegt den neunten Platz hinsichtlich der Einwohnerzahl und den zehnten Platz bezüglich der vorhandenen Arbeitsplätze. In der Agglomeration der Stadt leben rund 150'000 Menschen.
Die Buchstaben LVGA im Wappen stehen für die Anfangsbuchstaben des Ortsnamens. Die Stadt ist die grösste italienischsprachige politische Gemeinde ausserhalb Italiens.
Lage
Der Ort liegt im Süden des Bezirks Lugano und des Kantons an der Mündung des Flusses Cassarate in den Luganersee. Lugano zieht als Universitäts-, Kongress- und Kulturstadt (vor allem zwischen Frühjahr und Herbst) zahlreiche Besucher aus Italien und von jenseits der Alpen an.
In der vom Schweizer Bundesamt für Statistik definierten statistischen Raumkategorie wurde Lugano der Metropolregion Tessin zugerechnet, die neu zum multipolaren Agglomerationssystem herabgestuft wurde. Dieses umfasst mehrere Agglomerationen des Tessins und der Lombardei mit insgesamt über 500'000 Einwohnern. Es ist mit Como-Chiasso-Mendrisio Nachbaragglomeration der Metropolregion Mailand (Grande Milano) mit rund 7,5 Millionen Einwohnern. Das Zentrum Mailands ist mit dem Auto und der Bahn in zirka einer Stunde erreichbar.
Geographie
Lugano liegt am Luganersee (italienisch Lago di Lugano, in Italien Lago Ceresio) und ist umgeben von den drei Aussichtsbergen Monte Brè (925 m) im Osten, Monte San Salvatore (912 m) im Westen und dem Sighignola (1314 m) (am gegenüberliegenden Seeufer), dessen Gipfel Balcone d’Italia bereits auf italienischem Boden liegt.
Die Nachbargemeinden sind Arogno, Melide, Morcote, Vico Morcote, Grancia, Collina d’Oro, Sorengo, Muzzano, Bioggio, Massagno, Savosa, Porza, Vezia, Canobbio, Capriasca und Ponte Capriasca sowie auf italienischem Territorium Valsolda, Campione d’Italia, Alta Valle Intelvi und Brusimpiano.
Geschichte
Allgemeine Geschichte
Aufgrund einiger Bodenfunde und im Raum Lugano aufgefundener Grabinschriften ist anzunehmen, dass das Gebiet um Lugano von Lepontiern besiedelt war. Die Anwesenheit der Römer rund um den Luganersee ist ab dem 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. belegt; sie hatten nördlich des Sees in Bioggio zumindest ein wichtiges Zentrum.
804, 844 (Kopie um 1300), 854 (Kopie um 1300) und 875 wird Lugano erstmals urkundlich erwähnt; die Namensformen lauteten erst Luanasco, dann Luano. Die Bedeutung des Namens ist unsicher, womöglich geht er auf lateinisch lūcus «Hain, Wald» zurück.
Im Mittelalter war Lugano jahrhundertelang von Konflikten zwischen Como und Mailand betroffen, da diese oft auf Schlachtfeldern ausgetragen wurden, die auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Kantons Tessin liegen. In der zweiten Hälfte des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts gelangte die Stadt unter die Herrschaft der Mailänder Visconti. Später wurde sie von französischen Söldnern besetzt, die 1513 ihrerseits von den Eidgenossen vertrieben wurden; seither stand Lugano unter eidgenössischer Herrschaft.
Am Morgen des 15. Februar 1798 landeten die Truppen der Cisalpinischen Republik in Lugano, stiessen jedoch auf den Widerstand der Volontari del Borgo, einer Garde aus der Bevölkerung. Dieser gelang es, die cisalpinischen Truppen zurückzuschlagen, und die aufgeschlosseneren Teile des Luganeser Bürgertums nutzten die Ereignisse, um die Unabhängigkeit der Stadt unter dem Motto «frei und schweizerisch» zu erklären. Mit dem gleichzeitigen Einrücken französischer Revolutionstruppen in das Gebiet der Eidgenossenschaft nördlich der Alpen endete der Untertanenstatus des Tessins, und Lugano wurde für einige Jahre zum Hauptort des Kantons Lugano der Helvetischen Republik.
