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★ Rathaus (12.3.1938)

Beim Einmarsch deutscher Truppen besucht Adolf Hitler seine „Jugendstadt“. Während ihm zehntausende Menschen am Hauptplatz zujubeln, werden NS-GegnerInnen bereits inhaftiert, geschlagen und ermordet.

 

★ Rathaus (1.1.1944)

Franz Langoth wird Oberbürgermeister von Linz. Lange hält sich nach 1945 der Mythos von Langoths Einsatz für eine kampflose Übergabe von Linz, der zu einem Gutteil auf einer Berichtsfälschung beruht.

 

★ Rathaus (1939)

Mitarbeiter des Wahl- und Einwohneramts erstellen eine „Liste der Rassenjuden“. Sie liefert die Grundlage für die rassistische Verfolgung der jüdischen Bevölkerung von Linz.

 

★ Hauptplatz (19.2.1939)

Beim Faschingsumzug zeigt sich der tief sitzende Antisemitismus: Die bösartigen Karikaturen von Juden durch verkleidete Linzer finden besonderen Beifall.

 

★ Nibelungenbrücke (Juni 1938 - Sommer 1940)

Als Baustoff für die Nibelungenbrücke kommt unter anderem Granit zum Einsatz, der im nahe gelegenen KZ Mauthausen unter brutalsten Bedingungen abgebaut wird.

 

★ Hauptstraße 16 (19.3.1938)

Alexander, Eduard und Friederike Spitz, die InhaberInnen der Weinhandlung Ferihumer, begehen Selbstmord. Auch andere Menschen jüdischer Herkunft sehen in diesen Tagen nur im Freitod einen Ausweg.

 

★ Rudolfstraße 6-8 (1938 - 1942)

Der Besitz der Familie M. wird „arisiert“ und von Franz Peterseil, Gauinspektor der NSDAP, übernommen. Er war zuvor Chauffeur bei M. Leopold M. wird als 99-jähriger nach Theresienstadt deportiert.

 

★ Rudolfstraße 18 (1941 - 1945)

Franz Tschaff organisiert als Leiter der Abteilung „Arbeitereinsatz“ auch Arbeitsaufträge für ZwangsarbeiterInnen. Für den Bau der Luftschutzkeller setzt das Stadtbauamt KZ-Häftlinge ein.

 

★ Altstadt 3 (1941)

Die elfjährige Pauline H. meldet ihre Nachbarn wegen Abhören eines Feindsenders. Ein Opfer der Denunziation, Josefa F., wird zu einem Jahr Zuchthaus verurteilt.

 

★ Altstadt 12 (21.5.1938)

Hans A. besucht die 2. Klasse Volksschule in Kleinmünchen. Im Mai muss er in die neu gegründete „Judenschule“ in der Altstadt wechseln, die nach dem Novemberpogrom aufgelöst wird.

 

★ Landhaus (Februar 1945)

Landrat Adolf Dietscher formiert eine „Volkssturm“-Truppe zur Verfolgung der rund 500 aus dem KZ Mauthausen entflohenen sowjetischen Kriegsgefangenen – die so genannte „Mühlviertler Hasenjagd“.

 

★ Landhaus (1944)

Elmira Koref ersucht Gauleiter Eigruber vergebens um die Freilassung ihres inhaftierten Mannes. Ernst Koref wird am 7. Mai 1945 von der amerikanischen Besatzungsmacht als Bürgermeister eingesetzt.

 

★ Ecke Hauptplatz/Schmidtorgasse (15.3.1938)

Das Warenhaus Kraus & Schober wird von der NS-Propaganda als Symbol „jüdischen Wuchers“ attackiert und zugunsten der NSDAP „arisiert“. Der frühere Besitzer begeht im KZ Dachau Selbstmord.

 

★ Landstraße 18-20 (1942 - 1943)

Der Gelegenheitsdieb Alois G. stiehlt hier, vor dem Gasthaus „Zur Goldenen Kanone“, ein Fahrrad. Er wird erwischt. Als „Schädling der Volksgemeinschaft“ wird er zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet.

 

★ Graben 30 (15.3.1938)

Der Zahntechniker Heinrich S. verwehrt sich in einer Annonce gegen den Verdacht, er sei Jude. Wie er, weisen unmittelbar nach dem „Anschluss“ viele Geschäftsleute ihren Betrieb als „arisch“ aus.

 

★ Marienstraße 8 (April 1945)

Anton A. ist Abteilungsleiter bei der Stadtverwaltung und kritisiert die Exekution zweier „Ostarbeiterinnen“ wegen Milchdiebstahls als unmenschlich. Er wird zum Tode verurteilt und erschossen.

 

★ Landstraße 31 (1940/41)

Ordensschwester Kamilla wirft einem französischen Kriegsgefangenen ein Paar wollene Strümpfe aus dem Fenster des Klosters zu. Sie wird zu 4 Wochen Gefängnis verurteilt.

 

★ Ursulinenhof (April 1945)

Die Wehrmachtssanitätshelferin Stefanie L. wartet wegen unerlaubter Entfernung vom Dienst im Wehrmachtsgefängnis Ursulinenhof auf ihren Prozess. Sie wird zu 6 Monaten Gefängnis verurteilt.

 

★ Landstraße 49 (1939 - 1944)

Oskar H., Präsident der Industrie- und Handelskammer, ist für die „Arisierung“ jüdischer Betriebe verantwortlich. Er bereichert sich auch persönlich als „Ariseur“.

 

★ Mozartstraße 6-10 (1941)

Im Polizeigefängnis wartet die Magd Katharina G. auf ihren Prozess wegen einer sexuellen Beziehung zu einem französischen Kriegsgefangenen. Sie wird zu einem Jahr Haft verurteilt.

 

★ Bischofstraße 3 (1914 - 1933)

Hier verbringt Adolf Eichmann seine Jugend. In der NS-Zeit organisiert er die Deportation der jüdischen Bevölkerung. Er ist mitverantwortlich für die Ermordung von rund 6 Millionen Menschen.

 

★ Bischofstraße 7 (18.3.1938)

Der Rechtsanwalt Karl Schwager, Vorsitzender der Kultusgemeinde, wird kurz nach dem „Anschluss“ verhaftet. Er kommt mit der Auflage frei, das Land zu verlassen. 1939 wandert er nach Palästina aus.

 

★ Herrenstraße 19 (1943)

Franz Jägerstätter sucht Rat bei Bischof Fließer - er kann den Kriegsdienst für Hitler nicht mit seinem Glauben vereinbaren. Jägerstätter wird als Wehrdienstverweigerer am 9.8.1943 hingerichtet.

 

★ Spittelwiese 5 (12.3.1938)

Am Tag des „Anschlusses“ besetzen Nationalsozialisten die Druckerei Gutenberg und benennen sie in „NS-Druckerei und Verlag Linz“ um. Am 13. März erscheint die erste Ausgabe des NS-Kampfblattes „Arbeitersturm“.

 

★Landestheater (September 1944)

33 Bedienstete des Landestheaters - Schauspieler, Musiker, Bühnenarbeiter – werden vom Arbeitsamt zur Bewachung von KZ-Häftlingen in den Linzer Nebenlagern des KZ Mauthausen „notdienstverpflichtet“.

 

★ Landestheater Linz (1943 - 1945)

Franz Léhars „Land des Lächelns“ feiert Publikumserfolge. Der jüdische Librettist des Stücks, Fritz Beda-Löhner, bleibt ungenannt. Er ist am 4. Dezember 1942 im KZ Auschwitz ermordet worden.

 

★ Klammstraße 7 (25.9.1944)

Camilla E. hilft Kriegsgefangenen mit Essen und Kleidung. Sie verbreitet Weissagungen über das nahe Ende des „Dritten Reiches“. Eine anonyme Anzeige führt zu ihrer Verhaftung und Hinrichtung.

 

★ Märzenkeller (Februar 1944 - April 1945)

Etwa 250 Häftlinge aus dem Nebenlager Linz II des KZ Mauthausen werden zum Bau von Luftschutzkellern und für die Entschärfung von Blindgängern nach Luftangriffen eingesetzt.

 

★ „Aphrodite-Tempel“ Bauernbergpark (1942)

Die „Aphrodite“ wird von Kunststudierenden im Mai 2008 verhüllt, um daran zu erinnern, dass sie ein Geschenk Hitlers an Linz war. Die Stadt Linz entfernt daraufhin die Statue.

 

★ Stockbauerstraße 11 (August 1938)

Hermann S. ist Rechtsanwalt und war bis 1934 Gemeinderatsmitglied der Sozialdemokratischen Partei. Seine Villa wird zugunsten des Gaus eingezogen und an Johanna Eigruber, Frau des Gauleiters, verkauft.

 

★ Robert-Stolz-Straße 12 (1939 - 1944)

Die Jüdin Ida B. flieht aus der Ukraine. Sie arbeitet unter einem Decknamen als Haushälterin bei einem SS-Sturmbannführer. 1944 wird sie verhaftet und ins KZ Auschwitz deportiert.

 

★ Hauptbahnhof (16.6.1938)

Als Regimegegner werden oberösterreichische Politiker und Intellektuelle unter brutalsten Misshandlungen der SS-Wachmannschaften in das KZ Dachau deportiert.

 

★ Hauptbahnhof (1941)

Die beiden Löwen werden vom NS-Regime beim Halleiner Steinmetz Jakob Adelhart in Auftrag gegeben. 1999 erklärt der Linzer Gemeinderat sie nach Diskussionen für ideologisch unbedenklich.

 

★ Unionkreuzung (1942)

Eduard C. baut gemeinsam mit anderen Lehrlingen eine kommunistische Widerstandsgruppe innerhalb der Reichsbahn auf, die antifaschistische Flugblätter verbreitet und Sabotageakte verübt.

 

★ Wiener Straße 150 (Oktober - November 1945)

Hier trifft sich jeden Samstag das „Haarabschneiderkommando“ - hunderte ehemalige HJ-Mitglieder -, um Frauen zu bedrohen, die angeblich engeren Kontakt zu amerikanischen Soldaten pflegen.

 

★ Wiener Straße 545-549 (1938)

In der neu errichteten Kaserne werden SS-Totenkopfverbände zur Bewachung des KZ Mauthausen untergebracht. Ab 1940 dienen sie als Umsiedlerlager, nach 1945 als Lager „Davidstern“ für jüdische DPs.

 

★ Dauphinestraße (1942 - 1945)

In der Kleinmünchner Spinnerei befindet sich eines von sechs Linzer „Ostarbeiter“-Lagern für Frauen: 1944 sind 51% der „Ostarbeiter“ weiblich.

 

★ Siemensstraße (27.4.1945)

Gisela T. wird 1944 als kommunistische Widerstandskämpferin verhaftet. Wenige Tage vor Kriegsende wird sie hier, im Arbeitserziehungslager Schörgenhub, erschossen.

 

★ Ramsauerstraße/Uhlandstraße (Oktober 1945 - 1950)

Im Lager Bindermichl werden nach der Befreiung jüdische „Displaced Persons“ untergebracht - aus KZs befreite Jüdinnen und Juden. Sie warten auf Visa für Einwanderungsländer, vor allem in die USA und nach Palästina.

 

★ Siedlung Spallerhof/Muldenstraße (1938 - 1945)

Für ArbeiterInnen der Rüstungsbetriebe werden neue Wohnungen gebaut. Um eine zugesprochen zu bekommen, müssen die AnwärterInnen eine „rassenhygienische Untersuchung“ über sich ergehen lassen.

 

★ Niedernharter Straße 10 (1938 - 1945)

In der Landesheil- und Pflegeanstalt Niedernhart werden rund 800 geistig und körperlich behinderte Menschen als „lebensunwert“ kategorisiert und brutal ermordet.

 

★ Katzenau, alter Lagerplatz der Familie Kerndlbacher (1938)

Hier wird Rosa W. verhaftet, weil sie eine Sintiza ist. Im Lager Maxglan wählt Leni Riefenstahl sie als Statistin aus, nach einem Fluchtversuch kommt sie ins KZ Ravensbrück. 1945 kann sie entkommen.

 

★ Krankenhausstraße 9 (Mai 1943 - Mai 1945)

Im AKH und in der Landesfrauenklinik Linz werden in diesem Zeitraum mindestens 972 Zwangsabtreibungen durchgeführt. Opfer sind vor allem „Ostarbeiterinnen“.

 

★ Kaplanhofstraße 40 (1944 - 1945)

Vom Frauengefängnis Kaplanhof gehen regelmäßig Transporte von politischen Gegnerinnen in verschiedene Konzentrationslager ab, etwa in das KZ Ravensbrück.

 

★ Untere Donaulände 74 (1944)

Josef T. formiert in der Tabakfabrik eine kommunistische Widerstandsgruppe. Er wird im KZ Mauthausen auf Befehl des Gauleiters kurz vor der Befreiung gemeinsam mit anderen erschossen.

 

★ Donaulände (April 1945)

Bei den „Todesmärschen“ kommen tausende KZ-Häftlinge auf Frachtkähnen nach Linz, um weiter ins KZ Ebensee getrieben zu werden. Viele kommen dabei ums Leben.

 

★ Donaulände/Zollamtstraße 6 (13.3.1938)

Nach dem „Anschluss“ kommt es zu gewalttätigen Angriffen auf die jüdische Bevölkerung. Im Café „Olympia“ wird Ernst S. unter dem Beifall einer riesigen Menschenmenge misshandelt und verhaftet.

 

★ Lederergasse 20 (1943)

Die Lehrerin Hermine L. schreibt mehrere regimekritische Briefe an ihren Bruder Walter, der als Wehrmachtssoldat in Wien stationiert ist. Beide werden zum Tode verurteilt und hingerichtet.

 

★ Museumstraße 14 (1941 - 1945)

Geraubte Kunst bildet eine Basis für das von Hitler geplante neue Kunstmuseum. Heinrich J. Sch., Leiter der Kunstgeschichtlichen Abteilung am Landesmuseum, ist aktiv am Sammlungsaufbau beteiligt.

 

★ Museumstraße 12 (April 1944)

Anna H. beschimpft Hitler und gibt ihm die Schuld am Ausbruch des Krieges. Sie wird in Linz zu 3 Jahren Haft verurteilt, das Berliner Reichsgericht dehnt die Haft auf 5 Jahre aus.

 

★ Museumstraße 12 (4.12.1940)

Die 68-jährige Zeugin Jehovas Rosa P. wird aufgrund ihres Glaubensbekenntnisses und wegen „Wehrkraftzersetzung“ zu 6 Monaten Gefängnis verurteilt.

 

★ Museumstraße 12 (September 1938)

Franziska K. wird von ihrer Nachbarin denunziert. Der Besitz von Aktfotos ist ausschlaggebend für die Verurteilung als Homosexuelle: Sie verbüßt 4 Monate schweren Kerkers.

 

★ Fadingerstraße 4 (1913 - 1921)

Ernst Kaltenbrunner besucht hier die Oberschule. 1943 wird er Leiter des Reichssicherheitshauptamts. Er ist maßgeblich verantwortlich für die Ermordung von 6 Millionen Juden und Jüdinnen.

 

★ Bethlehemstraße 26 (9./10.11.1938)

In der Nacht dringt eine Einheit der SA in die Linzer Synagoge ein und setzt sie in Brand. Die Feuerwehr verhindert lediglich das Übergreifen der Flammen auf benachbarte Gebäude.

 

★ Hessenplatz (1944 - 1945)

Nach Luftangriffen brechen Aufräumkommandos, gebildet aus ZwangsarbeiterInnen, ZivilarbeiterInnen und KZ-Häftlingen, von hier zu Bergungsarbeiten auf.

 

★ Langgasse 13 (1938 - 1945)

Im Hauptquartier der Gestapo werden tausende GegnerInnen des NS-Regimes brutal gefoltert. Hier beginnt die Karriere Franz Stangls, der später in den KZs Sobibor und Treblinka Massenmorde organisiert.

 

★ Wurmstraße 7 (1939 - 1945)

Das Linzer Gesundheitsamt entscheidet im Sinne der NS „Erb- und Rassenpflege“ über etwa 1000 Zwangssterilisationen sowie Eheverbote und die Bekämpfung „Asozialer“.

 

★ Wurmstraße 11 (1940)

Das NS-Jugend- und Fürsorgeamt rühmt sich der hohen Zahl an Einweisungen von „Asozialen“ in Arbeits- und Zwangsarbeitslager. Der Leiter, Rudolf H., bleibt nach 1945 ein hoher Magistratsbeamter.

 

★ Gesellenhausstraße 21 (1936 - 1938)

Stefan Sch., fanatischer Nazi der ersten Stunde, verantwortet vor dem „Anschluss“ Produktion und Verbreitung des illegalen antisemitischen NS-Hetzblattes „Der Österreichische Beobachter“.

 

★ Volksgartenstraße 14 (Juni 1938)

Der Direktor der Blindenanstalt Johann Gruber wird wegen antinationalsozialistischer Äußerungen verhaftet, zu 3 Jahren schwerem Kerker verurteilt und 1944 im KZ Gusen ermordet.

 

★ Volksgartenstraße 18 (1938 - 1945)

83.000 Mitglieder zählen die NS-Frauenorganisationen in Oberdonau. Maria Sch., Leiterin der NS-Frauenschaft, seit 1932 illegales NSDAP-Mitglied, wird 1948 zu drei Jahren Haft verurteilt.

 

★ Volksgarten (7.9.1941)

Wegen sexueller Annäherung an einen Soldaten im Volksgarten wird Franz M. zu einem Jahr Kerker verurteilt, danach ins KZ Dachau überstellt und 1944 im Vernichtungslager Majdanek ermordet.

 

★ Schillerplatz 1 (März 1938)

Das Kolosseum-Kino wird von seinen jüdischen BesitzerInnen verpachtet, um die „Arisierung“ zu verhindern. Eine ehemalige Angestellte lässt den Tarnversuch auffliegen.

 

★ Schillerstraße 26 (9.3.1942)

„Wegen dem Scheiß-Führer haben wir kein Brot“, ruft Eleonore B. im Gasthaus „Zum Waldhorn“ wütend aus. Männer vom Stammtisch zeigen sie an. Sie wird zu 14 Monaten Haft verurteilt.

 

★ Goethestraße 63 (Sommer 1945 - 1954)

Simon Wiesenthal, Überlebender des KZ Mauthausen, spürt im Auftrag der amerikanischen Besatzer für die „Jüdische Historische Kommission“ NS-Kriegsverbrecher auf. Sein Zugang lautet: „Recht, nicht Rache“.

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Vellore Fort is a large 16th-century fort situated in heart of the Vellore city, in the state of Tamil Nadu, India built by Vijayanagara Kings. The Fort was at one point of time the headquarters of the Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara Empire. The fort is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry.

 

The Fort's ownership passed from Vijayanagara Kings, to the Bijapur Sultans, to Marathas, to the Carnatic Nawabs and finally to the British, who held the fort until India gained independence. The Indian government maintains the Fort with the Archaeological Department. During British rule, the Tipu Sultan's family and the last king of Sri Lanka, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha were held in as prisoners in the fort. The fort houses the Jalakanteswarar Hindu temple, Christian St. John's Church and a Muslim mosque, of which the Jalakanteswarar Temple is famous for its magnificent carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it is also a witness to the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Sriranga Raya.

