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The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
On my stroll over to Penbre (Pembrey) beach one late afternoon in October, I noticed literally tens of thousands of snails in the grass. I have absolutely no idea what this is about and whether it is seasonal and normal or not.
APR 2005 From the Aeon of Regional Conflicts and World Wars,
to the Epoch of Clashing Civilizations & Global Uniculturalism.
[-] Notes from bilwander's suspended Facebook, now >here [-]
In the times of Globalization & the "progressive" illusion of Multicultural "Coexistence" ( i.e. devastative global uniculturalism ), Clashing Civilizations, Proxy Wars, Blind Terrorism, Uncontrolled Breeding and Consumerism, are ending this World, while ... Comics of ... Iconomics make the most epic failure ever of Democracy in the, so to say, developed societies.
Virtual Economies (thus Iconomies) generating elitist wealth out of deregulated money supply, leveraged credit expansion, permanently rolling-over and exponentially rising debt , impossible to be paid-off in any visible future, along with unsustainable consumption and "growth", and, in the end, extreme global socio-economic, geopolitical, environmental and currently, even health crises.
Crises of Massive Poverty, Misery and Migration, on a planet already crowded, littered, polluted and exploited to its limits; a planet where the wealthy suffer from diseases of affluence & longevity, and contaminated food, while the poor die early from malnutrition and lack of basic hygiene and medical care.
World Population and Inequality (Wealth Distribution Gap) grow faster than the Gross World Product (GWP) while Natural Resources are Draining Out, and Long-term Structural Unemployment & Poverty will deterministically continue to rise for at least this whole century as far as Governments and Peoples continue to ignore and defy the most crucial macroeconomic parameter (World Demographic Trend) and the components (Population Size & Quality) that define the Welfare Equation. In simple words : :
The More People On Earth The Much Worse Their Life Gets
The Mother of All Evil and Misery
In The Epoch of the Infinite Evolution of Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics and Eugenics, the forecasts for World Poverty are gravely pessimistic as far as the vast majority of people continue to over-exercise Outdated Reproductive Rights, without basic knowledge, responsibility and resources, or, even worse, with criminal and/or genetically detrimental records, factually instigating and perpetrating the most massive, continuous and silent Genocidal Crime of human history alongside an Overpopulation of self-condemned people ...
A more than obvious global crime, yet ignored and absent from any agenda, a taboo not even to be quoted within a defiant World Society and an idle Academic Community; the Mother of All Evil and Misery, a ticking time-bomb of total destruction whereas populist regimes and the hypocrisy of political correctness dominate and govern the populace ...
Family Planning, Genetic Engineering and, nowadays, Sexual Transgenderism (and eventually Androidification ) though yet far from consisting mainstream social procedures, and even with law deficits, are increasingly practiced altering already the traditional patterns of human reproduction and social institutions, thus defining the rise of a new epoch within the Anthropocene.
Qualitatively Controlled Human Reproduction by individual choice, assisted by Sperm & Ova Banks via Modified DNA and combination of superior genetic "materials" along with Artificial Intelligence, will eventually lead to intellectual and physical abilities, unprecedentedly superior to those of Homo Sapiens and its contemporary Universalis, so defining the species of the Androidified Human; a Homo Superius of “his/her/its” kind; the product of the Contemporary Dark Ages where Obsolete Reproductive Rights encroach and override Basic Human Rights, transforming the decadent democracies into de facto regimes of Extreme Populism, Anarchy, Illegalism, Oligarchy & Tyranny ....
In the future, most likely, even fewer countries and smaller populations than today will be able to obtain & maintain high standards of living, provided that they will manage to sustain robust, fiscally and monetarily disciplined, economies, based on advanced technology, secured energy self-sufficiency/accessibility, demographic sustainability with social security and geopolitical stability along with effective control & regulation of the migration influx and its intensifying impact and destabilizing potential on the function of the 'developed' economies and societies.
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It's the People, stupid ! (15 APR 2016)
As usual, Soros just speaks out about preserving the Bubble of World Economy for as long as possible...
Who does actually care or can make a difference about next generations, peoples, people, proxy wars, clashing civilizations, migrants or refugees ? ... simply no one
The Bubble, like any bubble, has an undated, but deterministically approaching Burst Out Day .... and the World is already bankrupt in effect and long before the evolving Economic Meltdown, just because of its unregulated and unsustainable population size .....
It's the (Too Many & Stupid) People, Stupid !
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related tweets
Coleóptera, Crisomelidae, Diabrótica Speciosa.
Coléptero fitófago de unos 7mm de longitud, los adultos viven de las partes aéras de las plantas y las larvas perforan tallos y tubérculos.
Nosotros los consideramos una plaga, porque aprovechando la riqueza de monoespecies de nuestro cultivo, se multiplican en forma importante, a costa de ellos.
(Curiosamente no consideramos igual a nuestro cultivo, que se ha replicado en forma artificiosa y desnaturalizada).
La naturaleza, en su sabiduría busca siempre el equilibrio, (porque este es el que sinergia la vida) , y entonces ante tanta sobrepoblación de cierta especie de vegetal, intenta mitigar el exceso, con estos pequeños seres que aprovechan el recurso.
Tampoco nos consideramos a nosotros como una plaga, cuando realmente estamos avasallando todos los espacios naturales del planeta...
Es que seguimos disociando la vida humana, de la vida en general. La vida es una, y se manifiesta de diferentes maneras, adaptándose, evolucionando y está en permanente cambio.
Todas las especies están interralecionadas, y todas son necesarias. No las hay peores, ni mejores, simplemente diferentes.
Y la vida humana, es decir nosotros, solo somo una manifestación más, entre tantas de ellas.
English
Coleoptera, Crisomelidae, Diabróptica Speciosa.
Fitgófagus Coléptera length about 7mm, adults living aeras parts of plants and the larvae bore into stems and tubers.
We consider them a pest, because through the wealth of our culture monoespecies, multiply significantly, at their expense. (Curiously not feel like our culture, which has been replicated in a contrived and unnatural).
.
Nature, in her wisdom always seeks balance, (because this is the synergy of life), and then at such overpopulation of certain species of plant, tries to mitigate the excess, with these little people who use the resource.
Nor do we consider ourselves as a plague, when we are really subjugating every planet's natural spaces ...
Decoupling is that we human life, life in general. Life is one, and is manifested in different ways, adapting, evolving and is constantly changing.
All species are interralecionadas, and all are necessary. There are not worse, not better, just different.
And human life, meaning us, only we are a manifestation among many of them.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Italy,_Toronto
Little Italy, sometimes referred to as College Street West, is a district in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is known for its Italian Canadian restaurants and businesses. There is also a significant Latin-Canadian and Portuguese-Canadian community in the area. The district is centred on a restaurant/bar/shopping strip along College Street, imprecisely between Harbord Street and Dundas Street, and spreading out east and west between Bathurst Street and Ossington Avenue. It is contained within the larger city-recognized neighbourhood of Palmerston-Little Italy. College Street was fully laid out in the area by 1900 and the area was filled with buildings from the early 1900s. College Street is fronted by two- and three-storey buildings, with commercial uses on the ground floor and residential or storage uses on the upper floors. Italians arrived in Toronto in large numbers during the early 20th century. Italians first settled in an area then known as The Ward, centred on University Avenue and College Street.[1] Approximately 40,000 Italians came to Canada during the interwar period of 1914 to 1918, predominantly from Southern Italy where an economic depression and overpopulation had left many families in poverty.[2] Son to Italian immigrants, Johnny Lombardi was born in The Ward in 1915, and went on to found one of the first multilingual radio stations in Canada, CHIN in 1966, in Palmerston–Little Italy.[3][4] By the 1920s, most Italians had moved west of Bathurst Street and the College-Clinton area had emerged as the city's major Little Italy.[1][5] They mainly immigrated to Toronto—increasing from 4,900 Italians in 1911, to 9,000 in 1921, constituting almost two percent of Toronto's population.[5]
Back from INDIA and BANGLADESH.
a torturous, arduous, annoying journey in the "Belly of the Beast."
But I felt this journey ( not a vacation by any means ) had to get done.
{{For those new to my work I am not a VLOGGER those who mostly shoot for entertainment, to acquire views, followers and content. From what i see VLOGGERS point the lens at themselves in most of their videos, focusing on local food, going shopping at bazaars and sharing incidents that affect the VLOGGER instead of shedding light on the tens of millions living in these nations who are struggling just to get by. And i mean struggling.
A very skewed way to view the world IMHO }}
The pollution, traffic, overpopulation is skyrocketing in BDESH and INDYA!!!!
I had to leave Delhi with an upper respiratory infection in its infancy. The air quality index in DELHI is above HAZARDOUS.....
Those who like to look at/shoot just pretty things, believing the world is one happy rose colored bowl of cherries beware....
The work I did in this 2023 Post Covid journey is filled with human suffering. The earthquake in South Turkey where i stayed for a while hit while I was in South Asia, adding to the misery I was imbued with already.
War, famine, abysmal poverty, beggary, deadly deforming illnesses, hatred for one's fellow man permeate planet earth in 2023.
What has humanity learned in thousands of years?
on a positive note:
I met with the CEO of
SMK in JAIPUR and made a nominal donation for the fight against LEPROSY
thanks for listening,
in
OLD DELHI
Photography’s new conscience
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Tram, Calcutta, India, 1996; A Tram, Calcutta, India, 1996...MCS1996002 K010..Magnum Photos, NYC5923.."For McCurry, Calcutta is the most visual city on the planet, spinning with chaos and clutter, crumbling under the weight of its overpopulation, utterly out of control, yet vital and alive. Vendors spill into streets, which hold a confusion of cars, trams, rickshaws, bicycles and pedestrians. So how to make this picture? McCurry looked for an office or apartment on a second floor of a street corner. 'And that is the wonder of the place. Twenty minutes later, I am on a bed in a couple's apartment, making the picture and staying on for a cup of tea."..Anthony Bannon. (2005). Steve McCurry. New York: Phaidon Press Inc., 37...National Geographic, March 1997, India: Fifty Years of Independence..Phaidon, 55, .South Southeast,. Iconic Images, .final book_iconic, .iconic photographs .final print_HERMITAGE..Dirty, hot, smoggy, friendly- that's how one resident describes Calcutta, a city so humid even the buildings seem to sweat. With crowded streets pockmarked with potholes, an unreliable phone system, and a long love affair with Marxism, Calcutta is only now trying to lure foreign investors. ..National Geographic, Jeffrey C. Ward (May 1997). India: Fifty years of Independence. National Geographic, vol. 191(5)..A tram winds its way through the streets of Calcutta. Dirty, hot, smoggy, friendly, it is a place so humid that even the buildings seem to sweat...This Calcutta street is a cacophony of visual noise. McCurry spent a long time searching for a way to capture the energy and vitality of this most unique of cities. His response was to find a vantage point above street level. Fortunately, he was welcomed into an apartment on the street corner by a young couple. After taking this image he stayed for a cup of tea......South Southeast_Book.Steve Mccurry_Book.Iconic_Book.final print_Sao Paulo.final print_Birmingham.final print_HERMITAGE....retoucher_Sonny Fabbri 3/24/2015
Four billion years ago Mars might have been a blue world (or blue-ish). It was certainly warm and wet enough for liquid water to run across its surface. This epoch of Martian history — called the later Noachian — lasted perhaps just 500 (or so) million years. That is short compared to Earth's four billion years of habitability. But it may have been long enough to allow abiogenesis (life from non-life) to get going.
Then, a chance asteroid impact might have sent a chunk of microbe-laden Martian crust to Earth. Given what we now understand about extremophiles — bacteria on Earth that can live in the most extreme conditions — it is not unreasonable to think some hardy "spores" of Martian descent made it to this warm, wet world, seeding the beginnings our own lineage.
So, life might have started on Mars, not Earth.
Thus what we really are looking for as we explore other planets in our solar system is not just life, but life that is clearly not our own.
All living systems on Earth share common characteristics in terms of biochemistry and genetic systems. They all utilize the same aminio acids; they all rely on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and ribonucleic acid (RNA). Given billions of years of planetary rock swapping, it may well be that any life we find on Mars (or elsewhere in the solar system) will share these characteristics with life on Earth. That would mean they all evolved from a common source — a single genesis.
A second genesis, however, would be something entirely different. Evidence of a second genesis would be evidence of life that does not appear on Earth's "phylogenetic tree of life."
The tree of life is the network of connections that links all organisms on Earth together through evolution. All the strategies and solutions worked out through over eons are there, somewhere, on that tree. If we find something that isn't a branch on the tree then we have found the second genesis. And it could be anywhere.
As noted astrobiologist Chris McKay puts it: "The term 'Alien Life' now refers to an organism that is not on our tree of life, regardless of what planet it is on. Alien life might even be here on Earth."
The implications of finding a second genesis would be, of course, scientifically profound. Not only would we have proof that life started more than once, by having a second example of biochemistry we'd gain a fantastically enlarged perspective on what evolution can do and how it can do it.
The human implications of a second genesis, however, would be just as profound. McKay, for example, has posed the question what ethics hold if the life we find on Mars is not on our tree of life? Would there then be an ethical imperative to protect that life at all costs and, in the name of life's diversity, do everything we could to help it thrive? How would that imperative be balanced if we were striving to establish colonies on Mars?
Our explorations of the solar system have shown that it holds a far richer set of possibilities for life and its history then we once imagined. Perhaps in 100 years we will be speaking of a fourth, fifth or even sixth genesis on the water-rich moons of the giant planets. In that brave new world who would we rightfully call the aliens?
The First Annunaki Landing & Establishment Of E.DIN Base Station
Around 445,000 BC the first expedition of around 50 Anunnaki Astronauts landed on the shores of Mesopotamia. Within six days of their landing, the settlement of Eridu (i.e. Home In The Faraway, or Earth Station 1), in the region they named the Edin, was established by Anunnaki Astronaut God-Prince Enki, leader of the expedition. The Atmosphere of their Home Planet Nibiru had deteriorated, and Anunnaki research had established that gold was the element that could be used to effectively repair it. The Anunnaki had already surveyed large regions of the Solar system, and knew that on Planet Earth (Ki) sufficient quantities could be found.
Initially the plan was to extract the gold from the Ocean waters surrounding the Edin, and the Hebrew tradition of the Six days of creation may have been derived from the earlier recorded Sumerian account of the landing of the Anunnaki and their establishment of Eridu in six days.
Enki proclaimed that the seventh day would be a day of rest.
The Sumerian word, E.DIN, translates as Home of the Righteous Ones. It was in the E.DIN that the city, E.RI.DU, was established. The place where the E.DIN was established was in the lands drained by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and what came to be known as Mesopotamia. The twin peaks of the mountain called Arrata / Ararat were used as landing guide points for the Anunnaki spacecraft.
