View allAll Photos Tagged ORGANIZATIONS
Well, I've finally got everything in its place. No more dragging EVERYTHING out before a trip. Yay. I am actually listing everything with notes -- I'm such a gear whore...
clean at last with the help of an Ikea shelf turned on it's side. It's the cube shelf at the bottom of the closet. Love the organization it gives me! And a steal for only $80.
this is a section of a walk-in closet off the playroom. top shelf is empty, for use when i'm gathering or returning supplies. next shelf has things like pompoms, pipe cleaners, googly eyes, feathers, beads, shells, etc., as well as yarn, string, and a variety of tape. next shelf has back-up crayons/markers/playdoh, all sorts of paints, brushes/scissors/glue/etc., and cookie cutters (for playdoh). next shelf holds various papers and felt. the bins on the floor are for stuff that comes in handy when you're getting creative with a toddler: first bin holds fabric scraps, middle bin holds cardboard tubes, egg cartons, bubble wrap and take-out food trays, last bin holds plastic bottles and boxes. off camera is another section holding boxes and other miscellany rescued from the recycling bin. there are always crayons, markers, chalk, dot painters and playdoh out in the playroom.
A poster from my graduation project in the fine arts faculty (Visual communications department) which was about human organizations.
what's ur opinion?
Got organized last weekend. Instead of having the re-ment together in their sets, everything is grouped with similar items. It makes everything so much easier to find. I still have the boxes if there is something I want to sell.
Photo taken by Klaus Held, scan kindly provided by him for inclusion on this page.
München-Riem
1966
N774R
Douglas DC-7B
44868 / 595
The Rank Organization
This DC-7B had also stopped at Riem for three days in 1964 as the Global Presentations - Greater Hartford Flying Showcase. It apparently also served as a flying showcase for The Rank Organization here (note the Bavarian flag next to the stairs).
In 1967, N774R was again noted at Riem, this time leased by the Beach Boys (later that year, Herman's Hermits, The Who, and Blue's Magoo would use the aircraft for their tour).
Information from flickr - thanks to Ken Fielding:
This aircraft was delivered to Pan-American World Airways as N774PA in Jul-55. It entered the 'Corporate' market when it was sold to Global Presentations Inc as N774R in Oct-63, however it was repossessed by Pan-Am in Apr-65.
It was leased to the IBM Corporation in Sep-65 and at some stage was sub-leased to The Rank Organisation and painted in their full Corporate livery.
The aircraft was sold to the Miami Aviation Corporation in Mar-68 and was used for a US tour by 'Hermans Hermits' in May/Jun-68, still in basic Rank Organisation green livery.
It was sold to Bertair Inc in May-72 and leased to Air Cambodge in Aug-72. It was abandoned at Bangkok, Thailand in early 1973 and was seen there, derelict, in Jun-75. It was eventually broken up.
Registration details for this airframe:
www.planelogger.com/Aircraft/Registration/N774R/635596
This airframe as N774PA with Pan American ca. late 1950s:
www.impdb.org/images/1/1f/AAAvlcsnap-2014-05-21-23h15m30s...
www.impdb.org/images/2/22/AAAvlcsnap-2014-05-21-23h16m08s...
N774R with Global Presentations - Greater Hartford Flying Showcase at THF in October 1964:
imgproc.airliners.net/photos/airliners/7/2/8/1227827.jpg
N774R with Global Presentations - Greater Hartford Flying Showcase at JFK ca. 1964:
abpic.co.uk/pictures/view/1571021
N774R with Global Presentations - IBM Computour at MAN in July 1965:
www.airhistory.net/photo/26816/N774R
Colour shot of N774R with The Rank Organization at LHR in April 1966 (starboard side view):
www.flickr.com/photos/60580721@N06/33350421804
Colour shot of N774R with The Rank Organization at MAN in June 1966:
www.flickr.com/photos/kenfielding/5575617010
N774R leased by Herman’s Hermits at DAL in July 1967:
www.flickr.com/photos/23032926@N05/4949553946
N774R with Air Cambodge (untitled) at FLL in June 1973:
imgproc.airliners.net/photos/airliners/8/3/8/2575838.jpg
A DC-7 reported to be N774R at Bangkok-Don Mueang in September 1975:
www.goodall.com.au/photographs/bangkok-1975/SEA75-BGK-Tha...
Scan from black-and-white print.
File name: 06_10_013145
Title: Little Rock Boys Club, 801 Scott Street, Little Rock, Arkansas
Date issued: 1930 - 1945 (approximate)
Physical description: 1 print (postcard) : linen texture, color ; 3 1/2 x 5 1/2 in.
Genre: Postcards
Subject: Organizations' facilities
Notes: Title from item.
Collection: The Tichnor Brothers Collection
Location: Boston Public Library, Print Department
Rights: No known restrictions
The last weekend of August took place the yearly World Statues Festival in the city centre of Arnhem (Netherlands) with more then 250 participants and over 300.000 visitors.
The 5th anniversary of World Statues is on the 29th and 30th of August 2009.
Here the act "Edukans".
The Dutch organisation "Edukans Foundation" supports underprivileged children in developing countries to go to school, without distinguishing between ethnicity, creed or political conviction. Edukans supports small-scale educational projects by reliable private local organisations, in situations where local authorities fail to deliver.
Edukans chooses for projects which improve the accessibility, the flexibility and the relevance of education in general for underprivileged children.
Trust me, this does look different than it did. I got a new metal filing cabinet and the placement of one new thing promted a moving of a whole bunch of other stuff. And one can never have enough string...
Rubbermaid HomeFree series is a fully customizable closet system that offers the unique flexibility of telescoping clothing rods and expanding shelves to make the most of your space.
Today while I was out I got this bin to organize my revoltech toys so when I go out I will be able to carry them and their accessories. I just put Yotusba, Danbo, and the twins in there to see if they would fit. They are back out now and displayed on my desk. I also have room in there for when I get my Revoltech Woody :)
Hi there! This is my combined December holidays / birthday present, that my hubby helped me put together. My crafty space is just 1/4 of a space bedroom. See the before picture here. The system is from Best Scrapbook Shelf. Read more about it on my blog. :-)
Thanks for looking!
Updated photo of "crafting" side. Everything from the work surface up is elfa, the drawer organizers underneath are from Ikea. The storage bins are all different brands: Rubbermaid, Sterilite, etc.