 

HISTORY

PART OF VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE

Vellore Fort was built by Chinna Bommi Reddy and Thimma Reddy, subordinate Chieftains under Sadasiva Raya of the Vijayanagara Empire in the year of 1566 AD. Vellore Fort gained strategic prominence following the re-establishment of Vijayanagar rule with Chandragiri as their 4th capital after the Talikota battle. The Aravidu Dynasty that held the title of Rayas in 17th century resided in this fort, using it as a base in the battle of Toppur in the 1620s. This major battle took place for the claiming of the Raya title between two factions of the Raya family. Each faction was by their respective subordinates; the Nayaks of Tanjore, the Gingee and the Madurai taking sides to suit their interests.

 

The Rayas also had long-running battles with their longtime rivals, the Bijapur Sultans, and with the Nayaks of Madurai and the Gingee over non-remittance of annual tributes. In the 1640s, during the reign of Sriranga Raya III, the Fort was briefly captured by the Bijapur army, but was eventually recaptured with the help of the Nayaks of Tanjore.

 

During Sriranga Raya's reign in 1614, a coup broke out within the royal family and the reigning Emperor Sriranga Raya and his royal family were murdered by the rival factions of the Royal family, with the younger son Rama Deva Raya of the Emperor smuggled out from the fort by supporting factions of the emperor. These events led to the Battle of Toppur in 1616, one of the largest South Indian wars of the century.

 

In 1639, Francis Day of the East India Company obtained a small strip of land in the Coromandel Coast from the Chieftains of Vellore-Chandragiri regions to do trading, which is now in present day Chennai.

 

UNDER BIJAPUR (1656–1678)

In the 1650s, Sriranga allied with the Mysore and Tanjore Nayaks and marched south to attack Gingee and Madurai. His first stop was the capture of Gingee Fort, but Thirumalai Nayak of Madurai responded by requesting the Sultan of Bijapur to attack Vellore from the North to divert Sriranga's attention. The Bijapur Sultan promptly dispatched a large army and captured Vellore Fort. Subsequently, both the Madurai-Bijapur armies converged on Gingee, defeating the Vellore-Tanjore forces. After a melee, both the Forts ended up in the hands of the Sultan of Bijapur. The defeat also marked the end of the last direct line of Vijayanagara emperors. Within 20 years after this incident, the Marathas seized the fort from the Bijapur Sultans.

 

UNDER THE MARATHAS (1678–1707)

In 1676, the Marathas under Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj marched south to the Tanjore country, which had recently been attacked and captured by Chokkanatha Nayak of Madurai. That same year, Ekoji, the brother of Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, took control of Tanjore, but was under threat from his immediate neighbours Madurai and Bijapur Sultans, based in Gingee and Vellore respectively. Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj's army first captured the Gingee Fort in 1677, but left the task of attacking Vellore to his assistant and rushed to Deccan as his territories were being attacked by Mughal Emperor Aurangazeb. In 1688, after a prolonged fourteen-month siege, the Fort passed on to the Marathas. Shivaji's representative strengthened the fort's fortifications and ruled the area in relative peace.

 

UNDER THE MUGHAL ARMY (1707–1760)

In 1707, the year that Aurangazeb died, the Delhi Army under Daud Khan captured Vellore Fort after defeating the Marathas. The struggle for the Delhi throne empowered the Deccan Muslim governors to declare independence. In 1710 the recently established Nawab of Arcot under Sadat Ullah Khan followed suit. Dost Ali, the latter's successor in 1733, gifted the fort to one of his sons-in-law.

 

UNDER CONTROL OF BRITISH (1760–1947)

Following the decline of Madurai Nayaks, the revolt from people and coinciding with the emergence of the British on the Madras coast, the Nawab and his sons-in-law broke out into a feud over the title of Nawab. The Nawab was supported by the British and the rival claimants by the French resulting in the Carnatic Wars. The British Nawab's victory in the 1760s in the Battle of Plassey finally sealed the fate of the French in India and launched Britain's dominance of the Indian subcontinent. In addition, the British took possession of Vellore fort with relative ease and used the Fort as a major garrison until the Indian independence. In 1780, the fort was besieged by Hyder Ali in the Second Anglo-Mysore War, but the English garrison held out against Hyder Ali for over two years after which the siege was lifted.

Vellore Mutiny (1806)

 

In 1806 Vellore fort was used by the British to station two infantry regiments of the Madras Army plus four companies of an English regiment. The British Commander in chief of the Madras Army had prescribed a new round hat for the Madras sepoys to replace their turbans, plus the removal of beards, caste markings and jewelry. These measures were intended merely to improve the appearance of the Madras soldiers on parade but the sepoys considered them to be an offensive meddling with their religious beliefs. The situation was worsened by the fact that the hat included a leather cockade, made from cow hide.

 

On July 10, 1806, before sunrise, the Indian sepoys stationed in the fort attacked the European barracks there, and by late morning had killed about 15 Officers and 100 English soldiers and ransacked their houses. Some of the rebelling soldiers also urged the sons of Tipu Sultan to lead the campaign. The news quickly reached the colonel commanding the Cavalry Cantonment in Arcot, who reached the Fort with several squadrons of British and Indian cavalry. The mutineers, numbering more than 800, were scattered with heavy losses. By noon the mutiny was put down. The events lead to a court of inquiry by the British, who decided to shift the Tipu Sultan's family from Vellore to faraway Calcutta, in isolation.

The news of the Vellore Rebellion sent shockwaves to England. The Governor, Lord William Bentinck, and Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army, Sir John Cradock both were recalled on this count. This was the first rebellion experienced in the fort by the British.

 

ARCHITECTURE

It is mentioned that "there is no such fort on the face of earth like the one in Vellore. It had a deep wet ditch (moat) where once 10,000 crocodiles swarmed, waiting to grab every intruder into this impregnable fort. It has huge double walls with bastions projecting irregularly, where two carts can be driven abreast". The fort was constructed in granite from the nearby quarries in Arcot and Chittor districts. It spreads over an area of 0.54 km2 and is located at an altitude of 220 m within a broken mountain range. The fort is surrounded by a moat which was once used as an additional line of defence in the case of an invasion. It includes an escape tunnel leading to Virinjipuram about 12 km away, which could be used by the king and other royals in the event of an attack, later disputed by Researchers of the ASI who found no evidence of existence of such passage. The fort is considered to be among the best of military architecture in Southern India and is known for its grand ramparts, wide moat and robust masonry.

 

The fort houses a Temple, a Mosque and a Church, the renowned Vellore Christian Hospital, and many other buildings that are now used as public offices. The Jalagandeeswarar Temple, dedicated to Jalagandeeswar, is noted for its sculptures, and speaks volumes of the exquisite craftsmanship of the highly skilled artisans of that period. The sculpture in the porch on the left of the entrance is a masterpiece appreciated by the connoisseurs of art and architecture. The temple was long used as an arsenal, and remained without a deity, although several years ago it was sanctified with an idol of Lord Shiva.

 

The Mosque inside the fort was constructed during the last Arcot Nawab's period. Presently, Muslims are not allowed to pray inside the fort mosque despite protest by several thousand people living in Vellore. Vellore's inhabitants believe that the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is being discriminatory by stopping Muslims from Mosque while Hindus and Christians are not stopped from entering temple and church respectively. However, some refute the claims of the Muslims, as in the late 1980s, Muslims late by the Late Abdul Samad had given a commitment that the Muslims did not want to worship inside the Fort structure, in support of re-opening of the Jalagandeeswarar Temple. The local jamaath leadership was also against this move, and blamed fringe political organisations of whipping up communal dis-harmony. The Church inside the fort was constructed during the early British period (Robert Clive, East Indian Company). Muthu Mandapam is a memorial built around the tombstone of Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, the last ruler of Sri Lanka.

 

ST. JOHN´S CHURCH, VELLORE FORT

St. John's Church, Vellore located inside the Vellore Fort was raised in 1846 by the Government of Madras for the officers and men of the East India Company military station. The church is named afer St. John the Evangelist. However, the church was never officially consecrated and hence not officially named as St. John’s Church. St. John's Church is the oldest standing church in the Vellore Diocese.

 

ROYAL PRISONERS

Vellore Fort has housed several royal captives over its history. After the fall of Srirangapatnam in 1799 and the death of Tipu Sultan, his family, including his sons, daughters, wife and mother (who was the wife of Hyder Ali), was detained in the fort. After the 1806 Sepoy Mutiny, the British transferred Tipu's sons and daughters to Calcutta. The Tombs of Bakshi Begum (died 1806), widow of Hyder Ali and Padshah Begum, Tipu's wife & sons, who died in 1834 are located with a kilometre to the eastern side of the Fort.

 

Vellore Fort also became the final destination for the last ruling monarch of Sri Lanka, Sri Vikrama Rajasinha (1798–1815). The king and his family were kept as prisoners of war at this fort for 17 years with his family. His grave can be found in the fort along with last raya kings of Vijayanagara Empire.

 

CULTURE

The Fort is situated in the centre of Vellore town opposite to the Old Bus stand. Vellore is on the Chennai-Bangalore highway and is 120 km from Chennai and 210 km from Bangalore. The nearest rail station is Vellore-Katpadi Junction, where all super fast trains stop. The nearest airports are Tirupati Airport, Chennai International Airport and Bengaluru International Airport. In 1981 the Post and Telegraph Department of India released a stamp commemorating the Fort, and in July 2006 a stamp marking the 200th anniversary of the Mutiny was released by the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister. This 13th-century fort was opened up to tourists and is now maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India. Government Museum is a multi purpose museum maintained by the Department of Museum Government of Tamil Nadu. Its treasures include ancient- and present-day curiosities relating to subjects such as anthropology, botany, geology, numismatics, pre-history, and zoology. Historical monuments of the erstwhile composite North Arcot district are gracefully depicted in the gallery. This museum is kept open on all days between 9.00 a.m. and 12.30 p.m. and 2.00 p.m and 5.00 p.m. except on holidays, and admission fee is INR 5/-.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Damsgård Manor (Norwegian: Damsgård hovedgård) is a landmark manor and estate in Bergen, Norway. It is noted for its distinct rococo style and is possibly the best preserved wooden building from 18th-century Europe.

 

History

The area surrounding the manor was most likely populated during the Viking era or earlier, but literary evidence shows it was a population center in 1427, listed as church property. Following the Reformation in 1536, the estate was taken over by the crown and then sold to foreign interests.

 

The name is most likely derived from Dam Tønneson, who in 1654 inherited the farm from his father Tønnes Klausson, who in turn received it from Frederick II of Denmark due to his service during the Northern Seven Years' War. The oldest sections of the structure, however, are probably from around 1720, when Severin Seehusen (1664-1726) owned the estate. At the time, the buildings were painted bright red and green. An estimate for the main house from 1731 exists and indicates the general layout of the structure. By all accounts, the estate was a year-round farm and a recreational property.

 

Joachim Christian Geelmuyden Gyldenkrantz (1730-1795), later knighted Gyldenkrantz, took over the farm in 1769 and quickly began the Rococo construction that exists to this day. He also rebuilt the main house to face the maritime approach to Bergen. Shortly after Gyldenkrantz died, the property was sold to Herman Didrich Janson, one of the wealthiest men of his time. He only completed minor external changes but thoroughly renovated the interior of the houses. The Janson family maintained ownership of the estate until 1983, when it was taken over by Vestlandske kunstindustrimuseum, which embarked on a 10-year restoration effort, in collaboration with the Directorate for Cultural Heritage in Norway. It was put on the protected list, and Bergen Museum took over the estate.

 

Architecture

Damsgård is one of the few buildings of the rococo architectural style in Norway, and is unusual as a rococo wooden structure in Europe. The facade of the main building exaggerates the dimensions of the house itself, and two windows are painted on to create symmetry. The building's interior layout has been restored to its original, early 18th century plan, and the interior to the different eras of Damsgård's history.

 

The estate has two gardens inside its walls and one outside. The eastern garden, located inside the walls, is known as the "Master's garden", the western garden, also located inside the walls, is known as the "Mistress's garden", while the garden outside the walls is known as the "English garden". After decades of deterioration, the gardens were restored to their 18th century state in 1998. Botanists from the University of Bergen helped decide which vegetables and flowers would be grown to make them as much like the original gardens as possible.

 

The eastern garden, also known as the Lord's garden, is strictly symmetric, with six squares of plants and pathways of white shingle. The western garden, known as the Lady's garden, is far less symmetric, with two ponds and a small statue of Neptune spouting water into one of the ponds. Both these gardens are surrounded by walls. This is not the case with the English garden. Laid out in the 18th century, it only became an English garden around 1830. This garden contains a small stream and a path, and is open all year.

 

Museum

The museum of Damsgård is open to the public by tour only. It is located on Alléen 29, in Laksevåg.

 

Bergen, historically Bjørgvin, is a city and municipality in Vestland county on the west coast of Norway. As of 2022, its population was roughly 289,330. Bergen is the second-largest city in Norway after national capital Oslo. The municipality covers 465 square kilometres (180 sq mi) and is located on the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen. The city centre and northern neighbourhoods are on Byfjorden, 'the city fjord'. The city is surrounded by mountains, causing Bergen to be called the "city of seven mountains". Many of the extra-municipal suburbs are on islands. Bergen is the administrative centre of Vestland county. The city consists of eight boroughs: Arna, Bergenhus, Fana, Fyllingsdalen, Laksevåg, Ytrebygda, Årstad, and Åsane.

 

Trading in Bergen may have started as early as the 1020s. According to tradition, the city was founded in 1070 by King Olav Kyrre and was named Bjørgvin, 'the green meadow among the mountains'. It served as Norway's capital in the 13th century, and from the end of the 13th century became a bureau city of the Hanseatic League. Until 1789, Bergen enjoyed exclusive rights to mediate trade between Northern Norway and abroad, and it was the largest city in Norway until the 1830s when it was overtaken by the capital, Christiania (now known as Oslo). What remains of the quays, Bryggen, is a World Heritage Site. The city was hit by numerous fires over the years. The Bergen School of Meteorology was developed at the Geophysical Institute starting in 1917, the Norwegian School of Economics was founded in 1936, and the University of Bergen in 1946. From 1831 to 1972, Bergen was its own county. In 1972 the municipality absorbed four surrounding municipalities and became a part of Hordaland county.

 

The city is an international centre for aquaculture, shipping, the offshore petroleum industry and subsea technology, and a national centre for higher education, media, tourism and finance. Bergen Port is Norway's busiest in terms of both freight and passengers, with over 300 cruise ship calls a year bringing nearly a half a million passengers to Bergen, a number that has doubled in 10 years. Almost half of the passengers are German or British. The city's main football team is SK Brann and a unique tradition of the city is the buekorps, which are traditional marching neighbourhood youth organisations. Natives speak a distinct dialect, known as Bergensk. The city features Bergen Airport, Flesland and Bergen Light Rail, and is the terminus of the Bergen Line. Four large bridges connect Bergen to its suburban municipalities.

 

Bergen has a mild winter climate, though with significant precipitation. From December to March, Bergen can, in rare cases, be up to 20 °C warmer than Oslo, even though both cities are at about 60° North. In summer however, Bergen is several degrees cooler than Oslo due to the same maritime effects. The Gulf Stream keeps the sea relatively warm, considering the latitude, and the mountains protect the city from cold winds from the north, north-east and east.

 

History

Hieronymus Scholeus's impression of Bergen. The drawing was made in about 1580 and was published in an atlas with drawings of many different cities (Civitaes orbis terrarum).

The city of Bergen was traditionally thought to have been founded by king Olav Kyrre, son of Harald Hardråde in 1070 AD, four years after the Viking Age in England ended with the Battle of Stamford Bridge. Modern research has, however, discovered that a trading settlement had already been established in the 1020s or 1030s.

 

Bergen gradually assumed the function of capital of Norway in the early 13th century, as the first city where a rudimentary central administration was established. The city's cathedral was the site of the first royal coronation in Norway in the 1150s, and continued to host royal coronations throughout the 13th century. Bergenhus fortress dates from the 1240s and guards the entrance to the harbour in Bergen. The functions of the capital city were lost to Oslo during the reign of King Haakon V (1299–1319).

 

In the middle of the 14th century, North German merchants, who had already been present in substantial numbers since the 13th century, founded one of the four Kontore of the Hanseatic League at Bryggen in Bergen. The principal export traded from Bergen was dried cod from the northern Norwegian coast, which started around 1100. The city was granted a monopoly for trade from the north of Norway by King Håkon Håkonsson (1217–1263). Stockfish was the main reason that the city became one of North Europe's largest centres for trade.[11] By the late 14th century, Bergen had established itself as the centre of the trade in Norway. The Hanseatic merchants lived in their own separate quarter of the town, where Middle Low German was used, enjoying exclusive rights to trade with the northern fishermen who each summer sailed to Bergen. The Hansa community resented Scottish merchants who settled in Bergen, and on 9 November 1523 several Scottish households were targeted by German residents. Today, Bergen's old quayside, Bryggen, is on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.

 

In 1349, the Black Death was brought to Norway by an English ship arriving in Bergen. Later outbreaks occurred in 1618, 1629 and 1637, on each occasion taking about 3,000 lives. In the 15th century, the city was attacked several times by the Victual Brothers, and in 1429 they succeeded in burning the royal castle and much of the city. In 1665, the city's harbour was the site of the Battle of Vågen, when an English naval flotilla attacked a Dutch merchant and treasure fleet supported by the city's garrison. Accidental fires sometimes got out of control, and one in 1702 reduced most of the town to ashes.

 

Throughout the 15th and 16th centuries, Bergen remained one of the largest cities in Scandinavia, and it was Norway's biggest city until the 1830s, being overtaken by the capital city of Oslo. From around 1600, the Hanseatic dominance of the city's trade gradually declined in favour of Norwegian merchants (often of Hanseatic ancestry), and in the 1750s, the Kontor, or major trading post of the Hanseatic League, finally closed. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Bergen was involved in the Atlantic slave trade. Bergen-based slave trader Jørgen Thormøhlen, the largest shipowner in Norway, was the main owner of the slave ship Cornelia, which made two slave-trading voyages in 1673 and 1674 respectively; he also developed the city's industrial sector, particularly in the neighbourhood of Møhlenpris, which is named after him. Bergen retained its monopoly of trade with northern Norway until 1789. The Bergen stock exchange, the Bergen børs, was established in 1813.

 

Modern history

Bergen was separated from Hordaland as a county of its own in 1831. It was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). The rural municipality of Bergen landdistrikt was merged with Bergen on 1 January 1877. The rural municipality of Årstad was merged with Bergen on 1 July 1915.

 

During World War II, Bergen was occupied on the first day of the German invasion on 9 April 1940, after a brief fight between German ships and the Norwegian coastal artillery. The Norwegian resistance movement groups in Bergen were Saborg, Milorg, "Theta-gruppen", Sivorg, Stein-organisasjonen and the Communist Party. On 20 April 1944, during the German occupation, the Dutch cargo ship Voorbode anchored off the Bergenhus Fortress, loaded with over 120 tons of explosives, and blew up, killing at least 150 people and damaging historic buildings. The city was subject to some Allied bombing raids, aimed at German naval installations in the harbour. Some of these caused Norwegian civilian casualties numbering about 100.