The gold-mining operation was eventually moved to Africa where greater quantities could be found. Enki led the African operations, and his Half-Brother Enlil was subsequently dispatched from Nibiru, and given control of the E.DIN space station by the Anunnaki Home leadership.
The Igigi Rebellion & Creation Of The Adam (Man)
In order to assist with the gold-mining project, the Anunnaki were initially served by the Igigi until they revolted, forcing the Anunnaki to find an alternative labour source. The Igigi were not slaves; they were held in high regard, and they were created only to relieve the Anunnaki Gods of their labour.
The Igigi remained in constant Earth orbit, acting as intermediaries between Earth and Nibiru. They stayed in Earth’s skies on orbiting platforms, to which the processed gold ores were delivered from Earth by shuttlecraft, thereafter to be transferred to spaceships, which would ferry the gold to Nibiru.
After centuries of hard labour, the Igigi tired of their unpleasant mining work rebelled against the Annunaki. They set fire to their tools and surrounded Enlil’s great house by night and forced the Nibiruan leaders (the “triad” of Gods) to find a new source of labour.After a lengthy and contentious debate in the Council Of The Gods, it was eventually decided following a suggestion by Enki, that the Igigi be replaced by the creation of a ‘Primitive Worker’ obtained by splicing Anunnaki DNA with the DNA of the most advanced primate on Planet Earth at that time, probably Homo Habilis, approximately 440,000 years ago.The project was headed by Enki and Ninhursag, who was in charge of the Medical Laboratory. Experiments resulted in several unsuccessful, deformed Prototypes until finally a suitable prototype which Ninhursag called the ‘Adama’ was born in the Lab using surrogate Anunnaki Wombs.The Adama was a sterile hybrid however, and more could only be born using surrogate Anunnaki Females.
Eventually, the other Anunnaki stationed across the different Base stations started demanding Adama prototypes of their own to assist with their tasks. Enki struggled to supply this demand for ‘Primitive Workers’, and eventually Enlil took some by force, placing them in the Garden of the Base Station E.DIN to look after it.
According to Zechariah Sitchin, this is what is meant in Genesis when it reads: “And the Lord took Adam, and He placed him in the Garden in Eden, to till it and tend it”.
Despite the fact that the Anunnaki demand for the Adama Primitive Worker was high and could not be filled, Enlil prohibited Enki from conducting any more Genetic experiments that would enable the Adama to reproduce outside the controlled environment of the Anunnaki Genetic Labs…Enki pretended to agree but he secretly carried on with his DNA Experiments.
The Tree Of Knowledge & The Tree Of Life
While studying the Humans he had created, EN.KI noticed two human women bathing in a river in the E.DIN, EN.KI had his way with both of them. In time they gave birth to a child each, one male and one female.
EN.KI’s children who were half brother and sister, EN.KI named them ADAPA and TI.TI, who would later be known as Eve. The unique thing about ADAPA / ADAM and TI.TI / EVE was that they, despite being cross-bred of EN.KI and human, they were capable of reproducing on their own.
EN.KI takes his children to the garden facility in E.DIN to be educated and clothed like the Anunnaki. Enki’s children were highly intelligent, and represented the best results achieved by the Anunnaki Genetics project.
Nevertheless, there was one problem that Enki could not solve…i.e. Despite being able to procreate, he could not achieve a long life-span for the Adama and thereby enabling the Adama to live for as long as the Anunnaki themselves i.e. the Adama could not have the ‘Immortality’ or Longevity enjoyed by the Gods.
Expulsion Of The Adama From E.DIN
In Sumerian Iconography, Enki is represented by the symbol of the Serpent, and the original Sumerian story of Adam and Eve appears to be the story of Enki’s children ADAPA and TITI being brought into self-realisation of their intelligence and ability to reproduce by their Father, Enki (the Serpent) i.e. ‘Eating from the Tree Of Knowledge’.Before Enki found a way to give them a lifespan as long as that of the Anunnaki themselves i.e. eating from the ‘Tree Of Life’ , they were cast out of E.DIN Base Station by Enlil because he was against allowing the Adama to procreate as he felt that their numbers should always be kept in control to prevent overpopulation.
The difference of opinion between Enki and Enlil over the role of the Primitive Worker in the Anunnaki Project eventually ignited a Factional Anunnaki Civil War which continues to this day, and can be seen in the Biblical story of “Noah’s Flood’ which we will look at in the next Chronicles entry.
Conclusion
The story of Adam and Eve as told in Genesis does not seem to be about a literal conversation conducted by a man, woman and a ‘talking Snake’…At its core lie traces of the hidden Anunnaki presence.
In Genesis lie the fragments of a longer story with roots in Ancient Sumeria revealing to us why Human beings do not have eternal life, and how we came into the Knowledge and Experience of Self-Consciousness as well as the ability to reproduce.
It is our acquisition of the ability to reproduce through the unauthorised efforts of an Anunnaki Scientist-God that threatened to upset the delicate stability of the Anunnaki Earth Gold-Mining project according to Enlil.
For this reason, Adam and Eve were cast out of the Garden of Eden (E.DIN Base Station) by Enlil to fend for themselves outside the protection and safety of the Anunnaki Base Stations they had worked, and which also looked after them including providing food, shelter and medical care so they could continue to assist the Anunnaki in their role as replacements for the Igigi.
As outcasts, ADAPA and TITI had to learn for the first time to fend for themselves and their off-spring without Anunnaki help…This is what is usually described as the “wages of original sin” as mankind is supposed to have received judgment and banished from Paradise as an explanation of the human condition.
In the Sumerian records as well as Genesis, ADAPA and TITI leave the Garden with ‘Knowing’, but Longevity remains with the Gods, who restricted Mankind’s access to the Tree of Life (Longevity) by preventing any further Genetic experiments that would eventually extend the life-span of the Gods to Mankind:
‘So He drove out Adam…And he placed at the East Of The Garden Of Eden the Cherubim, and the Flaming Sword which revolveth to guard the was to the Tree Of Life’
For more on this summary of the revelations made in the Sumerian Records concerning events in Garden Of The Garden and life before the Great Deluge or ‘Noah’s Flood’, the ‘Finding The Garden Of Eden’ documentary below together with the links at the end will definitely help to address a lot of questions.
Zechariah Sitchin’s works can be accessed via our Timbuku Portal.
blacksciencefictionsociety.com/group/ancient-aliens/forum...
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Mule Deer
Maultierhirsch
The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum is a 98-acre (40 ha) zoo, aquarium, botanical garden, natural history museum, publisher, and art gallery founded in 1952. Located just west of Tucson, Arizona, it features two miles (3.2 km) of walking paths traversing 21 acres (8.5 ha) of desert landscape. It is one of the most visited attractions in Southern Arizona. The nonprofit organization focuses on the interpretation of the natural history, plants and animals of the Sonoran Desert. The museum is home to more than 230 animal species and 1,200 varieties of plants. It is open every day through the year, and hosts nearly 400,000 visitors annually, including visitors from abroad.
The museum is an accredited member of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, a member of the American Alliance of Museums and the American Public Gardens Association.
(Wikipedia)
The mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) is a deer indigenous to western North America; it is named for its ears, which are large like those of the mule. Two subspecies of mule deer are grouped into the black-tailed deer.
Unlike the related white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), which is found throughout most of North America east of the Rocky Mountains and in the valleys of the Rocky Mountains from Idaho and Wyoming northward, mule deer are only found on the western Great Plains, in the Rocky Mountains, in the southwest United States, and on the west coast of North America. Mule deer have also been introduced to Argentina and Kauai, Hawaii.
Taxonomy
Mule deer can be divided into two main groups: the mule deer (sensu stricto) and the black-tailed deer. The first group includes all subspecies, except O. h. columbianus and O. h. sitkensis, which are in the black-tailed deer group. The two main groups have been treated as separate species, but they hybridize, and virtually all recent authorities treat the mule deer and black-tailed deer as conspecific. Mule deer apparently evolved from the black-tailed deer. Despite this, the mtDNA of the white-tailed deer and mule deer is similar, but differs from that of the black-tailed deer. This may be the result of introgression, although hybrids between the mule deer and white-tailed deer are rare in the wild (apparently more common locally in West Texas), and the hybrid survival rate is low even in captivity. Many claims of observations of wild hybrids are not legitimate, as identification based on external features is complicated.
Subspecies
Some authorities have recognized O. h. crooki as a senior synonym of O. h. eremicus, but the type specimen of the former is a hybrid between the mule deer and white-tailed deer, so the name O. h. crooki is invalid. Additionally, the validity of O. h. inyoensis has been questioned, and the two insular O. h. cerrosensis and O. h. sheldoni may be synonyms of O. h. eremicus or O. h. peninsulae.
The 10 valid subspecies, based on the third edition of Mammal Species of the World, are:
Mule deer (sensu stricto) group:
O. h. californicus – California mule deer
O. h. cerrosensis – Cedros/Cerros Island mule deer; named after Cedros Island, the only place the subspecies is found
O. h. eremicus – desert/burro mule deer; found in the Lower Colorado River Valley, northwestern Mexico, southeastern California, and Arizona
O. h. fuliginatus – southern mule deer; found in southernmost California and Baja California
O. h. hemionus – Rocky Mountain mule deer; found in western and central North America
O. h. inyoensis – Inyo mule deer; named after Inyo County, California and found in the Sierra Nevada mountain range in California
O. h. peninsulae – peninsular mule deer; found in Baja California Sur
O. h. sheldoni – Tiburon Island mule deer; found on Tiburón Island
Black-tailed deer group:
O. h. columbianus – Columbian black-tailed deer; found in the Pacific Northwest and Northern California regions
O. h. sitkensis – Sitka deer; named after Sitka, Alaska and found in the coastal area and islands off western British Columbia
Description
The most noticeable differences between white-tailed and mule deer are ear size, tail color, and antler configuration. In many cases, body size is also a key difference. The mule deer's tail is black-tipped, whereas the white-tailed deer's is not. Mule deer antlers are bifurcated; they "fork" as they grow, rather than branching from a single main beam, as is the case with white-tails.
Each spring, a buck's antlers start to regrow almost immediately after the old antlers are shed. Shedding typically takes place in mid-February, with variations occurring by locale.
Although capable of running, mule deer are often seen stotting (also called pronking), with all four feet coming down together.
The mule deer is the larger of the three Odocoileus species on average, with a height of 80–106 cm (31–42 in) at the shoulders and a nose-to-tail length ranging from 1.2 to 2.1 m (3.9 to 6.9 ft). Of this, the tail may comprise 11.6 to 23 cm (4.6 to 9.1 in). Adult bucks normally weigh 55–150 kg (121–331 lb), averaging around 92 kg (203 lb), although trophy specimens may weigh up to 210 kg (460 lb). Does (female deer) are smaller and typically weigh from 43 to 90 kg (95 to 198 lb), with an average of around 68 kg (150 lb).
Unlike the white-tailed, the mule deer does not generally show marked size variation across its range, although environmental conditions can cause considerable weight fluctuations in any given population. An exception to this is the Sitka deer subspecies (O. h. sitkensis). This race is markedly smaller than other mule deer, with an average weight of 54.5 kg (120 lb) and 36 kg (79 lb) in males and females, respectively.
Seasonal behaviors
In addition to movements related to available shelter and food, the breeding cycle is important in understanding deer behavior. The "rut" or mating season usually begins in the fall as does go into estrus for a period of a few days and males become more aggressive, competing for mates. Does may mate with more than one buck and go back into estrus within a month if they did not become pregnant. The gestation period is about 190–200 days, with fawns born in the spring. The survival rate of the fawns during labor is about 50%. Fawns stay with their mothers during the summer and are weaned in the fall after about 60–75 days. Mule deer females usually give birth to two fawns, although if it is their first time having a fawn, they often have just one.
A buck's antlers fall off during the winter, then grow again in preparation for the next season's rut. The annual cycle of antler growth is regulated by changes in the length of the day.
The size of mule deer groups follows a marked seasonal pattern. Groups are smallest during fawning season (June and July in Saskatchewan and Alberta) and largest in early gestation (winter; February and March in Saskatchewan and Alberta).
Besides humans, the three leading predators of mule deer are coyotes, wolves, and cougars. Bobcats, Canada lynx, wolverines, American black bears, and grizzly bears may prey upon adult deer, but most often only attack fawns or infirm specimens, or eat a deer after it has died naturally. Bears and smaller-sized carnivores are typically opportunistic feeders, and pose little threat to a strong, healthy mule deer.
Diet and foraging behaviors
In 99 studies of mule deer diets, some 788 species of plants were eaten by mule deer, and their diets vary greatly depending on the season, geographic region, year, and elevation.
The diets of mule deer are very similar to those of white-tailed deer in areas where they coexist. Mule deer are intermediate feeders rather than pure browsers or grazers; they predominantly browse, but also eat forb vegetation, small amounts of grass, and where available, tree or shrub fruits such as beans, pods, nuts (including acorns), and berries.
Mule deer readily adapt to agricultural products and landscape plantings. In the Sierra Nevada range, mule deer depend on the lichen Bryoria fremontii as a winter food source.
The most common plant species consumed by mule deer are:
Among trees and shrubs: Artemisia tridentata (big sagebrush), Cercocarpus ledifolius (curlleaf mountain mahogany), Cercocarpus montanus (true mountain mahogany), Cowania mexicana (Mexican cliffrose), Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), Purshia tridentata (antelope bitterbrush), Quercus gambelii (Gambel oak), and Rhus trilobata (skunkbush sumac).
Among forbs: Achillea millefolium (western yarrow), Antennaria (pussytoes) species, Artemisia frigida (fringed sagebrush), Artemisia ludoviciana (Louisiana sagewort), Aster species, Astragalus (milkvetch) species, Balsamorhiza sagittata (arrowleaf balsamroot), Cirsium (thistle) species, Erigeron (fleabane) species, Geranium species, Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce), Lupinus (lupine) species, alfalfa, Penstemon species, Phlox species, Polygonum (knotweed/smartweed) species, Potentilla (cinquefoil) species, Taraxacum officinale (dandelion), Tragopogon dubius (western salsify), clover, and Vicia americana (American vetch).
Among grasses and grasslike species: Agropyron, Elymus (wheatgrasses), Elytrigia, Pascopyrum species (wheatgrasses), Pseudoroegneria spicatum (bluebunch wheatgrass), Bromus tectorum (cheatgrass), Carex (sedge) species, Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue), Poa fendleriana (muttongrass), Poa pratensis (Kentucky bluegrass), and other Poa (bluegrass) species.