[There are 4 views of the Song of the Swan] This is a creative commons image, which you may freely use by linking to this page. Please respect the photographer and his work.
This sculpture is on display at the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts in Richmond.
Philippe Wolfers (1858-1929) was a Belgian artist, in the forefront of the Art Nouveau of his country. A master in decorative arts, he created jewelry, silverware, glassware, and furniture. In addition he was a world-renowned sculptor. Working in the successful family firm, he benefitted from the company’s reputation and organization. Among his many influences were Rococo art, Japanese art and the Symbolist movement.
Realistic or symbolic, his works had their roots in nature as he used animal, floral and natural designs or motifs.
“The Song of the Swan”, 1898, is a sculpture in bronze, oak, marble, and mahogany. Wolfers felt this piece to be one of his more important works. He exhibited it in the 1899 Munich Secession and in the 1902 Turin International Exhibition [Esposizione Internazionale d'Arte Decorativa]. The wood base was designed by Belgian architect Paul Hanker.
Essentially a representation of the conflict between good and evil (according to the notes at the museum), a swan struggles for its life, caught in the grip of a serpent,. With upraised wings, the bird clutches a cast bronze elephant tusk. The significance of the tusk evades me (with no helpful suggestions from the museum description). The entire piece is fluid with natural graceful lines associated with the bird and the sinuosity of the snake. To be meaningful, the universal good/evil conflict is unresolved, the viewer having to determine for himself the outcome. Perhaps the tusk provides the solution.
A search of Google images brings up numerous examples of Wolfers’ jewelry but only a few pictures of his sculpture.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
Rubbermaid FastTrack garage organization system is easy to install - with 3 simple steps, your garage will be organized in no time.
The 501st Legion is an international fan-based organization dedicated to the construction and wearing of screen-accurate replicas of Imperial Stormtrooper armor, Imperial officer uniforms, and other villains and nefarious characters from the Star Wars universe. Members of the 501st Legion often make appearances at casual, promotional, and charitable events, often at the request of Lucasfilm's Fan Relations department. Formed by Albin Johnson and Tom Crews in 1997, the group boasts over 3,900 members in 40 countries as of March 24, 2008, with a 15% female membership. Formed initially for the pristine white Death Star armored troops, the group now includes all trooper variations, as well as Sith Lords, bounty hunters and other villains from the series. Custom creations are not permitted, and all eligible costumes must be approved to be recorded in the 501st member database.
Jackson Square, a rectangular plot of land, roughly the size of a city-block, marks the site of the original settlement of New Orleans by the French Mississippi Company. Known at the time as Place d'Armes, it was designed in 1721 by landscape architect, Louis H. Pilié. It originally served as military parade grounds, and later as a market place and site for executions. Today it is a well manicured park and the spiritual center of the French Quarter.
From 1762-1803, after New Orleans was ceded to Spain in the Treaty of Paris and served as the Capital of the French Province of Louisiana, it bore the spanish translation of its original name, Plaza de Armas. After being returned to French control in 1801, the city was part of the land sold to the United States in the Louisiana purchase in 1803. It was in the Place d'Armes that the American flag was first raised over the newly purchased territory.
After the Battle of New Orleans, the final major battle of the War of 1812, the plaza was renamed in honor of General Andrew Jackson, an American military commander in the battle who would go on to serve as the seventh President of the United States, from 1829-1837. In 1856 the Baroness Celestin Pontalba paid for the square's beautification. Under her auspices, the Pelanne brothers designed the wrought-iron fence surrounding the park and on February 8, 1856, sculptor Clark Mills' equestrian statue of Jackson was dedicated in the center of the park. The statue, one of three identical casts (the others are in Washington D.C. and Nashville, TN), depicts General Jackson reviewing his troops at the Battle and was the first to ever depict a hero astride a rearing horse. After occupying the city after the Civil War's Battle of New Orleans in 1862, Union General Benjamin "Beast" Butler engraved "The Union Must and Shall Be Preserved" on the plinth.
Surrounding the park is a pedestrian plaza. Diverse artists rent space and hang their works on the fence, and jazz musicians, tarot card readers, and clowns entertain throngs of tourists. When originally laid out, the plaza overlooked the Mississippi River, but the view was blocked in the 19th century by larger levees. Under the administration of Mayor Moon Landrieu, a scenic boardwalk, known as Moon Walk, was built along the river. Flanking the uptown and downtown sides of the Square, are the Pontalba Buildings, matching red-brick block long 4-story buildings erected in the 1840's. The ground floors house shops and restaurants; the upper floors are apartments that are the oldest continuously rented in America.
On the Place John Paul II, the promenaded section of Chartres Street stretching the last length of the park, sit three historic buildings financed by Don Andrès Alomonester y Rojas, the Baroness Pontalba's father. The center of the three is St. Louis Cathedral. To its left is the Cabildo, built in 1795. It served as the capitol for the Spanish colonial government, then later as City Hall, and home of the State Supreme Court, and today houses the Louisiana State Museum. It was here that the finalization of the Louisiana Purchase was signed. To the cathedral's right is the Presbytère, built between 1794 and 1813. It originally housed the city's Roman Catholic priests and authorities, and then served as a courthouse until 1911. Today it is part of the Louisiana State Museum, housing a Mardi Gras Exhibit.
The Saint Louis Cathedral is the oldest, continuously operating cathedral in the United States and the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans. Three Roman Catholic churches have sat on this site since 1718. The cornerstone of the present structure, designed by Gilberto Guillemard, was laid in 1789, elevated to cathedral status in 1794 and completed in 1795. In 1819, Henry S. Boneval Latrobe added the clock and bell tower. Between 1845 and 1851, J.N.B. DePouilly remodeled and enlarged the church. In 1964, the cathedral was designated as a minor basilica by Pope Paul VI. Pope John Paul II visited the basilica, on the occassion of his second pastoral visit in the United States on September 12, 1987.
Jackson Square National Register #66000375 (1966)
Vieux Carré Historic District National Register #66000377 (1966)
In Bodhgaya we discovered an amazing organization that helps children who are in great difficulté.Cette association Shantindia eté has created there about 8 years 2 french.
Anuj Kumar is reponsable indian Shantindia, he opened the doors of the school that collects street children among the most pauvres.La mission of these schools is to provide a minimum of education (academic and support) to these children as well as clothes and poor roof and nourriture.Shantindia teaches battered women abandoned by their husbands profession seamstress.