 

Bergen is also well known in Norway for the Isdal Woman (Norwegian: Isdalskvinnen), an unidentified person who was found dead at Isdalen ("Ice Valley") on 29 November 1970. The unsolved case encouraged international speculation over the years and it remains one of the most profound mysteries in recent Norwegian history.

 

The rural municipalities of Arna, Fana, Laksevåg, and Åsane were merged with Bergen on 1 January 1972. The city lost its status as a separate county on the same date, and Bergen is now a municipality, in the county of Vestland.

 

Fires

The city's history is marked by numerous great fires. In 1198, the Bagler faction set fire to the city in connection with a battle against the Birkebeiner faction during the civil war. In 1248, Holmen and Sverresborg burned, and 11 churches were destroyed. In 1413 another fire struck the city, and 14 churches were destroyed. In 1428 the city was plundered by the Victual Brothers, and in 1455, Hanseatic merchants were responsible for burning down Munkeliv Abbey. In 1476, Bryggen burned down in a fire started by a drunk trader. In 1582, another fire hit the city centre and Strandsiden. In 1675, 105 buildings burned down in Øvregaten. In 1686 another great fire hit Strandsiden, destroying 231 city blocks and 218 boathouses. The greatest fire in history was in 1702, when 90% of the city was burned to ashes. In 1751, there was a great fire at Vågsbunnen. In 1756, yet another fire at Strandsiden burned down 1,500 buildings, and further great fires hit Strandsiden in 1771 and 1901. In 1916, 300 buildings burned down in the city centre including the Swan pharmacy, the oldest pharmacy in Norway, and in 1955 parts of Bryggen burned down.

 

Toponymy

Bergen is pronounced in English /ˈbɜːrɡən/ or /ˈbɛərɡən/ and in Norwegian [ˈbæ̀rɡn̩] (in the local dialect [ˈbæ̂ʁɡɛn]). The Old Norse forms of the name were Bergvin [ˈberɡˌwin] and Bjǫrgvin [ˈbjɔrɡˌwin] (and in Icelandic and Faroese the city is still called Björgvin). The first element is berg (n.) or bjǫrg (n.), which translates as 'mountain(s)'. The last element is vin (f.), which means a new settlement where there used to be a pasture or meadow. The full meaning is then "the meadow among the mountains". This is a suitable name: Bergen is often called "the city among the seven mountains". It was the playwright Ludvig Holberg who felt so inspired by the seven hills of Rome, that he decided that his home town must be blessed with a corresponding seven mountains – and locals still argue which seven they are.

 

In 1918, there was a campaign to reintroduce the Norse form Bjørgvin as the name of the city. This was turned down – but as a compromise, the name of the diocese was changed to Bjørgvin bispedømme.

 

Bergen occupies most of the peninsula of Bergenshalvøyen in the district of Midthordland in mid-western Hordaland. The municipality covers an area of 465 square kilometres (180 square miles). Most of the urban area is on or close to a fjord or bay, although the urban area has several mountains. The city centre is surrounded by the Seven Mountains, although there is disagreement as to which of the nine mountains constitute these. Ulriken, Fløyen, Løvstakken and Damsgårdsfjellet are always included as well as three of Lyderhorn, Sandviksfjellet, Blåmanen, Rundemanen and Kolbeinsvarden. Gullfjellet is Bergen's highest mountain, at 987 metres (3,238 ft) above mean sea level. Bergen is far enough north that during clear nights at the solstice, there is borderline civil daylight in spite of the sun having set.

 

Bergen is sheltered from the North Sea by the islands Askøy, Holsnøy (the municipality of Meland) and Sotra (the municipalities of Fjell and Sund). Bergen borders the municipalities Alver and Osterøy to the north, Vaksdal and Samnanger to the east, Os (Bjørnafjorden) and Austevoll to the south, and Øygarden and Askøy to the west.

 

The city centre of Bergen lies in the west of the municipality, facing the fjord of Byfjorden. It is among a group of mountains known as the Seven Mountains, although the number is a matter of definition. From here, the urban area of Bergen extends to the north, west and south, and to its east is a large mountain massif. Outside the city centre and the surrounding neighbourhoods (i.e. Årstad, inner Laksevåg and Sandviken), the majority of the population lives in relatively sparsely populated residential areas built after 1950. While some are dominated by apartment buildings and modern terraced houses (e.g. Fyllingsdalen), others are dominated by single-family homes.

 

The oldest part of Bergen is the area around the bay of Vågen in the city centre. Originally centred on the bay's eastern side, Bergen eventually expanded west and southwards. Few buildings from the oldest period remain, the most significant being St Mary's Church from the 12th century. For several hundred years, the extent of the city remained almost constant. The population was stagnant, and the city limits were narrow. In 1702, seven-eighths of the city burned. Most of the old buildings of Bergen, including Bryggen (which was rebuilt in a mediaeval style), were built after the fire. The fire marked a transition from tar covered houses, as well as the remaining log houses, to painted and some brick-covered wooden buildings.

 

The last half of the 19th century saw a period of rapid expansion and modernisation. The fire of 1855 west of Torgallmenningen led to the development of regularly sized city blocks in this area of the city centre. The city limits were expanded in 1876, and Nygård, Møhlenpris and Sandviken were urbanized with large-scale construction of city blocks housing both the poor and the wealthy. Their architecture is influenced by a variety of styles; historicism, classicism and Art Nouveau. The wealthy built villas between Møhlenpris and Nygård, and on the side of Mount Fløyen; these areas were also added to Bergen in 1876. Simultaneously, an urbanization process was taking place in Solheimsviken in Årstad, at that time outside the Bergen municipality, centred on the large industrial activity in the area. The workers' homes in this area were poorly built, and little remains after large-scale redevelopment in the 1960s–1980s.

 

After Årstad became a part of Bergen in 1916, a development plan was applied to the new area. Few city blocks akin to those in Nygård and Møhlenpris were planned. Many of the worker class built their own homes, and many small, detached apartment buildings were built. After World War II, Bergen had again run short of land to build on, and, contrary to the original plans, many large apartment buildings were built in Landås in the 1950s and 1960s. Bergen acquired Fyllingsdalen from Fana municipality in 1955. Like similar areas in Oslo (e.g. Lambertseter), Fyllingsdalen was developed into a modern suburb with large apartment buildings, mid-rises, and some single-family homes, in the 1960s and 1970s. Similar developments took place beyond Bergen's city limits, for example in Loddefjord.

 

At the same time as planned city expansion took place inside Bergen, its extra-municipal suburbs also grew rapidly. Wealthy citizens of Bergen had been living in Fana since the 19th century, but as the city expanded it became more convenient to settle in the municipality. Similar processes took place in Åsane and Laksevåg. Most of the homes in these areas are detached row houses,[clarification needed] single family homes or small apartment buildings. After the surrounding municipalities were merged with Bergen in 1972, expansion has continued in largely the same manner, although the municipality encourages condensing near commercial centres, future Bergen Light Rail stations, and elsewhere.

 

As part of the modernisation wave of the 1950s and 1960s, and due to damage caused by World War II, the city government ambitiously planned redevelopment of many areas in central Bergen. The plans involved demolition of several neighbourhoods of wooden houses, namely Nordnes, Marken, and Stølen. None of the plans was carried out in its original form; the Marken and Stølen redevelopment plans were discarded and that of Nordnes only carried out in the area that had been most damaged by war. The city council of Bergen had in 1964 voted to demolish the entirety of Marken, however, the decision proved to be highly controversial and the decision was reversed in 1974. Bryggen was under threat of being wholly or partly demolished after the fire of 1955, when a large number of the buildings burned to the ground. Instead of being demolished, the remaining buildings were restored and accompanied by reconstructions of some of the burned buildings.

 

Demolition of old buildings and occasionally whole city blocks is still taking place, the most recent major example being the 2007 razing of Jonsvollskvartalet at Nøstet.

 

Billboards are banned in the city.

 

Culture and sports

Bergens Tidende (BT) and Bergensavisen (BA) are the largest newspapers, with circulations of 87,076 and 30,719 in 2006, BT is a regional newspaper covering all of Vestland, while BA focuses on metropolitan Bergen. Other newspapers published in Bergen include the Christian national Dagen, with a circulation of 8.936, and TradeWinds, an international shipping newspaper. Local newspapers are Fanaposten for Fana, Sydvesten for Laksevåg and Fyllingsdalen and Bygdanytt for Arna and the neighbouring municipality Osterøy. TV 2, Norway's largest private television company, is based in Bergen.

 

The 1,500-seat Grieg Hall is the city's main cultural venue, and home of the Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra, founded in 1765, and the Bergen Woodwind Quintet. The city also features Carte Blanche, the Norwegian national company of contemporary dance. The annual Bergen International Festival is the main cultural festival, which is supplemented by the Bergen International Film Festival. Two internationally renowned composers from Bergen are Edvard Grieg and Ole Bull. Grieg's home, Troldhaugen, has been converted to a museum. During the 1990s and early 2000s, Bergen produced a series of successful pop, rock and black metal artists, collectively known as the Bergen Wave.

 

Den Nationale Scene is Bergen's main theatre. Founded in 1850, it had Henrik Ibsen as one of its first in-house playwrights and art directors. Bergen's contemporary art scene is centred on BIT Teatergarasjen, Bergen Kunsthall, United Sardines Factory (USF) and Bergen Center for Electronic Arts (BEK). Bergen was a European Capital of Culture in 2000. Buekorps is a unique feature of Bergen culture, consisting of boys aged from 7 to 21 parading with imitation weapons and snare drums. The city's Hanseatic heritage is documented in the Hanseatic Museum located at Bryggen.

 

SK Brann is Bergen's premier football team; founded in 1908, they have played in the (men's) Norwegian Premier League for all but seven years since 1963 and consecutively, except one season after relegation in 2014, since 1987. The team were the football champions in 1961–1962, 1963, and 2007,[155] and reached the quarter-finals of the Cup Winners' Cup in 1996–1997. Brann play their home games at the 17,824-seat Brann Stadion. FK Fyllingsdalen is the city's second-best team, playing in the Second Division at Varden Amfi. Its predecessor, Fyllingen, played in the Norwegian Premier League in 1990, 1991 and 1993. Arna-Bjørnar and Sandviken play in the Women's Premier League.

 

Bergen IK is the premier men's ice hockey team, playing at Bergenshallen in the First Division. Tertnes play in the Women's Premier Handball League, and Fyllingen in the Men's Premier Handball League. In athletics, the city is dominated by IL Norna-Salhus, IL Gular and FIK BFG Fana, formerly also Norrøna IL and TIF Viking. The Bergen Storm are an American football team that plays matches at Varden Kunstgress and plays in the second division of the Norwegian league.

 

Bergensk is the native dialect of Bergen. It was strongly influenced by Low German-speaking merchants from the mid-14th to mid-18th centuries. During the Dano-Norwegian period from 1536 to 1814, Bergen was more influenced by Danish than other areas of Norway. The Danish influence removed the female grammatical gender in the 16th century, making Bergensk one of very few Norwegian dialects with only two instead of three grammatical genders. The Rs are uvular trills, as in French, which probably spread to Bergen some time in the 18th century, overtaking the alveolar trill in the time span of two to three generations. Owing to an improved literacy rate, Bergensk was influenced by riksmål and bokmål in the 19th and 20th centuries. This led to large parts of the German-inspired vocabulary disappearing and pronunciations shifting slightly towards East Norwegian.

 

The 1986 edition of the Eurovision Song Contest took place in Bergen. Bergen was the host city for the 2017 UCI Road World Championships. The city is also a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the category of gastronomy since 2015.

 

Street art

Bergen is considered to be the street art capital of Norway. Famed artist Banksy visited the city in 2000 and inspired many to start creating street art. Soon after, the city brought up the most famous street artist in Norway: Dolk. His art can still be seen in several places in the city, and in 2009 the city council choose to preserve Dolk's work "Spray" with protective glass. In 2011, Bergen council launched a plan of action for street art in Bergen from 2011 to 2015 to ensure that "Bergen will lead the fashion for street art as an expression both in Norway and Scandinavia".

 

The Madam Felle (1831–1908) monument in Sandviken, is in honour of a Norwegian woman of German origin, who in the mid-19th century managed, against the will of the council, to maintain a counter of beer. A well-known restaurant of the same name is now situated at another location in Bergen. The monument was erected in 1990 by sculptor Kari Rolfsen, supported by an anonymous donor. Madam Felle, civil name Oline Fell, was remembered after her death in a popular song, possibly originally a folksong, "Kjenner Dokker Madam Felle?" by Lothar Lindtner and Rolf Berntzen on an album in 1977.

 

Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway , is a Nordic , European country and an independent state in the west of the Scandinavian Peninsula . Geographically speaking, the country is long and narrow, and on the elongated coast towards the North Atlantic are Norway's well-known fjords . The Kingdom of Norway includes the main country (the mainland with adjacent islands within the baseline ), Jan Mayen and Svalbard . With these two Arctic areas, Norway covers a land area of ​​385,000 km² and has a population of approximately 5.5 million (2023). Mainland Norway borders Sweden in the east , Finland and Russia in the northeast .

 

Norway is a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy , where Harald V has been king and head of state since 1991 , and Jonas Gahr Støre ( Ap ) has been prime minister since 2021 . Norway is a unitary state , with two administrative levels below the state: counties and municipalities . The Sami part of the population has, through the Sami Parliament and the Finnmark Act , to a certain extent self-government and influence over traditionally Sami areas. Although Norway has rejected membership of the European Union through two referendums , through the EEA Agreement Norway has close ties with the Union, and through NATO with the United States . Norway is a significant contributor to the United Nations (UN), and has participated with soldiers in several foreign operations mandated by the UN. Norway is among the states that have participated from the founding of the UN , NATO , the Council of Europe , the OSCE and the Nordic Council , and in addition to these is a member of the EEA , the World Trade Organization , the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development and is part of the Schengen area .

 

Norway is rich in many natural resources such as oil , gas , minerals , timber , seafood , fresh water and hydropower . Since the beginning of the 20th century, these natural conditions have given the country the opportunity for an increase in wealth that few other countries can now enjoy, and Norwegians have the second highest average income in the world, measured in GDP per capita, as of 2022. The petroleum industry accounts for around 14% of Norway's gross domestic product as of 2018. Norway is the world's largest producer of oil and gas per capita outside the Middle East. However, the number of employees linked to this industry fell from approx. 232,000 in 2013 to 207,000 in 2015.

 

In Norway, these natural resources have been managed for socially beneficial purposes. The country maintains a welfare model in line with the other Nordic countries. Important service areas such as health and higher education are state-funded, and the country has an extensive welfare system for its citizens. Public expenditure in 2018 is approx. 50% of GDP, and the majority of these expenses are related to education, healthcare, social security and welfare. Since 2001 and until 2021, when the country took second place, the UN has ranked Norway as the world's best country to live in . From 2010, Norway is also ranked at the top of the EIU's democracy index . Norway ranks third on the UN's World Happiness Report for the years 2016–2018, behind Finland and Denmark , a report published in March 2019.

 

The majority of the population is Nordic. In the last couple of years, immigration has accounted for more than half of population growth. The five largest minority groups are Norwegian-Poles , Lithuanians , Norwegian-Swedes , Norwegian-Syrians including Syrian Kurds and Norwegian-Pakistani .

 

Norway's national day is 17 May, on this day in 1814 the Norwegian Constitution was dated and signed by the presidency of the National Assembly at Eidsvoll . It is stipulated in the law of 26 April 1947 that 17 May are national public holidays. The Sami national day is 6 February. "Yes, we love this country" is Norway's national anthem, the song was written in 1859 by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

 

Norway's history of human settlement goes back at least 10,000 years, to the Late Paleolithic , the first period of the Stone Age . Archaeological finds of settlements along the entire Norwegian coast have so far been dated back to 10,400 before present (BP), the oldest find is today considered to be a settlement at Pauler in Brunlanes , Vestfold .

For a period these settlements were considered to be the remains of settlers from Doggerland , an area which today lies beneath the North Sea , but which was once a land bridge connecting today's British Isles with Danish Jutland . But the archaeologists who study the initial phase of the settlement in what is today Norway reckon that the first people who came here followed the coast along what is today Bohuslân. That they arrived in some form of boat is absolutely certain, and there is much evidence that they could easily move over large distances.

 

Since the last Ice Age, there has been continuous settlement in Norway. It cannot be ruled out that people lived in Norway during the interglacial period , but no trace of such a population or settlement has been found.

 

The Stone Age lasted a long time; half of the time that our country has been populated. There are no written accounts of what life was like back then. The knowledge we have has been painstakingly collected through investigations of places where people have stayed and left behind objects that we can understand have been processed by human hands. This field of knowledge is called archaeology . The archaeologists interpret their findings and the history of the surrounding landscape. In our country, the uplift after the Ice Age is fundamental. The history of the settlements at Pauler is no more than fifteen years old.

 

The Fosna culture settled parts of Norway sometime between 10,000–8,000 BC. (see Stone Age in Norway ). The dating of rock carvings is set to Neolithic times (in Norway between 4000 BC to 1700 BC) and show activities typical of hunters and gatherers .

 

Agriculture with livestock and arable farming was introduced in the Neolithic. Swad farming where the farmers move when the field does not produce the expected yield.

 

More permanent and persistent farm settlements developed in the Bronze Age (1700 BC to 500 BC) and the Iron Age . The earliest runes have been found on an arrowhead dated to around 200 BC. Many more inscriptions are dated to around 800, and a number of petty kingdoms developed during these centuries. In prehistoric times, there were no fixed national borders in the Nordic countries and Norway did not exist as a state. The population in Norway probably fell to year 0.

 

Events in this time period, the centuries before the year 1000, are glimpsed in written sources. Although the sagas were written down in the 13th century, many hundreds of years later, they provide a glimpse into what was already a distant past. The story of the fimbul winter gives us a historical picture of something that happened and which in our time, with the help of dendrochronology , can be interpreted as a natural disaster in the year 536, created by a volcanic eruption in El Salvador .

 

In the period between 800 and 1066 there was a significant expansion and it is referred to as the Viking Age . During this period, Norwegians, as Swedes and Danes also did, traveled abroad in longships with sails as explorers, traders, settlers and as Vikings (raiders and pirates ). By the middle of the 11th century, the Norwegian kingship had been firmly established, building its right as descendants of Harald Hårfagre and then as heirs of Olav the Holy . The Norwegian kings, and their subjects, now professed Christianity . In the time around Håkon Håkonsson , in the time after the civil war , there was a small renaissance in Norway with extensive literary activity and diplomatic activity with Europe. The black dew came to Norway in 1349 and killed around half of the population. The entire state apparatus and Norway then entered a period of decline.