Mule deer have also been known to eat ricegrass, gramagrass, and needlegrass, as well as bearberry, bitter cherry, black oak, California buckeye, ceanothus, cedar, cliffrose, cottonwood, creek dogwood, creeping barberry, dogwood, Douglas fir, elderberry, Fendlera species, goldeneye, holly-leaf buckthorn, jack pine, knotweed, Kohleria species, manzanita, mesquite, pine, rabbitbrush, ragweed, redberry, scrub oak, serviceberry (including Pacific serviceberry), Sierra juniper, silktassel, snowberry, stonecrop, sunflower, tesota, thimbleberry, turbinella oak, velvet elder, western chokecherry, wild cherry, and wild oats. Where available, mule deer also eat a variety of wild mushrooms, which are most abundant in late summer and fall in the southern Rocky Mountains; mushrooms provide moisture, protein, phosphorus, and potassium.
Humans sometimes engage in supplemental feeding efforts in severe winters in an attempt to avoid mule deer starvation. Wildlife agencies discourage such efforts, which cause harm to mule deer populations by spreading disease (such as tuberculosis and chronic wasting disease) when deer congregate for feed, disrupting migratory patterns, causing overpopulation of local mule deer populations, and cause habitat destruction overbrowsing of shrubs and forbs. Supplemental feeding efforts might be appropriate when carefully conducted under limited circumstances, but to be successful, the feeding must begin early in the severe winter (before poor range conditions and severe weather cause malnourishment or starvation) and must be continued until range conditions can support the herd.
Mule deer are variably gregarious, with a large proportion of solitary individuals (35 to 64%) and small groups (groups with ≤5 deer, 50 to 78%).[29][30] Reported mean group size measurements are three to five and typical group size (i.e. crowding) is about seven.
Nutrition
Mule deer are ruminants, meaning they employ a nutrient acquisition strategy of fermenting plant material before digesting it. Deer consuming high-fiber, low-starch diets require less food than those consuming high-starch, low-fiber diets. Rumination time also increases when deer consume high-fiber, low-starch diets, which allows for increased nutrient acquisition due to greater length of fermentation. Because some of the subspecies of mule deer are migratory, they encounter variable habitats and forage quality throughout the year. Forages consumed in the summer are higher in digestible components (i.e. proteins, starches, sugars, and hemicellulose) than those consumed in the winter. The average gross energy content of the consumed forage material is 4.5 kcal/g.
Due to fluctuations in forage quality and availability, mule deer fat storage varies throughout the year, with the most fat stored in October, which is depleted throughout the winter to the lowest levels of fat storage in March. Changes in hormone levels are indications of physiological adjustments to the changes in the habitat. Total body fat is a measure of the individual's energy reserves, while thyroid hormone concentrations are a metric to determine the deer's ability to use the fat reserves. Triiodothyronine (T3) hormone is directly involved with basal metabolic rate and thermoregulation.
Migration
Mule deer migrate from low elevation winter ranges to high elevation summer ranges. Although not all individuals in populations migrate, some will travel long distances between summer and winter ranges. Researchers discovered the longest mule deer migration in Wyoming spanning 150 miles from winter to summer range Multiple US states track mule deer migrations.
Mule deer migrate in fall to avoid harsh winter conditions like deep snow that covers up food resources, and in spring follow the emergence of new growth northwards. There is evidence to suggest that mule deer migrate based on cognitive memory, meaning they use the same path year after year even if the availability of resources has changed. This contradicts the idea that animals will go to the areas with the best available resources, which makes migratory paths crucial for survival.
Risks
There are many risks that mule deer face during migration including climate change and human disturbance. Climate change impacts on seasonal growth patterns constitute a risk for migrating mule deer by invalidating historic or learned migration paths.
Human activities such as natural resource extraction, highways, fencing, and urban development all have an impact on mule deer populations and migrations through habitat degradation and fragmentation. Natural gas extraction has been found to have varying negative effects on mule deer behavior and can even cause them to avoid areas they use to migrate. Highways not only cause injury and death to mule deer, but they can also serve as a barrier to migration. As traffic volumes increase, the more mule deer tend to avoid those areas and abandon their typical migration routes. It has also been found that fencing can alter deer behavior, acting as a barrier, and potentially changing mule deer migration patterns. In addition, urban development has replaced mule deer habitat with subdivisions, and human activity has increased. As a result of this, researchers have seen a decline in mule deer populations. This is especially prominent in Colorado where the population has grown by over 2.2 million since 1980.
Management
Protecting migration corridors
Protecting migrations corridors is essential to maintain healthy mule deer populations. One thing everyone can do is help slow the increase in climate change by using greener energy sources and reducing the amount of waste in our households. In addition, managers and researchers can assess the risks listed above and take the proper steps to mitigate any adverse impacts those risk have on mule deer populations. Not only will populations benefit from these efforts but so will many other wildlife species.
Highways
One way to help protect deer from getting hit on roadways is to install high fence wildlife fencing with escape routes. This helps keep deer off the road, preventing vehicle collisions and allowing animals that are trapped between the road and the fence a way to escape to safety. However, to maintain migration routes that cross busy highways, managers have also implemented natural, vegetated, overpasses and underpasses to allow animals, like mule deer, to migrate and move safely across highways.
Natural resource extraction
Approaches to mitigating the impact of drilling and mining operations include regulating the time of year when active drilling and heavy traffic to sites are taking place, and using well-informed planning to protect critical deer habitat and using barriers to mitigate the activity, noise, light at the extraction sites.
Urban development
The increase in urbanization has impacted mule deer migrations and there is evidence to show it also disrupts gene flow among mule deer populations. One clear option is to not build houses in critical mule deer habitat; however, build near mule deer habitat has resulted in some deer becoming accustom to humans and the resources, such as food and water. Rather than migrate through urban areas some deer tend to stay close to those urban developments, potentially for resources and to avoid the obstacles in urban areas. Suggested measures by property owners to protect mule deer genetic diversity and migration paths include planting deer-resistant plants, placing scare devices such as noise-makers, and desisting from feeding deer.
Disease
Wildlife officials in Utah announced that a November–December 2021 field study had detected the first case of SARS-CoV-2 in mule deer. Several deer possessed apparent SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, however a female deer in Morgan County had an active Delta variant infection. White-tailed deer, which are able to hybridize with mule deer and which have shown high rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection, have migrated into Morgan County and other traditional mule deer habitats since at least the early 2000s.
(Wikipedia)
Das Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum liegt in der Nähe des Saguaro-Nationalpark bei Tucson. Die Kombination aus einem Zoo, einem Museum und einem Botanischen Garten wurde 1952 gegründet und hat mehr als eine halbe Million Besucher pro Jahr.
Der Schwerpunkt des Arizona-Sonora Desert Museums liegt in der Tier- und Pflanzenwelt der Sonora-Wüste. Es beherbergt etwa 1300 Pflanzenarten und mehr als 300 verschiedene Wüstentiere, die man in ihrem natürlichen Lebensraum beobachten kann. Das Museum leistete Pionierarbeit bei der artgerechten Unterbringung der Tiere.
(Wikipedia)
Der Maultierhirsch (Odocoileus hemionus) oder Großohrhirsch ist ein im Westen Nordamerikas verbreiteter Hirsch. Er ist der nächste Verwandte des Weißwedelhirsches. Es werden mehrere Unterarten unterschieden, die sich in zwei Gruppen untergliedern lassen. Jene westlich der Rocky Mountains werden meist als Schwarzwedelhirsche bezeichnet. Die Artbezeichnung Maultierhirsch bezieht sich auf die großen Ohren, die an jene von Maultieren erinnern.
Merkmale
Die Männchen der Maultierhirsche haben ein Widerristhöhe von einem Meter und eine Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von knapp zwei Metern. Im Durchschnitt wiegen die Männchen zwischen 79 und 91 Kilogramm, sehr kapitale Hirsche erreichen gelegentlich auch ein Gewicht von bis zu 204 Kilogramm. Der schwerste, bislang gewogene Hirsch wurde 1938 in Colorado geschossen und wog 237 Kilogramm. Die Weibchen wiegen rund ein Drittel weniger als die Männchen. Die Ohren erreichen eine Länge von 28 und eine Breite von 15 Zentimetern.
Bei der Nominatform ist der Schwanz weiß bis auf eine rund 5 Zentimeter lange Spitze. Bei einigen der Unterarten ist der Schwanz dagegen gänzlich schwarz. Das Sommerhaarkleid ist rötlich braun, das Winterhaarkleid, das dichte graue Wollhaare aufweist, ist dagegen graubraun.
Fortbewegung
Für den Maultierhirsch lassen sich mit Schritt, Trab und Galopp drei Gangarten unterscheiden. Das schrittweise Ziehen ist die übliche Fortbewegungsweise. Aufgeschreckte Maultierhirsche zeigen allerdings auch Prellsprünge. Dabei stoßen sie sich mit allen vier Läufen zugleich in die Höhe. Dieser Sprung, der auch für eine Reihe von Antilopen typisch ist und auch vom Damhirsch gezeigt wird, ist sehr kraftanstrengend. Er erlaubt Maultierhirschen aber, auch sehr schnell einen steilen Hang hinauf zu springen und einem Fressfeind zu entkommen. Beim Galopp erreichen Maultierhirsche eine Geschwindigkeit von knapp 60 km/h.
Verbreitung
Verbreitungsgebiet mit Unterteilung in Unterarten:
Sitka-Schwarzwedelhirsch (O. h. sitkensis)
Columbia-Schwarzwedelhirsch (O. h. columbianus)
Kalifornischer Maultierhirsch (O. h. californicus)
O. h. fuliginatus
O. h. peninsulae
O. h. eremicus
Rocky-Mountain-Maultierhirsch (O. h. hemionus)
Der Maultierhirsch lebt vor allem in den Rocky Mountains, aber auch in den Nadelwäldern von British Columbia, im Westen der Prärie und in den Halbwüsten und Wüsten der südwestlichen USA und des nordwestlichen Mexiko. In den meisten Regionen seines Verbreitungsgebietes hält sich der Maultierhirsch in bergigen Regionen auf bis Schneefall ihn zwingt, in niedrigere Höhenlagen zu ziehen. Die Herbst- und Frühjahrswanderungen dieser Hirschart können bis zu 160 Kilometer weit sein. Auf Wanderungen tun sich Maultierhirsche manchmal auch zu größeren Herden zusammen.
Anders als der Weißwedelhirsch ist der Maultierhirsch kein Kulturfolger und meidet die Nähe menschlicher Siedlungen.
Unterarten
Der Maultierhirsch lässt sich in zwei Unterartengruppen aufteilen: einmal die der Schwarzwedelhirsche, die durch den kleinen Sitka-Schwarzwedelhirsch (O. h. sitkensis) und den Columbia-Schwarzwedelhirsch (O. h. columbianus) repräsentiert sind, und zum anderen in die eigentlichen Maultierhirsche im engeren Sinne. Zu letzteren zählen der Kalifornische Maultierhirsch (O. h. californicus), der Rocky-Mountain-Maultierhirsch (O. h. hemionus) sowie O. h. eremicus aus den Wüstengebieten des Südwestens. Schwarzwedelhirsche sind deutlich kleiner als typische Mautierhirsche. Der Kalifornische Maultierhirsch bildet in gewisser Weise eine Übergangsform zwischen dem Schwarzwedelhirsch und dem Rocky-Mountain-Maultierhirsch. Südlich des Kalifornischen Maultierhirsches leben mit O. h. fulginatus und O. h. peninsulae zwei weitere Unterarten. Letztere kommt nur im Süden der Halbinsel Niederkalifornien vor. Eine kleine Form, O. h. cerrosensis, lebt zudem auf der Insel Cedros vor der Mexikanischen Küste. Bisweilen werden die Maultierhirsche an den Osthängen der Sierra Nevada als eigene Unterart abgetrennt. Allerdings ähneln sie stark den Kalifornischen Maultierhirschen an den Westhängen des Gebirges, und somit ist ihr Status zweifelhaft.
(Wikipedia)
poverty
caste
karma
illiteracy
homelessness
stigma
indifference
apathy
overpopulation
the list goes on and on and on............
in
New Delhi
Photography’s new conscience
Welcome to NEW HASHIMA (端島), an urban landscape born from the ashes of the once-thriving Hashima Island mining colony. In a world teetering on the edge of cybernetic revolution and rampant overpopulation, this neon-lit megalopolis emerges as a gritty testament to society’s desperate pursuit of innovative development.
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Very happy to share some quality photos of my recent NH build. Definitely one of my personal favorites so far. Enjoy and stay tuned for more Cyberpsychos!!!
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
The term Anunnaki is often used in ancient texts as referring to a group of gods. The name is a derivative of the names heaven and earth, Anu and Ki but is also translated by some as “those of royal blood” and also “princely offspring”.The name is variously written “a-nuna”, “a-nuna-ke-ne”, or “a-nun-na”, meaning “princely offspring” or “offspring of Anu”. Some even believe the Anunnaki are sons and daughters of the gods, heaven, and earth.ANUNNAKI: DNA Code. They are said to have created or come from the Mesopotamian culture. There are others who believe they are a form of extra-terrestrial beings (reptilian or serpent race) from outer space or sometimes more specifically from the planet Nibiru/Planet X that at one time lived on this planet or still do on another plane of existence. The Anunnaki were served by the Igigi until the Igigi revolted, forcing the Anunnaki to create Mankind. These servants were not slaves; they were held in high regard, and they were created only to relieve the gods of their labour. In the beginning, Mankind had no set lifespan, and so the gods could only control overpopulation via flood, plague, and famine. During the final deluge, the gods wept at the suffering of Mankind, and so Man was given a set lifespan. It is during this deluge that Ziusudra (Noah) survived with his wife on the ark. The story of the final flood can be found in Atra-Hasis and the Epic of Gilgamesh. This is the first myth of the relationship between ENKI- ANU.This is called the Sky God and Earth Mother myth, which illustrates the relationship between the Sky and Earth. There is also a deity called Enlil that controls and watches of the sky as his kingdom. Another counter argument for the Anunnaki theory is the question of “Looking for Gold” and trying to dig gold from planet Earth. If applied to the technology of the Cosmic Era, the idea of looking for gold is ridiculous and absurd since already in the modern era, transmutation has been very possible by using energy from the Vacuum, also known as Luminous Aether. The technology comes from electricity, and is very based on Cosmic technology, meaning that the Anunnaki would’ve already known how to make gold through transmutation of cheap metals, therefore why would they look for gold, in fact they are already a cosmic civilization and missing this key fact that they can perform transmutation from radiant energy, it would demoralize them in the face of the cosmos.The Anunnaki are a race of beings that traveled across into the depths of space. They’ve settled on a planet called Earth. The Anunnaki ruled the race called “Igigi” who worked for the Anunnaki. But after 2500 years of labor, the Igigi rebelled against the Anunnaki. Enki suggested creating a new race. The Anunnaki observed the possibilities, and in a place called Eden, they have created the Human race, mixing clay with the flesh and blood of an Anunnaki so that the new race could have the divine wisdom. Nintu put the dollop into “shells” and nine months later, humankind was born. In the end, the humans proved to be a good workforce. The Annunaki deities were worshiped by the Ancient Sumerians. In the Sumerian religion, they were forbidden to show the Annunaki Gods in their true form, so instead, the Sumerians depicted them as anthropomorphic animals in place of their true form. Later on the Sumerian ethnic group has been replaced by Akkadians then later Babylonians until they’ve been converted to monotheistic religions such as Zoroastrianism and Christianity. The Anunnaki have no defined appearance, although according to the fertile crescent mythology, the Anunnaki are most likely to look like humans in their original forms, but in larger height. The Anunnaki are a shape-shifting race and can mold themselves into many shapes and sizes. According to certain conspiracy theorists, the Sumerian language appears to be the language taught to the humans by the Annunaki, since it’s assumed to be the first language ever written. It has been said that the language of the Annunaki is considered to be pre-Sumerian. If this is true, the closest language to the Annunaki could be Hungarian since, in pre-modern history, many linguists have found many similarities between the Hungarian language and the Sumerian language. The Hungarians are believed to be the exiled remains of the Sumerians, and many legends from ancient Hungarian culture relates to the Annunaki myth. The Manysi and the Khanty ethnic group, like the Hungarians are classified in the “Ugaric” language family and one individual converted to shamanism, into believing the Mansi to be descendants of Sumerians. However, linguistic affinities are also being found between Hebrew, hinting the another link of Sumerian with the Semitic languages, in which biblical scriptures were originally written in. Akkadian was a Semitic language once used often with Sumerian, during the arrival of Akkadians into Iraq. DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria. The information in DNA is stored as a code made up of four chemical bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). Human DNA consists of about 3 billion bases, and more than 99 percent of those bases are the same in all people. The order, or sequence, of these bases, determines the information available for building and maintaining an organism, similar to the way in which letters of the alphabet appear in a certain order to form words and sentences.