The association provides prostheses and bikes equipped with disabilities, she dug wells for drinking water, and then they give a care animal care at the end of life.We have seen with our eyes all these achievements two photo albums that tell all actions Shantindia.Si you want to see pictures of this association you go on Shantindia.org
À Bodhgaya nous avons découvert une extraordinaire association qui aide les enfants qui sont en grande difficulté.Cette association, Shantindia a eté crée il y 8 ans environ par 2 francaises.
Anuj Kumar est le reponsable indian de Shantindia,il nous a ouvert les portes de l'école qui recueille les enfants des rues parmis les plus pauvres.La mission de ces écoles est de donner un minimum d'éducation (et soutien scolaire) a ces enfants ainsi que des vetements et aux plus pauvres,toit et nourriture.Shantindia apprend aux femmes battues ou abandonnées par leur mari le métier de couturiere.
L'association offre des protheses et des vélos aménagés aux handicapés,elle creuse des puits pour l'eau potable,et enfin elles s'occupe a donner des soins aux animaux en fin de vie.Nous avons vu de nos yeux toutes ces réalisations dans les deux albums photos qui relatent toutes les actions de Shantindia.Si vous voulez voir des images de cette association vous allez sur Shantindia.org
I've been trying to get myself organized for the coming craziness that starts next week. This is my new planner, it's my lifeline when life gets busy. I've bought the same planner every year since I started college, it's pretty much amazing, and it fits in my purse. I start my student teaching (still working too) next week, and from then on, I'll be crazy busy. I'm not sure how often I'll be able to be on flickr, or take self portraits. Try not to forget about me. <3
Hot glue a 1x2 plate onto those hard-to-see-into drawers and put a sample element on the front. Add a second "support plate" if you need a different attachment point. Low cost, easy to customize, easy to swap out things as needs shift.
This has made a big difference to my "where the heck did I put those" headache levels.
3 areas of influence : Me (user profile, blog, tools), Us (KM, calendar, community, docs), Them (News, Events)
Organizational chart listing responsibilities and authorities was laid out July 12,1978. It was assembled from what fit together as shown in a photo of parts “laid out on sheet or muslin cloth.” The chart describes individual areas of activity listing the persons in charge of and those working with their implementation.
A description of Jonestown organization and fuller display from this chart and others can be found in Alternative Considerations of Jonestown and Peoples Temple under Research.
Photo released under the Freedom of Information Act and are in the public domain. Please credit The Jonestown Institute.
A month or so ago I finally put together this contraption, which we got from Kate & Conrad when they moved to London. It sticks out a few inches farther than our sink, but the organization that it brings to our kitchen is so wonderful.
Distressed Wooden Picture Frame Jewelry Scarf Headband Organizer
www.etsy.com/listing/261253610/distressed-wooden-picture-...
Origins of a 14 Trillion Dollar Defecit
Project for the New American CenturyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Project for the New American Century
Formation 1997
Extinction 2006
Public policy think tank
Location Washington, D.C.
Website newamericancentury.org
The Project for the New American Century (PNAC) was an American think tank based in Washington, D.C. that lasted from 1997 to 2006. It was co-founded as a non-profit educational organization by William Kristol and Robert Kagan. The PNAC's stated goal was "to promote American global leadership."[1] Fundamental to the PNAC were the view that "American leadership is both good for America and good for the world" and support for "a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity."[2] The PNAC exerted influence on high-level U.S. government officials in the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush and affected the Bush Administration's development of military and foreign policies, especially involving national security and the Iraq War.[3][4]
Contents [hide]
1 History
1.1 Statement of Principles
1.2 Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton years
1.3 Rebuilding America's Defenses
1.4 Post-9/11 call for regime change in Iraq
1.5 Human Rights and the EU Arms Embargo
1.6 End of the organization
2 Controversy
2.1 US world dominance
2.2 Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategies
2.3 "New Pearl Harbor"
2.4 Inexperienced in realities of war
2.5 PNAC role in promoting invasion of Iraq
2.6 PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons
3 Persons associated with the PNAC
3.1 Project directors
3.2 Project staff
3.3 Former directors and staff
3.4 Signatories to Statement of Principles
3.5 Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]
3.6 Associations with Bush administration
4 See also
5 Notes
6 References
6.1 External links
6.2 Further reading and media programs: Analysis and criticism
History Statement of PrinciplesPNAC's first public act was releasing a "Statement of Principles" on June 3, 1997, which was signed by both its members and a variety of other notable conservative politicians and journalists (see Signatories to Statement of Principles). The statement began by framing a series of questions, which the rest of the document proposes to answer:
As the 20th century draws to a close, the United States stands as the world's pre-eminent power. Having led the West to victory in the Cold War, America faces an opportunity and a challenge: Does the United States have the vision to build upon the achievements of past decades? Does the United States have the resolve to shape a new century favorable to American principles and interests?[5]
In response to these questions, the PNAC states its aim to "remind America" of "lessons" learned from American history, drawing the following "four consequences" for America in 1997:
we need to increase defense spending significantly if we are to carry out our global responsibilities today and modernize our armed forces for the future;
we need to strengthen our ties to democratic allies and to challenge regimes hostile to our interests and values;
we need to promote the cause of political and economic freedom abroad; [and]
we need to accept responsibility for America's unique role in preserving and extending an international order friendly to our security, our prosperity, and our principles.
While "Such a Reaganite policy of military strength and moral clarity may not be fashionable today," the "Statement of Principles" concludes, "it is necessary if the United States is to build on the successes of this past century and to ensure our security and our greatness in the next."[5]
[edit] Calls for regime change in Iraq during Clinton yearsThe goal of regime change in Iraq remained the consistent position of PNAC throughout the 1997-2000 Iraq disarmament crisis.[6][7]
Richard Perle, who later became a core member of PNAC, was involved in similar activities to those pursued by PNAC after its formal organization. For instance, in 1996 Perle composed a report that proposed regime changes in order to restructure power in the Middle East. The report was titled A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm and called for removing Saddam Hussein from power, as well as other ideas to bring change to the region. The report was delivered to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[8] Two years later, in 1998, Perle and other core members of the PNAC - Paul Wolfowitz, R. James Woolsey, Elliot Abrams, and John Bolton - "were among the signatories of a letter to President Clinton calling for the removal of Hussein."[8] Clinton did seek regime change in Iraq, and this position was sanctioned by the United Nations. These UN sanctions were considered ineffective by the neoconservative forces driving the PNAC.