 

Between 1396 and 1536, Norway was part of the Kalmar Union , and from 1536 until 1814 Norway had been reduced to a tributary part of Denmark , named as the Personal Union of Denmark-Norway . This staff union entered into an alliance with Napoléon Bonaparte with a war that brought bad times and famine in 1812 . In 1814, Denmark-Norway lost the Anglophone Wars , part of the Napoleonic Wars , and the Danish king was forced to cede Norway to the king of Sweden in the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January of that year. After a Norwegian attempt at independence, Norway was forced into a loose union with Sweden, but where Norway was allowed to create its own constitution, the Constitution of 1814 . In this period, Norwegian, romantic national feeling flourished, and the Norwegians tried to develop and establish their own national self-worth. The union with Sweden was broken in 1905 after it had been threatened with war, and Norway became an independent kingdom with its own monarch, Haakon VII .

 

Norway remained neutral during the First World War , and at the outbreak of the Second World War, Norway again declared itself neutral, but was invaded by National Socialist Germany on 9 April 1940 .

 

Norway became a member of the Western defense alliance NATO in 1949 . Two attempts to join the EU were voted down in referendums by small margins in 1972 and 1994 . Norway has been a close ally of the United States in the post-war period. Large discoveries of oil and natural gas in the North Sea at the end of the 1960s led to tremendous economic growth in the country, which is still ongoing. Traditional industries such as fishing are also part of Norway's economy.

 

Stone Age (before 1700 BC)

When most of the ice disappeared, vegetation spread over the landscape and due to a warm climate around 2000-3000 BC. the forest grew much taller than in modern times. Land uplift after the ice age led to a number of fjords becoming lakes and dry land. The first people probably came from the south along the coast of the Kattegat and overland into Finnmark from the east. The first people probably lived by gathering, hunting and trapping. A good number of Stone Age settlements have been found which show that such hunting and trapping people stayed for a long time in the same place or returned to the same place regularly. Large amounts of gnawed bones show that they lived on, among other things, reindeer, elk, small game and fish.

 

Flintstone was imported from Denmark and apart from small natural deposits along the southern coast, all flintstone in Norway is transported by people. At Espevær, greenstone was quarried for tools in the Stone Age, and greenstone tools from Espevær have been found over large parts of Western Norway. Around 2000-3000 BC the usual farm animals such as cows and sheep were introduced to Norway. Livestock probably meant a fundamental change in society in that part of the people had to be permanent residents or live a semi-nomadic life. Livestock farming may also have led to conflict with hunters.

 

The oldest traces of people in what is today Norway have been found at Pauler , a farm in Brunlanes in Larvik municipality in Vestfold . In 2007 and 2008, the farm has given its name to a number of Stone Age settlements that have been excavated and examined by archaeologists from the Cultural History Museum at UiO. The investigations have been carried out in connection with the new route for the E18 motorway west of Farris. The oldest settlement, located more than 127 m above sea level, is dated to be about 10,400 years old (uncalibrated, more than 11,000 years in real calendar years). From here, the ice sheet was perhaps visible when people settled here. This locality has been named Pauler I, and is today considered to be the oldest confirmed human traces in Norway to date. The place is in the mountains above the Pauler tunnel on the E18 between Larvik and Porsgrunn . The pioneer settlement is a term archaeologists have adopted for the oldest settlement. The archaeologists have speculated about where they came from, the first people in what is today Norway. It has been suggested that they could come by boat or perhaps across the ice from Doggerland or the North Sea, but there is now a large consensus that they came north along what is today the Bohuslän coast. The Fosna culture , the Komsa culture and the Nøstvet culture are the traditional terms for hunting cultures from the Stone Age. One thing is certain - getting to the water was something they mastered, the first people in our country. Therefore, within a short time they were able to use our entire long coast.

 

In the New Stone Age (4000 BC–1700 BC) there is a theory that a new people immigrated to the country, the so-called Stone Ax People . Rock carvings from this period show motifs from hunting and fishing , which were still important industries. From this period, a megalithic tomb has been found in Østfold .

It is uncertain whether there were organized societies or state-like associations in the Stone Age in Norway. Findings from settlements indicate that many lived together and that this was probably more than one family so that it was a slightly larger, organized herd.

 

Finnmark

In prehistoric times, animal husbandry and agriculture were of little economic importance in Finnmark. Livelihoods in Finnmark were mainly based on fish, gathering, hunting and trapping, and eventually domestic reindeer herding became widespread in the Middle Ages. Archaeological finds from the Stone Age have been referred to as the Komsa culture and comprise around 5,000 years of settlement. Finnmark probably got its first settlement around 8000 BC. It is believed that the coastal areas became ice-free 11,000 years BC and the fjord areas around 9,000 years BC. after which willows, grass, heather, birch and pine came into being. Finnmarksvidda was covered by pine forest around 6000 BC. After the Ice Age, the land rose around 80 meters in the inner fjord areas (Alta, Tana, Varanger). Due to ice melting in the polar region, the sea rose in the period 6400–3800 BC. and in areas with little land elevation, some settlements from the first part of the Stone Age were flooded. On Sørøya, the net sea level rise was 12 to 14 meters and many residential areas were flooded.

 

According to Bjørnar Olsen , there are many indications of a connection between the oldest settlement in Western Norway (the " Fosnakulturen ") and that in Finnmark, but it is uncertain in which direction the settlement took place. In the earliest part of the Stone Age, settlement in Finnmark was probably concentrated in the coastal areas, and these only reflected a lifestyle with great mobility and no permanent dwellings. The inner regions, such as Pasvik, were probably used seasonally. The archaeologically proven settlements from the Stone Age in inner Finnmark and Troms are linked to lakes and large watercourses. The oldest petroglyphs in Alta are usually dated to 4200 BC, that is, the Neolithic . Bjørnar Olsen believes that the oldest can be up to 2,000 years older than this.

 

From around 4000 BC a slow deforestation of Finnmark began and around 1800 BC the vegetation distribution was roughly the same as in modern times. The change in vegetation may have increased the distance between the reindeer's summer and winter grazing. The uplift continued slowly from around 4000 BC. at the same time as sea level rise stopped.

 

According to Gutorm Gjessing, the settlement in Finnmark and large parts of northern Norway in the Neolithic was semi-nomadic with movement between four seasonal settlements (following the pattern of life in Sami siida in historical times): On the outer coast in summer (fishing and seal catching) and inland in winter (hunting for reindeer, elk and bear). Povl Simonsen believed instead that the winter residence was in the inner fjord area in a village-like sod house settlement. Bjørnar Olsen believes that at the end of the Stone Age there was a relatively settled population along the coast, while inland there was less settlement and a more mobile lifestyle.

 

Bronze Age (1700 BC–500 BC)

Bronze was used for tools in Norway from around 1500 BC. Bronze is a mixture of tin and copper , and these metals were introduced because they were not mined in the country at the time. Bronze is believed to have been a relatively expensive material. The Bronze Age in Norway can be divided into two phases:

 

Early Bronze Age (1700–1100 BC)

Younger Bronze Age (1100–500 BC)

For the prehistoric (unwritten) era, there is limited knowledge about social conditions and possible state formations. From the Bronze Age, there are large burial mounds of stone piles along the coast of Vestfold and Agder, among others. It is likely that only chieftains or other great men could erect such grave monuments and there was probably some form of organized society linked to these. In the Bronze Age, society was more organized and stratified than in the Stone Age. Then a rich class of chieftains emerged who had close connections with southern Scandinavia. The settlements became more permanent and people adopted horses and ard . They acquired bronze status symbols, lived in longhouses and people were buried in large burial mounds . Petroglyphs from the Bronze Age indicate that humans practiced solar cultivation.

 

Finnmark

In the last millennium BC the climate became cooler and the pine forest disappears from the coast; pine forests, for example, were only found in the innermost part of the Altafjord, while the outer coast was almost treeless. Around the year 0, the limit for birch forest was south of Kirkenes. Animals with forest habitats (elk, bear and beaver) disappeared and the reindeer probably established their annual migration routes sometime at that time. In the period 1800–900 BC there were significantly more settlements in and utilization of the hinterland was particularly noticeable on Finnmarksvidda. From around 1800 BC until year 0 there was a significant increase in contact between Finnmark and areas in the east including Karelia (where metals were produced including copper) and central and eastern Russia. The youngest petroglyphs in Alta show far more boats than the earlier phases and the boats are reminiscent of types depicted in petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia. It is unclear what influence southern Scandinavian societies had as far north as Alta before the year 0. Many of the cultural features that are considered typical Sami in modern times were created or consolidated in the last millennium BC, this applies, among other things, to the custom of burying in brick chambers in stone urns. The Mortensnes burial ground may have been used for 2000 years until around 1600 AD.

 

Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 1050 AD)

 

The Einangsteinen is one of the oldest Norwegian runestones; it is from the 4th century

 

Simultaneous production of Vikings

Around 500 years BC the researchers reckon that the Bronze Age will be replaced by the Iron Age as iron takes over as the most important material for weapons and tools. Bronze, wood and stone were still used. Iron was cheaper than bronze, easier to work than flint , and could be used for many purposes; iron probably became common property. Iron could, among other things, be used to make solid and sharp axes which made it much easier to fell trees. In the Iron Age, gold and silver were also used partly for decoration and partly as means of payment. It is unknown which language was used in Norway before our era. From around the year 0 until around the year 800, everyone in Scandinavia (except the Sami) spoke Old Norse , a North Germanic language. Subsequently, several different languages ​​developed in this area that were only partially mutually intelligible. The Iron Age is divided into several periods:

 

Early Iron Age

Pre-Roman Iron Age (c. 500 BC–c. 0)

Roman Iron Age (c. 0–c. AD 400)

Migration period (approx. 400–600). In the migration period (approx. 400–600), new peoples came to Norway, and ruins of fortress buildings etc. are interpreted as signs that there has been talk of a violent invasion.

Younger Iron Age

Merovingian period (500–800)

 

The Viking Age (793–1066)

Norwegian Vikings go on plundering expeditions and trade voyages around the coastal countries of Western Europe . Large groups of Norwegians emigrate to the British Isles , Iceland and Greenland . Harald Hårfagre starts a unification process of Norway late in the 8th century , which was completed by Harald Hardråde in the 1060s . The country was Christianized under the kings Olav Tryggvason , fell in the battle of Svolder ( 1000 ) and Olav Haraldsson (the saint), fell in the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 .

 

Sources of prehistoric times

Shrinking glaciers in the high mountains, including in Jotunheimen and Breheimen , have from around the year 2000 uncovered objects from the Viking Age and earlier. These are objects of organic material that have been preserved by the ice and that elsewhere in nature are broken down in a few months. The finds are getting older as the melting makes the archaeologists go deeper into the ice. About half of all archaeological discoveries on glaciers in the world are made in Oppland . In 2013, a 3,400-year-old shoe and a robe from the year 300 were found. Finds at Lomseggen in Lom published in 2020 revealed, among other things, well-preserved horseshoes used on a mountain pass. Many hundreds of items include preserved clothing, knives, whisks, mittens, leather shoes, wooden chests and horse equipment. A piece of cloth dated to the year 1000 has preserved its original colour. In 2014, a wooden ski from around the year 700 was found in Reinheimen . The ski is 172 cm long and 14 cm wide, with preserved binding of leather and wicker.

 

Pytheas from Massalia is the oldest known account of what was probably the coast of Norway, perhaps somewhere on the coast of Møre. Pytheas visited Britannia around 325 BC. and traveled further north to a country by the "Ice Sea". Pytheas described the short summer night and the midnight sun farther north. He wrote, among other things, that people there made a drink from grain and honey. Caesar wrote in his work about the Gallic campaign about the Germanic tribe Haruders. Other Roman sources around the year 0 mention the land of the Cimbri (Jutland) and the Cimbri headlands ( Skagen ) and that the sources stated that Cimbri and Charyds lived in this area. Some of these peoples may have immigrated to Norway and there become known as hordes (as in Hordaland). Sources from the Mediterranean area referred to the islands of Scandia, Scandinavia and Thule ("the outermost of all islands"). The Roman historian Tacitus wrote around the year 100 a work about Germania and mentioned the people of Scandia, the Sviones. Ptolemy wrote around the year 150 that the Kharudes (Hordes) lived further north than all the Cimbri, in the north lived the Finnoi (Finns or Sami) and in the south the Gutai (Goths). The Nordic countries and Norway were outside the Roman Empire , which dominated Europe at the time. The Gothic-born historian Jordanes wrote in the 5th century about 13 tribes or people groups in Norway, including raumaricii (probably Romerike ), ragnaricii ( Ranrike ) and finni or skretefinni (skrid finner or ski finner, i.e. Sami) as well as a number of unclear groups. Prokopios wrote at the same time about Thule north of the land of the Danes and Slavs, Thule was ten times as big as Britannia and the largest of all the islands. In Thule, the sun was up 40 days straight in the summer. After the migration period , southern Europeans' accounts of northern Europe became fuller and more reliable.

 

Settlement in prehistoric times

Norway has around 50,000 farms with their own names. Farm names have persisted for a long time, over 1000 years, perhaps as much as 2000 years. The name researchers have arranged different types of farm names chronologically, which provides a basis for determining when the place was used by people or received a permanent settlement. Uncompounded landscape names such as Haug, Eid, Vik and Berg are believed to be the oldest. Archaeological traces indicate that some areas have been inhabited earlier than assumed from the farm name. Burial mounds also indicate permanent settlement. For example, the burial ground at Svartelva in Løten was used from around the year 0 to the year 1000 when Christianity took over. The first farmers probably used large areas for inland and outland, and new farms were probably established based on some "mother farms". Names such as By (or Bø) show that it is an old place of residence. From the older Iron Age, names with -heim (a common Germanic word meaning place of residence) and -stad tell of settlement, while -vin and -land tell of the use of the place. Farm names in -heim are often found as -um , -eim or -em as in Lerum and Seim, there are often large farms in the center of the village. New farm names with -city and -country were also established in the Viking Age . The first farmers probably used the best areas. The largest burial grounds, the oldest archaeological finds and the oldest farm names are found where the arable land is richest and most spacious.

 

It is unclear whether the settlement expansion in Roman times, migrations and the Iron Age is due to immigration or internal development and population growth. Among other things, it is difficult to demonstrate where in Europe the immigrants have come from. The permanent residents had both fields (where grain was grown) and livestock that grazed in the open fields, but it is uncertain which of these was more important. Population growth from around the year 200 led to more utilization of open land, for example in the form of settlements in the mountains. During the migration period, it also seems that in parts of the country it became common to have cluster gardens or a form of village settlement.

 

Norwegian expansion northwards

From around the year 200, there was a certain migration by sea from Rogaland and Hordaland to Nordland and Sør-Troms. Those who moved settled down as a settled Iron Age population and became dominant over the original population which may have been Sami . The immigrant Norwegians, Bumen , farmed with livestock that were fed inside in the winter as well as some grain cultivation and fishing. The northern border of the Norwegians' settlement was originally at the Toppsundet near Harstad and around the year 500 there was a Norwegian settlement to Malangsgapet. That was as far north as it was possible to grow grain at the time. Malangen was considered the border between Hålogaland and Finnmork until around 1400 . Further into the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, there was immigration and settlement of Norwegian speakers along the coast north of Malangen. Around the year 800, Norwegians lived along the entire outer coast to Vannøy . The Norwegians partly copied Sami livelihoods such as whaling, fur hunting and reindeer husbandry. It was probably this area between Malangen and Vannøy that was Ottar from the Hålogaland area. In the Viking Age, there were also some Norwegian settlements further north and east. East of the North Cape are the scattered archaeological finds of Norwegian settlement in the Viking Age. There are Norwegian names for fjords and islands from the Viking Age, including fjord names with "-anger". Around the year 1050, there were Norwegian settlements on the outer coast of Western Finnmark. Traders and tax collectors traveled even further.

 

North of Malangen there were Norse farming settlements in the Iron Age. Malangen was considered Finnmark's western border until 1300. There are some archaeological traces of Norse activity around the coast from Tromsø to Kirkenes in the Viking Age. Around Tromsø, the research indicates a Norse/Sami mixed culture on the coast.

 

From the year 1100 and the next 200–300 years, there are no traces of Norwegian settlement north and east of Tromsø. It is uncertain whether this is due to depopulation, whether it is because the Norwegians further north were not Christianized or because there were no churches north of Lenvik or Tromsø . Norwegian settlement in the far north appears from sources from the 14th century. In the Hanseatic period , the settlement was developed into large areas specialized in commercial fishing, while earlier (in the Viking Age) there had been farms with a combination of fishing and agriculture. In 1307 , a fortress and the first church east of Tromsø were built in Vardø . Vardø became a small Norwegian town, while Vadsø remained Sami. Norwegian settlements and churches appeared along the outermost coast in the Middle Ages. After the Reformation, perhaps as a result of a decline in fish stocks or fish prices, there were Norwegian settlements in the inner fjord areas such as Lebesby in Laksefjord. Some fishing villages at the far end of the coast were abandoned for good. In the interior of Finnmark, there was no national border for a long time and Kautokeino and Karasjok were joint Norwegian-Swedish areas with strong Swedish influence. The border with Finland was established in 1751 and with Russia in 1826.

 

On a Swedish map from 1626, Norway's border is indicated at Malangen, while Sweden with this map showed a desire to control the Sami area which had been a common area.

 

The term Northern Norway only came into use at the end of the 19th century and administratively the area was referred to as Tromsø Diocese when Tromsø became a bishopric in 1840. There had been different designations previously: Hålogaland originally included only Helgeland and when Norse settlement spread north in the Viking Age and the Middle Ages, Hålogaland was used for the area north approximately to Malangen , while Finnmark or "Finnmarken", "the land of the Sami", lay outside. The term Northern Norway was coined at a cafe table in Kristiania in 1884 by members of the Nordlændingernes Forening and was first commonly used in the interwar period as it eventually supplanted "Hålogaland".

 

State formation

The battle in Hafrsfjord in the year 872 has long been regarded as the day when Norway became a kingdom. The year of the battle is uncertain (may have been 10-20 years later). The whole of Norway was not united in that battle: the process had begun earlier and continued a couple of hundred years later. This means that the geographical area became subject to a political authority and became a political unit. The geographical area was perceived as an area as it is known, among other things, from Ottar from Hålogaland's account for King Alfred of Wessex around the year 880. Ottar described "the land of the Norwegians" as very long and narrow, and it was narrowest in the far north. East of the wasteland in the south lay Sveoland and in the north lay Kvenaland in the east. When Ottar sailed south along the land from his home ( Malangen ) to Skiringssal, he always had Norway ("Nordveg") on his port side and the British Isles on his starboard side. The journey took a good month. Ottar perceived "Nordveg" as a geographical unit, but did not imply that it was a political unit. Ottar separated Norwegians from Swedes and Danes. It is unclear why Ottar perceived the population spread over such a large area as a whole. It is unclear whether Norway as a geographical term or Norwegians as the name of a ethnic group is the oldest. The Norwegians had a common language which in the centuries before Ottar did not differ much from the language of Denmark and Sweden.