Seit 1803 gehört Lugano zum Kanton Tessin, dessen Hauptort bis 1878 alle sechs Jahre zwischen Bellinzona, Locarno und Lugano wechselte.
Entwicklung des Stadtgebiets
1972 wurden die früheren Gemeinden Brè-Aldesago und Castagnola in die Stadt Lugano eingegliedert.
2004 fusionierten acht weitere Gemeinden mit der Stadt Lugano: Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona und Viganello. Dadurch vergrösserte sich sowohl die Fläche als auch die Bevölkerung von Lugano erheblich.
Am 30. September 2007 stimmten die Stimmbürger von Barbengo, Carabbia und Villa Luganese sowie von Lugano der Eingemeindung dieser drei Gemeinden zu. Die Stimmberechtigten der Gemeinde Cadro hingegen lehnten die Fusion ab, weshalb Villa Luganese zu einer Exklave der Stadt Lugano wurde. Die Eingemeindung wurde am 20. April 2008 vollzogen.
Per 14. April 2013 wurden die Gemeinden Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico und Val Colla mit Lugano fusioniert, wodurch die Stadt rund 3400 zusätzliche Einwohner erhielt.
Aufgrund der durch See und Berge beengten Verhältnisse im Stadtgebiet spielt sich die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung heute hauptsächlich ausserhalb der Gemeindegrenzen in der Vedeggio-Talebene ab.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das Stadtbild ist im Inventar der schützenswerten Ortsbilder der Schweiz (ISOS) als schützenswertes Ortsbild der Schweiz von nationaler Bedeutung eingestuft.
Grünanlagen, Promenaden, Hausberge
Sehenswert ist der Parco civico mit seiner üppigen südlichen Vegetation und der Villa Ciani. Westlich des Parks schliesst sich die etappenweise zwischen 1864 und 1920 erstellte Seepromenade an, die bis nach Paradiso führt.
Weitere Attraktionen von Lugano sind die beiden Hausberge Monte San Salvatore und Monte Brè, von denen aus sich ein Panorama über die Stadt, den Luganersee und die Tessiner Berge bietet. Beide Berge sind sowohl per Bahn als auch zu Fuss erreichbar. Am Fusse des Monte Brè liegen das Dorf Gandria und die Villa Favorita.
Stadtzentrum
Die mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Altstadt von Lugano wurde auf der Grundlage des Richtplanes von 1902 zwischen 1910 und 1942 zum grössten Teil abgebrochen oder ausgekernt und durch ein neues Stadtzentrum ersetzt. Von der einstigen Baustruktur existieren deshalb heute nur noch einige Kirchen und vereinzelte Profanbauten. Neben diesen sind vor allem die Flaniermeile Via Nassa und die Piazza della Riforma einen Besuch wert.
(Wikipedia)
Prealpi Orobiche. Situato in alta Val Brembana (Bg) ai piedi del Monte Avaro, l'altopiano dei Piani dell'Avaro di altitudine poco oltre i 1700 m s.l.m. è un grande pianoro raggiungibile per comoda strada asfaltata dal comune di Cusio per il valico del Colle della Maddalena. I Pratoni dell'Avaro ospitano in estate numerosi pascoli bovini, mentre in inverno una pista di sci di fondo e degli impianti di risalita fanno la gioia di sci-alpinisti e di sciatori anche inesperti con piste da discesa facili e di breve percorrenza. Alcune strutture edilizie sono di conforto ai turisti con servizio bar e ristorante. I Piani dell'Avaro sono anche punto di partenza per ascensioni :
al Monte Ponteranica (2.378 m.) - EE
al Monte Valletto (2.371 m.), difficoltà - EE
al Monte Triomen (2.251 m.), difficoltà - EE
al Monte Avaro (2.088 m.), difficoltà - difficoltà F
al Rifugio Cesare Benigni,(2.220 m.), difficoltà F
ai laghetti di Ponteranica, (2.115 m.), difficoltà F
Schweiz / Tessin - Lugano
Lugano (/luːˈɡɑːnoʊ/, UK also /lʊˈɡænoʊ/, Italian: [luˈɡaːno]; Lombard: Lügán [lyˈɡaŋ]) is a city and municipality within the Lugano District in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is the largest city in both Ticino and the Italian-speaking region of southern Switzerland. Lugano has a population (as of December 2020) of 62,315, and an urban agglomeration of over 150,000. It is the ninth largest Swiss city.