The PNAC core members followed up these early efforts with a letter to Republican members of the U.S. Congress Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott,[9] urging Congress to act. The PNAC also supported the Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (H.R.4655), which President Clinton had signed into law.[10]
On January 16, 1998, following perceived Iraqi unwillingness to co-operate with UN weapons inspections, members of the PNAC, including Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, and Robert Zoellick drafted an open letter to President Bill Clinton, posted on its website, urging President Clinton to remove Saddam Hussein from power using U.S. diplomatic, political, and military power. The signers argue that Saddam would pose a threat to the United States, its Middle East allies, and oil resources in the region, if he succeeded in maintaining what they asserted was a stockpile of Weapons of Mass Destruction. They also state: "we can no longer depend on our partners in the Gulf War to continue to uphold the sanctions or to punish Saddam when he blocks or evades UN inspections" and "American policy cannot continue to be crippled by a misguided insistence on unanimity in the UN Security Council." They argue that an Iraq war would be justified by Hussein's defiance of UN "containment" policy and his persistent threat to U.S. interests.[11]
On November 16, 1998, citing Iraq's demand for the expulsion of UN weapons inspectors and the removal of Richard Butler as head of the inspections regime, Kristol called again for regime change in an editorial in his online magazine, The Weekly Standard: "...any sustained bombing and missile campaign against Iraq should be part of any overall political-military strategy aimed at removing Saddam from power."[12] Kristol states that Paul Wolfowitz and others believed that the goal was to create "a 'liberated zone' in southern Iraq that would provide a safe haven where opponents of Saddam could rally and organize a credible alternative to the present regime ... The liberated zone would have to be protected by U.S. military might, both from the air and, if necessary, on the ground."
In January 1999, the PNAC circulated a memo that criticized the December 1998 bombing of Iraq in Operation Desert Fox as ineffective, questioned the viability of Iraqi democratic opposition which the U.S. was supporting through the Iraq Liberation Act, and referred to any "containment" policy as an illusion.[13]
[edit] Rebuilding America's DefensesIn September 2000, the PNAC published a controversial 90-page report entitled Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategies, Forces, and Resources For a New Century. The report, which lists as Project Chairmen Donald Kagan and Gary Schmitt and as Principal Authors. Thomas Donnelly, quotes from the PNAC's June 1997 "Statement of Principles" and proceeds "from the belief that America should seek to preserve and extend its position of global leadership by maintaining the preeminence of U.S. military forces."[14][15]
The report argues:
The American peace has proven itself peaceful, stable, and durable. It has, over the past decade, provided the geopolitical framework for widespread economic growth and the spread of American principles of liberty and democracy. Yet no moment in international politics can be frozen in time; even a global Pax Americana will not preserve itself.[14]
After its title page, the report features a page entitled "About the Project for the New American Century", quoting key passages from its 1997 "Statement of Principles":
“ [What we require is] a military that is strong and ready to meet both present and future challenges; a foreign policy that boldly and purposefully promotes American principles abroad; and national leadership that accepts the United States’ global responsibilities. Of course, the United States must be prudent in how it exercises its power. But we cannot safely avoid the responsibilities of global leadership of the costs that are associated with its exercise. America has a vital role in maintaining peace and security in Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. If we shirk our responsibilities, we invite challenges to our fundamental interests. The history of the 20th century should have taught us that it is important to shape circumstances before crises emerge, and to meet threats before they become dire. The history of the past century should have taught us to embrace the cause of American leadership.[14]
”
In its "Preface", in highlighted boxes, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that it aims to:
ESTABLISH FOUR CORE MISSIONS for the U.S. military:
defend the American homeland;
fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars;
perform the “constabulary” duties associated with shaping the security environment in critical regions;
transform U.S. forces to exploit the “revolution in military affairs”;
and that
To carry out these core missions, we need to provide sufficient force and budgetary allocations. In particular, the United States must:
MAINTAIN NUCLEAR STRATEGIC SUPERIORITY, basing the U.S. deterrent upon a global, nuclear net assessment that weighs the full range of current and emerging threats, not merely the U.S.-Russia balance.
RESTORE THE PERSONNEL STRENGTH of today’s force to roughly the levels anticipated in the “Base Force” outlined by the Bush Administration, an increase in active-duty strength from 1.4 million to 1.6 million.
REPOSITION U.S. FORCES to respond to 21st century strategic realities by shifting permanently-based forces to Southeast Europe and Southeast Asia, and by changing naval deployment patterns to reflect growing U.S. strategic concerns in East Asia. (iv)
It specifies the following goals:
MODERNIZE CURRENT U.S. FORCES SELECTIVELY, proceeding with the F-22 program while increasing purchases of lift, electronic support and other aircraft; expanding submarine and surface combatant fleets; purchasing Comanche helicopters and medium-weight ground vehicles for the Army, and the V-22 Osprey “tilt-rotor” aircraft for the Marine Corps.
CANCEL “ROADBLOCK” PROGRAMS such as the Joint Strike Fighter, CVX aircraft carrier,[16] and Crusader howitzer system that would absorb exorbitant amounts of Pentagon funding while providing limited improvements to current capabilities. Savings from these canceled programs should be used to spur the process of military transformation.
DEVELOP AND DEPLOY GLOBAL MISSILE DEFENSES to defend the American homeland and American allies, and to provide a secure basis for U.S. power projection around the world.[17]
CONTROL THE NEW “INTERNATIONAL COMMONS” OF SPACE AND “CYBERSPACE,” and pave the way for the creation of a new military service – U.S. Space Forces – with the mission of space control.
EXPLOIT THE “REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS” to insure the long-term superiority of U.S. conventional forces. Establish a two-stage transformation process which
• maximizes the value of current weapons systems through the application of advanced technologies, and,
• produces more profound improvements in military capabilities, encourages competition between single services and joint-service experimentation efforts.