 

According to Sverre Steen, it is unlikely that Harald Hårfagre was able to control this entire area as one kingdom. The saga of Harald was written 300 years later and at his death Norway was several smaller kingdoms. Harald probably controlled a larger area than anyone before him and at most Harald's kingdom probably included the coast from Trøndelag to Agder and Vestfold as well as parts of Viken . There were probably several smaller kingdoms of varying extent before Harald and some of these are reflected in traditional landscape names such as Ranrike and Ringerike . Landscape names of "-land" (Rogaland) and "-mark" (Hedmark) as well as names such as Agder and Sogn may have been political units before Harald.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the national assembly was completed at the earliest at the battle of Stiklestad in 1030 and the introduction of Christianity was probably a significant factor in the establishment of Norway as a state. Håkon I the good Adalsteinsfostre introduced the leasehold system where the "coastal land" (as far as the salmon went up the rivers) was divided into ship raiders who were to provide a longship with soldiers and supplies. The leidange was probably introduced as a defense against the Danes. The border with the Danes was traditionally at the Göta älv and several times before and after Harald Hårfagre the Danes had control over central parts of Norway.

 

Christianity was known and existed in Norway before Olav Haraldson's time. The spread occurred both from the south (today's Denmark and northern Germany) and from the west (England and Ireland). Ansgar of Bremen , called the "Apostle of the North", worked in Sweden, but he was never in Norway and probably had little influence in the country. Viking expeditions brought the Norwegians of that time into contact with Christian countries and some were baptized in England, Ireland and northern France. Olav Tryggvason and Olav Haraldson were Vikings who returned home. The first Christians in Norway were also linked to pre-Christian local religion, among other things, by mixing Christian symbols with symbols of Odin and other figures from Norse religion.

 

According to Sverre Steen, the introduction of Christianity in Norway should not be perceived as a nationwide revival. At Mostratinget, Christian law was introduced as law in the country and later incorporated into the laws of the individual jurisdictions. Christianity primarily involved new forms in social life, among other things exposure and images of gods were prohibited, it was forbidden to "put out" unwanted infants (to let them die), and it was forbidden to have multiple wives. The church became a nationwide institution with a special group of officials tasked with protecting the church and consolidating the new religion. According to Sverre Steen, Christianity and the church in the Middle Ages should therefore be considered together, and these became a new unifying factor in the country. The church and Christianity linked Norway to Roman Catholic Europe with Church Latin as the common language, the same time reckoning as the rest of Europe and the church in Norway was arranged much like the churches in Denmark, Sweden and England. Norway received papal approval in 1070 and became its own church province in 1152 with Archbishop Nidaros .

 

With Christianity, the country got three social powers: the peasants (organized through the things), the king with his officials and the church with the clergy. The things are the oldest institution: At allthings all armed men had the right to attend (in part an obligation to attend) and at lagthings met emissaries from an area (that is, the lagthings were representative assemblies). The Thing both ruled in conflicts and established laws. The laws were memorized by the participants and written down around the year 1000 or later in the Gulationsloven , Frostatingsloven , Eidsivatingsloven and Borgartingsloven . The person who had been successful at the hearing had to see to the implementation of the judgment themselves.

 

Early Middle Ages (1050s–1184)

The early Middle Ages is considered in Norwegian history to be the period between the end of the Viking Age around 1050 and the coronation of King Sverre in 1184 . The beginning of the period can be dated differently, from around the year 1000 when the Christianization of the country took place and up to 1100 when the Viking Age was over from an archaeological point of view. From 1035 to 1130 it was a time of (relative) internal peace in Norway, even several of the kings attempted campaigns abroad, including in 1066 and 1103 .

 

During this period, the church's organization was built up. This led to a gradual change in religious customs. Religion went from being a domestic matter to being regulated by common European Christian law and the royal power gained increased power and influence. Slavery (" servitude ") was gradually abolished. The population grew rapidly during this period, as the thousands of farm names ending in -rud show.

 

The urbanization of Norway is a historical process that has slowly but surely changed Norway from the early Viking Age to today, from a country based on agriculture and sea salvage, to increasingly trade and industry. As early as the ninth century, the country got its first urban community, and in the eleventh century we got the first permanent cities.

 

In the 1130s, civil war broke out . This was due to a power struggle and that anyone who claimed to be the king's son could claim the right to the throne. The disputes escalated into extensive year-round warfare when Sverre Sigurdsson started a rebellion against the church's and the landmen's candidate for the throne , Magnus Erlingsson .

 

Emergence of cities

The oldest Norwegian cities probably emerged from the end of the 9th century. Oslo, Bergen and Nidaros became episcopal seats, which stimulated urban development there, and the king built churches in Borg , Konghelle and Tønsberg. Hamar and Stavanger became new episcopal seats and are referred to in the late 12th century as towns together with the trading places Veøy in Romsdal and Kaupanger in Sogn. In the late Middle Ages, Borgund (on Sunnmøre), Veøy (in Romsdalsfjorden) and Vågan (in Lofoten) were referred to as small trading places. Urbanization in Norway occurred in few places compared to the neighboring countries, only 14 places appear as cities before 1350. Stavanger became a bishopric around 1120–1130, but it is unclear whether the place was already a city then. The fertile Jæren and outer Ryfylke were probably relatively densely populated at that time. A particularly large concentration of Irish artefacts from the Viking Age has been found in Stavanger and Nord-Jæren.

 

It has been difficult to estimate the population in the Norwegian medieval cities, but it is considered certain that the cities grew rapidly in the Middle Ages. Oscar Albert Johnsen estimated the city's population before the Black Death at 20,000, of which 7,000 in Bergen, 3,000 in Nidaros, 2,000 in Oslo and 1,500 in Tunsberg. Based on archaeological research, Lunden estimates that Oslo had around 1,500 inhabitants in 250 households in the year 1300. Bergen was built up more densely and, with the concentration of exports there, became Norway's largest city in a special position for several hundred years. Knut Helle suggests a city population of 20,000 at most in the High Middle Ages, of which almost half in Bergen.

 

The Bjarkøyretten regulated the conditions in cities (especially Bergen and Nidaros) and in trading places, and for Nidaros had many of the same provisions as the Frostating Act . Magnus Lagabøte's city law replaced the bjarkøretten and from 1276 regulated the settlement in Bergen and with corresponding laws also drawn up for Oslo, Nidaros and Tunsberg. The city law applied within the city's roof area . The City Act determined that the city's public streets consisted of wid

Static dispaly and engine run on a number of aircraft

  

Ms. ownership inscription of Gottlieb Paul Christ (1707-1786):

"Theophili Pauli Christii Coburgensis Onoldibati[?] a C.N. MDCCLX."

  

[Gottlieb Paul Christ (1707-1786), professor, librarian and court functionary at Ansbach.

In their finding aid Aldine Press Books at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin: The Center, 1998), Craig W. Kallendorf and Maria X. Wells identify the ex-libris "Theophili Pauli Christi" as "Gottlieb Paul Christ (18th cent.), prof. at Anspach Gymnasium". According to his biographical entry in C.A. Baader, Lexikon Verstorbener Schrifsteller des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts (Augsburg: Von Jenisch- und Stage'schen Buchhandlung, 1825), Bd. 2, T. 1, p. 22, Christ was born in Coburg but came to Ansbach in 1728 to take service with Freiherr von Seckendorff (probably Christoph Ludwig Freiherr von Seckendorff-Aberdar). He went abroad on several diplomatic missions and became the librarian for the Ansbacher Schlossbibliothek. (According to E.F.C. Oertel in Georg Ludwig Oeder der erste Rektor bei der Einweihung des neuen Gymnasiums in Ansbach am 12. Juni 1737 ... (Ansbach: Oertel, 1837) p. 54-55, he got the job in 1738; according to the Schlossbibliothek's history web page, he was the second librarian to be appointed.) In 1737 he was appointed professor at the gymnasium in Ansbach and published a number of works on historical subjects; he also continued to serve at court as a councillor.

DNB heading: Christ, Gottlieb Paul 1707-1786]

 

Other examples of Gottlieb Paul Christ provenance

 

Penn Libraries call number: LatC P7198 En543n Folio

All images from this book

Photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in the work.

• no work-for-hire • no Creative Commons license • no flickr API •

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photographer | ► Bernard Egger profile.. • collections.. • sets

classic sports cars | vintage motorcycles | Oldtimer Grand Prix

Mille Miglia | Ennstal-Classic ☆ motorsport legends & passion

 

event | 2010 Oldtimer Grand Prix Schwanenstadt AT

 

📷 | Benelli vintage racer :: rumoto images # 5449

 

Oldtimer Grand Prix, Schwanenstadt, Pitzenberg, Aich, road racing, road races, Straßenrennen, Hausruckring, Austria, rumoto images,

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legends, Leggenda e passione, Legend and passion, Légende et passion, Weltmeister, world champion, Giacomo Agostini, August Auinger, Karl Auer, Steve Baker, Harald Bartol, Dieter Braun, Michael Doohan, Joe Dunlop, Everts, Rupert Hollaus, Mike Hailwood, Bruno Kneubühler, Carlos Lavado, Eddie Lawson, Marco Luccinelli, Randy Mamola, Toni Mang, Alois Maxwald, Mühlfried Minich, Eduard Stöllinger, Phil Read, Kenny Roberts, Heinz Rosner, Valentino Rossi, Jarno Saarinen, Renzo Pasolini, Barry Sheene, John Surtees, Luigi Taveri, Franco Uncini, Freddie Spencer, Karl Zach, Klaus Klaffenböck, Rolf Biland, Моторспорт, фотография,

LEGAL NOTICE © protected work • All Rights reserved! © Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

No use of this image is allowed without photographer’s express prior permission and subject to compensation • no work-for-hire

 

licence | please contact me before to obtain prior a license and to buy the rights to use and publish this photo | ▻ Bernard Egger

 

location | Севастополь, Republic of Crimea, RF

📷 | Sevastopol Tourism :: rumoto images # 151951

 

РОССИЯ 🇷🇺 RUSSIA • 💯 RUS flickr group | Гимн |

 

Bernard Egger, photography, фотография, 写真家, rumoto images, Fotografie, Fotográfico, Fotografo, fine art, art print, rumoto, stunning, awesome, outstanding, poster, вконтакте, vk, Yandex, rossgram, visit-crimea, destination, vacanze, travel, travelling, Европа, Europe, на гастролях, on tour, reisen, Россия, Russland, Russia, Российская Федерация, РФ, Russiche Föderation, RF, Russian Federation, туризм, Tourismus, tourism, travel, travelling, vacanze, destination, Städtetourismus, Urlaub, Reise, reisen, Черное море, Schwarzes Meer, Black Sea, Крым, Krim, Crimea, Republic of Crimea, Sevastopol, Севастополь, monuments, монумент, памятники, памятник, Denkmal, Schwarzmeerflotte, russian, Great Patriotic War, eternal flame, Ewiges Feuer, Großer Vaterländischer Krieg, Sowjetische Heldenstadt, Stalingrad

 

----

The tradition of lighting a flame in honour of fallen soldiers has existed since ancient times. In more recent memory, the first eternal flame was lit in 1923 at the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. Later, eternal flame memorials appeared in Belgium, Portugal, Romania, and the Czech Republic.

 

The first eternal flame in the Soviet Union was lit in October 1957 in Leningrad on the Field of Mars at the Monument to the Fighters of the Revolution. The eternal flame on the Field of Mars was the source of the flames for most of the military memorials established in the hero cities of the USSR.

 

On 8 May 1967, the eternal flame in memory of those killed in the Great Patriotic War was lit in the Alexander Gardens near the Kremlin wall in Moscow.

 

- - - - -

 

Die Tradition, ein Feuer zu Ehren der gefallenen Kämpfer zu entzünden, geht auf die Antike zurück. In neuerer Zeit wurde das erste Ewige Feuer 1923 am Arc de Triomphe in Paris eingerichtet. Danach entstanden Gedenkstätten mit dem Ewigen Feuer in Belgien, Portugal, Rumänien und Tschechien.

 

Das erste Ewige Feuer in der Sowjetunion wurde im Oktober 1957 in Leningrad auf dem Marsfeld am Denkmal für die Revolutionskämpfer installiert. Anschließend wurden dauerhaft brennende Flammen an den meisten Kriegsgedenkstätten, die in den sowjetischen Heldenstädten eröffnet wurden, entzündet.

 

Am 8. Mai 1967 wurde das Ewige Feuer zum Gedenken an die Gefallenen im Großen Vaterländischen Krieg im Alexandergarten an der Kremlmauer in Moskau entflammt.

 

- - - - -

 

Традиция зажигать огонь в честь погибших воинов родилась еще в древности. В новейшее время первый мемориальный Вечный огонь был зажжен в 1923 году у Триумфальной арки в Париже. Затем мемориалы с Вечным огнем появились в Бельгии, Португалии, Румынии, Чехии.

 

Первый вечный огонь в СССР загорится в октябре 1957 года в Ленинграде на Марсовом поле у памятника "Борцам революции". Вечный огонь на Марсовом поле станет источником пламени для большинства воинских мемориалов, открытых в городах-героях СССР.

 

8 мая 1967 года Вечный огонь в память о павших в Великой Отечественной войне будет зажжен в Александровском саду у Кремлевской стены в Москве.

I just came into ownership of this, my first ever Rolleiflex- A Black Baby rolleiflex 4X4 and would appreciate any info on it. I have scoured the internet but was left in confusion between two models (after checking serial numbers at www.rolleiclub.com ).

 

125.000* - 145.000*

Rolleiflex 4x4 3,5 model 1 - Prochnow

Baby 4x4 1931 Rolleiflex - Parker

3.5 Original Baby - Evans

 

127.000- 523.000

Rolleiflex 4x4 3,5 model 2 - Prochnow

Baby 4x4 1934 Rolleiflex - Parker

Black Baby (type 1 - Evans

 

The serial number is 1456**

- and the last two digits are missing but at closer inspection they look like 17 (possibly)..

so maybe serial is No. 145617.

 

Viewing lens reads - Heidoskop-Anastigmat 1: 2,8 f- 6 cm

Viewing lens Number - 132752

Focus lens reads - Tessar 1: 3,5 f= 6 cm

Focus lens number - Carl Zeiss Jena Nr. 1327345

Number under shutter release - 2392959

 

It was sold to me as an-

"Original Baby Rolleiflex 4 x 4 Model 4RF 411"

Early 1930s. Complete with original case-

Camera fully functioning but could do with an overhaul. Paintwork a bit battered & view finder magnifier (small magnifying glass) missing.

Has red window on the back.

 

But then I saw this one -http://www.Pacificrimcamera.com/pp/rollei/pr ebaby.htm which is different to my own so I'm just more confused than ever

Did I buy the right camera as advertised or did I buy a dud?

 

I would really appreciate any info in identifying the correct model and year and of-course if it has any real monetary value. I bought it to use it but if it is a rare model then I think I'll just baby it (excuse the pun) and only take out for exercise on occasion. :)

 

Thanks in advance to anyone who took the time to read all that and bother posting back. :)

P.S- I will take some photos soon and post them back up here in case the information I gave isn't enough. :)

album- bit.ly/3Of7Wva FOUND tabby cat in #inglewood. If claiming must provide photo id & proof of ownership. Pls rt & share to find family. Found: beautiful friendly tabby with no tags off 11 AVE SE in inglewood. I’d seen her/him over the last couple of days drinking from our heated dog bowl. Made contact today and gave them food/water. Hoping this beauty can be reunited with their family. Please dm if you think they may be yours (brought them in for the night, the to the city tomorrow to check for microchip). Original wall post bit.ly/3AECh0H Original visitor post bit.ly/3GjHJJQ November 15, 2022 at 07:02AM bit.ly/2BxTYim iftt Upload public photo from URL

It is unlikely the glistening possibility of a golden slam (ownership of all four majors and an Olympic gold medal) blinded Roger Federer in sight of the prize. He is too cool for that. Juan Martín del Potro had no such distractions but, after an heroic effort, he could not survive the examination of a record-breaking semi-final and the Swiss, betraying occasional nerves between breathtaking ground strokes and 24 aces, won 3-6, 7-6, 19-17 in four hours and 26 minutes.

 

The final set took two hours and 43 minutes. Legs held up, spirits soared and dipped, and records tumbled.

 

The match was half an hour longer than the previous longest Olympic singles, between Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Milos Raonic in the third round here. It was also the longest three-set singles match in the Open era, beating the four hours and three minutes of the 2009 Madrid semi-final between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal.

 

Federer has not been detained this long in a single set since he finished off Andy Roddick 16-14 to win Wimbledon three years ago. That whole match, over five sets, took four hours and 16 minutes, ten minutes shorter than Friday's struggle over three. It also exhausted the ink in a colleague's pen; that's long.

 

Del Potro's brutal shotmaking kept Federer deep in the first set, and he grabbed it 6-3.

 

Federer had lost the first set 12 times in 52 matches this year, and recovered to win eight of those. Del Potro had lost to Federer five times in 2012, with only the memory of his win en route to his sole slam victory three years ago in New York to sustain his belief that, on his day, he has the measure of the Swiss. Friday was not quite one of those days and he broke down in tears after his final shot, a weary backhand, hit the net.

 

"To lose this way hurts a lot," he said. "It's very hard to talk about it right now. Everyone has their time. The US Open was my time, not today."

 

Federer was generous in victory: "Juan Martín did so well to hang in there. I don't think I have ever played as long a set in a best of three-set match. It was very physical at the end and so mental. I feel horrible for Juan Martín, but he can be very proud."

 

Del Potro had three break points in the second set, Federer two, and Federer's serve, clicking beautifully in the tie-break, levelled it at a set apiece.

 

Then they got down to business in their contrasting ways.

 

Moving at times like Mrs Romney's horse – sideways with long legs pumping furiously – Del Potro used his extraordinary levers to retrieve some of Federer's teasing cross-court strokes. While Federer's conservatism governed his daring, Del Potro had to fight hard to retain the shape and distance in his ground strokes.

 

Federer could not take advantage of break points in the seventh and ninth games, and snatched another break point in the 15th game when del Potro chose the right shot – down the line with his man stranded – but the wrong execution, and it went long. However, Federer wasted the chance, netting a dolly backhand.

 

Del Potro's second double fault of the match gave Federer another glimpse at 30-all and this time he went on to secure the break when Del Potro mucked up a forehand.

 

Federer was one game away from the final but, unbelievably, when he belted a backhand on to the net and out of bounds, he had lost his serve to love and they were level again.

 

Federer had three break points in the 29th game when Del Potro's backhand strayed long, but the Argentinian scrambled back to deuce with shots that burned the chalk on either side of the oblong, and held with another glorious forehand that clipped the baseline.

 

In the 35th game, Federer had three more break points. This time, he did not blow it. Del Potro did.

 

Serving for the match for a second time, Federer surrendered to the joy of the moment when Del Potro gave him match point – then squandered it with netted backhand. A forehand winner down the line delivered him another shot at victory, Del Potro's concentration snapped for the last time and it was done.

LEGAL NOTICE | protected work • All Rights reserved © B. Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

photographer | Bernard Egger • collections • sets..

 

FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod ФК Волга vs Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

📷 | IFCS Int. football camps Styria - ФК Волга - SWFC 0:0

 

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licence | → for any user agreement please contact Bernard Egger.