The city lies on Lake Lugano, at its largest width, and, together with the adjacent town of Paradiso, occupies the entire bay of Lugano. The territory of the municipality encompasses a much larger region on both sides of the lake, with numerous isolated villages. The region of Lugano is surrounded by the Lugano Prealps, the latter extending on most of the Sottoceneri region, the southernmost part of Ticino and Switzerland. Both western and eastern parts of the municipality share an international border with Italy.
Described as a market town since 984, Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan until it became part of the Old Swiss Confederation in 1513. In 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created, following the establishment of the canton. Since 1882, Lugano has been an important stop on the international Gotthard Railway. The rail brought a decisive contribution to the development of tourism and more generally of the tertiary sector which are, to this day, predominant in the economy of the city.
In 1956, Lugano hosted the first-ever Eurovision Song Contest.
Name and coat of arms
The toponym is first recorded in 804, in the form Luanasco, in 874 as Luano, and from 1189 as Lugano. German-language variants of the name (now no longer in use) were Lowens, Lauis, Lauwis, Louwerz. The local Lombard form of the name is rendered Lugan. The etymology of the name is uncertain, suggestions include derivation from Latin lucus ("grove"),[ from a vulgar Latin lakvannus ("lake-dweller")[14] and from the god Lugus.
History
Pre-history
The shores of Lake Lugano have been inhabited since the Stone Age. Within the modern city limits (Breganzona, Castagnola, Davesco and Gandria) several ground stones or quern-stones have been found. In the area surrounding Lugano, items from the Copper Age and the Iron Age have been found. There are Etruscan monuments at Davesco-Soragno (5th to 2nd century BC), Pregassona (3rd to 2nd century BC), and Viganello (3rd to 2nd century BC). Graves with jewellery and household items have been found in Aldesago, Davesco, Pazzallo and Pregassona along with Celtic money in Viganello.
The region around Lake Lugano was settled by the Romans by the 1st century BC. There was an important Roman town north of Lugano at Bioggio. There are fewer traces of the Romans in Lugano, but several inscriptions, graves and coins indicate that some Romans lived in what would become Lugano.
Foundation of Lugano
The first written mention of a settlement at Lugano can be found in documents, which are of disputed authenticity, with which the Longobard king Liutprand ceded various assets located in Lugano to the Church of Saint Carpophorus in Como in 724. Other documents, dating from 804 and 844 refer to Lake Lugano as Laco Luanasco, and an act of 984 indicates Lugano as a market town.
During the fighting between Guelphs and Ghibellines and the new disputes between Como and Milan, during the 14th and 15th centuries, Lugano was the scene of clashes between opposing forces. After a long rule by the Rusca family, Lugano was freed from the domination of Como, which had been taken over in 1335 from the Visconti. At the same time, the link between the town and the valley strengthened. By 1405–06 documents attest to a vallis comunitas Lugani et, a governing body that was independent of Como. The new community included the parishes of Lugano, Agno, Riva San Vitale and Capriasca. In 1416 the Duke of Milan, Filippo Maria Visconti, conquered the region of Lugano and the Rusca valley and made it a fief. A year later, Lugano's freedoms were first documented in a series of statutes modelled on those of Como. The town was able to secure complete independence.
Lugano during the Renaissance
Between 1433 and 1438 the Duke of Milan sat as a feudal lord over Lugano. He compensated the Rusca family with the ownership of Locarno. Under the reign of his heirs in the following decades rebellions and riots broke out, which lasted until the French invasion of 1499.
Lugano as a dependency of the Old Swiss Confederacy
Lugano was the object of continuous disputes between the sovereigns of Como and Milan, in particular by the powerful dynasties of the Visconti (rulers of Milan) and the Rusca (rulers of Como), until it became a Swiss dominion in 1513.