INCREASE DEFENSE SPENDING gradually to a minimum level of 3.5 to 3.8 percent of gross domestic product, adding $15 billion to $20 billion to total defense spending annually. (v)
The report emphasizes:
Fulfilling these requirements is essential if America is to retain its militarily dominant status for the coming decades. Conversely, the failure to meet any of these needs must result in some form of strategic retreat. At current levels of defense spending, the only option is to try ineffectually to “manage” increasingly large risks: paying for today’s needs by shortchanging tomorrow’s; withdrawing from constabulary missions to retain strength for large-scale wars; “choosing” between presence in Europe or presence in Asia; and so on. These are bad choices. They are also false economies. The “savings” from withdrawing from the Balkans, for example, will not free up anywhere near the magnitude of funds needed for military modernization or transformation. But these are false economies in other, more profound ways as well. The true cost of not meeting our defense requirements will be a lessened capacity for American global leadership and, ultimately, the loss of a global security order that is uniquely friendly to American principles and prosperity. (v-vi)
In relation to the Persian Gulf, citing particularly Iraq and Iran, Rebuilding America's Defenses states that "while the unresolved conflict in Iraq provides the immediate justification [for U.S. military presence], the need for a substantial American force presence in the [Persian] Gulf transcends the issue of the regime of Saddam Hussein" and "Over the long term, Iran may well prove as large a threat to U.S. interests in the [Persian] Gulf as Iraq has. And even should U.S.-Iranian relations improve, retaining forward-based forces in the region would still be an essential element in U.S. security strategy given the longstanding American interests in the region."[14]
One of the core missions outlined in the 2000 report Rebuilding America's Defenses is "fight and decisively win multiple, simultaneous major theater wars."[4][18]
[edit] Post-9/11 call for regime change in IraqOn September 20, 2001 (nine days after the September 11, 2001 attacks), the PNAC sent a letter to President George W. Bush, advocating "a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq," or regime change:
...even if evidence does not link Iraq directly to the attack, any strategy aiming at the eradication of terrorism and its sponsors must include a determined effort to remove Saddam Hussein from power in Iraq. Failure to undertake such an effort will constitute an early and perhaps decisive surrender in the war on international terrorism.[4][19]
From 2001 through 2002, the co-founders and other members of the PNAC published articles supporting the United States' invasion of Iraq.[20] On its website, the PNAC promoted its point of view that leaving Saddam Hussein in power would be "surrender to terrorism."[21][22][23][24]
In 2003, during the period leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, the PNAC had seven full-time staff members in addition to its board of directors.[1]
[edit] Human Rights and the EU Arms EmbargoIn 2005, the European Union considered lifting the arms embargo placed on Beijing. The embargo was put in place after the events at Tiananmen Square in 1989. The PNAC, along with other concerned countries, composed a letter to Javier Solana, asking that the EU not lift the embargo until three conditions were met:
A general amnesty of all prisoners of conscience, including those imprisoned in connection to peaceful protest in 1989, and public trials by independent court for those charged with ‘criminal’ acts.
A reversal of the official verdict on the 1989 movement as a ‘counter-revolution riot,’ allowing an independent ‘truth commission’ to investigate and provide a comprehensive account of the killings, torture, and arbitrary detention, and bringing to justice those responsible for the violations of human rights involved.
Adoption and implementation of the International Covenant on Civil Political Rights, taking concrete actions to enforce other international human rights conventions and treaties that China has joined.
The justification for these conditions was explained as follows:
“Doing away with this sanction without corresponding improvements in human rights... would send the wrong signal to the Chinese people, including especially those of us who lost loved ones, who are persecuted, and for all Chinese who continue to struggle for the ideal that inspired the 1989 movement.”[25]
[edit] End of the organizationBy the end of 2006, PNAC was "reduced to a voice-mail box and a ghostly website", with "a single employee" "left to wrap things up", according to the BBC News.[26] According to Tom Barry, "The glory days of the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) quickly passed."[27] In 2006, Gary Schmitt, former executive director of the PNAC, a resident scholar at the American Enterprise Institute and director of its program in Advanced Strategic Studies, stated that PNAC had come to a natural end:
When the project started, it was not intended to go forever. That is why we are shutting it down. We would have had to spend too much time raising money for it and it has already done its job. We felt at the time that there were flaws in American foreign policy, that it was neo-isolationist. We tried to resurrect a Reaganite policy. Our view has been adopted. Even during the Clinton administration we had an effect, with Madeleine Albright [then secretary of state] saying that the United States was 'the indispensable nation'. But our ideas have not necessarily dominated. We did not have anyone sitting on Bush's shoulder. So the work now is to see how they are implemented.[26]
PNAC's successor organization is the Foreign Policy Initiative.[28][29]
[edit] Controversy[edit] US world dominanceAccording to critics, including Paul Reynolds, PNAC promoted American "hegemony" and "full-spectrum" dominance in its publications.[30][31][32][33]
Ebrahim Afsah, in "Creed, Cabal, or Conspiracy – The Origins of the Current Neo-Conservative Revolution in US Strategic Thinking", published in the German Law Journal, cited Jochen Bölsche's view that the goal of the PNAC was world dominance or global hegemony by the United States.[34][35] According to Bölsche, Rebuilding America's Defenses "was developed by Rumsfeld, Cheney, Wolfowitz and Libby, and is devoted to matters of 'maintaining US pre-eminence, thwarting rival powers and shaping the global security system according to US interests.'"[34][35]
George Monbiot, a political activist from the United Kingdom, stated: "...to pretend that this battle begins and ends in Iraq requires a willful denial of the context in which it occurs. That context is a blunt attempt by the superpower to reshape the world to suit itself."[36]
PNAC co-founder Robert Kagan countered such criticism in his statement during a debate on whether or not "The United States Is, and Should Be, an Empire":