 

FC «Volga» - www.fcvolgann.ru/ - was created in 1963 by a merger of two clubs: «Torpedo» and «Raketa». After the first season «Volga» was able to get to the top division. «Volga» spent a season in the top football society under the sign of embarrassing mistakes and fatal bad luck. Our team’s fate has been settled in an additional match for the 13th place. «Torpedo Kutaisi» was our opponent. Georgians won with a 4:2 score, and «Volga» lost its place in the first group of Class «A». Then «Volga» took the 4 th place in the 1968 season in the second group «A» class (similar to the current First division) and thrice (1971, 1972 and 1974) our team became the bronze medalist of zonal tournament in the second league. «Volga» participated in the championships of the USSR until the season of 1984.

 

In 2008 FC «Volga» won a first place in the area of the «Ural-Volga» region of second division. It also won the PFL Cup, a tournament of winners of five zones of the second division. «Volga» played with teams from Premier League in the Cup of Russia. Our club defeated «Saturn», but «Tom» was stronger in the penalty shoot-out. «Volga’s»debut in the first division was successful. In 2009, the team demonstrated a nice game and good results. The club made record series of 16 consecutive matches without loss. In addition, our guys took first place in the second round and became the fourth team of the First Division in season of 2009. In May 2010 Omari Tetradze became a head coach of the club. Under his leadership the club resulted in a second place. ‘Volga» got the largest number of victories (10), scored the most goals (62) and lost the fewest games (5). Otar Martsvaladze became the best scorer of the First Division.

2011 the club has started in the Premier League.

 

FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Футбольный Клуб "Волга" Нижний Новгород) is a Russian football club from Nizhny Novgorod, founded in 1963. In 2008, FC Volga won the Ural-Povolzhye (Volga Region in Russian) zone of the Russian Second Division and advanced to the Russian First Division. It finished First Division as 4th in 2009 and finished one as 2nd in 2010 and promoted to Russian Premier League for 2011 season. Promotion to the top league was secured after 2-2 draw with Nizhny Novgorod at Nizhny Novgorod derby on November 3, 2010. info: [ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod ]

 

www.rfpl.org/clubs-volga/igrok

 

PLAYERS

 

No./Position /Player Игроки ФК «Волга»:

 

24 MF Ruslan Pashtov , 28 MF Aleksandr Semyachkin

30 GK Aleksandr Sholokhman , 35 MF Roman Boldyrev

44 DF Vladislav Rikovskiy , 47 MF Dmitri Vershinin

51 MF Roman Dzhigkayev , 52 FW Mikhail Sorochkin

53 DF Pavel Averin , 55 DF Pavel Pashin

62 DF Vasili Samokhvalov, 66 FW Alan Kadzhayev

71 GK Mikhail Malyshev, 73 FW Vladislav Chernikov

79 DF Shamil Kurbanov, 88 DF David Kokhia

91 DF Artyom Abramov, 92 MF Ilya Syomin

93 MF Ivan Strelov

 

No./Position/Player SWFC (as of 05 July 2011):

 

1 GK Nicky Weaver, 3 DF Lewis Buxton, 6 DF Michael Morrison,

7 DF Mark Reynolds, 10 DF Daniel Jones, 13 GK Richard O'Donnell

15 DF Mark Beevers, 17 MF James O'Connor, 22 DF Reda Johnson

23 MF Jermaine Johnson, 24 MF Chris Sedgwick, 25 GK Arron Jameson

28 FW Nathan Modest, 29 MF Liam Palmer, 30 FW Clinton Morrison

32 FW Gary Madine, 34 GK Sean Cuff, 35 MF Cecil Nyoni

36 DF Jon Otsemobor, -- DF Julian Bennett, -- DF Rob Jones

-- MF David Prutton

09/06/2022. Blackpool, United Kingdom. Prime Minister Boris Johnson gives a speech on housing at the Construction Skills Centre at the Blackpool and Fylde College. Picture by Andrew Parsons / No 10 Downing Street

Audience: full church body

Purpose: a logo for our new ownership class that can also carry over into the whole concept of "ownership". Ownership is what we are renaming the concept of church membership to.

The key is symbolic of the "holder of the keys" concept -- which is somewhat synonymous with ownership.

09/06/2022. Blackpool, United Kingdom. Prime Minister Boris Johnson learns how to lay bricks from students at the Construction Skills Centre at the Blackpool and Fylde College. Picture by Andrew Parsons / No 10 Downing Street

Under Rolls Royce ownership, Bentley models were primarily based off Rolls Royce's production car range, with the original Mulsanne of 1980 being based off of the Rolls Royce Silver Spirit/Spur range. The Mulsanne/Eight and later Turbo R/Brooklands were amongst the last Bentley's to be based off of a Rolls Royce product, the final model being the Bentley Arnage that was based off of the Rolls Royce Silver Seraph, and was this car's replacement. The name "Mulsanne" is derived from Bentley's famous history, which included five victories at the 24 Hours of Le Mans between 1924 and 1930, the 'Mulsanne Straight' being the stretch of the Le Mans racecourse where cars reach their highest speeds.

 

For all intents and purposes, the Mulsanne is identical in pretty much every way to the Silver Spirit, minus the Bentley badge and grille in place of the Rolls Royce markings. Engines were the same too, with the car being powered by a 6.75L Rolls Royce V8 from the Silver Shadow and Camargue.

 

This particular version is the Mulsanne S, which made its début in 1987 to give the range some spice. Although this model lacked its turbocharger, many of its other details were similar to the Turbo R, including that car's alloy wheels and interior, and the suspension was firmed up for a more sporting ride. The rectangular headlamps from the 1980's gave way to quad round units for 1989, and the model lasted until 1992 when the entire Mulsanne range was replaced by the Turbo R/Brooklands, with 970 members built. Since then the Mulsanne range has been revived as Bentley's current flagship, a full-size luxury saloon to compete with the Rolls Royce Phantom.

This week's pub. Under new ownership, a former upstairs function room has become The Tate Gallery, curated by a couple of young Glebe artists.

 

From www.liveguide.com.au/Events/735498/The_Tate/The_Tate_The_...

 

The Tate at Glebe’s renowned hotel, The Toxteth, is the latest addition to the inner west’s visual arts scene. Comprising of a rent-free, commission-free gallery space as well as a set of no-rent art studios, The Tate will house a curated family of artists from a range of disciplines and backgrounds, with the objective of re-invigorating Sydney’s arts and cultural scene. The Tate is another initiative from the team behind Sydney’s Lo-Fi Collective: co-founded by Peer Group and Riversdale Group and co-curated by Marty Routledge and Christopher Loutfy. As the gentrification avalanche tumbles down the hills from the Eastern Suburbs, the known creative precincts of Surry Hills and Darlinghurst are being pushed further to Redfern and Darlington. Following the success of Lo-Fi, as well as The Standard, Go Font Yr Self and Self Est., the founders see The Tate as yet another step in the process of addressing the distance between Sydney’s arts education system and the art industry, as well as bridging the physical gap between Sydney’s inner west and the inner city. The Tate will hold new openings weekly, embracing grass roots talent from within the establishment by means of draft picks from our arts education system. The Tate applies the same free gallery structure as its sister gallery, Lo-Fi Collective, serving as a stepping stone space for 2nd year graduates to host their first solo or group shows. The Tate’s five no-rent studios will be made available to artists of varying experience and ability working across a range of mediums and formats, selected on the basis of applications. The Tate’s curators work closely with faculty members of the universities specialising in visual arts such as COFA, SCA, UNSW and ENMORE TAFE, developing unique opportunities for students to work and exhibit off-campus in a uni-friendly environment.

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photographer Bernard Egger • collections • sets

🏁 | 2021 ENNSTAL-CLASSIC • Styria 💚 Austria

 

📷 | 1963 Porsche 356 B 2000 GS/GT Coupé # 3873 wp

 

• Porsche 356 B 2000 GS Carrera GTL Abarth www.automobil-produktion.de/technologie/porsche-356-b-2000-gs-carrera-gtl-abarth-schreihals-380.html (automobilproduktion)

 

© Dieses Foto darf ohne vorherige Lizenzvereinbarung keinesfalls publiziert oder an nicht berechtigte Nutzer weiter gegeben werden.

 

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-

#rumoto_images, #Bernard_Egger, #oldtimerfotograf, #Ennstal_Classic, #2021_Prolog, Pürgg, Porsche 356 B 2000 GS/GT, S-GO1963H, Dreikantschaber, Porsche 356 B 2000 GS-GT, Porsche Classic, Porsche Legends, Porsche Museum, german cars, Моторспорт фотография, Motorsport, Моторспорт, машина, авто, Automobile, 車, Oldtimer, classiche, classica, classic cars, vintage cars, historic cars, motoring, legends, historique, sports cars, Sportwagen, Coupé, classic sports cars, stunning, awesome, Passione, Mythos, Leggenda, Targa Florio, Nürburgring, Edgar Barth, Herbert Linge, Europa-Bergmeisterschaft, Herbert Müller, Daytona, Joe Buzzetta, Sebring, Nikon FX,

 

************

Hier sehen sie den 1963 Porsche 356 B 2000 GS/GT (Coupé, "Dreikantschaber") mit einem 2-Liter-Motor, 114 kW / 155 PS.

 

yes, it's one of the last 356 models...

 

Der Anfang der 60er Jahre als GT-Wagen homologierte 356 B 2000 GS Carrera 2 erhielt 1963 neben der Normal- auch eine neue Leichtbau-Karosserie, die sich bereits im modifizierten RS 61 als Coupé bewährte.

 

Sie hatte die gleiche niedrige, keilförmige Nase und den gleichen abrupten Abbruch der Dachlinie wie das Renncoupé des vergangenen Jahres. In der Frontpartie gab es zwei kreisrunde Vorsprünge, in denen entweder die Signalhörner oder die Zusatzscheinwerfer untergebracht werden konnten.

Diese neue Karosserie erhielt zwar keine eigene Bezeichnung, doch gaben die Männer, die an dem untersetzt wirkenden Coupé arbeiteten, den Spitznamen „Dreikantschaber“.

 

Bei seiner Premiere belegte er bei der 1963 Targa Florio einen hervorragenden dritten Gesamtrang und wenig später wurde er auf dem Nürburgring Vierter. Eingesetzt 1963 und 1964 als Werkswagen bei Rundstreckenrennen in Europa unter Edgar Barth und Herbert Linge wie auch in den USA in Daytona und Sebring unter Joe Buzzetta, ging der „Dreikantschaber“ auch beim Kampf um die GT-Europa-Bergmeisterschaft unter dem Schweizer Herbert Müller an den Start – wie zu erwarten, mit großem Erfolg.

[www.porsche.com/germany/sportandevents/motorsport/history]

-

currently used type designations for the 356 B:

• Porsche 356B Carrera-Abarth / 356B 2000GS (books)

• 1962 Porsche 356 B Carrera Abarth GT2 (2007 Ennstal-Classic)

• 1963 Porsche 356 B 2000 GS-GT Coupé (2011 Ennstal-Classic)

• 1960 Porsche 356 B 2000 GS Carrera GTL Abarth (2016, 2021 EC)

• 1960 Porsche 356 B 1600 GS Carrera GTL Abarth (Por. Museum)

• Porsche 356 Carrera GTL Abarth www.classicdriver.com/de/article/autos/der-porsche-356-ca... (classicdriver)

Jesuit ms. ownership inscription:

Colleg. Soc. Jesu cat. inscrip.

 

Penn Libraries call number: FC5 P3668 535r 1537

All images from this book

Brief history of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel

 

Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel has gone through many name changes and renovations all under just a few ownership changes. The Adams Hotel was demolished in 1973 to make room for the new $27 million Adams Hotel. It was developed and constructed on the site of the previous Adams Hotel in a combined venture of PIC Realty and the Vita Cos owned by Phoenix lawyer Albert B. Spector Sr.

 

It was designed by the firm of Schwenn & Clark and is most noted for its hundreds of eyebrow windows over a line of three-story arches at the base level. Its iconic curved windows block out up to 70% of the heat from the sun.

 

Ralph Hitz Jr., the former Managing Director of the Hotel Muehlebach in Kansas City, Mo was the first general manager of the new Adams Hotel. Hitz thought things were not what they used to be at the 700-room Muehlbach which was slipping into shoddiness. Back in the 30's and 40's, the Muehlebach was the center of action in Kansas City. The last hotel Hitz managed before his retirement in 1994 was the Crowne Plaza in downtown Kansas City Missouri. He died in 1998. Andee Mena was the Adams Hotel opening Chef, he came from Chicago's Continental Plaza Hotel.

 

Seven months after the 538-room Adams Hotel opened in 1975, the Vita Cos. filed for protection from creditors in Bankruptcy Court and the hotel was placed in receivership. The court appointed receiver was Ed Caliendo and Daniel J. Palaschak the general manager. The primary creditor of the Adams Hotel was Prudential with a mortgage lien of $15.4 million plus accrued interest. Spector Sr. was in a perilous financial condition at the time and entered into a $1 million transaction with PIC Realty Corp (Prudential). The deal was to provide some immediate cash for the cash flow problems at the new hotel. Prudential claimed the $1 million dollar transaction represented a purchase of Spector Sr.'s equity in the hotel. In August 1976 the court voided the equity transfer between PIC Realty (Prudential) and Spector Sr. but the bankruptcy hearings continued for over 5 years. In 1980 a $33 million dollar offer for the hotel was scuttled due to the bankruptcy. The prospective New York buyers were Jason Jacobs, of Delsu Financial Corporation, and Charles Allen of Allen and Co.

 

Some five years later PIC Realty became sole owner of the hotel in Feb 1981 at the conclusion of the bankruptcy of the Vita Cos. The settlement provided $1.8 million in payments to 141 creditors and a $290,000 payment to the Vita Cos. At that time PIC Realty signed Hilton Hotel Corporation to a 25-year contract and implemented the name change from Adams Hotel to the Phoenix Hilton. Hilton brought in Andre Schaefer from the Anchorage Westward Hilton to be the general manager. Hilton Hotels Corp would spend $4 million on a 2 year upgrade program. The hotel's food and beverage outlets, the Old Bar lounge, the Citrus Grove restaurant and the Sandpaper restaurant were re-done along with the public areas, meeting rooms and guest rooms.

 

Albert B. Spector Sr. died May, 1980 at his apartment at the Arizona Biltmore Estates at the age of 65. His company purchased the Adams Hotel in 1973 and razed it in order to build the new 19 story hotel which opened April 1, 1975. He also owned the Flame Restaurant in downtown Phoenix (34 W Adams St.).

 

In 1986 the Phoenix Hilton was acquired by a limited partnership headed by Mark Cohn of Greater Capital Real Estate Corporation of Burlingame, California from Prudential Insurance Co. of America. The acquisition price was $16,250,000. The hotel would become a franchised Hilton rather than a company-operated Hilton. Greater Capital Real Estate at that time also owned hotels in Chicago, San Francisco, Palm Springs and Tahiti. The hotel became the Omni Adams in 1991 after operating for 4 years 1986-1991, as the Sheraton Phoenix.

 

In 1993 Mark Cohn dropped the Omni Adams name and signed an agreement with Holiday Inn Worldwide to be the first Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza in Arizona. As part of the name change there was a $4.5 million renovation to all areas of the hotel. The hotel had a $109 average room rate prior to the renovation. A subsidiary of Holiday Inns provided the renovation loan. It is noted that Omni Hotels had desired to part ways with Cohn due to very late and unpaid bills.

 

In July 1999 Steve Cohn sued the city of Phoenix when the city voted to guarantee an $83 million loan for a 700 room Marriott Hotel and a guarantee on a $35 million loan for a 350-room Embassy Suites. Cohn thought the measures required city voter approval. A judge ruled in Cohn's favor and the two tax payer subsidized hotels were never built.

 

In 2003 the hotel joined the Wyndham brand as part of a 10-year franchise agreement between the property’s owners, Phoenix Hospitality LLC and Wyndham International. The hotel was renamed the Wyndham Phoenix.

 

Steve Cohn, Mark Cohn's brother, and the entity Phoenix Hospitality became owner of what was then the Phoenix Crowne Plaza Hotel in December of 1999. In May of 2003, the property was licensed as the Wyndham Phoenix. Steve Cohn served in the capacity of the property's Managing Director under both brand affiliations for Phoenix Hospitality. He continued as the property's Managing Director when the property was transferred to Phoenix Hotel Ventures in February 2007 and continued in that position until December 2011 when the hotel converted to a Renaissance Hotel and Marriott became the hotel manager. At that time, Steve Cohn and the entity PHXhotel LLC assumed the role of owner and asset manager.

 

In 2015 Steve Cohn CEO of PHXHotel, LLC, owner of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown hotel, committed $10 million to improve Adams Street in accordance with the Adams Street Activation Study completed in 2013 via a City contract with the Gensler & Associates architectural firm. The design includes enhanced streetscape, shade, lighting and signage, provisions for new food and beverage, accommodations for special events and the relocation of the Renaissance Hotel’s main entrance to First Street. Without using one cent of public funds, the project includes a renovated façade, an expanded lobby, an improved arrival experience and open-air food and beverage venues with a priority for experienced local operators. The work will transform Adams Street into an engaging pedestrian friendly experience. At the October 28, 2015 City Council meeting, Mayor Greg Stanton thanked the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel for investing in the city. “This block is the front door to visitors from all over the country and the globe connecting our Convention Center to the rest of downtown,” said Stanton. The project is expected to finish in late 2017.

 

Paige Lund was appointed general manager in 2012. She is a 1993 graduate of Northern Arizona University School of Hotel & Restaurant Management.

 

What's hotel brand loyalty? Seven hotel brands in 40 plus years.

 

1973 - Adams Hotel demolished

1975 - Adams Hotel opens

1981 - Phoenix Hilton

1986 - Sheraton Phoenix

1991 - Omni Adams Hotel

1993 - Crown Plaza Phoenix - Downtown

2003 - Wyndham Phoenix

2009 - Renaissance Phoenix - Downtown

 

Compiled by Dick Johnson, February, 2017

Theophili Pauli Christii, Coburgensis.

MDCCXXXVIII

Liber perrarus.

 

[Gottlieb Paul Christ (1707-1786), professor, librarian and court functionary at Ansbach.

In their finding aid Aldine Press Books at the Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin: The Center, 1998), Craig W. Kallendorf and Maria X. Wells identify the ex-libris "Theophili Pauli Christi" as "Gottlieb Paul Christ (18th cent.), prof. at Anspach Gymnasium". According to his biographical entry in C.A. Baader, Lexikon Verstorbener Schrifsteller des 18. und 19. Jahrhunderts (Augsburg: Von Jenisch- und Stage'schen Buchhandlung, 1825), Bd. 2, T. 1, p. 22, Christ was born in Coburg but came to Ansbach in 1728 to take service with Freiherr von Seckendorff (probably Christoph Ludwig Freiherr von Seckendorff-Aberdar). He went abroad on several diplomatic missions and became the librarian for the Ansbacher Schlossbibliothek. (According to E.F.C. Oertel in Georg Ludwig Oeder der erste Rektor bei der Einweihung des neuen Gymnasiums in Ansbach am 12. Juni 1737 ... (Ansbach: Oertel, 1837) p. 54-55, he got the job in 1738; according to the Schlossbibliothek's history web page, he was the second librarian to be appointed.) In 1737 he was appointed professor at the gymnasium in Ansbach and published a number of works on historical subjects; he also continued to serve at court as a councillor.