‘Alien’ DNA Strands Discovered in Human Genome
Science has already successfully mapped the human genome and identified the functions of specific genes in hereditary characteristics, such as skin color. But few people know that some of the DNA strands in the human genome are not even human in origin, making them quite “alien.” A recent research paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences has revealed that the human genome contains at least nineteen pieces of ancient viral DNA. More so, complete genetic strands of the viruses were found in two percent of the people who were tested.The ancient genetic fragments from viruses found in our genome are known as human endogenous retroviruses, or HERVs. The study examined the genome of 2,500 people across the globe and found genetic markers for HERVs. Approximately eight percent of the DNA in the human body is from viral genetic fragments. These are the DNA strands that became integrated with the human genome and passed on to several generations. Darwin’s theory of evolution has given a very big struggle with the views thought from the world’s religions. The Anunnaki play a key role as a point of Evolutionists, Creationists and Ancient historians meet. The Anunnaki version of creationism was based on ancient excavations of ancient documents and artifacts that support the evidence of ancient civilizations being helped by extraterrestrials. In ancient manuscripts, there are several accounts that imply ancient civilizations having knowledge in advanced science that we humans have just learned in the modern era. The double helix model of the DNA is sometimes linked with the double-helix snake on a road symbol, found commonly among medical symbols. This has been linked to the fact that the snake symbol is based on the DNA model, which is some evidence of ancient historians having knowledge about the DNA genome model. The ancient liturgical texts of Mesopotamia was linked with different passages in the Hebrew Bible, for example, the Epic of Gilgamesh parallels the Noah’s Ark story, and the Genesis in the Torah parallels to the Sumerian creation myth, involving the Annunaki. In Modern Conspiracy Theory, which revolves around subjects like the Illuminati and the secret plans of the world elite such as the NWO, the Anunnaki have gained much interest from conspiracy theorists. The Annunaki are thought to be linked to Reptilians, and have been continuously said to be the same species; however, there is no evidence to support that argument. Humans would be reptilian in nature and most of our world religions would have reptiles rather than giant humans such as seen in the Sumerian tablets of the humanoid Anunnaki. Other than that, there are statements saying the world elite are directly related to the Annunaki, now secretly collaborating a doomsday plot to rid or enslave humanity once again. Humans directly related to the superior Anunnaki have claimed to be the first to discover humanity’s purpose near our creation. The Anunnaki creation myth is annotated to have different views, for instance, some claiming it’s great evidence supporting creationism, and others claiming negative views of the creation myth, viewing the Anunnaki as a malevolent race, wanting to make mankind complete slaves.
www.matrixdisclosure.com/anunnaki-dna-code/
Did Giant humans roam Ancient America in the past? Did the Native American’s have a royal class of giant rulers entombed in massive burial mounds?The historical record certainly seems to support this reality. Over a two hundred year period, more than 1000 accounts of seven-foot and taller skeletons have been reported unearthed from ancient burial sites in North America. Newspaper accounts, town and county histories, letters, scientific journals, diaries, photos and Smithsonian ethnology reports have carefully documented this. These skeletons have been reported from coast to coast in burial chambers, stone crypts, caves, ancient battlefields and massive mounds. Strange anatomic anomalies such as double rows of teeth, jawbones so large as to be fit over the face of the finder, and elongated skulls, were documented in virtually every state. Smithsonian scientists identified at least 17 skeletons that stood at over seven feet in their annual reports, including one example that was 8 feet tall, and a skull with a 36-inch circumference (an average human skull has a circumference of about 20 inches). The Smithsonian Institution is mentioned dozens more times as the recipient of enormous skeletons from across the United States. In late 2014, an article from a satirical website claimed that a Supreme Court ruling forced the Smithsonian Institution to admit to the historic destruction of giant skeletons. It was published not long after our Search for the Lost Giants TV show that aired on History Channel. The headline read: “Smithsonian Admits to Destruction of Thousands of Giant Human Skeletons in Early 1900s.” 2 The article was convincing, and this apparent exposé of the National Museum hit a chord with people. Right away, we were inundated with emails from people believing the story was real. In reality, if such a story were true, it would surely be front-page worldwide news. However, when an Internet post is mentioning a startling find and not verifying any of the professionals involved, or real organizations or institutions they belong to, one can quickly conclude that it is a misrepresentation of facts or an outright lie. Maybe someday, however, the Smithsonian will admit to the irony of this story.
The over-willingness to believe seems to be the culprit for such stories gaining life. This is the reality we have had to deal with when researching the strange case of the North American giants, as hoaxes and exaggerations were often reported as truth. This is further complicated by the lack of physical evidence, and the moral and ethical implications of investigating human remains. When the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) was passed in 1990, any remaining giant skeletons and bones were removed from public display and buried according to the traditions of individual tribes. We often get asked: “where are the bones?” and we reply: “ask the Smithsonian and the Native Americans.” Even with these obstacles, we have done our best to chase down every account to the end and to be as impartial as possible. The book Giants on Record, is not trying to be a long scientific paper but rather an assemblage of data and documents that have been hidden in libraries and local historical societies, and quietly shunned by orthodox anthropology and archaeology for over a century. The following accounts are part of this forgotten legacy, which carry implications that may someday shake the foundations of American academia. Most of the reports we have uncovered are from well-known newspapers such as The Washington Post and The New York Times, but we begin our analysis with this account from The Worthington Advance (November 18, 1897, pg.3) that describes the ethnological work of the Smithsonian Institution’s Division of Eastern Mounds, and quotes the Director of the Bureau of Ethnology at the time, John Wesley Powell. The image below accompanies the news report, “It is officially recorded that agents of the Bureau of Ethnology have explored more than 2,000 of these mounds. Among the objects found in them were pearls in great numbers and some of very large size… It is a matter of official record that in digging through a mound in Iowa the scientists found the skeleton of a giant, who, judging from actual measurement, must have stood seven feet six inches tall when alive. The bones crumbled to dust when exposed to the air. Around the neck was a collar of bear’s teeth and across the thighs were dozens of small copper beads, which may have once adorned a hunting skirt.” As part of the Search for the Lost Giants show, Jim and fellow researcher James Clary investigated the following account that had this heading:
“An Ancient Ozark Giant Dug Up Near Steelville: Strange discovery made by a boy looking for arrowheads, gives this Missouri Town an absorbing mystery to ponder.” Highlights of the lengthy report from The Steelville Ledger (June 11, 1933) are given: “…he turned up the complete skeleton of an 8 foot giant. The grisly find was brought to Dr. R. C. Parker here and stretched out to its enormous length in a hallway of his office where it has since remained the most startling exhibit Steelville has ever had on public view… An appeal to Dr. Aleš Hrdlička, anthropologist of the National Museum in Washington and celebrated authority on primitive races is expected to help. Dr. Parker has written to him, offering to forward the skull or the whole skeleton, if necessary for scientific study.” Jim and James Clary found the exact location where the 8-foot skeleton was removed, which was from along the north wall of a cave. They met with several relatives of Billy Harmon, who all professed to the legitimacy of the find. They also found where R. C. Parker’s office once was, and ran into an old timer, who was Dr. Parker’s patient in his youth. While reading through the microfilm at the Steelville library, three reports of the find where uncovered, including the photo that shows Les Eaton, a 6-foot man laid out next to the 8-foot skeleton in Dr. Parkers office (see image below).
The Smithsonian Institution is continually linked to giant skeletons, or at least the lack of them. Most of the reports end in something like this: “The bones were shipped to the Smithsonian Institution for further study.” This ongoing problem of the “missing bones” has become a matter of legend, as there are dozens of reports of the Smithsonian receiving artifacts and giant skeletons. Today, however, they deny their existence. We investigate this thoroughly in our book, and conclude that a cover-up may have been instigated in the late 1800s because it did not fit in with their new ideologies of ‘Manifest Destiny’ and ‘Evolution.’ Although the giants were sidelined in the early stages of scientific discovery, they were, thanks to earlier explorers of America, already in the written record. ;As far back as the 1500s when the Spanish navigators were exploring the coast of the Americas, sightings of live giants were being recorded. Three captains of Spanish ships reported these taller-than-average native people on their expeditions to America, as well as Sir Francis Drake, Captain John Smith, a Smithsonian professor, and several other notable eyewitnesses. In 1519, Spanish explorer Alonzo Álvarez de Pineda was mapping the coastline of the Gulf Coast, marking the various rivers, bays, landmarks, and potential ports, declaring that they belonged to the king of Spain. Not far from where the river empties into the Gulf of Mexico he “found a large town, and on both sides of its banks, for a distance of six leagues up its course, some forty native villages.”3 He also noted that other than giants, the tribes also had a race of tiny pygmies. Pineda described the tribes that settled near the Mississippi river as: “A race of giants, from ten to eleven palms in height and a race of pigmies only five or six palms high.” (Webster’s Dictionary defines a palm used as a unit of measurement to range from seven to ten inches, so the giants were at least 6 feet 7 inches to 8 feet tall). On his return from Tampico to the Mississippi, Pineda unknowingly sailed right past a tribe of equally huge Texas Indians.3 A report on the Karankawas, John R. Swanton, of the Bureau of American Ethnology, describes the men as being: “…very tall and well formed…Head-flattening and tattooing were practiced to a considerable extent.” However it was also recorded that they:
“…do not eat men, but roast them only, on account of the cruelties first enacted against their ancestors by the Spanish.”
So that’s OK then! A few years later in 1523, as the Spanish fleet discovered, dominated, and overran the Caribbean Islands, a strange report came forth via historian Peter Martyr who assisted at the Council of the Indies. The account was originally shared by a native who was Christianized and taken to Spain: “The report ran that the natives were white and their king and queen giants, whose bones, while babies, had been softened with an ointment of strange herbs, then kneaded and stretched like wax by masters of the art, leaving the poor objects of their magic half dead, until after repeated manipulations they finally attained their great size.” In early 1521, Francisco Gordillo and Pedro de Quejo undertook a secret voyage from Spain. They sailed over to America and along the Carolina coast to capture Native American slaves, and to scout out potential locations for new Spanish colonies. They managed to capture seventy members of the Chicora tribe to bring back to their homeland: “The chiefs of the province of Chicora, a portion of what is now South Carolina, were famous for their height, which was supposed to prove their royal blood.” While Gordillo and Quejo treated the enigmatic Chicora Indians with treachery, their relationships with the Duhare peoples were much more gentlemanly. This was probably because the inhabitants of Duhare were described as looking European, with red or brown hair, tanned skin and gray eyes. Strangely, for this part of the world, the men had full beards and towered over the Spanish. They did not appear to be Native American. He visited with many of the Native American tribes in the area and recorded their customs, rituals and ways of living. The report on the Duhare stated: “Ayllon says the natives are white men, and his testimony is confirmed by Francisco Chicorana. Their hair is brown and hangs to their heels. They are governed by a king of gigantic size, called Datha, whose wife is as large as himself. They have five children. In place of horses, the king is carried on the shoulders of strong young men, who run with him to the different places he wishes to visit.” The Spanish describe Datha as being the largest man they had ever seen. He had a wife as tall as him. He wore brightly colored paint or tattoos on his skin that distinguished him from the commoners. This was all happening at the same time that the Patagonian giants (pictured below with Dr. Frederick A. Cook in 1898) were being witnessed on the southern tip of South America. For “Giants” became fashionable in the 1500s. In the summer of 1579, just north of San Francisco, Sir Francis Drake recounted his witnessing of living giants in his diary. In 1602, the California Channel Islands were ‘discovered’ by the Spanish, an area that has become a mecca for giantologists. Over 3,000 skeletons were discovered on the islands in the early 1900s, some being between 8 and 9 feet tall. Numerous mysterious reports of skulls containing ‘double rows of teeth’ were also reported on the neighboring islands.Hundreds of skeletal exhumation reports across the United States have demonstrated some very unusual anatomical features. These include macrocephalic (large) skulls, elongated craniums, enormous jaws that were fit over the face of the finders, and double rows of teeth. They come from official Smithsonian reports (with one account describing a third set of teeth), newspaper articles, and letters and journals from doctors and respected members of the local community. The ‘double row of teeth’ phenomenon is what we will briefly look at here, as it has been described in multiple accounts with evidence going as far back as 6,000 years, from the area of the Canadian Great Lakes.
I wish cats are able to maintain their youthful looks and vigor, but they're not meant to. Cats get old and eventually pass on to make way for newborn kittens, or there will be a gross overpopulation of felines in this world. 🐈🌈
Apologies for the small sized video. It was taken with my old 6 Megapixel PowerShot S3 IS which only supported the archaic 640 x 480 resolution for video.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Of the world’s top 20 polluted cities, 13 are in India compared to just three in China. Air pollution slashes life expectancy by 3.2 years for the 660 million Indians who live in cities,
Yet INDIANS who literally say they have no choice except to mock laugh and jeer at my SURGICAL MASK that i wear religiously every second I'm outside.
An MD colleague surgeon told me his patients have black lungs
instead of PINK which is normal
Its pretty damn hard to keep material over your mouth and nose in heat. The truth is when i shoot i lift the mask off my nose to get the image.
What amazes me about INDIANS is their " indifference, apathy, " towards Overpopulation, Pollution, the filth the piss etc etc etc etc as if none of this is going on...............................