"There is a vital distinction between being powerful--even most powerful in the world--and being an empire. Economic expansion does not equal imperialism, and there is no such thing as "cultural imperialism". If America is an empire, then why was it unable to mobilize its subjects to support the war against Saddam Hussein? America is not an empire, and its power stems from voluntary associations and alliances. American hegemony is relatively well accepted because people all over the world know that U.S. forces will eventually withdraw from the occupied territories. The effect of declaring that the United States is an empire would not only be factually wrong, but strategically catastrophic. Contrary to the exploitative purposes of the British, the American intentions of spreading democracy and individual rights are incompatible with the notion of an empire. The genius of American power is expressed in the movie The Godfather II, where, like Hyman Roth, the United States has always made money for its partners. America has not turned countries in which it intervened into deserts; it enriched them. Even the Russians knew they could surrender after the Cold War without being subjected to occupation."[37]
[edit] Excessive focus on military strategies, neglect of diplomatic strategiesJeffrey Record, of the Strategic Studies Institute, in his monograph Bounding the Global War on Terrorism, Gabriel Kolko, research professor emeritus at York University in Toronto, and author of Another Century of War? (The New Press, 2002), in his article published in CounterPunch, and William Rivers Pitt, in Truthout, respectively, argued that the PNAC's goals of military hegemony exaggerated what the military can accomplish, that they failed to recognize "the limits of US power", and that favoring pre-emptive exercise of military might over diplomatic strategies could have "adverse side effects."[38][39][40] (Paul Reynolds and Max Boot have made similar observations.[30][31])
The Sydney Morning Herald published an English translation of an article published in German in Der Spiegel summarizing former President Jimmy Carter's position and stating that President Carter:
judges the PNAC agenda in the same way. At first, argues Carter, Bush responded to the challenge of September 11 in an effective and intelligent way, "but in the meantime a group of conservatives worked to get approval for their long held ambitions under the mantle of 'the war on terror'." The restrictions on civil rights in the US and at Guantanamo, cancellation of international accords, "contempt for the rest of the world", and finally an attack on Iraq "although there is no threat to the US from Baghdad" - all these things will have devastating consequences, according to Carter. "This entire unilateralism", warns the ex-President, "will increasingly isolate the US from those nations that we need in order to do battle with terrorism".[34]
[edit] "New Pearl Harbor"Section V of Rebuilding America's Defenses, entitled "Creating Tomorrow's Dominant Force", includes the sentence: "Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event––like a new Pearl Harbor" (51).[14]
Though not arguing that Bush administration PNAC members were complicit in those attacks, other social critics such as commentator Manuel Valenzuela and journalist Mark Danner,[41][42][43] investigative journalist John Pilger, in New Statesman,[44] and former editor of The San Francisco Chronicle Bernard Weiner, in CounterPunch,[45] all argue that PNAC members used the events of 9/11 as the "Pearl Harbor" that they needed––that is, as an "opportunity" to "capitalize on" (in Pilger's words), in order to enact long-desired plans.
[edit] Inexperienced in realities of warFormer US Congressman Lionel Van Deerlin and UK Labour MP and Father of the House of Commons, Tam Dalyell, criticized PNAC members for promoting policies which support an idealized version of war, even though only a handful of PNAC members have served in the military or, if they served, never seen combat.[46]
As quoted in Paul Reynolds' BBC News report, David Rothkopf stated:
Their [The Project for the New American Century's] signal enterprise was the invasion of Iraq and their failure to produce results is clear. Precisely the opposite has happened. The US use of force has been seen as doing wrong and as inflaming a region that has been less than susceptible to democracy. Their plan has fallen on hard times. There were flaws in the conception and horrendously bad execution. The neo-cons have been undone by their own ideas and the incompetence of the Bush administration.[26]
In discussing the PNAC report Rebuilding America's Defenses (2000), Neil MacKay, investigations editor for the Scottish Sunday Herald, quoted Tam Dalyell: "'This is garbage from right-wing think-tanks stuffed with chicken-hawks -- men who have never seen the horror of war but are in love with the idea of war. Men like Cheney, who were draft-dodgers in the Vietnam war. These are the thought processes of fanaticist Americans who want to control the world.'"[47]
Eliot A. Cohen, a signatory to the PNAC "Statement of Principles", responded in The Washington Post: "There is no evidence that generals as a class make wiser national security policymakers than civilians. George C. Marshall, our greatest soldier statesman after George Washington, opposed shipping arms to Britain in 1940. His boss, Franklin D. Roosevelt, with nary a day in uniform, thought otherwise. Whose judgment looks better?"[48]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting invasion of IraqCommentators from divergent parts of the political spectrum––such as Democracy Now! and American Free Press, including Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Jody Williams and former Republican Congressmen Pete McCloskey and Paul Findley––voiced their concerns about the influence of the PNAC on the decision by President George W. Bush to invade Iraq.[49][50] Some have regarded the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton, which urged him to embrace a plan for "the removal of Saddam Hussein’s regime from power,"[11] and the large number of members of PNAC appointed to the Bush administration as evidence that the 2003 invasion of Iraq was a foregone conclusion.[42][51]
The television program Frontline, broadcast on PBS, presented the PNAC's letter to President Clinton as a notable event in the leadup to the Iraq war.[52]
Media commentators have found it significant that signatories to the PNAC's January 16, 1998 letter to President Clinton (and some of its other position papers, letters, and reports) included such later Bush administration officials as Donald Rumsfeld, Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle, John Bolton, Richard Armitage, and Elliott Abrams.[30][38][41][52]
[edit] PNAC role in promoting genetically operating racist bioweapons"And advanced forms of biological warfare that can “target” specific genotypes may transform biological warfare from the realm of terror to a politically useful tool"(60). [14] This quote shows PNAC thoughts about genetically operating racist bioweapons and mentions them as "a politically useful tool".