DNB heading: Christ, Gottlieb Paul 1707-1786]

 

Other examples of Gottlieb Paul Christ provenance

 

Penn Libraries call number: IC P5876 504o Folio

All images from this book

Philippi Saxer Studiosi

Theologiae. Lucernae. 1822.

 

[Dated 19th-century ms. ownership inscription of Philipp Saxer (b. Sarmenstorf 1800, d. Zurzach 1868), who studied theology from 1815-1822 in Lucerne and from 1822-1824 in Landshut. He was ordained a Catholic priest in 1825 and served in various parishes, ultimately becoming a canon of St. Verena's in Zurzach. Cf. his entry in F. Brümmer, Deutsches Dichter-Lexikon (Eichstatt: Krüll, 1876).]

 

Penn Libraries call number: Inc C-1020

All images from this book

Penn Libraries catalog record

Pristine 1968 International TravelAll

one-family ownership

handed down from original owner to one lucky, grateful grandson

(Color me jealous!)

Portland, Oregon

Brief history of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel

 

Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel has gone through many name changes and renovations all under just a few ownership changes. The Adams Hotel was demolished in 1973 to make room for the new $27 million Adams Hotel. It was developed and constructed on the site of the previous Adams Hotel in a combined venture of PIC Realty and the Vita Cos owned by Phoenix lawyer Albert B. Spector Sr.

 

It was designed by the firm of Schwenn & Clark and is most noted for its hundreds of eyebrow windows over a line of three-story arches at the base level. Its iconic curved windows block out up to 70% of the heat from the sun.

 

Ralph Hitz Jr., the former Managing Director of the Hotel Muehlebach in Kansas City, Mo was the first general manager of the new Adams Hotel. Hitz thought things were not what they used to be at the 700-room Muehlbach which was slipping into shoddiness. Back in the 30's and 40's, the Muehlebach was the center of action in Kansas City. The last hotel Hitz managed before his retirement in 1994 was the Crowne Plaza in downtown Kansas City Missouri. He died in 1998. Andee Mena was the Adams Hotel opening Chef, he came from Chicago's Continental Plaza Hotel.

 

Seven months after the 538-room Adams Hotel opened in 1975, the Vita Cos. filed for protection from creditors in Bankruptcy Court and the hotel was placed in receivership. The court appointed receiver was Ed Caliendo and Daniel J. Palaschak the general manager. The primary creditor of the Adams Hotel was Prudential with a mortgage lien of $15.4 million plus accrued interest. Spector Sr. was in a perilous financial condition at the time and entered into a $1 million transaction with PIC Realty Corp (Prudential). The deal was to provide some immediate cash for the cash flow problems at the new hotel. Prudential claimed the $1 million dollar transaction represented a purchase of Spector Sr.'s equity in the hotel. In August 1976 the court voided the equity transfer between PIC Realty (Prudential) and Spector Sr. but the bankruptcy hearings continued for over 5 years. In 1980 a $33 million dollar offer for the hotel was scuttled due to the bankruptcy. The prospective New York buyers were Jason Jacobs, of Delsu Financial Corporation, and Charles Allen of Allen and Co.

 

Some five years later PIC Realty became sole owner of the hotel in Feb 1981 at the conclusion of the bankruptcy of the Vita Cos. The settlement provided $1.8 million in payments to 141 creditors and a $290,000 payment to the Vita Cos. At that time PIC Realty signed Hilton Hotel Corporation to a 25-year contract and implemented the name change from Adams Hotel to the Phoenix Hilton. Hilton brought in Andre Schaefer from the Anchorage Westward Hilton to be the general manager. Hilton Hotels Corp would spend $4 million on a 2 year upgrade program. The hotel's food and beverage outlets, the Old Bar lounge, the Citrus Grove restaurant and the Sandpaper restaurant were re-done along with the public areas, meeting rooms and guest rooms.

 

Albert B. Spector Sr. died May, 1980 at his apartment at the Arizona Biltmore Estates at the age of 65. His company purchased the Adams Hotel in 1973 and razed it in order to build the new 19 story hotel which opened April 1, 1975. He also owned the Flame Restaurant in downtown Phoenix (34 W Adams St.).

 

In 1986 the Phoenix Hilton was acquired by a limited partnership headed by Mark Cohn of Greater Capital Real Estate Corporation of Burlingame, California from Prudential Insurance Co. of America. The acquisition price was $16,250,000. The hotel would become a franchised Hilton rather than a company-operated Hilton. Greater Capital Real Estate at that time also owned hotels in Chicago, San Francisco, Palm Springs and Tahiti. The hotel became the Omni Adams in 1991 after operating for 4 years 1986-1991, as the Sheraton Phoenix.

 

In 1993 Mark Cohn dropped the Omni Adams name and signed an agreement with Holiday Inn Worldwide to be the first Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza in Arizona. As part of the name change there was a $4.5 million renovation to all areas of the hotel. The hotel had a $109 average room rate prior to the renovation. A subsidiary of Holiday Inns provided the renovation loan. It is noted that Omni Hotels had desired to part ways with Cohn due to very late and unpaid bills.

 

In July 1999 Steve Cohn sued the city of Phoenix when the city voted to guarantee an $83 million loan for a 700 room Marriott Hotel and a guarantee on a $35 million loan for a 350-room Embassy Suites. Cohn thought the measures required city voter approval. A judge ruled in Cohn's favor and the two tax payer subsidized hotels were never built.

 

In 2003 the hotel joined the Wyndham brand as part of a 10-year franchise agreement between the property’s owners, Phoenix Hospitality LLC and Wyndham International. The hotel was renamed the Wyndham Phoenix.

 

Steve Cohn, Mark Cohn's brother, and the entity Phoenix Hospitality became owner of what was then the Phoenix Crowne Plaza Hotel in December of 1999. In May of 2003, the property was licensed as the Wyndham Phoenix. Steve Cohn served in the capacity of the property's Managing Director under both brand affiliations for Phoenix Hospitality. He continued as the property's Managing Director when the property was transferred to Phoenix Hotel Ventures in February 2007 and continued in that position until December 2011 when the hotel converted to a Renaissance Hotel and Marriott became the hotel manager. At that time, Steve Cohn and the entity PHXhotel LLC assumed the role of owner and asset manager.

 

In 2015 Steve Cohn CEO of PHXHotel, LLC, owner of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown hotel, committed $10 million to improve Adams Street in accordance with the Adams Street Activation Study completed in 2013 via a City contract with the Gensler & Associates architectural firm. The design includes enhanced streetscape, shade, lighting and signage, provisions for new food and beverage, accommodations for special events and the relocation of the Renaissance Hotel’s main entrance to First Street. Without using one cent of public funds, the project includes a renovated façade, an expanded lobby, an improved arrival experience and open-air food and beverage venues with a priority for experienced local operators. The work will transform Adams Street into an engaging pedestrian friendly experience. At the October 28, 2015 City Council meeting, Mayor Greg Stanton thanked the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel for investing in the city. “This block is the front door to visitors from all over the country and the globe connecting our Convention Center to the rest of downtown,” said Stanton. The project is expected to finish in late 2017.

 

Paige Lund was appointed general manager in 2012. She is a 1993 graduate of Northern Arizona University School of Hotel & Restaurant Management.

 

What's hotel brand loyalty? Seven hotel brands in 40 plus years.

 

1973 - Adams Hotel demolished

1975 - Adams Hotel opens

1981 - Phoenix Hilton

1986 - Sheraton Phoenix

1991 - Omni Adams Hotel

1993 - Crown Plaza Phoenix - Downtown

2003 - Wyndham Phoenix

2009 - Renaissance Phoenix - Downtown

 

Compiled by Dick Johnson, February, 2017

 

Liber Monast. b. M. V. in Rhino[uia?/wa?]. 1609.

 

[17th-century ms. ownership inscription of Kloster Rheinau, a Benedictine abbey on the island of Rheinau in Switzerland under the patronage of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Fintan of Rheinau. The abbey was founded ca. 878 and suppressed in 1862 by the canton of Zurich, at which point a large part of its notable library passed to the Kantonsbibliothek (now Zentralbibliothek) Zurich (cf. this exhibition). The RBMS Latin Place Names file, following Graesse, gives Renaugia, Rhenaugia, Rhenovium, Ricnavia, Rignavia, Rinaugia, Rinauva, Rinowa, and Rivova for Rheinau, but I'm really not certain what the back end of this inscription is trying to express. Elsewhere in this volume (though not yet pictured) are the inscriptions "Liber Monasterij Rhenouiensis." and "S. Findani D: Tutelaris monast. Rhenaugiensis. M.DC[...] XXIV. Feb[...]", however, which make the identification with Kloster Rheinau pretty certain.]

 

Woodcut vignette of the Virgin Mary as the woman clothed with the sun from Rev. 12:1. Used by Nikolaus Kalt of Konstanz.

 

Established heading: Kalt, Nikolaus, d. 1616

  

Penn Libraries call number: GC55 C6856 603c

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MIPIM 2015 - CONFERENCES - TOWARDS THE END OF OWNERSHIP - PANEL

LEGAL NOTICE | protected work • All Rights reserved! © B. Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

photographer | Bernard Egger.. • collections • sets

event | 2010 ENNSTAL-CLASSIC • Styria 💚 Austria

 

© Copyright Information | Dieses Foto darf keinesfalls publiziert oder an nicht berechtigte Nutzer weitergegeben werden. Für eine Nutzungsvereinbarung kontaktieren Sie bitte Bernard Egger.

 

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licence | for any user agreement please contact Bernard Egger.

 

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rumoto images, 2010 Ennstal-Classic, 写真家, カメラマン, 摄影师, Bernard Egger, photography, Nikon FX, Моторспорт фотография, Motorsport, Моторспорт, classiche, classica, classic, classical, vintage, storiche, historic, historisch, historique, heritage, sports cars, машина, авто, Automobile, 車, Sportwagen, classic sports cars, Oldtimer, passion, Passione, Mythos, legends, Leggenda,

LEGAL NOTICE © protected work • All Rights reserved! © Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

No use of this image is allowed without photographer’s express prior permission and subject to compensation • no work-for-hire

 

► licence | please contact me before to obtain prior a license and to buy the rights to use and publish this photo. A licensing usage agreed upon with Bernard Egger is the only usage granted. more..

 

photographer | ► Bernard Egger profile.. • collections.. • sets..

classic sports cars | vintage motorcycles | Oldtimer Grand Prix

 

event | 2010 Oldtimer GP Schwanenstadt, AT

📷 | BMW Boxer sidecar :: rumoto images # 5735

 

----

 

Oldtimer Grand Prix, Schwanenstadt, Aich, Pitzenberg, MSV Schwanenstadt, road racing, road races, Straßenrennen, Hausruckring, Grand Prix, LCR, sidecar race, Seitenwagen, Beiwagen, Kneeler,

 

sidecar legends, Klaus Enders, Werner Schwärzel, Siegfried Schauzu, Wolfgang Kalauch, Heinz Luthringshauser, Rolf Steinhausen, Rolf Biland, Kurt Waltisperg, Klaus Klaffenböck, Klaffi, Christian Parzer, George O'Dell, Jock Taylor, Alain Michel, Egbert Streuer, Steve Webster, Darren Dixon, Paul Güdel, Steve Abbott, Tim Reeves, Tristan Reeves, Pekka Päivärinta, Adolf Hänni, Ben Birchall, Tom Birchall, Josef Moser, Michael Grabmüller, Gerhard Hauzenberger, Wolfgang Stropek, Helmut Wechselberger, Моторспорт,

The Lancia Gamma came into being despite some not inconsiderable setbacks. It was the first Lancia produced under Fiat’s ownership and was developed in conjunction with Citroen and the CX. The car was to comprise the best of what both companies could offer including amongst other things, Citroen’s trademark hydraulic suspension. Two models were designed by Pininfarina, the Berlina (saloon) and the Coupe.

 

The Coupe was produced at the Pininfarina facility alongside the Ferrari 400, and the Berlina model was built by Lancia. Released to unsuspecting owners in 1976, from the word go the car quickly developed a reputation for mechanical fragility. The decision to run the power steering pump from one of the timing belts proved to be the principal cause of an early death. A cold morning combined with a dose of full lock on startup was enough to cause the timing belt to slip with the results being terminal for the engine. Cam shafts wore prematurely due to lack of lubrication, auto gearboxes failed due to blocked galleries, cylinder liner gaskets were made out of paper which failed easily and allowed to coolant to mix with oil, which main bearings do not like at all apparently! Front wishbones were made out of tin foil and……well you get the idea.

 

A fit Gamma Coupe is a wonderous machine, the 2.5 litre boxer engine throbs menacingly at idle but delivers a heroically broad spread of torque, starting just above idle and giving the car effortless performance and driveability. At 80mph/4000 rpm it is smooth and vibration free and feels at its happiest. The flat four engine enabled the designers to maximize the benefit of a low center of gravity (in the Coupe at least) and the car has outstanding handling compared to many modern cars – it must have been a revelation at launch. Staying flat through corners, the balance is magical and especially when you consider the suspension is compliant and soaks up bumps with contempt.

 

When I look at the ashes of Lancia today, a once proud, engineering-led company reduced to re-badged Chryslers, it’s easy to see the roots of their demise in the Gamma. A brilliantly designed car starved of development and constructed from low quality materials.

 

The Lancia Gamma was a front-wheel drive car with longitudinally-mounted boxer engine and with either a 5-speed manual transmission and later a 4-speed automatic transmission.[1] The Gamma received a midcycle face-lift, receiving Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection as well as a new corporate grille, 15-inch "sunburst" alloy wheels, and a revised interior with new instrumentation, interior lighting, badging, handbrake and gear lever gaiter.

 

Though Fiat had planned to use one of their V6 engines, Lancia developed unique flat-4 engines for the Gamma. The Lancia Flavia and Flavia Coupe had used 1.8 and 2.0 litre flat four engines. Engine designer De Virgilio also drew up an engine for the Gamma which was a V6 4-cam with either 3- or 4-litre displacement, but this never came to fruition.

 

The flat engine, though large for a modern 4-cylinder petrol engine, lacked the cachet associated with six and eight cylinder engines but enabled Pininfarina chief stylist Aldo Brovarone to lower the coupé's bonnet line and to steeply rake its windscreen.

 

Pressure cast in alloy with wet cylinder liners, the engine was light and though it only produced 140 bhp (104 kW), (120 bhp (89 kW) in 2.0-litre form) its torque was available at just 2000 rpm.

 

Initially available with a displacement of 2.5 L (Gamma 2500), it was later joined by a 2.0 L version (Gamma 2000), which resulted from the Italian tax system (cars with engines larger than 2.0 L are subject to heavier tax burden). The displacement was lowered by decreasing the bore rather than the stroke of the engine. Both displacements were using Weber carburetors, and the 2.5 L also came in a version fitted with fuel injection (Gamma 2500 I.E.)

 

2.0 L carburetor 8v SOHC flat-4 - 1999 cc, 115 PS (85 kW)

2.5 L carburetor 8v SOHC flat-4 - 2484 cc, 140 PS (103 kW)

2.5 L I.E. 8v SOHC flat-4 - 2484 cc, 140 PS (103 kW)

 

Engine n° 43143

 

Les Grandes Marques du Monde au Grand Palais

Bonhams

Estimated : € 40.000 - 50.000

Sold for € 36.800

 

Parijs - Paris

Frankrijk - France

February 2018

 

- Rare example of Touring coachwork model

- Long time Oregon, USA car

- Model prized for touring capabilities

- Present collection ownership for three decades

 

The Model 30 was not the first four-cylinder Cadillac, but it was arguably the perfected four-cylinder Cadillac, setting a standard for quality, luxury, performance and price which positioned Cadillac for the century of leadership that followed.

 

As any contemporary observer will quickly recognize, the re-invention of Cadillac which the Model 30 represented was not the last time Cadillac would endure that wrenching metamorphosis. In 1909, Cadillac was only in its sixth year. It was still under the guidance of its founder, Henry Martyn Leland, and his son Wilfred, and had only five years before merged with Leland & Faulconer. It was in only its second year as part of William Crapo Durant's General Motors.

 

Cadillac introduced its first four-cylinder automobile in 1905, the Model D. Its arrangement of four individual cylinders with copper water jackets and unusual variable valve lift throttle system mimicked aspects of the successful Cadillac singles' design and construction. Its configuration was refined over subsequent years until 1909 when Cadillac realized the singles which had gotten it started were now a distraction from the rapidly evolving market which had come to expect greater refinement, size, reliability and power.

 

In 1908, there had been five different models in Cadillac's catalog. Three of them were single-cylinder powered cars, while two of them were four-cylinder powered. A year later, there was only one, the four-cylinder powered Thirty. Rationalizing the catalog and streamlining production allowed Cadillac to improve quality and at the same time lower prices by a whopping 30%!

 

That the Thirty met the expectations of the market is clear in its longevity. It remained the sole model in Cadillac's catalog for the next six years although the model designation changed and in 1913 an increase in stroke of 1 1/4" substantially increased displacement and brake horsepower even though the calculated rating stayed the same. Annual production went from 5.903 in 1909 to 15.018 in 1913 and 14.003 in 1914.

 

According to information on file as listed by a former owner, this car, 42164 was delivered in the first few months of 1910, and although the original owner was not listed, within a year or two it had been acquired by a Mr. Sefflin of Oakland, Oregon. Mr. Sefflin kept the car for roughly 15 years, at which point it passed to a Mr. Keato of Wolf Creek in the same state. Its next keeper was a Glenn Fogelstrom who would use it until it was thoroughly worn out. At this point, it is understood that famed Oregonian Car Collector George Wingard rescued it and restored the Cadillac, the date being roughly 1961. Ten years later Mr. Wingard sold the car on to Gordon Powelson also of Oregon, who would continue to look after and generally improve its condition. It was offered for sale by Mr. Powelson in 1974 and at that time passed to local collector Donald Pollock. Notes on file state that at some point, its engine was replaced with the contemporary unit 43143.

 

30 years ago, having spent its whole life in The Beaver State it was purchased by Mr. Vander Stappen for his growing collection. When purchased the car was blue, but after a few years a decision was made to refurbish the paintwork to the current rich red livery it is today.

Brief history of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel

 

Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel has gone through many name changes and renovations all under just a few ownership changes. The Adams Hotel was demolished in 1973 to make room for the new $27 million Adams Hotel. It was developed and constructed on the site of the previous Adams Hotel in a combined venture of PIC Realty and the Vita Cos owned by Phoenix lawyer Albert B. Spector Sr.

 

It was designed by the firm of Schwenn & Clark and is most noted for its hundreds of eyebrow windows over a line of three-story arches at the base level. Its iconic curved windows block out up to 70% of the heat from the sun.