An important name in this period was that of the von Beroldingen, a noble family from Uri, whose members between 1576 and 1798 served as chancellors of the Vogt residing in Lugano. A key member of this family was Karl Konrad von Beroldingen (1624-1706), who served as Lugano's chancellor and general captain, serving also Spain, and receiving the title of Baron from Leopold I in 1691. He commissioned the construction of Palazzo Beroldingen, on the site of the current Parco Ciani [it], and Villa Favorita, in Castagnola.
Lugano during the Enlightenment
In 1746, the Agnelli brothers opened the first printing press and bookshop in Lugano. They began publishing the newspaper Nuove di diverse corti e paesi in 1748 and changed its name to Gazzetta di Lugano in 1797. The newspaper was widely read in north and central Italy. It supported the cause of the later Jansenists against the Jesuits and therefore was banned in 1768 in the territory of the Papal States. It was open to the themes of enlightened reform and the American Revolutionary War. It was the first newspaper in the Italian language to publish an excerpt from the Declaration of Independence of 1776. After the death of Abbot Gian Battista Agnelli in 1788, who had been the editor for more than 40 years, Abbot Giuseppe Lodovico Maria Vanelli took over the paper. Under Abbot Vanelli, it supported the revolutionary ideas from France, which drew protests from the Austrian government in Lombardy. The publication of the magazine ceased abruptly after edition number 17 of 29 April 1799, following the anti-French riots in Lugano during which the Agnelli printing house was sacked and Abbot Vanelli was shot.
Swiss control lasted until 1798 when Napoleon conquered the Old Swiss Confederation and created the Helvetic Republic, within which Lugano became the capital of the Canton of Lugano.
Canton of Lugano
The canton of Lugano unified the former Landvogteien of Lugano, Mendrisio, Locarno and Valmaggia. However, as with the other cantons of the Helvetic Republic, the autonomy of Lugano was very limited, the republic having been founded by Napoleon in order further to centralise power in Switzerland. The canton was led by a Directory of five members, who appointed a "national préfet".
The canton was deeply divided between "patriots" supporting the Cisalpine Republic, and traditionalist "aristocrats". By 1799 riots broke out in Lugano, and the second préfet, Francesco Capra, fled the town. Power passed to a provisional government sympathetic to the Habsburgs. However, French occupation was restored in 1800. Discontent continued and in early 1802 a revolt in Capriasca led to the autumn pronunciamento of Pian Povrò, which declared the independence of Lugano from the Helvetic client republic.
With the Act of Mediation, the following year, political agitation was finally quelled, as were the struggles between unionists and federalists. The canton of Lugano merged with Bellinzona creating the canton of Ticino, which endures to the present day.
Lugano in the early 19th century
After 1803, the political municipality of Lugano was created. One of the primary tasks of the new city government was to determine the division of property and authority between the patriziato and the new political municipality. Two agreements between the two organizations, in 1804 and 1810, began this process. In the second half of the 19th century, the political municipality received various properties and rights from the patriziato. Francesco Capra, the préfet during the Helvetic Republic, became the first mayor of Lugano from 1803 until 1813. The cantonal constitution of 1814, set Lugano, Bellinzona and Locarno as capitals of the Canton. They each served as the capital in a six-year rotation. Lugano was the capital in 1827–33, 1845–51 and 1863–69.
In the 19th century, the city government was dominated by the Liberal Party. In 1900, slightly more than half of the seats on the city council (at the time 50 total members, but 60 members since 2004) were held by Liberals. Most of the rest of the seats were held by either Conservatives or Socialists.
The city government initially had eleven members, but in 1908 their number was reduced to five and in 2004 increased to seven. Throughout most of the 20th century, the Liberals held the absolute majority here as well. The rest of the municipal executive posts were held by the Conservatives, the Socialists (1944–48, 1976–80 and since 2000) and the Ticino League (since 1992).