EVERY TOM DICK AND HARRY owns a motorbike
and there is no respect at all for pedestrians ever..... anywhere.
Its a cruel place in the sense there is so much adversity for a street shooter like myself.
im a MASOCHIST
loving INDYA
OLD DELHI
Photography’s new conscience
Welcome to NEW HASHIMA (端島), an urban landscape born from the ashes of the once-thriving Hashima Island mining colony. In a world teetering on the edge of cybernetic revolution and rampant overpopulation, this neon-lit megalopolis emerges as a gritty testament to society’s desperate pursuit of innovative development.
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Very happy to share some quality photos of my recent NH build. Definitely one of my personal favorites so far. Enjoy and stay tuned for more Cyberpsychos!!!
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Thinking he'll eventually find some nuts if he climbs high enough. In Los Viveros.
"Viveros de Coyoacán is a combination tree nursery and public park which covers 38.9 hectares in the Coyoacán borough of Mexico City. The nursery was founded by Miguel Angel de Quevedo in the early 20th century as a way to provide seedlings for the reforestation of Mexico’s badly damaged forests, especially around Mexico City. The first lands were donated by Quevedo himself with the federal government then getting involved, allowing for the planting of 140,000 trees between 1913 and 1914 alone. Today, the nursery produces one million seedlings per year mostly for projects around Mexico City. The area was declared a national park in 1938 and today attracts between 2,500 and 3,000 visitors daily, many of whom come to exercise or feed the area’s very tame squirrels. The overpopulation of squirrels and a large rat population have been problems for the park." [from Wikipedia]
Social indifference
looms
high
in South ASIA
the needy
the poor
lay dormant
on the floor
while
life goes on
as if
nothing is wrong
with this picture
in
Khilkhet
Dhaka
Photography’s new conscience
NEW HASHIMA(端島) - Sector 08 - Welcome to New Hashima
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Some photos from the most recent iteration of my New Hashima collaborative project. This time even bigger and with 11 total builders. I will have more photos and better edited photos once I’ve had the time to put things together! Enjoy!
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Welcome to NEW HASHIMA(端島) - Sector 08. Built on the remnants of the old Hashima Island mining colony after overpopulation forced consideration of innovative development options. Sector 08 is home to middle through upper-class citizens of NewHashima and holds many of the more beautiful structures found in the island mega-city.
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#lights #led #ledlights #rgb #ledlighting #raspberrypi #arduino #electronics #technology #iot #diyelectronics #maker #lego #legophotography #legominifigures #afol #legomoc #legophoto #minifigures #legos #toyphotography #ninjago #legocity #toys #moc #legoart #graphicdesign #cyberpunk #tokyo #japan
So much photography romanticizes our world, erasing from scenes the conflict between country and urban, ugly and beautiful... Along our Fleurieu Peninsula the urban sprawl is gradually devouring the countryside... In this photo there's actually three zones under pressure. The hills, the Carrickaling Creek and its surrounds and crop farming in the foreground... Similar scenes are to be had all around our world and I am beginning to find travelling depressing. You can find many beautiful places and people but it's hard not to be upset by the destruction of habitat and lack of regard for the environment in so many places, amplified by overpopulation...
Look at the "eyes" in the LARGER version! Click here: View On Black
NOT LETHAL AT ALL! HERE'S SOME INFO:
Spiny orb weavers have a broad, hard abdomen that can be white, orange, or yellow with red markings. There are six pointy “spines” protruding from the edges. The carapace, legs, and venter are black.
The spiny orb weaver spins flat, round shaped webs in shrubs, trees, and in the corners of windows and similar outdoor areas of buildings. A new web is constructed each night to make sure that the structure is secure. Typically, adult females construct webs because male species hang from a single thread close by the nest of a female.
The web itself is constructed from a basic foundation, which consists of a single vertical strand. The foundation is connected with a second primary line or by a primary radius. After making this basic framework, the spider begins to construct a strong exterior radius, and continues to spin secondary non-viscid radii.
The larger webs have ten to thirty radii. There is a central disk where the spider rests. This is separated from the sticky (viscid) spirals by an open area with a catching area in the web. Conspicuous tufts of silk also occur on the web, primarily on the foundation lines.
The difference between foundation silk and tufted silk is visibly distinct. The true function of these tufts is unknown, but some studies suggest that the tufts serve as little flags to warn birds and prevent them from flying into and destroying the web. The spiny orb weaver’s web may be quite close to the ground. Females live solitarily on individual webs and up to three males may dangle on silk threads nearby.
The spiny orb weaver’s web captures flying, and sometimes crawling, pests such as beetles, moths, mosquitoes, whiteflies, and other small fly species. A female builds her web at an angle, where she rests on the central disk, face down, awaiting her prey. When a small insect flies into the web, she moves quickly to the quarry, determining its exact location, and size, and immobilizes it.
If the prey is smaller than the spider, she will carry it back to the central disk and eat it. If her victim is larger than she is, she will wrap the numbed creature on either side and either climb back up the web or swing down a drag line before climbing up to her resting area.
Sometimes several insects are caught at the same time. The spiny orb weaver must find and paralyze them all. If it is not necessary to relocate them elsewhere on her web, the spider may just feed on them where they are, then come back to them as she pleases. She feeds upon the liquefied insides of her meal, and the drained carcasses are then discarded from the web.
Spiny orb weavers are one of the many beneficial spiders we have, since it preys upon small pests that are present in crops and suburban areas. They help to control overpopulation of these insects. Spiny orb weavers are not dangerous and would easily be overlooked if not for their unique coloration.
Spiny orb weavers do not invade the indoors unless carried in while residing in a potted plant. Spiny orb weavers are not dangerous—they are beneficial animals. They should not be killed, if at all possible.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Welcome to NEW HASHIMA (端島), an urban landscape born from the ashes of the once-thriving Hashima Island mining colony. In a world teetering on the edge of cybernetic revolution and rampant overpopulation, this neon-lit megalopolis emerges as a gritty testament to society’s desperate pursuit of innovative development.
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by @generaljj_builds
Huge thanks to Jordan for taking and editing these photos!
APR 2005 From the Aeon of Regional Conflicts and World Wars,
to the Epoch of Clashing Civilizations & Global Uniculturalism.
[-] Notes from bilwander's suspended Facebook, now >here [-]
In the times of Globalization & the "progressive" illusion of Multicultural "Coexistence" ( i.e. devastative global uniculturalism ), Clashing Civilizations, Proxy Wars, Blind Terrorism, Uncontrolled Breeding and Consumerism, are ending this World, while ... Comics of ... Iconomics make the most epic failure ever of Democracy in the, so to say, developed societies.
Virtual Economies (thus Iconomies) generating elitist wealth out of deregulated money supply, leveraged credit expansion, permanently rolling-over and exponentially rising debt , impossible to be paid-off in any visible future, along with unsustainable consumption and "growth", and, in the end, extreme global socio-economic, geopolitical, environmental and currently, even health crises.
Crises of Massive Poverty, Misery and Migration, on a planet already crowded, littered, polluted and exploited to its limits; a planet where the wealthy suffer from diseases of affluence & longevity, and contaminated food, while the poor die early from malnutrition and lack of basic hygiene and medical care.
World Population and Inequality (Wealth Distribution Gap) grow faster than the Gross World Product (GWP) while Natural Resources are Draining Out, and Long-term Structural Unemployment & Poverty will deterministically continue to rise for at least this whole century as far as Governments and Peoples continue to ignore and defy the most crucial macroeconomic parameter (World Demographic Trend) and the components (Population Size & Quality) that define the Welfare Equation. In simple words : :
The More People On Earth The Much Worse Their Life Gets
The Mother of All Evil and Misery
In The Epoch of the Infinite Evolution of Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics and Eugenics, the forecasts for World Poverty are gravely pessimistic as far as the vast majority of people continue to over-exercise Outdated Reproductive Rights, without basic knowledge, responsibility and resources, or, even worse, with criminal and/or genetically detrimental records, factually instigating and perpetrating the most massive, continuous and silent Genocidal Crime of human history alongside an Overpopulation of self-condemned people ...
A more than obvious global crime, yet ignored and absent from any agenda, a taboo not even to be quoted within a defiant World Society and an idle Academic Community; the Mother of All Evil and Misery, a ticking time-bomb of total destruction whereas populist regimes and the hypocrisy of political correctness dominate and govern the populace ...
Family Planning, Genetic Engineering and, nowadays, Sexual Transgenderism (and eventually Androidification ) though yet far from consisting mainstream social procedures, and even with law deficits, are increasingly practiced altering already the traditional patterns of human reproduction and social institutions, thus defining the rise of a new epoch within the Anthropocene.
Qualitatively Controlled Human Reproduction by individual choice, assisted by Sperm & Ova Banks via Modified DNA and combination of superior genetic "materials" along with Artificial Intelligence, will eventually lead to intellectual and physical abilities, unprecedentedly superior to those of Homo Sapiens and its contemporary Universalis, so defining the species of the Androidified Human; a Homo Superius of “his/her/its” kind; the product of the Contemporary Dark Ages where Obsolete Reproductive Rights encroach and override Basic Human Rights, transforming the decadent democracies into de facto regimes of Extreme Populism, Anarchy, Illegalism, Oligarchy & Tyranny ....
In the future, most likely, even fewer countries and smaller populations than today will be able to obtain & maintain high standards of living, provided that they will manage to sustain robust, fiscally and monetarily disciplined, economies, based on advanced technology, secured energy self-sufficiency/accessibility, demographic sustainability with social security and geopolitical stability along with effective control & regulation of the migration influx and its intensifying impact and destabilizing potential on the function of the 'developed' economies and societies.
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It's the People, stupid ! (15 APR 2016)
As usual, Soros just speaks out about preserving the Bubble of World Economy for as long as possible...
Who does actually care or can make a difference about next generations, peoples, people, proxy wars, clashing civilizations, migrants or refugees ? ... simply no one
The Bubble, like any bubble, has an undated, but deterministically approaching Burst Out Day .... and the World is already bankrupt in effect and long before the evolving Economic Meltdown, just because of its unregulated and unsustainable population size .....
It's the (Too Many & Stupid) People, Stupid !
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related twits
"হোক না দিনে-রাতে হাজারোবার লোডশেডিং
তবু আমার শহর ঢাকা, গর্জিয়াস ড্যাজলিং।"
Dhaka (Bengali: ঢাকা pronounced: [ˈɖʱaka]; formerly spelled as Dacca) is the capital of Bangladesh. It is a megacity and one of the major cities of South Asia. Located on the east banks of the Buriganga River in the Ganges delta, Dhaka has an estimated population of more than 15 million people, making it the largest city in Bangladesh and the 9th largest city in the world.It is known as the City of Mosques, and with 400,000 cycle-rickshaws running on its streets every day, the city is described as the Rickshaw Capital of the World. Dhaka is also one of the world's most densely populated cites.
Dhaka has been continuously inhabited for more than a millennium. The Old City of Dhaka was founded in the 17th century as the Mughal capital of Bengal. It was called Jahangir Nagar (City of Jahangir) and served as the centre of the worldwide muslin trade.The modern city, however, developed chiefly under British rule in the 19th century. After the partition of British India, Dhaka became the administrative capital of East Pakistan, and later, in 1971, the capital of independent Bangladesh. During the intervening period, the city witnessed widespread upheaval and turmoil, including many impositions of martial law, political uprisings and mass civil disobedience movements, and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971.
Modern Dhaka is the centre of political and cultural life in Bangladesh, and serves as one of the two principal economic and industrial centers of the country, along with the southern port city of Chittagong. Dhaka hosts the headquarters of several major non-governmental agencies in the developing world, including the international development organization BRAC, the Nobel Peace Prize-winning development institution Grameen Bank and the medical research institute ICDDR,B. The city has the most developed urban infrastructure in the country, however it suffers from chronic urban problems of poverty, pollution and overpopulation due to increasing rural-to-urban migration in Bangladesh. The city is modernizing its transport and communications, and has been attracting large volumes of foreign investments in recent years. Dhaka has also emerged as one of the fastest growing cities in the world. [source: wiki]
Abir Shaqran Photography
June 19, 2013
Bashundara City Shopping Complex,
Dhaka, Bangladesh.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
Welcome to NEW HASHIMA (端島), an urban landscape born from the ashes of the once-thriving Hashima Island mining colony. In a world teetering on the edge of cybernetic revolution and rampant overpopulation, this neon-lit megalopolis emerges as a gritty testament to society’s desperate pursuit of innovative development.
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by @generaljj_builds
Huge thanks to Jordan for taking and editing these photos!
Times are tough this winter for the hares, (Lepus americanus) overpopulation is bringing about malnutrition and starvation, driving an animal we normally think of as an herbivore to eat meat. They are also digging down through the snow to eat dirt, getting a few much-needed minerals.
This hare has climbed up on my deck and is chewing bones left there for the lumberjacks (Perisoreus canadensis).
This is a short GIF converted to movie.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
IND, Indien, Kolkata, ehem. Kalkutta, Slum Tiljala Road an den Bahngleisen der Indian Railway am Bahnhof Park Circus, hier: die drei Brueder Rafiqkul,12, Maidul und Saidul,beide 10, sammeln jeden Morgen nach Sonnenaufgang Plastikmuell. Sie verdienen sich ihr Fruehstuck selbst.
Das katholische Hilfswerk Misereor und die indische Partnerorganisation Tiljala Shed bieten Hilfsprogramme in den Bereichen Bildung, Gesundheit und Wirtschaft an.
Tausende Menschen in der 13 Mio.Metropole und Hauptstadt von Westbengalen am Hooghly Fluss leben in bitterer Armut.
| India , Kolkata , former Calcutta , Tiljala Slum on the tracks of Indian Railway at Park Circus Station , capital of West Bengal , a megacity with more than 13 Mio inhabitants at Hooglhly River, most of them living in extremly poor conditions. |
[(c) Hartmut Schwarzbach/argus, Veroeffentlichung nur gegen Honorar nach MFM und Urhebervermerk, Belegexemplar an Argus Fotoagentur Gbr, Sternstr.67, 20357 Hamburg, Germany, Tel.040-433707, e-mail: argus@argus-foto.de, Online-Archiv: www.argus-foto.de, Photographer Portfolio: www.hartmut-schwarzbach.de , Bank: Haspa, BLZ 20050550, Kto.1211128002 ]
Suburban deer which due to overpopulation do not have enough to eat. They have been forced to come roadside to graze on ivy.