 

Ralph Hitz Jr., the former Managing Director of the Hotel Muehlebach in Kansas City, Mo was the first general manager of the new Adams Hotel. Hitz thought things were not what they used to be at the 700-room Muehlbach which was slipping into shoddiness. Back in the 30's and 40's, the Muehlebach was the center of action in Kansas City. The last hotel Hitz managed before his retirement in 1994 was the Crowne Plaza in downtown Kansas City Missouri. He died in 1998. Andee Mena was the Adams Hotel opening Chef, he came from Chicago's Continental Plaza Hotel.

 

Seven months after the 538-room Adams Hotel opened in 1975, the Vita Cos. filed for protection from creditors in Bankruptcy Court and the hotel was placed in receivership. The court appointed receiver was Ed Caliendo and Daniel J. Palaschak the general manager. The primary creditor of the Adams Hotel was Prudential with a mortgage lien of $15.4 million plus accrued interest. Spector Sr. was in a perilous financial condition at the time and entered into a $1 million transaction with PIC Realty Corp (Prudential). The deal was to provide some immediate cash for the cash flow problems at the new hotel. Prudential claimed the $1 million dollar transaction represented a purchase of Spector Sr.'s equity in the hotel. In August 1976 the court voided the equity transfer between PIC Realty (Prudential) and Spector Sr. but the bankruptcy hearings continued for over 5 years. In 1980 a $33 million dollar offer for the hotel was scuttled due to the bankruptcy. The prospective New York buyers were Jason Jacobs, of Delsu Financial Corporation, and Charles Allen of Allen and Co.

 

Some five years later PIC Realty became sole owner of the hotel in Feb 1981 at the conclusion of the bankruptcy of the Vita Cos. The settlement provided $1.8 million in payments to 141 creditors and a $290,000 payment to the Vita Cos. At that time PIC Realty signed Hilton Hotel Corporation to a 25-year contract and implemented the name change from Adams Hotel to the Phoenix Hilton. Hilton brought in Andre Schaefer from the Anchorage Westward Hilton to be the general manager. Hilton Hotels Corp would spend $4 million on a 2 year upgrade program. The hotel's food and beverage outlets, the Old Bar lounge, the Citrus Grove restaurant and the Sandpaper restaurant were re-done along with the public areas, meeting rooms and guest rooms.

 

Albert B. Spector Sr. died May, 1980 at his apartment at the Arizona Biltmore Estates at the age of 65. His company purchased the Adams Hotel in 1973 and razed it in order to build the new 19 story hotel which opened April 1, 1975. He also owned the Flame Restaurant in downtown Phoenix (34 W Adams St.).

 

In 1986 the Phoenix Hilton was acquired by a limited partnership headed by Mark Cohn of Greater Capital Real Estate Corporation of Burlingame, California from Prudential Insurance Co. of America. The acquisition price was $16,250,000. The hotel would become a franchised Hilton rather than a company-operated Hilton. Greater Capital Real Estate at that time also owned hotels in Chicago, San Francisco, Palm Springs and Tahiti. The hotel became the Omni Adams in 1991 after operating for 4 years 1986-1991, as the Sheraton Phoenix.

 

In 1993 Mark Cohn dropped the Omni Adams name and signed an agreement with Holiday Inn Worldwide to be the first Holiday Inn Crowne Plaza in Arizona. As part of the name change there was a $4.5 million renovation to all areas of the hotel. The hotel had a $109 average room rate prior to the renovation. A subsidiary of Holiday Inns provided the renovation loan. It is noted that Omni Hotels had desired to part ways with Cohn due to very late and unpaid bills.

 

In July 1999 Steve Cohn sued the city of Phoenix when the city voted to guarantee an $83 million loan for a 700 room Marriott Hotel and a guarantee on a $35 million loan for a 350-room Embassy Suites. Cohn thought the measures required city voter approval. A judge ruled in Cohn's favor and the two tax payer subsidized hotels were never built.

 

In 2003 the hotel joined the Wyndham brand as part of a 10-year franchise agreement between the property’s owners, Phoenix Hospitality LLC and Wyndham International. The hotel was renamed the Wyndham Phoenix.

 

Steve Cohn, Mark Cohn's brother, and the entity Phoenix Hospitality became owner of what was then the Phoenix Crowne Plaza Hotel in December of 1999. In May of 2003, the property was licensed as the Wyndham Phoenix. Steve Cohn served in the capacity of the property's Managing Director under both brand affiliations for Phoenix Hospitality. He continued as the property's Managing Director when the property was transferred to Phoenix Hotel Ventures in February 2007 and continued in that position until December 2011 when the hotel converted to a Renaissance Hotel and Marriott became the hotel manager. At that time, Steve Cohn and the entity PHXhotel LLC assumed the role of owner and asset manager.

 

In 2015 Steve Cohn CEO of PHXHotel, LLC, owner of the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown hotel, committed $10 million to improve Adams Street in accordance with the Adams Street Activation Study completed in 2013 via a City contract with the Gensler & Associates architectural firm. The design includes enhanced streetscape, shade, lighting and signage, provisions for new food and beverage, accommodations for special events and the relocation of the Renaissance Hotel’s main entrance to First Street. Without using one cent of public funds, the project includes a renovated façade, an expanded lobby, an improved arrival experience and open-air food and beverage venues with a priority for experienced local operators. The work will transform Adams Street into an engaging pedestrian friendly experience. At the October 28, 2015 City Council meeting, Mayor Greg Stanton thanked the Renaissance Phoenix Downtown Hotel for investing in the city. “This block is the front door to visitors from all over the country and the globe connecting our Convention Center to the rest of downtown,” said Stanton. The project is expected to finish in late 2017.

 

Paige Lund was appointed general manager in 2012. She is a 1993 graduate of Northern Arizona University School of Hotel & Restaurant Management.

 

What's hotel brand loyalty? Seven hotel brands in 40 plus years.

 

1973 - Adams Hotel demolished

1975 - Adams Hotel opens

1981 - Phoenix Hilton

1986 - Sheraton Phoenix

1991 - Omni Adams Hotel

1993 - Crown Plaza Phoenix - Downtown

2003 - Wyndham Phoenix

2009 - Renaissance Phoenix - Downtown

 

Compiled by Dick Johnson, February, 2017

 

09/06/2022. Blackpool, United Kingdom. Prime Minister Boris Johnson learns how to lay bricks from students at the Construction Skills Centre at the Blackpool and Fylde College. Picture by Andrew Parsons / No 10 Downing Street

Circular ownership stamp C V P F from the Collegium Urbanum de Propaganda Fide (Rome)

Established heading: Collegium Urbanum de Propaganda Fide

 

Penn Libraries call number: GrC Ar466 Ef54.9 1630

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LEGAL NOTICE © protected work • All Rights reserved © Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

No use of this image is allowed without photographer’s express prior permission and subject to compensation • no work-for-hire

 

► licence | please contact me before to obtain prior a license and to buy the rights to use and publish this photo. A licensing usage agreed upon with Bernard Egger is the only usage granted. more..

 

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location | Kaliningrad RF ► Всероссийский день поля

📷 | Atomoto день поля :: rumoto images # 1557

 

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РОССИЯ ❤️ RUSSIA • best RUS Flickr group

▻ Kaliningrad | Gvardeysk | Znamensk | Гусев |

 

albums - more images from: | ▻ AMBER COAST ♡ Baltic Sea | Yantarny.. | The Curonian Spit.. | Svetlogorsk..| Selenogradsk..

 

«Всероссийский день поля» – крупнейшая и уникальная выставка под открытым небом. Цель ее – показать активное развитие агропромышленного комплекса России. В рамках выставки ежегодно проходит презентация агротехнологий, инновационных методов землепользования, современной сельхозтехники, продукции агропроизводителей и селекционеров, научно-исследовательских институтов. На этом мероприятии встречаются тысячи профессионалов агропромышленного комплекса со всей страны.

 

Впервые выставка «Всероссийский день поля» проводилась в 2004 году в Курской области.

 

В 2022 году выставка «Всероссийский день поля» проводится в Калининградской области. Деловая программа выставки будет включать круглые столы и пленарные заседания с участием руководителей федеральных органов исполнительной власти, членов Правительства Российской Федерации, губернаторов регионов Российской Федерации и руководителей агропромышленных корпораций, банков, страховых компаний. Перспективные селекционные разработки и главные достижения отечественного агропромышленного комплекса будут презентоваться в реальных полевых условиях на экспериментальных полях. Помимо деловой программы, посетителей ждет насыщенная культурная программа: концерты популярных исполнителей, родео на быках, мастер-классы и дегустации. Рады приветствовать вас на выставке «Всероссийский день поля»."

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„Russischer Feldtag“ ist die größte und einzigartige Open-Air-Ausstellung. Zweck ist es, die aktive Entwicklung des agroindustriellen Komplexes Russlands zu zeigen. Im Rahmen der Ausstellung findet jährlich eine Präsentation von Agrartechnologien, innovativen Landnutzungsmethoden, modernen Landmaschinen, Produkten landwirtschaftlicher Erzeuger und Züchter sowie Forschungsinstituten statt. Diese Veranstaltung bringt Tausende von Fachleuten aus der Agrarindustrie aus dem ganzen Land zusammen.

 

Zum ersten Mal fand die Ausstellung "Allrussischer Feldtag" 2004 in der Region Kursk statt. Im Jahr 2022 wurde die Ausstellung in der Region Kaliningrad veranstaltet. Das Geschäftsprogramm der Ausstellung umfasste Runde Tische und Plenarsitzungen mit der Teilnahme von Leitern föderaler Exekutivorgane, Mitgliedern der Regierung der Russischen Föderation, Gouverneuren der Regionen der Russischen Föderation und Leitern von agroindustriellen Unternehmen, Banken, Versicherungsgesellschaften. Vielversprechende Züchtungsentwicklungen und die wichtigsten Errungenschaften des heimischen agroindustriellen Komplexes wurden unter realen Feldbedingungen auf Versuchsfeldern präsentiert. Neben dem Geschäftsprogramm erwartete die Besucher ein reichhaltiges Kulturprogramm: Konzerte bekannter Künstler, Bullenrodeos, Meisterkurse und Verkostungen.

LEGAL NOTICE | protected work • All Rights reserved © B. Egger photographer retains ownership and all copyrights in this work.

 

photographer | Bernard Egger • collections • sets..

 

FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod ФК Волга vs Sheffield Wednesday F.C.

📷 | IFCS Int. football camps Styria - ФК Волга - SWFC 0:0

 

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FC «Volga» - www.fcvolgann.ru/ - was created in 1963 by a merger of two clubs: «Torpedo» and «Raketa». After the first season «Volga» was able to get to the top division. «Volga» spent a season in the top football society under the sign of embarrassing mistakes and fatal bad luck. Our team’s fate has been settled in an additional match for the 13th place. «Torpedo Kutaisi» was our opponent. Georgians won with a 4:2 score, and «Volga» lost its place in the first group of Class «A». Then «Volga» took the 4 th place in the 1968 season in the second group «A» class (similar to the current First division) and thrice (1971, 1972 and 1974) our team became the bronze medalist of zonal tournament in the second league. «Volga» participated in the championships of the USSR until the season of 1984.

 

In 2008 FC «Volga» won a first place in the area of the «Ural-Volga» region of second division. It also won the PFL Cup, a tournament of winners of five zones of the second division. «Volga» played with teams from Premier League in the Cup of Russia. Our club defeated «Saturn», but «Tom» was stronger in the penalty shoot-out. «Volga’s»debut in the first division was successful. In 2009, the team demonstrated a nice game and good results. The club made record series of 16 consecutive matches without loss. In addition, our guys took first place in the second round and became the fourth team of the First Division in season of 2009. In May 2010 Omari Tetradze became a head coach of the club. Under his leadership the club resulted in a second place. ‘Volga» got the largest number of victories (10), scored the most goals (62) and lost the fewest games (5). Otar Martsvaladze became the best scorer of the First Division.

2011 the club has started in the Premier League.

 

FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Футбольный Клуб "Волга" Нижний Новгород) is a Russian football club from Nizhny Novgorod, founded in 1963. In 2008, FC Volga won the Ural-Povolzhye (Volga Region in Russian) zone of the Russian Second Division and advanced to the Russian First Division. It finished First Division as 4th in 2009 and finished one as 2nd in 2010 and promoted to Russian Premier League for 2011 season. Promotion to the top league was secured after 2-2 draw with Nizhny Novgorod at Nizhny Novgorod derby on November 3, 2010. info: [ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Volga_Nizhny_Novgorod ]

 

www.rfpl.org/clubs-volga/igrok

 

PLAYERS

 

No./Position /Player Игроки ФК «Волга»:

 

24 MF Ruslan Pashtov , 28 MF Aleksandr Semyachkin

30 GK Aleksandr Sholokhman , 35 MF Roman Boldyrev

44 DF Vladislav Rikovskiy , 47 MF Dmitri Vershinin

51 MF Roman Dzhigkayev , 52 FW Mikhail Sorochkin

53 DF Pavel Averin , 55 DF Pavel Pashin

62 DF Vasili Samokhvalov, 66 FW Alan Kadzhayev

71 GK Mikhail Malyshev, 73 FW Vladislav Chernikov

79 DF Shamil Kurbanov, 88 DF David Kokhia

91 DF Artyom Abramov, 92 MF Ilya Syomin

93 MF Ivan Strelov

 

No./Position/Player SWFC (as of 05 July 2011):

 

1 GK Nicky Weaver, 3 DF Lewis Buxton, 6 DF Michael Morrison,

7 DF Mark Reynolds, 10 DF Daniel Jones, 13 GK Richard O'Donnell

15 DF Mark Beevers, 17 MF James O'Connor, 22 DF Reda Johnson

23 MF Jermaine Johnson, 24 MF Chris Sedgwick, 25 GK Arron Jameson

28 FW Nathan Modest, 29 MF Liam Palmer, 30 FW Clinton Morrison

32 FW Gary Madine, 34 GK Sean Cuff, 35 MF Cecil Nyoni

36 DF Jon Otsemobor, -- DF Julian Bennett, -- DF Rob Jones

-- MF David Prutton

Now in the loving ownership of bus enthusiast (and former Hants & Dorset employee) Trevor Shore and a popular feature at many bus rallies in the Hampshire and Dorset areas, former Hants & Dorset Bristol Lodekka FLF 1254 is seen here approaching the southern end of the Cattle Market car park in Winchester after returning from a journey on service 22. Built in 1968, this particular Bristol Lodekka FLF almost suffered a premature end when it was one of a group of buses and coaches which were caught up in a major fire whilst parked up inside the former Hants & Dorset bus station in Bournemouth back in 1976. As a 21 year-old conductor with Hants & Dorset at the time, Trevor Shore leapt into the cab of 1254 in order to drive it out from the raging inferno in Bournemouth bus station and thus H&D 1254 still survives in preservation to this day, where its former conductor is now its (very) proud owner who uses the vehicle for wedding hires and other private hire work in the Bournemouth and wider Dorset area with his company Dekkabus.

via WordPress gpsdevicesusa.net/hunt-great-lakes-public-land-ownership-...

Scanned from an Ilford FP4 negative.

Title leaf (leaf [a]1r) of an incunable edition of Cura pastoralis pro ordinandorum tentamine collecta (Ulm: Johann Reger, ca. 1498-1499; ISTC ic00988000) with woodcut illustration (63 x 45 mm.) of a priest distributing the Eucharist from the altar to two kneeling figures (hand-colored in red and brown ink), repeated on verso of title leaf.

 

At head of leaf:

 

1593

fui R[everen]di D[omi]ni Wolffgangj Grestners.

possidet [inserted: nunc] me D[omi]n[u]s Schnotz. CH. tunc

temporis [con]cionator in Berching.

 

[Partially illegible 16th-century ms. inscription recording the ownership of this book by Wolffgang Grestner[?] and subsequently by Georg Schnotz, priest at Berching from 1595 until his death in 1611.]

 

Above title illustration:

 

Nu[n]c[?] in matthiae eberle[?] Persb.[?] ibeo[?]

 

[Partially illegible early ms. ownership inscription of Matthias Eberle.]

 

At foot of leaf:

 

Ex bibliotheca S Cathar:

N 42

 

[Early ms. ownership inscription and shelf mark of the library of St. Catherine's church, otherwise unidentified.]

 

Penn Libraries call number: Inc C-988

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Penn Libraries catalog record

Pulgar, Fernando de: Libro de los claros varones de Castilla. Toledo: Juan Vázquez, 24 Dec. 1486. Opening page of text (a1r) with ownership inscription of Benito Martínez Gayosso (18th century) “D D. Benito Mrnz Gayosso”. Sp Coll Hunterian Bx.3.43.

Pulgar, Fernando de: Libro de los claros varones de Castilla. Toledo: Juan Vázquez, 24 Dec. 1486. Page of text (a4r) with annotations in lower margin and ownership inscription of Juan Apoveda (16th/17th century): “Liber quiest Ioanis apoueda.” Sp Coll Hunterian Bx.3.43.

Trelissick Garden is a garden in the ownership of the National Trust at Feock, near Truro, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom.

 

Trelissick Garden lies within the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Almost a third of Cornwall has AONB designation, with the same status and protection as a National Park.

 

The garden has been in the ownership of the National Trust since 1955 when it was donated by Ida Copeland following the death of her son Geoffrey. A stained glass memorial bearing the Copeland Crest remains to this effect in Feock parish church. The house and garden had formerly been owned and developed by the Daniell family, which had made its fortune in the 18th Century Cornish copper mining industry.

 

Many of the species that flourish in the mild Cornish air, including the rhododendrons and azaleas which are now such a feature of the garden, were planted by the Copelands including hydrangeas, camellias and flowering cherries, and exotics such as the ginkgo and various species of palm. They also ensured that the blossoms they nurtured had a wider, if unknowing audience. Mr Ronald Copeland was chairman and later managing director of his family's business, the Spode china factory. Flowers grown at Trelissick were used as models for those painted on ware produced at the works.

 

The Copeland family crest, a horse's head, now decorates the weathervane on the turret of the stable block, making a pair with the Gilbert squirrels on the Victorian Gothic water tower, an echo of the family who lived here in the second half of the 19th century (their ancestor, Sir Humphrey Gilbert, was lost at sea in his tiny ship Squirrel after discovering Newfoundland).

 

The garden is noted for its rare shrubs. It offers a large park, woodland walks, views over the estuary of the River Fal and Falmouth.

Class War election candidate Adam Clifford canvases in Soho London 11.04.2015

 

Cross-dressing Class War election candidate for the City of London & Westminster Adam Clifford held a colourful political canvassing parade through the streets of Soho, loudly and humourously condemning the gentrification of Soho which, he claims, is rapidly erasing the proud counter-cultural history of the area with pop-up boutiques, endless hipster cake shops and ownership by faceless foreign corporations. Working class residents, sex workers and many independent traders in Soho are being forced out of the area by evictions and rising rents as landlords and property developers clamour to increase their wealth at the expense of the poor who are being dislocated and purged from London's most vibrant district.

 

All photos © 2015 Pete Riches

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about.me/peteriches

Designed by Bernard Taylor Partnership architects and built for Mosscare housing, the development consists of houses and flats with mixed tenure for sale as freehold properties, shared ownership and for rent as social housing. The streets are named after northern author and former Moss Side resident Mary Gaskell and her literary works.