Around 1830 new civic and government buildings began to emerge in Lugano. The town also began to expand into the surrounding hills, along the Cassarate, and toward Molino Nuovo, Paradiso and Castagnola. In 1843–44 the city hall was built on the site of the Bishop's Palace (built in 1346). It housed the cantonal government in 1845–51 and again in 1863–69. Since 1890, it has housed the city government. The promenade was built in stages: the first part was in the 1870s, the second in the first decade of the 20th century. In the first decades of the 19th century, the roads that connect Lugano with Bellinzona (1808–12), Ponte Tresa (1808–20) and Chiasso (1810–16) were built. In 1848 the first steamboat on Lake Lugano began to operate, with regular, scheduled service since 1856.
Modernization of the city
The construction of the Melide causeway between Melide and Bissone in 1844–47 favoured the development of the Chiasso-Bellinzona-Lugano-Gotthard line at the expense of the north–south route along Lake Maggiore. This tendency for development was strengthened further in 1882 with the completion of the Gotthard railway line. The railway station was built in 1874–77 in Lugano, and transformed it into one of the main links between northern Italy and central and northern Europe, which led to the development of tourism and in general, helped the services sector.
From the mid-19th century to 1970 the city recorded consistent population growth, especially between 1880 and 1910, when the population more than doubled. This increase was partly due to foreign nationals settling in Lugano (in 1870 18.7% of the population, 1910 43.6%) and people from other language areas of Switzerland (1870 1.4% of the population, 1910 6.9%). In the last three decades of the 20th century, the population fell slightly, despite the merger in 1972, of the municipalities of Castagnola and Brè-Aldesago. This reflected a trend to move away from the centre to the suburban communities.
However, in 2004 the municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello were incorporated into the municipality and followed by Barbengo, Carabbia and Villa Luganese in 2008. This, among other factors, resulted in a doubling of the population to 52,059 in 2006, of which over a third were foreigners. In 2013 the municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Val Colla were incorporated into the municipality.
Postwar Lugano
Following the Second World War, and particularly during the 1960s and 70s, thanks to an abundant flow of capital from nearby Italy, Lugano experienced a period of exponential growth in banking activities which led to it placing itself as the third financial centre of Switzerland, with over 100 banking institutions present in the city. Trade, tourism and finance are the mainstays of the local economy. In 2000, nine-tenths of the workers were employed in the services sector, of which three-quarters were commuters, including many cross-border commuters (13% of the working population).
Lugano was the host city of the 1956 Eurovision Song Contest, the first-ever edition of the contest. In 1975, the Congress Center was built followed in 1978 by the new City Hospital. In 1963 the city acquired the land for the airfield Lugano-Agno, and the first scheduled flights was in 1980. At the beginning of the 21st century they began the Grande Lugano projects, including: the car tunnel Vedeggio-Cassarate, which started in 2005 and connects the A2 motorway with the neighbourhood of Cornaredo, the creation of a new Kulturpol on the site of the former Grand Hôtel Palace and a convention and exhibition centre in the area of Campo Marzio.
Tourism
Lugano is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Switzerland. The city is home to a number of historic buildings and museums, whilst the surrounding area has many natural sights.
Both Lake Lugano and the surrounding mountains provide a wide variety of outdoor activities. The area surrounding Lugano is home to over 300 kilometres (190 mi) of mountain biking trails, the largest net of trails in Switzerland.
Heritage sites of national significance
17 sites in Lugano are part of the Swiss heritage site of national significance. The city of Lugano, the districts of Barbengo, Brè, Gandria and Biogno, and the sites of Cantine di Gandria and Castagnola are all part of the Inventory of Swiss Heritage Sites.
The heritage sites of national significance include two libraries, the Biblioteca Cantonale and the Biblioteca Salita dei Frati as well as the Swiss National Recording Archives (Fonoteca nazionale svizzera). There were three churches; Cathedral of San Lorenzo, Church of Santa Maria degli Angioli and the Church of San Rocco.