Forest ~ Red Planet # 2 ~ Paris ~ MjYj
Please don't use this image on websites,
blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
MjYj© All rights reserved
Dans le courant du 2ème siècle ap JC, la solution des cimetières souterrains (les catacombes) est imposée par deux facteurs : le rite de l’inhumation remplace progressivement celui de l’incinération ; le surpeuplement de Rome (plus de 1 million d’hab.) renforce le besoin d’espace pour de nouveaux cimetières. Ainsi, hors les murs, le long des grandes voies (comme la via Appia) apparaissent les premières utilisations du sous-sol, les hypogées (du grec hypo = dessous et gé = terre) à partir desquels, au cours des siècles, se creuse l’immense labyrinthe des catacombes. Il existe quatre réseaux de catacombes à Rome. Trois de ces réseaux sont situé près de la Via Appia antica : les catacombes de Saint-Calixte, les catacombes de Saint-Sébastien et les catacombes de Domitilla. Les catacombes de Saint-Sébastien sont fondées au IIIe siècle, et cessent de servir de cimetière au Ve siècle. Ce cimetière se trouve à l'emplacement d'un ancien cimetière païen qui a peu à peu été utilisé par les chrétiens. C'est au quatrième siècle que les catacombes prirent leur nom actuel venant du saint (un soldat martyrisé pour s’être converti au Christianisme) qui y fut enterré au second étage vers 298. Selon la tradition, des restes saints de Pierre et de Paul y auraient été cachés avant la construction des deux basiliques, sur la colline du Vatican (basilique Saint-Pierre), et sur la Via Ostiense (basilique Saint-Paul). Il fut transféré dans la basilique des Apôtres lors de la construction de celle-ci au Ve siècle. On peut y voir la chambre de Jonas (des fresques du quatrième siècle la décorent et représentent des scènes de la vie du personnage biblique). Puis on passe par la crypte de Saint-Sébastien et une place où trois mausolées païens furent réutilisés par les chrétiens. On y trouve des peintures, des ornements de stucs, des inscriptions et des graffitis. Enfin, la troisième du mausolée est appelé «hache» pour l'outil représenté sur le tympan du fronton. En remontant, on passe par la « triclia » où se tenaient des repas funèbres, et au-dessus de laquelle fut construite la basilique.
In the course of the 2nd century AD, the solution of underground cemeteries (the catacombs) was imposed by two factors: the rite of burial gradually replaced that of incineration; the overpopulation of Rome (more than 1 million inhabitants) reinforces the need for space for new cemeteries. Thus, outside the walls, along the main roads (such as via Appia) appear the first uses of the subsoil, the hypogea (from the Greek hypo = below and ge = earth) from which, over the centuries, digs the immense labyrinth of catacombs. There are four catacomb networks in Rome. Three of these networks are located near the Via Appia antica: the catacombs of St. Calixte, the catacombs of San Sebastián and the catacombs of Domitilla. The catacombs of San Sebastián are founded in the third century, and cease to serve as a cemetery in the fifth century. This cemetery is on the site of an ancient pagan cemetery that has gradually been used by Christians. It is in the fourth century that the catacombs took their current name from the saint (a soldier martyred for being converted to Christianity) who was buried on the second floor around 298. According to tradition, the holy remains of Peter and Paul would have been hidden there before the construction of the two basilicas, on the Vatican hill (basilica Saint-Pierre), and on Via Ostiense (basilica Saint-Paul). He was transferred to the basilica of the Apostles during the construction of the latter in the fifth century. You can see Jonas' room there (frescoes of the fourth century decorate it and represent scenes from the life of the biblical figure). Then we go through the crypt of San Sebastian and a place where three pagan mausoleums were reused by Christians. There are paintings, stucco ornaments, inscriptions and graffiti. Finally, the third of the mausoleum is called "ax" for the tool represented on the tympanum of the pediment. Going up, we go through the "triclia" where funeral meals were held, and above which was built the basilica.
Dans le courant du 2ème siècle ap JC, la solution des cimetières souterrains (les catacombes) est imposée par deux facteurs : le rite de l’inhumation remplace progressivement celui de l’incinération ; le surpeuplement de Rome (plus de 1 million d’hab.) renforce le besoin d’espace pour de nouveaux cimetières. Ainsi, hors les murs, le long des grandes voies (comme la via Appia) apparaissent les premières utilisations du sous-sol, les hypogées (du grec hypo = dessous et gé = terre) à partir desquels, au cours des siècles, se creuse l’immense labyrinthe des catacombes. Il existe quatre réseaux de catacombes à Rome. Trois de ces réseaux sont situé près de la Via Appia antica : les catacombes de Saint-Calixte, les catacombes de Saint-Sébastien et les catacombes de Domitilla. Les catacombes de Saint-Sébastien sont fondées au IIIe siècle, et cessent de servir de cimetière au Ve siècle. Ce cimetière se trouve à l'emplacement d'un ancien cimetière païen qui a peu à peu été utilisé par les chrétiens. C'est au quatrième siècle que les catacombes prirent leur nom actuel venant du saint (un soldat martyrisé pour s’être converti au Christianisme) qui y fut enterré au second étage vers 298. Selon la tradition, des restes saints de Pierre et de Paul y auraient été cachés avant la construction des deux basiliques, sur la colline du Vatican (basilique Saint-Pierre), et sur la Via Ostiense (basilique Saint-Paul). Il fut transféré dans la basilique des Apôtres lors de la construction de celle-ci au Ve siècle. On peut y voir la chambre de Jonas (des fresques du quatrième siècle la décorent et représentent des scènes de la vie du personnage biblique). Puis on passe par la crypte de Saint-Sébastien et une place où trois mausolées païens furent réutilisés par les chrétiens. On y trouve des peintures, des ornements de stucs, des inscriptions et des graffitis. Enfin, la troisième du mausolée est appelé «hache» pour l'outil représenté sur le tympan du fronton. En remontant, on passe par la « triclia » où se tenaient des repas funèbres, et au-dessus de laquelle fut construite la basilique.
In the course of the 2nd century AD, the solution of underground cemeteries (the catacombs) was imposed by two factors: the rite of burial gradually replaced that of incineration; the overpopulation of Rome (more than 1 million inhabitants) reinforces the need for space for new cemeteries. Thus, outside the walls, along the main roads (such as via Appia) appear the first uses of the subsoil, the hypogea (from the Greek hypo = below and ge = earth) from which, over the centuries, digs the immense labyrinth of catacombs. There are four catacomb networks in Rome. Three of these networks are located near the Via Appia antica: the catacombs of St. Calixte, the catacombs of San Sebastián and the catacombs of Domitilla. The catacombs of San Sebastián are founded in the third century, and cease to serve as a cemetery in the fifth century. This cemetery is on the site of an ancient pagan cemetery that has gradually been used by Christians. It is in the fourth century that the catacombs took their current name from the saint (a soldier martyred for being converted to Christianity) who was buried on the second floor around 298. According to tradition, the holy remains of Peter and Paul would have been hidden there before the construction of the two basilicas, on the Vatican hill (basilica Saint-Pierre), and on Via Ostiense (basilica Saint-Paul). He was transferred to the basilica of the Apostles during the construction of the latter in the fifth century. You can see Jonas' room there (frescoes of the fourth century decorate it and represent scenes from the life of the biblical figure). Then we go through the crypt of San Sebastian and a place where three pagan mausoleums were reused by Christians. There are paintings, stucco ornaments, inscriptions and graffiti. Finally, the third of the mausoleum is called "ax" for the tool represented on the tympanum of the pediment. Going up, we go through the "triclia" where funeral meals were held, and above which was built the basilica.
Yup, that's right.. this here is 6 people on a scooter. Right in front on the parliament, which has the maximum number of cops... Three times the maximum number of people allowed on 2 wheelers.. I count ONE helmet.
It's almost a year since I observed this Cooper's Hawk and its prey in my front yard in Tucson, Arizona, USA.
Ned Harris says "This one is an older adult. The red eye is the key to aging this individual."
It is perched on the rim of my birdbath In Tucson, Arizona, USA.
I’ve been wondering why all the new White-Winged Doves had disappeared. If this Adult Cooper’s Hawk eats one a day, that could explain it. It's part of the natural order of things. Predators keep the population of the prey animals in check. That enables more diversity and prevents starvation of the predator's prey due to unlimited over-population.
All animals have their purpose in the natural order. That's why returning wolves to Yellowstone Park in Colorado and protecting them has brought back plants including trees that had been overgrazed by the uncontrolled deer overpopulation. That brought back animals such as beavers and the resulting aquatic habitats for aquarian flora and fauna.
The unnatural overpopulation by humans of the Tucson Valley and the concomitant overuse of subterranean water has unnaturally lowered the subterranean aquifer that was near the surface. That and the planet earth's warming climate have eliminated the year-round surface water in certain streams in the valley.
I fear the planet Earth's climate change and the current pandemic or another even more virulent pandemic may be the way the overpopulation of the planet Earth by humans will be brought under control. As a Father, Grandfather, and Great-Grandfather, I find that extremely depressing!
Humans wipe out forever entire species of other fauna on land and in the oceans every single day! And that is also very depressing!
IMG_0141.JPG
Hartebeest
Eigentliche Kuhantilope
Addo Elephant National Park is a diverse wildlife conservation park situated close to Gqeberha in South Africa and is one of the country's 20 national parks. It currently ranks third in size after Kruger National Park and the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park.
History
The original section of the park was founded in 1931, in part due to the efforts of Sydney Skaife, in order to provide a sanctuary for the eleven remaining elephants in the area. The park has proved to be very successful and currently houses more than 600 elephants and a large number of other mammals.
Expansion
The original park has subsequently been expanded to include the Woody Cape Nature Reserve that extends from the Sundays River mouth towards Alexandria and a marine reserve, which includes St. Croix Island and Bird Island, both breeding habitat for gannets and penguins, not to mention a large variety of other marine life. Bird Island is home to the world's largest breeding colony of gannets - about 120,000 birds - and also hosts the second largest breeding colony of African penguins, the largest breeding colony being St. Croix island. These marine assets form part of the plan to expand the 1,640 km² Addo National Elephant Park into the 3,600 km² Greater Addo Elephant National Park.
The expansion will mean not only that the park contains five of South Africa's seven major vegetation zones (biomes), but also that it will be the only park in the world to house Africa's "Big 7“ (elephant, rhinoceros, lion, buffalo, leopard, whale and great white shark) in their natural habitat.
Flora and fauna
The flora within the AENP is quite varied, and like all plant life, is a central factor to the ecological system in place. Several species of rare and endemic plants, particularly succulent shrubs and geophytes are native to the South African region within the AENP. Many species are under environmental pressure, however, and are facing possible extinction.
The park is home to more than 600 elephants, 400 Cape buffaloes, over 48 endangered black rhinos (Diceros bicornis michaeli) as well as a variety of antelope species. Lion and spotted hyena have also recently been re-introduced to the area. The largest remaining population of the flightless dung beetle (Circellium bacchus) is located within the park.
Extinction and overpopulation
Two major environmental issues facing the AENP: extinction and overpopulation, which are interrelated. Since the AENP's original mission was to reintroduce certain mega-herbivores, like the African elephant and black rhinoceros, primary ecological efforts were made to preserve mammalian species. However, by overlooking the other contributors to this environmental chain, certain plant species have been subjected to overgrazing and trampling, mostly by the elephants of the park. This overgrazing and trampling not only destroys much of the plant life, but also forces it to adapt its physiology to stimuli that are not inherent to its evolutionary progress. Some biologists argue that it is not herbivorization alone that is threatening the flora, but a number of other ecological factors including zoochory and nutrient cycling. Up to 77 species of South African endemic plant species have been listed as "vulnerable to elephant browsing."
Marine protected areas
The Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area[8][9] and Bird Island Marine Protected Area are associated with the park.
Tourism
In 2018 the highest visitor count in the park's 87-year history was recorded. The park received 305,510 visitors between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2018 (up from 265,585 in the previous year). International visitors make up 55% of this number, with German, Dutch and British nationals in the majority.
There is a main camp, featuring a swimming pool, restaurant, flood lit water hole and various accommodation, four other rest camps and four camps run by concessionaires. The main entrance as well as two looped tourist roads in the park are tarred while the others are graveled. There is also an additional access road through the southern block of the park feeding off the N2 highway near Colchester; it joins up with the existing tourist roads in the park.
(Wikipedia)
The hartebeest (/ˈhɑːrtəˌbiːst/; Alcelaphus buselaphus), also known as kongoni or kaama, is an African antelope. It is the only member of the genus Alcelaphus. Eight subspecies have been described, including two sometimes considered to be independent species. A large antelope, the hartebeest stands just over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of 200 to 250 cm (79 to 98 in). The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg (220 to 440 lb). It has a particularly elongated forehead and oddly-shaped horns, a short neck, and pointed ears. Its legs, which often have black markings, are unusually long. The coat is generally short and shiny. Coat colour varies by the subspecies, from the sandy brown of the western hartebeest to the chocolate brown of the Swayne's hartebeest. Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of 45–70 cm (18–28 in). Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. A conspicuous hump over the shoulders is due to the long dorsal processes of the vertebrae in this region.
Gregarious animals, hartebeest form herds of 20 to 300 individuals. They are very alert and non-aggressive. They are primarily grazers, with their diets consisting mainly of grasses. Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year with one or two peaks, and depends upon the subspecies and local factors. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf is born. Births usually peak in the dry season. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years.
Inhabiting dry savannas and wooded grasslands, hartebeest often move to more arid places after rainfall. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The hartebeest was formerly widespread in Africa, but populations have undergone drastic decline due to habitat destruction, hunting, human settlement, and competition with livestock for food. Each of the eight subspecies of the hartebeest has a different conservation status. The Bubal hartebeest was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in 1994. While the populations of the red hartebeest are on the rise, those of the Tora hartebeest, already Critically Endangered, are falling. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia; but has been introduced into Eswatini and Zimbabwe. It is a popular game animal due to its highly regarded meat.
Etymology
The vernacular name "hartebeest" may have originated from the obsolete Dutch word hertebeest, literally deer beast, based on the resemblance (to early Dutch settlers) of the antelope to deer. The first use of the word "hartebeest" in South African literature was in Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck's journal Daghregister in 1660. He wrote: "Meester Pieter ein hart-beest geschooten hadde (Master Pieter [van Meerhoff] had shot one hartebeest)". Another name for the hartebeest is kongoni, a Swahili word. Kongoni is often used to refer in particular to one of its subspecies, Coke's hartebeest
Taxonomy
The scientific name of the hartebeest is Alcelaphus buselaphus. First described by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1766, it is classified in the genus Alcelaphus and placed in the family Bovidae. In 1979, palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba supported Sigmoceros as a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest, a kind of hartebeest, as she assumed it was related to Connochaetes (wildebeest). She had analysed the skull characters of living and extinct species of antelope to make a cladogram, and argued that a wide skull linked Lichtenstein's hartebeest with Connochaetes. However, this finding was not replicated by Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, who classified it as an independent species of Alcelaphus. Zoologists such as Jonathan Kingdon and Theodor Haltenorth considered it to be a subspecies of A. buselaphus. Vrba dissolved the new genus in 1997 after reconsideration.[15] An MtDNA analysis could find no evidence to support a separate genus for Lichtenstein's hartebeest. It also showed the tribe Alcelaphini to be monophyletic, and discovered close affinity between the Alcelaphus and the sassabies (genus Damaliscus)—both genetically and morphologically.