[edit] Persons associated with the PNAC[edit] Project directors[as listed on the PNAC website:]
William Kristol, Co-founder and Chairman[1]
Robert Kagan, Co-founder[1]
Bruce P. Jackson[1]
Mark Gerson[1]
Randy Scheunemann[1]
[edit] Project staffEllen Bork, Deputy Director[1]
Gary Schmitt, Senior Fellow[1][53]
Thomas Donnelly, Senior Fellow[1]
Reuel Marc Gerecht, Senior Fellow[1]
Mitch Jackson, Senior Fellow
Timothy Lehmann, Assistant Director[1]
Michael Goldfarb, Research Associate[1]
[edit] Former directors and staffDaniel McKivergan, Deputy Director[54]
[edit] Signatories to Statement of PrinciplesElliott Abrams[5]
Gary Bauer[5]
William J. Bennett[5]
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush[5]
Richard B. Cheney[5]
Eliot A. Cohen[5]
Midge Decter[5]
Paula Dobriansky[5]
Steve Forbes[5]
Aaron Friedberg[5]
Francis Fukuyama[5]
Frank Gaffney[5]
Fred C. Ikle[5]
Donald Kagan[5]
Zalmay Khalilzad[5]
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby[5]
Norman Podhoretz[5]
J. Danforth Quayle[5]
Peter W. Rodman[5]
Stephen P. Rosen[5]
Henry S. Rowen[5]
Donald Rumsfeld[5]
Vin Weber[5]
George Weigel[5]
Paul Wolfowitz[5]
[edit] Signatories or contributors to other significant letters or reports[15]Elliott Abrams[9][11]
Kenneth Adelman[55]
Richard V. Allen[19]
Richard L. Armitage[11]
Gary Bauer[19][55]
Jeffrey Bell[19][55]
William J. Bennett[9][11][19][55]
Jeffrey Bergner[9][11][19]
John Bolton[9][11]
Ellen Bork[55]
Rudy Boschwitz[19]
Linda Chavez[55]
Eliot Cohen[14][19][55]
Seth Cropsey[19]
Midge Decter[19][55]
Paula Dobriansky[9][11]
Thomas Donnelly[14][19][55]
Nicholas Eberstadt,[19][55][56]
Hillel Fradkin[19][55][57]
Aaron Friedberg[19]
Francis Fukuyama[9][11][19]
Frank Gaffney[19][55]
Jeffrey Gedmin[19][55]
Reuel Marc Gerecht[19][55]
Charles Hill[19][55]
Bruce P. Jackson[19][55]
Eli S. Jacobs[19]
Michael Joyce[19]
Donald Kagan[14][19][55]
Robert Kagan[9][11][14][19][55]
Stephen Kantany
Zalmay Khalilzad[9][11]
Jeane Kirkpatrick[19]
Charles Krauthammer[19]
William Kristol[9][11][14][19]
John Lehman[19][55]
I. Lewis Libby[14]
Tod Lindberg[55][58]
Rich Lowry[55]
Clifford May[19][55]
John McCain[59]
Joshua Muravchik[55]
Michael O'Hanlon [60][61]
Martin Peretz[19][55]
Richard Perle[9][11][19][55]
Daniel Pipes[55]
Norman Podhoretz[19][55]
Peter W. Rodman[9][11][19]
Stephen P. Rosen[14][19][55]
Donald Rumsfeld[9][11]
Randy Scheunemann[19][55]
Gary Schmitt[14][19][53][55]
William Schneider, Jr.[9][11][19][55]
Richard H. Shultz[19][62]
Henry Sokolski[19]
Stephen J. Solarz[19]
Vin Weber[9][11][19]
Leon Wieseltier[19]
Marshall Wittmann[19][55]
Paul Wolfowitz[9][11][14]
R. James Woolsey[9][11][55]
Dov Zakheim[14][63]
Robert B. Zoellick[9][11]
[edit] Associations with Bush administrationAfter the election of George W. Bush in 2000, a number of PNAC's members or signatories were appointed to key positions within the President's administration:
Name Position(s) held
Elliott Abrams Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Democracy, Human Rights, and International Operations (2001–2002), Special Assistant to the President and Senior Director for Near East and North African Affairs (2002–2005), Deputy Assistant to the President and Deputy National Security Advisor for Global Democracy Strategy (2005–2009) (all within the National Security Council)
Richard Armitage Deputy Secretary of State (2001–2005)
John R. Bolton Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Affairs (2001–2005), U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2005–2006)
Dick Cheney Vice President (2001–2009)
Eliot A. Cohen Member of the Defense Policy Advisory Board (2007–2009)[64]
Seth Cropsey Director of the International Broadcasting Bureau (12/2002-12/2004)
Paula Dobriansky Under-Secretary of State for Global Affairs (2001–2007)
Aaron Friedberg Deputy Assistant for National Security Affairs and Director of Policy Planning, Office of the Vice President (2003–2005)
Francis Fukuyama Member of The President's Council on Bioethics (2001–2005)
Zalmay Khalilzad U.S. Ambassador to Afghanistan (11/2003 - 6/2005), U.S. Ambassador to Iraq (6/2005 - 3/2007) U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations (2007–2009)
I. Lewis "Scooter" Libby Chief of Staff to the Vice President of the United States (2001–2005)
Richard Perle Chairman of the Board, Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee (2001–2003)
Peter W. Rodman Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security (2001–2007)
Donald Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense (2001–2006)
Randy Scheunemann Member of the U.S. Committee on NATO, Project on Transitional Democracies, International Republican Institute
Paul Wolfowitz Deputy Secretary of Defense (2001–2005) 10th President of the World Bank (2005-2007)
Dov S. Zakheim Department of Defense Comptroller (2001–2004)
Robert B. Zoellick Office of the United States Trade Representative (2001–2005), Deputy Secretary of State (2005–2006), 11th President of the World Bank (2007–Present)
[edit] See alsoCenter for a New American Security
American Century
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
Committee for the Liberation of Iraq
Jewish Institute for National Security Affairs
Office of Special Plans
The New American
[edit] Notes^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "About PNAC", newamericancentury.org, n.d., accessed May 30, 2007: "Established in the spring of 1997, the Project for the New American Century is a non-profit, educational organization whose goal is to promote American global leadership. The Project is an initiative of the New Citizenship Project (501c3); the New Citizenship Project's chairman is William Kristol and its president is Gary Schmitt."
^ Home page of the Project for the New American Century, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "Empire builders - Neoconservatives and their blueprint for US power", The Christian Science Monitor (Copyright © 2004), accessed May 22, 2007.
^ a b c The PNAC was often identified as a "neo-con" or "right-wing think tank" in profiles featured on the websites of "left-wing" and "progressive" "policy institute" and "media watchdog" organizations, which were critical of it; see, e.g., "Profile: Project for the New American Century", Right Web (International Relations Center), November 22, 2003, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Elliott Abrams, et al., "Statement of Principles", June 3, 1997, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (January 30, 1998). "Bombing Iraq Isn't Enough". The New York Times. www.nytimes.com/1998/01/30/opinion/bombing-iraq-isn-t-eno...
^ Kristol, William; Kagan, Robert (February 26, 1998). "A 'Great Victory' for Iraq". The Washington Post. www.newamericancentury.org/iraq-022698.htm
^ a b Wedel, Janine (2009). Shadow Elite. New York: Basic Books. p. 170.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Elliott Abrams, et al.,Letter to Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott, May 28, 1998, newamericancentury.org, accessed May 30, 2007.