There were four museums; the Museo Cantonale d'Arte [de], Museum of Modern Art, Lugano, the Museo cantonale di storia naturale di Lugano and the Villa Ciani complex with the 'Museo civico. In 2015, the two art museums in the city merged to form MASI Lugano. The cemetery complex at via Trevano is also one of the sites, as is the Radiotelevisione svizzera di lingua italiana (RTSI) Italian-language broadcast facility. The rest of the sites are houses throughout the town. They include the Palazzo civico at piazza della Riforma, the Palazzo e cinema Corso at via Pioda, the Palazzo Riva at via Francesco Soave, the Palazzo Riva at via Massimiliano Magatti, the Palazzo Riva at via Pretorio 7 and Villa Favorita in Castagnola.
Natural sights
A very popular destination in Lugano is Lake Lugano. The lake is 48.7 square kilometres (18.8 sq mi) in size, 63% of which is in Switzerland and 37% in Italy. It has an average width of roughly 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) and is nearly 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) at its widest. The maximum depth of the lake is 279 meters (915 ft). The water is generally warm with average water temperatures in the summer ranging from 19.5 °C (67.1 °F) to 24.0 °C (75.2 °F).
Several companies provide tourist boat services on the lake. A popular excursion is by boat to the picturesque lakeside village of Gandria. Additionally, there are numerous shipyards, water taxis and boat rental sites along the lake, as well as hotels and restaurants that offer moorings. Bathing in the lake is allowed at any of the 50 or so bathing establishments located along the Swiss shores.
In addition to the lake, Lugano is surrounded by mountains, which provide a number of opportunities for sports or sightseeing. Two mountains, both providing excellent views over the city and lake, bracket each end of the town's waterfront. Monte Brè (933 metres (3,061 ft)), to the north, is reputedly Switzerland's sunniest spot and is also home to the old village of Brè. Monte San Salvatore (912 metres (2,992 ft)), to the south, has an old church and museum atop its summit. Both mountains are accessible by funicular railways, which are themselves easily accessible by frequent city bus or by car.
Slightly further afield is Monte Generoso (1,704 metres (5,591 ft)), with a view that encompasses the lakes of Lugano, Como and Maggiore, as well as the Alps from the Matterhorn to the Bernina Range, the Lombardy Plains, and, on a clear day, the city of Milan. The summit can be reached by taking either an SNL boat, or a railway train, to Capolago, and changing there onto a rack railway train of the Monte Generoso Railway.
(Wikipedia)
Lugano (lombardisch Lügàn [lyˈgaŋ, lyˈgeɲ], deutsch veraltet Lauis, rätoromanisch Ligiaun ist eine Stadt und politische Gemeinde im Bezirk Lugano des Schweizer Kantons Tessin. Sie liegt im Sottoceneri und ist die grösste politische Gemeinde des Kantons. Sie ist in die Kreise Lugano West, Lugano Ost und seit 2013 auch Lugano Nord gegliedert.
Die Stadt ist nach Zürich und Genf der drittgrösste Finanzplatz der Schweiz. Seit den Eingemeindungen von Pregassona (2004), dann Barbengo, Carabbia und Villa Luganese im Jahr 2008 und von Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico und Val Colla im Jahr 2013 ist Lugano flächenmässig die siebtgrösste Schweizer Stadt, belegt den neunten Platz hinsichtlich der Einwohnerzahl und den zehnten Platz bezüglich der vorhandenen Arbeitsplätze. In der Agglomeration der Stadt leben rund 150'000 Menschen.
Die Buchstaben LVGA im Wappen stehen für die Anfangsbuchstaben des Ortsnamens. Die Stadt ist die grösste italienischsprachige politische Gemeinde ausserhalb Italiens.
Lage
Der Ort liegt im Süden des Bezirks Lugano und des Kantons an der Mündung des Flusses Cassarate in den Luganersee. Lugano zieht als Universitäts-, Kongress- und Kulturstadt (vor allem zwischen Frühjahr und Herbst) zahlreiche Besucher aus Italien und von jenseits der Alpen an.