Evolution
The genus Alcelaphus emerged about 4.4 million years ago in a clade whose other members were Damalops, Numidocapra, Rabaticeras, Megalotragus, Oreonagor, and Connochaetes. An analysis using phylogeographic patterns within hartebeest populations suggested a possible origin of Alcelaphus in eastern Africa.[36] Alcelaphus quickly radiated across the African savannas, replacing several previous forms (such as a relative of the hirola). Flagstad and colleagues showed an early split in the hartebeest populations into two distinct lineages around 0.5 million years ago – one to the north and the other to the south of the equator. The northern lineage further diverged into eastern and western lineages, nearly 0.4 million years ago, most probably as a result of the expanding central African rainforest belt and subsequent contraction of savanna habitats during a period of global warming. The eastern lineage gave rise to the Coke's, Swayne's, Tora and Lelwel hartebeest; and from the western lineage evolved the Bubal and western hartebeest. The southern lineage gave rise to Lichtenstein's and red hartebeest. These two taxa are phylogenetically close, having diverged only 0.2 million years ago. The study concluded that these major events throughout the hartebeest's evolution are strongly related to climatic factors, and that there had been successive bursts of radiation from a more permanent population—a refugium—in eastern Africa; this could be vital to understanding the evolutionary history of not only the hartebeest but also other mammals of the African savanna.
The earliest fossil record dates back to nearly 0.7 million years ago. Fossils of the red hartebeest have been found in Elandsfontein, Cornelia (Free State) and Florisbad in South Africa, as well as in Kabwe in Zambia. In Israel, hartebeest remains have been found in northern Negev, Shephelah, Sharon Plain and Tel Lachish. This population of the hartebeest was originally limited to the open country of the southernmost regions of the southern Levant. It was probably hunted in Egypt, which affected the numbers in the Levant, and disconnected it from its main population in Africa.
Description
A large antelope with a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns, the hartebeest stands just over 1 m (3 ft 3 in) at the shoulder, and has a typical head-and-body length of 200 to 250 cm (79 to 98 in). The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg (220 to 440 lb). The tail, 40 to 60 cm (16 to 24 in) long, ends in a black tuft.[39] The other distinctive features of the hartebeest are its long legs (often with black markings), short neck, and pointed ears. A study correlated the size of hartebeest species to habitat productivity and rainfall. The western hartebeest is the largest subspecies, and has a characteristic white line between the eyes. The red hartebeest is also large, with a black forehead and a contrasting light band between the eyes. The large Lelwel hartebeest has dark stripes on the front of its legs. Coke's hartebeest is moderately large, with a shorter forehead and longer tail in comparison to the other subspecies. Lichtenstein's hartebeest is smaller, with dark stripes on the front of the legs, as in the Lelwel hartebeest. The Swayne's hartebeest is smaller than the Tora hartebeest, but both have a shorter forehead and similar appearance.
Generally short and shiny, the coat varies in colour according to subspecies. The western hartebeest is a pale sandy-brown, but the front of the legs are darker. The red hartebeest is a reddish-brown, with a dark face. Black markings can be observed on the chin, the back of the neck, shoulders, hips and legs; these are in sharp contrast with the broad white patches that mark its flanks and lower rump. The Lelwel hartebeest is a reddish tan. Coke's hartebeest is reddish to tawny in the upper parts, but has relatively lighter legs and rump. Lichtenstein's hartebeest is reddish brown, though the flanks are a lighter tan and the rump whitish. The Tora hartebeest is a dark reddish brown in the upper part of the body, the face, the forelegs and the rump, but the hindlegs and the underbelly are a yellowish white. The Swayne's hartebeest is a rich chocolate brown with fine spots of white that are actually the white tips of its hairs. Its face is black save for the chocolate band below the eyes. The shoulders and upper part of the legs are black. Fine textured, the body hair of the hartebeest is about 25 mm (1 in) long. The hartebeest has preorbital glands (glands near the eyes) with a central duct, that secrete a dark sticky fluid in Coke's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and a colourless fluid in the Lelwel hartebeest.
Both sexes of all subspecies have horns, with those of females being more slender. Horns can reach lengths of 45–70 cm (18–28 in); the maximum horn length is 74.9 cm (29+1⁄2 in), recorded from a Namibian red hartebeest. The horns of the western hartebeest are thick and appear U-shaped from the front and Z-shaped from the sides, growing backward at first and then forward, ending with a sharp backward turn. The horns of the red and the Lelwel hartebeest are similar to those of the western hartebeest, but appear V-shaped when viewed from the front. The Lichtenstein's hartebeest has thick parallel ringed horns, with a flat base. Its horns are shorter than those of other subspecies, curving upward then sharply forward, followed by an inward turn at an angle of about 45° and a final backward turn. The horns of Swayne's hartebeest are thin and shaped like parentheses, curving upward and then backward. The horns of the Tora hartebeest are particularly thin and spread out sideways, diverging more than in any other subspecies.
Apart from its long face, the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes. The hartebeest shares several physical traits with the sassabies (genus Damaliscus), such as an elongated and narrow face, the shape of the horns, the pelage texture and colour, and the terminal tuft of the tail. The wildebeest have more specialised skull and horn features than the hartebeest. The hartebeest exhibits sexual dimorphism, but only slightly, as both sexes bear horns and have similar body masses. The degree of sexual dimorphism varies by subspecies. Males are 8% heavier than females in Swayne's and Lichtenstein's hartebeest, and 23% heavier in the red hartebeest. In one study, the highest dimorphism was found in skull weight. Another study concluded that the length of the breeding season is a good predictor of dimorphism in pedicle (the bony structures from which the horns grow) height and skull weight, and the best predictor of the horn circumference.
Ecology and behaviour
Active mainly during daytime, the hartebeest grazes in the early morning and late afternoon, and rests in shade around noon. Gregarious, the species forms herds of up to 300 individuals. Larger numbers gather in places with abundant grass. In 1963, a congregation of 10,000 animals was recorded on the plains near Sekoma Pan in Botswana. However, moving herds are not so cohesive, and tend to disperse frequently. The members of a herd can be divided into four groups: territorial adult males, non-territorial adult males, young males, and the females with their young. The females form groups of five to 12 animals, with four generations of young in the group. Females fight for dominance over the herd. Sparring between males and females is common. At three or four years of age, the males can attempt to take over a territory and its female members. A resident male defends his territory and will fight if provoked. The male marks the border of his territory through defecation.
Hartebeest are remarkably alert and cautious animals with highly developed brains. Generally calm in nature, hartebeest can be ferocious when provoked. While feeding, one individual stays on the lookout for danger, often standing on a termite mound to see farther. At times of danger, the whole herd flees in a single file after an individual suddenly starts off. Adult hartebeest are preyed upon by lions, leopards, hyenas and wild dogs; cheetahs and jackals target juveniles. Crocodiles may also prey on hartebeest.
The thin long legs of the hartebeest provide for a quick escape in an open habitat; if attacked, the formidable horns are used to ward off the predator. The elevated position of the eyes enables the hartebeest to inspect its surroundings continuously even as it is grazing. The muzzle has evolved so as to derive maximum nutrition from even a frugal diet. The horns are also used during fights among males for dominance in the breeding season; the clash of the horns is loud enough that it can be heard from hundreds of metres away. The beginning of a fight is marked with a series of head movements and stances, as well as depositing droppings on dung piles. The opponents drop onto their knees and, after giving a hammer-like blow, begin wrestling, their horns interlocking. One attempts to fling the head of the other to one side to stab the neck and shoulders with his horns. Fights are rarely serious, but can be fatal if they are.
Like the sassabies, hartebeest produce quiet quacking and grunting sounds. Juveniles tend to be more vocal than adults, and produce a quacking call when alarmed or pursued. The hartebeest uses defecation as an olfactory and visual display. Herds are generally sedentary, and tend to migrate only under adverse conditions such as natural calamities. The hartebeest is the least migratory in the tribe Alcelaphini (which also includes wildebeest and sassabies), and also consumes the least amount of water and has the lowest metabolic rate among the members of the tribe.
Diet
Hartebeest are primarily grazers, and their diets consist mostly of grasses. A study in the Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso found that the hartebeest's skull structure eased the acquisition and chewing of highly fibrous foods. The hartebeest has much lower food intake than the other members of Alcelaphini. The long thin muzzle of the hartebeest assists in feeding on leaf blades of short grasses and nibbling off leaf sheaths from grass stems. In addition to this, it can derive nutritious food even from tall senile grasses. These adaptations of the hartebeest enable the animal to feed well even in the dry season, which is usually a difficult period for grazers. For instance, in comparison with the roan antelope, the hartebeest is better at procuring and chewing the scarce regrowth of perennial grasses at times when forage is least available. These unique abilities could have allowed the hartebeest to prevail over other animals millions of years ago, leading to its successful radiation across Africa.
Grasses generally comprise at least 80 percent of the hartebeest's diet, but they account for over 95 percent of their food in the wet season, October to May. Jasminum kerstingii is part of the hartebeest's diet at the start of the rainy season. Between seasons, they mainly feed on the culms of grasses. A study found that the hartebeest is able to digest a higher proportion of food than the topi and the wildebeest. In areas with scarce water, it can survive on melons, roots, and tubers.
In a study of grass selectivity among the wildebeest, zebra, and the Coke's hartebeest, the hartebeest showed the highest selectivity. All animals preferred Themeda triandra over Pennisetum mezianum and Digitaria macroblephara. More grass species were eaten in the dry season than in the wet season.
Reproduction
Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year, with one or two peaks that can be influenced by the availability of food. Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age. Reproduction varies by the subspecies and local factors. Mating takes place in the territories defended by a single male, mostly in open areas. The males may fight fiercely for dominance, following which the dominant male smells the female's genitalia, and follows her if she is in oestrus. Sometimes a female in oestrus holds out her tail slightly to signal her receptivity, and the male tries to block the female's way. She may eventually stand still and allow the male to mount her. Copulation is brief and is often repeated, sometimes twice or more in a minute. Any intruder at this time is chased away. In large herds, females often mate with several males.
Gestation is eight to nine months long, after which a single calf weighing about 9 kg (20 lb) is born. Births usually peak in the dry season, and take place in thickets – unlike the wildebeest, which give birth in groups on the plains. Though calves can move about on their own shortly after birth, they usually lie in the open in close proximity of their mothers. The calf is weaned at four months, but young males stay with their mothers for two and a half years, longer than in other Alcelaphini. Often the mortality rate of male juveniles is high, as they have to face the aggression of territorial adult males and are also deprived of good forage by them. The lifespan is 12 to 15 years.
Habitat
Hartebeest inhabit dry savannas, open plains and wooded grasslands, often moving into more arid places after rainfall. They are more tolerant of wooded areas than other Alcelaphini, and are often found on the edge of woodlands. They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The red hartebeest is known to move across large areas, and females roam home ranges of over 1,000 km2 (390 sq mi), with male territories 200 km2 (77 sq mi) in size. Females in the Nairobi National Park (Kenya) have individual home ranges stretching over 3.7–5.5 km2 (1+3⁄8–2+1⁄8 sq mi), which are not particularly associated with any one female group. Average female home ranges are large enough to include 20 to 30 male territories.
Status and conservation
Each hartebeest subspecies is listed under a different conservation status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The species as a whole is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN. The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria, Egypt, Lesotho, Libya, Morocco, Somalia, and Tunisia.
The Bubal hartebeest has been declared extinct since 1994. German explorer Heinrich Barth, in his works of 1857, cites firearms and European intrusion among the reasons for the decrease in its numbers.[69] It was extinct in Tunisia by the late 19th century.[70] The last individual was shot in Missour (Algeria) in 1925.
Coke's hartebeest is listed as Least Concern. This species has been greatly affected by habitat destruction, and about 42,000 Coke's hartebeest occur today in Mara, Serengeti National Park, and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania and Tsavo East National Park in Kenya. The population is decreasing, and 70% of the population lives in protected areas.
The Lelwel hartebeest is listed as Endangered, and numbers have declined greatly since the 1980s, when its population was over 285,000. It was formerly distributed mainly in the Central African Republic, Ethiopia, northern and northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo and southern Sudan. Fewer than 70,000 individuals are left. Most of the population nowadays is found in Chad in the Salamat region and the Zakouma National Park (Chad), the National Park population benefiting from improved protection and seeing an increase in population since the 1980s; Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park and Bamingui-Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve in the Central African Republic, where the populations have been falling; Rumanyika Orugundu Game Reserve and Ibanda Game Reserve in Tanzania; and Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda.
Lichtenstein's hartebeest is listed as Least Concern, and occurs in protected areas such as the Selous Game Reserve and in the wild in southern and western Tanzania and Zambia.
The red hartebeest is listed as Least Concern. It is the most widespread, with increasing numbers after its reintroduction into protected and private areas. However, it has been extinct in Lesotho since the twentieth century. Its population is estimated to be over 130,000 (as of 2008), mostly in southern Africa. In Namibia, the largest population occurs in the Etosha National Park. A reintroduced population is flourishing in the Malolotja Nature Reserve (Eswatini), outside its range. However, numbers have seen a sharp fall in southwestern Botswana.
The Tora hartebeest is listed as Critically Endangered; the IUCN has ascertained that fewer than 250 mature individuals survive as of 2008. They are possibly extinct in Sudan due to excessive hunting and agricultural expansion, but may still exist in smaller numbers in Eritrea and Ethiopia. There have been unconfirmed reports of sightings by locals of the Tora hartebeest southeast of the Dinder National Park, from where it had disappeared before 1960.
Swayne's hartebeest is listed as Endangered, and is close to being Critically Endangered. The total population in 2008 was less than 600, of which the mature specimens numbered within 250. It is confined to four major protected areas: the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary, Nechisar National Park, Awash National Park and Maze National Park. The hartebeest in Senkele have to compete with the livestock of the Oromo people. A study in the Nechisar National Park during 2009 and 2010 found a considerable increase in the livestock of the Oromos (49.9% and 56.5% increase during 2006 and 2010, respectively), illegal resource exploitation, and habitat loss as major threats to the Swayne's hartebeest populations there.
The western hartebeest is listed as Near Threatened. It has been eliminated from most of its range, including the southwestern savannas and Boucle du Baoulé National Park in Mali; southwestern Niger; southern Senegal; Gambia; Ivory Coast; Burkina Faso. Small populations survive in Bafing National Park and the area bounded by Bamako, Bougouni and Sikasso in Mali; Tamou Reserve in Niger; Niokolo-Koba National Park in Senegal; Comoé National Park in Ivory Coast; Diefoula forest and Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso; Pendjari National Park in Benin; and Bouba Njida, Bénoué, and Faro National Parks in Cameroon.