In der vom Schweizer Bundesamt für Statistik definierten statistischen Raumkategorie wurde Lugano der Metropolregion Tessin zugerechnet, die neu zum multipolaren Agglomerationssystem herabgestuft wurde. Dieses umfasst mehrere Agglomerationen des Tessins und der Lombardei mit insgesamt über 500'000 Einwohnern. Es ist mit Como-Chiasso-Mendrisio Nachbaragglomeration der Metropolregion Mailand (Grande Milano) mit rund 7,5 Millionen Einwohnern. Das Zentrum Mailands ist mit dem Auto und der Bahn in zirka einer Stunde erreichbar.
Geographie
Lugano liegt am Luganersee (italienisch Lago di Lugano, in Italien Lago Ceresio) und ist umgeben von den drei Aussichtsbergen Monte Brè (925 m) im Osten, Monte San Salvatore (912 m) im Westen und dem Sighignola (1314 m) (am gegenüberliegenden Seeufer), dessen Gipfel Balcone d’Italia bereits auf italienischem Boden liegt.
Die Nachbargemeinden sind Arogno, Melide, Morcote, Vico Morcote, Grancia, Collina d’Oro, Sorengo, Muzzano, Bioggio, Massagno, Savosa, Porza, Vezia, Canobbio, Capriasca und Ponte Capriasca sowie auf italienischem Territorium Valsolda, Campione d’Italia, Alta Valle Intelvi und Brusimpiano.
Geschichte
Allgemeine Geschichte
Aufgrund einiger Bodenfunde und im Raum Lugano aufgefundener Grabinschriften ist anzunehmen, dass das Gebiet um Lugano von Lepontiern besiedelt war. Die Anwesenheit der Römer rund um den Luganersee ist ab dem 1. Jahrhundert v. Chr. belegt; sie hatten nördlich des Sees in Bioggio zumindest ein wichtiges Zentrum.
804, 844 (Kopie um 1300), 854 (Kopie um 1300) und 875 wird Lugano erstmals urkundlich erwähnt; die Namensformen lauteten erst Luanasco, dann Luano. Die Bedeutung des Namens ist unsicher, womöglich geht er auf lateinisch lūcus «Hain, Wald» zurück.
Im Mittelalter war Lugano jahrhundertelang von Konflikten zwischen Como und Mailand betroffen, da diese oft auf Schlachtfeldern ausgetragen wurden, die auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Kantons Tessin liegen. In der zweiten Hälfte des vierzehnten Jahrhunderts gelangte die Stadt unter die Herrschaft der Mailänder Visconti. Später wurde sie von französischen Söldnern besetzt, die 1513 ihrerseits von den Eidgenossen vertrieben wurden; seither stand Lugano unter eidgenössischer Herrschaft.
Am Morgen des 15. Februar 1798 landeten die Truppen der Cisalpinischen Republik in Lugano, stiessen jedoch auf den Widerstand der Volontari del Borgo, einer Garde aus der Bevölkerung. Dieser gelang es, die cisalpinischen Truppen zurückzuschlagen, und die aufgeschlosseneren Teile des Luganeser Bürgertums nutzten die Ereignisse, um die Unabhängigkeit der Stadt unter dem Motto «frei und schweizerisch» zu erklären. Mit dem gleichzeitigen Einrücken französischer Revolutionstruppen in das Gebiet der Eidgenossenschaft nördlich der Alpen endete der Untertanenstatus des Tessins, und Lugano wurde für einige Jahre zum Hauptort des Kantons Lugano der Helvetischen Republik.
Seit 1803 gehört Lugano zum Kanton Tessin, dessen Hauptort bis 1878 alle sechs Jahre zwischen Bellinzona, Locarno und Lugano wechselte.
Entwicklung des Stadtgebiets
1972 wurden die früheren Gemeinden Brè-Aldesago und Castagnola in die Stadt Lugano eingegliedert.
2004 fusionierten acht weitere Gemeinden mit der Stadt Lugano: Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona und Viganello. Dadurch vergrösserte sich sowohl die Fläche als auch die Bevölkerung von Lugano erheblich.
Am 30. September 2007 stimmten die Stimmbürger von Barbengo, Carabbia und Villa Luganese sowie von Lugano der Eingemeindung dieser drei Gemeinden zu. Die Stimmberechtigten der Gemeinde Cadro hingegen lehnten die Fusion ab, weshalb Villa Luganese zu einer Exklave der Stadt Lugano wurde. Die Eingemeindung wurde am 20. April 2008 vollzogen.
Per 14. April 2013 wurden die Gemeinden Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico und Val Colla mit Lugano fusioniert, wodurch die Stadt rund 3400 zusätzliche Einwohner erhielt.
Aufgrund der durch See und Berge beengten Verhältnisse im Stadtgebiet spielt sich die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung heute hauptsächlich ausserhalb der Gemeindegrenzen in der Vedeggio-Talebene ab.
Sehenswürdigkeiten
Das Stadtbild ist im Inventar der schützenswerten Ortsbilder der Schweiz (ISOS) als schützenswertes Ortsbild der Schweiz von nationaler Bedeutung eingestuft.
Grünanlagen, Promenaden, Hausberge
Sehenswert ist der Parco civico mit seiner üppigen südlichen Vegetation und der Villa Ciani. Westlich des Parks schliesst sich die etappenweise zwischen 1864 und 1920 erstellte Seepromenade an, die bis nach Paradiso führt.
Weitere Attraktionen von Lugano sind die beiden Hausberge Monte San Salvatore und Monte Brè, von denen aus sich ein Panorama über die Stadt, den Luganersee und die Tessiner Berge bietet. Beide Berge sind sowohl per Bahn als auch zu Fuss erreichbar. Am Fusse des Monte Brè liegen das Dorf Gandria und die Villa Favorita.
Stadtzentrum
Die mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Altstadt von Lugano wurde auf der Grundlage des Richtplanes von 1902 zwischen 1910 und 1942 zum grössten Teil abgebrochen oder ausgekernt und durch ein neues Stadtzentrum ersetzt. Von der einstigen Baustruktur existieren deshalb heute nur noch einige Kirchen und vereinzelte Profanbauten. Neben diesen sind vor allem die Flaniermeile Via Nassa und die Piazza della Riforma einen Besuch wert.
(Wikipedia)
(Explore 2013 May 10, # 485)
Der Blick von Gutenmann zeigt die Fischauer Vorberge und das Massiv der Hohen Wand.
The view from Gutemann shows the foothills of Fischau and the Hohe Wand massif.
© Angela M. Lobefaro
taken on Lago Maggiore, Piedmont Italy
Lake Maggiore (in Italian: Lago Maggiore or Verbano, the Roman Lacus Verbanus) is the most westerly of the three large prealpine lakes of Italy and the second largest after Lake Garda. It lies approximately at [show location on an interactive map] 45°57′N 8°38′E / 45.95, 8.633.
Santa Caterina del Sasso
It has a surface area of about 213 km², a maximum length of 54 km and, at its widest, is 12 km. The lake basin has tectonic-glacial origins and its volume is 37 km³.
Its main tributaries are the Ticino, the Maggia, the Toce (by which it receives the outflow of Lake Orta) and the Tresa (which is the sole emissary of Lake Lugano). The rivers Verzasca, Giona, and Cannobino also flow into the lake. Its outlet is the Ticino which, in turn, joins the river Po just south-east of Pavia.
The lake’s jagged banks are surrounded by the Prealps of Piedmont and Lombardy. The western bank is in Piedmont (provinces of Novara and Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola) and the eastern in Lombardy (province of Varese), whereas the most northerly section extends thirteen kilometres into Switzerland, where it constitutes the lowest point above sea-level in that entire country.
The climate is mild in both summer and winter, producing Mediterranean vegetation, with beautiful gardens growing rare and exotic plants. Well-known gardens include those of the Isola Madre, Isola Bella and the Isole di Brissago, that of the Villa Taranto in Verbania, and the Alpinia botanical garden above Stresa.
from Wikipedia
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It's been such a long since the last time I turned on my Coolpix, so I had completely forgotten this pic. It was drizzling back and forth that morning. Suddenly, sun rays made the snow-clad top of the distant mountain shine like a lighthouse just under the heavy clouds.
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This is what I see from my place, direction South. They aren't really the Alps, I mean, these peeks aren't that high, but nice to watch.