Relationship with humans
Hartebeest are popular game and trophy animals as they are prominently visible and hence easy to hunt. Pictorial as well as epigraphic evidence from Egypt suggests that in the Upper Palaeolithic age, Egyptians hunted hartebeest and domesticated them. The hartebeest was a prominent source of meat, but its economic significance was lower than that of gazelles and other desert species. However, from the beginning of the Neolithic age, hunting became less common and consequently the remains of the hartebeest from this period in ancient Egypt, where it is now extinct, are rare.
In a study on the effect of place and sex on carcass characteristics, the average carcass weight of the male red hartebeest was 79.3 kg (174+3⁄4 lb) and that of females was 56 kg (123 lb). The meat of the animals from Qua-Qua region had the highest lipid content—1.3 g (20 gr) per 100 g (3+1⁄2 oz) of meat. Negligible differences were found in the concentrations of individual fatty acids, amino acids, and minerals. The study considered hartebeest meat to be healthy, as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 0.78, slightly more than the recommended 0.7.
(Wikipedia)
Der Addo-Elefanten-Nationalpark (afrikaans: Addo Olifant Nasionale Park, englisch: Addo Elephant National Park) liegt im Distrikt Sarah Baartman, im westlichen Teil der Provinz Ostkap in Südafrika, 70 Kilometer nordöstlich von Port Elizabeth im Sundays River Valley. Der Elefanten-Nationalpark ist mit 1640 km² der größte Nationalpark im Ostkap.
Geschichte
Der Nationalpark wurde 1931 zum Schutz der elf letzten überlebenden Elefanten der Region eingerichtet, die bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt noch nicht zum Opfer von Elfenbeinjägern oder Farmern geworden waren. Der Gründung vorausgegangen war eine von Seiten der Regierung initiierte Jagd auf die hier heimischen Kap-Elefanten, die auf der Suche nach Nahrung immer wieder die Felder und Gärten der hier ansässigen Farmer verwüsteten. Nachdem es zu öffentlichen Protesten gekommen war, als der „letzte große weiße Jäger“ Major P. J. Pretorius in einem Jahr 130 Elefanten erlegte, wurde im Addo-Busch das seitdem mehrfach erweiterte Wildreservat eingerichtet. Im Jahr 1954, als es 22 Elefanten gab, ließ der damalige Parkmanager Graham Armstrong eine Fläche von 2270 Hektar mit Elefantenzäunen umgeben. Dieser Zaun wird noch heute vom Park genutzt und ist als „Armstrong-Zaun“ nach seinem Erfinder benannt.
Im Jahr 2004 lebten im Park etwa 350 Elefanten; 2006 wurden bereits knapp über 400 Elefanten gezählt. Damit erreichte der Nationalpark das ökologisch vertretbare Maximum an Elefanten.
Langfristig soll der Addo Elephant Park der drittgrößte Park Südafrikas werden. Der Park soll auf eine Größe von 3600 km² anwachsen.
Flora und Fauna
Neben Elefanten leben im Addo-Elefanten-Nationalpark Kudus, Afrikanischer Büffel, Elenantilopen, Südafrikanische Kuhantilopen, Buschböcke, Warzenschweine, Steppenzebras, Spitzmaulnashörner, Hyänen und Leoparden. In einigen Randgebieten, etwa im Bereich des Darlington-Dammes beziehungsweise in der Nähe der Zuurberg Mountains, leben auch einige für das Kapgebiet typische Huftierarten, wie Bergzebras, Weißschwanzgnus, Oryxantilopen und Springböcke. Am Sundays River leben Flusspferde. 2003 wurden Löwen im Park angesiedelt, so dass man seither die sogenannten Big Five im Park antreffen kann. Fleckenhyänen wurden ebenfalls angesiedelt, und auch die Wiederansiedlung von Wildhunden und Geparden ist geplant.
Der Nationalpark beherbergt mehr als 500 verschiedene Pflanzenarten aus rund 70 Familien. Man findet hier vorrangig kleine Pflanzenarten sowie verschiedene Buscharten wie Schotia afra und Portulacaria afra.
Tourismus
Der Nationalpark hat jährlich etwa 120.000 Besucher. Von den etwa 50 Prozent ausländischen Besuchern kommt ein Großteil der Parkbesucher aus Deutschland, den Niederlanden und dem Vereinigten Königreich.
Für die Besucher des Parks wurde ein Lager eingerichtet. Hier befinden sich ein Schwimmbad, ein Restaurant, ein beleuchtetes Wasserloch sowie verschiedene Unterkünfte. Der Haupteingang sowie zwei Besucherstraßen im Park sind asphaltiert, während die anderen mit Kies bestreut sind. Durch eine zusätzliche Zufahrt von der Autobahn N2 entlang der Garden Route gelangt man auf die Straßen für Besucher.
(Wikipedia)
Die Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen (Alcelaphus) sind eine Gattung afrikanischer Antilopen aus der Tribus der Kuhantilopen (Alcelphini). Der gelegentlich auch im Deutschen verwendete Name Hartebeest kommt aus dem Afrikaans.
Merkmale
Mit einer Kopf-Rumpf-Länge von 160 bis 250 cm, einer Schulterhöhe von 108 bis 150 cm und einem Gewicht von fast 120 bis 185 kg sind diese Antilopen relativ groß. Das Fell ist je nach Art hellgrau bis rotbraun. Markant sind die schwarze Zeichnung in der Mitte des langen Gesichts und der Beine sowie ein deutlich hellgelber oder gebrochen weißer Spiegel. Ebenso eindeutig und unverwechselbar ist die Form der Hörner, die aus einem gemeinsamen Stamm wachsen und sich dann in der Form einer Leier nach außen und oben biegen. Sie werden 70 cm lang und werden von beiden Geschlechtern getragen, sodass diese sich nur schwer unterscheiden lassen. Auffällig ist auch der besonders hohe Widerrist.
Verbreitung
Die Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen waren einst weit über die trockenen Savannen Afrikas verbreitet, von der Mittelmeerküste bis zum Kap. Angeblich sollen Vertreter auch in Palästina vorgekommen sein, doch Beweise dafür sind dürftig. Im südlichen Ostafrika wird die Gattung von der Lichtenstein-Antilope vertreten. Heute sind die Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen in weiten Teilen ihres ehemaligen Verbreitungsgebiets ausgerottet.
Lebensweise
Die Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen sind tagaktive, in Herden lebende Antilopen. Wie viele andere Antilopen auch sind die Herden nach Geschlechtern getrennt. Weibchen und Jungtiere sammeln sich zu Gruppen von durchschnittlich 300 Tieren; diese Herden können auch bedeutend größer werden, vor allem im Serengeti-Nationalpark, in dem es insgesamt 18.000 Kuhantilopen gibt. Junge Männchen bilden häufig Junggesellengruppen, die überwiegend klein, in Einzelfällen bis zu 35 Individuen zählen. Im Alter von etwa vier Jahren werden die Männchen zu territorialen Einzelgängern. Sie verteidigen einen Eigenbezirk gegen Geschlechtsgenossen und erheben Anspruch auf alle darin lebenden Weibchen. Im Alter von acht Jahren sind die Männchen zu schwach für diese Kämpfe und verlieren ihre Territorien; sie wandern dann allein umher und versuchen, anderen Männchen aus dem Weg zu gehen. Die Lebensdauer kann zwanzig Jahre betragen; allerdings werden wenige älter als zehn Jahre. Eigentliche Kuhantilopen sind typische Grasfresser, die allerdings gelegentlich auch Kräuter und Laub von Büschen fressen. Sie trinken wenn möglich regelmäßig, können aber auch lange ohne Wasser auskommen. Auf der Flucht erreichen sie fast 80 km/h.
Arten
Nordafrikanische Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus buselaphus (Pallas, 1766)); diese Art ist in den 1920ern infolge intensiver Bejagung ausgestorben; sie war nördlich der Sahara von Marokko bis Ägypten verbreitet
Südliche Kuhantilope oder Kaama-Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus caama (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)); im südlichen Afrika
Kongoni-Kuhantilope oder Cokes Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus cokii Günther, 1884); das Kongoni lebt in den Savannen Kenias und Tansanias und ist die mit Abstand häufigste Art
Lelwel-Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus lelwel (Heuglin, 1877)); im Tschad, in Kongo und in Uganda
Lichtenstein-Antilope (Alcelaphus lichtensteinii (Peters, 1852))
Westafrika-Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus major (Blyth, 1869)); in Savannen Westafrikas
Somalia-Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus swaynei (Sclater, 1892)); ebenfalls bedroht; einst in Somalia beheimatet, heute nur noch vereinzelte Populationen im äthiopisch-somalischen Grenzgebiet
Tora-Kuhantilope (Alcelaphus tora Gray, 1873); das Tora ist in Äthiopien und Eritrea verbreitet und wird von der IUCN als stark gefährdet eingestuft.
Die Lichtenstein-Antilope wurde teilweise in die eigene Gattung Sigmoceros eingeordnet, genetischen Analysen zufolge ist sie aber sehr nah mit der Südlichen Kuhantilope verwandt. Die Südliche Kuhantilope, die durch ein auffallend rotbraunes Fell und charakteristisch schwarze Fellzeichnungen im Gesicht und an den Beinen gekennzeichnet ist, war fast ausgerottet, konnte aber in einigen Nationalparks überleben und wird inzwischen wieder häufiger.
In der Regel wurden die heute anerkannten Formen im 19. Jahrhundert als eigenständige Arten eingeführt. Im Jahr 1929 schoben A. E. Ruxton und Ernst Schwarz alle Vertreter des nördlichen, östlichen und westlichen Afrikas auf Unterartniveau innerhalb der Art Alcelaphus buselaphus. Darüber hinaus erkannten sie die südafrikanischen Formen Alcelaphus lichtensteini und Alcelaphus caama als eigenständig an. Somit beschränkten sie die Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen auf drei Arten. Später wurden auch die südafrikanischen Formen in Alcelaphus buselaphus eingegliedert, wodurch die Art im Verlauf des 20. Jahrhunderts aus bis zu acht Unterarten bestand. Molekulargenetische Studien im Übergang zum 21. Jahrhundert erkannten dann innerhalb der Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen drei eigenständige Linien: eine westliche mit der Westafrika-Kuhantilope, eine östliche mit der Kongoni-, der Lelwel-, der Somalia- sowie der Tora-Kuhantilope und eine südliche mit der Lichtenstein- sowie der Südlichen Kuhantilope. Die westliche und die östliche Linie standen sich genetisch näher, während die südliche als Schwestergruppe fungierte. Innerhalb der östlichen Gruppe bildete die Tora- und die Somalia-Kuhantilope jeweils eine monophyletische Gruppe, jedoch gab es zwischen der Somalia-Kuhantilope und den beiden anderen östlichen Vertretern eine größere Mischgruppe. Untergeordnet traten auch zwischen der westlichen und östlichen Linie einzelne Überschneidungen auf. Peter Grubb nahm den genetischen Befund im Jahr 2005 zum Anlass, die beiden südlichen Formen wieder als eigenständig anzuerkennen, so dass die Gattung seiner Meinung nach wieder drei Arten umfasste. Während einer Revision der Hornträger aus dem Jahr 2011 verschoben Colin P. Groves und Grubb ebenfalls unter Berufung auf die molekulargenetischen Daten auch die westlichen und östlichen Formen erneut in den Artstatus. Innerhalb der Eigentlichen Kuhantilopen sind damit nun acht rezente Arten anerkannt, von denen die Nordafrikanische Kuhantilope allerdings in jüngerer Zeit ausgestorben ist.
Gefährdung
Trockenheit und Krankheiten können die Populationen schnell verkleinern. Besonders stark verringern sich Kuhantilopenbestände bei Konkurrenz durch Viehherden. Auch Bejagung stellt mancherorts eine Bedrohung dar.
(Wikipedia)
NEW HASHIMA(端島) - Sector 08 - Welcome to New Hashima
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Some photos from the most recent iteration of my New Hashima collaborative project. This time even bigger and with 11 total builders. I will have more photos and better edited photos once I’ve had the time to put things together! Enjoy!
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Welcome to NEW HASHIMA(端島) - Sector 08. Built on the remnants of the old Hashima Island mining colony after overpopulation forced consideration of innovative development options. Sector 08 is home to middle through upper-class citizens of NewHashima and holds many of the more beautiful structures found in the island mega-city.
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#lights #led #ledlights #rgb #ledlighting #raspberrypi #arduino #electronics #technology #iot #diyelectronics #maker #lego #legophotography #legominifigures #afol #legomoc #legophoto #minifigures #legos #toyphotography #ninjago #legocity #toys #moc #legoart #graphicdesign #cyberpunk #tokyo #japan
Welcome to NEW HASHIMA(端島) - Sector 08. Built on the remnants of the old Hashima Island mining colony after overpopulation forced consideration of innovative development options. Sector 08 is home to middle through upper-class citizens of NewHashima and holds many of the more beautiful structures found in the island mega-city.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.
The Viking Age (793–1066 AD) was the period during the Middle Ages when Norsemen known as Vikings undertook large-scale raiding, colonizing, conquest, and trading throughout Europe, and reached North America.
It followed the Migration Period and the Germanic Iron Age.[7] The Viking Age applies not only to their homeland of Scandinavia, but to any place significantly settled by Scandinavians during the period.[3] The Scandinavians of the Viking Age are often referred to as Vikings as well as Norsemen, although few of them were Vikings in the technical sense.
Voyaging by sea from their homelands in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, the Norse people settled in the British Isles, Ireland, the Faroe Islands, Iceland, Greenland, Normandy, the Baltic coast, and along the Dnieper and Volga trade routes in eastern Europe, where they were also known as Varangians. They also briefly settled in Newfoundland, becoming the first Europeans to reach North America. The Norse-Gaels, Normans, Rus' people, Faroese and Icelanders emerged from these Norse colonies.
The Vikings founded several kingdoms and earldoms in Europe: the kingdom of the Isles (Suðreyjar), Orkney (Norðreyjar), York (Jórvík) and the Danelaw (Danalǫg), Dublin (Dyflin), Normandy, and Kievan Rus' (Garðaríki). The Norse homelands were also unified into larger kingdoms during the Viking Age, and the short-lived North Sea Empire included large swathes of Scandinavia and Britain.
Several things drove this expansion. The Vikings were drawn by the growth of wealthy towns and monasteries overseas, and weak kingdoms. They may also have been pushed to leave their homeland by overpopulation, lack of good farmland, and political strife arising from the unification of Norway. The aggressive expansion of the Carolingian Empire and forced conversion of the neighboring Saxons to Christianity may also have been a factor.
Sailing innovations had allowed the Vikings to sail further and longer to begin with.
Information about the Viking Age is drawn largely from primary sources written by those the Vikings encountered, as well as archaeology, supplemented with secondary sources such as the Icelandic Sagas.