^ "ENR H.R. 4655: Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)", 105th Congress of the United States, thomas.loc.gov (THOMAS online database at the Library of Congress), January 27, 1998, accessed June 1, 2007.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t "Open Letter to President Bill Clinton", January 16, 1998, accessed May 28, 2007.
^ William Kristol, "How to Attack Iraq", The Weekly Standard, November 16, 1998, editorial, online posting, newamericancentury.org, web.archive.org, accessed May 30,
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Address by H.E. Mr Abiodun Richards ADEJOLA (Nigeria), elected Chairperson of the International Labour Organization’s Governing Body for the period 2023-2024, Nigeria’s Permanent Representative to the United Nations in Geneva.
348th session of the International Labour Organization’s Governing Body. Geneva, Saturday, 17 June 2023. Photo Marcel Crozet / ILO.
Problem Solving Using the Why Tree by xtremelean.us
* This presentation is on problem solving using the why tree and is designed to teach a standardized approach for your people at all levels of the organization. Good problem solving skills within your company will cause your business to thrive while making everyone's life easier in the process.
* While problem solving does not have to be difficult, there are many that like to make it sound that way.
* People are not born as natural problem solvers and you don't need a college degree to learn to be a good problem solver either.
* Good problem solving skills can be taught and that is what I am going to do. My goal is to teach you a simple standardized approach that can be used in your business or personal life. You can also use this training video to teach others at your business. When completed, you will fully understand and be ready to use the concepts taught here.
* When we become good at problem solving, we start eliminating the problems that cause our head to spin once and for all. Our life becomes much easier and we suddenly have more time and less frustration. You are probably watching this video because that is exactly the direction you want to go in your life.
* Let's first discuss what a problem is or is not.
* A problem is the difference between actual conditions and the desired conditions and you don't know how to solve it.
* Let's put this in simpler terms.
* Let's change desired condition with "Want" and change actual condition with "Have"
* So the difference between what we have and what we want is the problem.
* And it's only a problem if you don't already know what the solution is.
* Let me give you a simple illustration of what a problem is. Barney here wants a female companion, but he does not have one, and he doesn't know exactly what to do about it. That is Barneys problem. That seems pretty straightforward doesn't it?
* The biggest type of problem people face is when something suddenly goes wrong.
* Captain Jack here is flying 300 passengers across the continent when all of a sudden, the plane starts to go down.
* In this case, the pilot WANTS to have full control of the plane again.
* But what he has is a plane that is going down and he doesn't know what happened or what to do about it.
* Does the pilot have a problem? 100% affirmative.
* Everyone has problems in their life at one time or another, so we all have the responsibility and opportunity to solve problems many times in our lives. It is absolutely best when we solve a problem so it never ever returns again. When you solve problems this way, your life becomes easier.
* When it comes to problem solving, some people just start shooting from the hip. This can be a very costly, time consuming, and frustrating approach. Preferable to this would be to take some aim at our target. After all, if we take the time to aim carefully at our target we increase the chance of hitting the bulls eye.
* Let's use a hypothetical problem that everyone can relate to. You arrived to work late.
* By the way, always clearly define the problem in as few words as possible, while also making sure everyone can understand what the problem is.
* And the reason we arrived to work late is because our car would not start.
* Many people put a lot of emphasis on root cause analysis, which is finding out what exactly what caused the car not to start.
* This is a fish bone diagram which is another tool that can be used for determining the root cause of a problem.
* And while sometimes finding the root cause is important, finding the best solution that will prevent the problem from reoccurring is THE most important objective.
* In this case, let's say you were at the end of your ropes with this piece of junk anyway and had decided you were going to buy a new car.
* Do you really care what exactly caused your old car not to start? Not really.
* Will the new car be a proper solution to your problem and get you to work reliably for many years to come? Absolutely
* My point is, solutions are more important than causes and in my opinion, outweigh them greatly.
* All right, let's do a reality check. You have a crap car, you were late to work because it would not start, and you have no money to buy a new car.
* You now need to know what caused your car not to start so you will not be able to fix it.
* The Why Tree method is the focus of this presentation, but it relies on knowing the 5-Why root cause analysis method. The 5-Why method for determining root cause is one of the simplest methods to learn and to complete. You start with a clear problem statement, then ask why the problem happened and write the answer down. If that answer did not identify the root cause, continue asking why until it does.
* Let's go through an example.
* For example our problem is we woke up late.
* We would then ask "why did we wake up late?"
* The alarm did not go off.
* "why did the alarm not go off?"
* Because the time reset on the alarm clock?
* Why did the time reset on the alarm clock?
* Because the power went out.
* Why did the power go out?
* Because of the severe thunderstorms.
* Why were there severe thunderstorms?
* We don't know.
* Notice that solutions are out of our control when the power went out? We do not have control over the power or the weather. So the line of questioning should stop when we do not have any control over the cause.
* One of the problems with the 5-Why root cause analysis is it only allows for one line of questioning. Based on the answers you give, you can get off the trail to solutions very quickly.
* Let's back up and change the answer to "why did the time reset on the clock?" to:
* Because the clock lost power
* Then why did the clock lose power?
* Because the alarm clock did not have the backup battery installed.
* Why was the backup battery not installed?
* Because we did not have one at the time.
* Take notice that the answers you give will dramatically change the outcome. You must also ensure the answers are accurate or once again you will be on a wild goose chase.
* We now have a root cause that we have control over and an easy solution to the problem. Having a backup battery installed in the alarm clock allows it to continue working in the event of a power outage. This solution is very simple and effective with a very low cost. It is easy to implement and has no negative consequences.
* While you now have a good solution to this problem, let's not forget that batteries do not last forever. You will need to check the batteries in the alarm clock on a regular basis if your want to eliminate this particular problem forever.
* Even though this approach is called 5-Why, 5 is just a rule of thumb for the number of times to ask why. It could be more or less though depending on the problem. When you no longer know the answer to the question that is a good place to stop. Speculation will rarely serve you well.
* While the 5-Why root cause analysis is a good and simple tool, I find the Why Tree diagram is a much better tool for brainstorming multiple possible causes of the problem. Discovering multiple causes of the problem allows you to develop multiple potential solutions to the problem. You would use the same 5-why approach but the tree diagram allows you to list multiple potential causes to each why. There is no limit to the size or shape of your Why Tree. Let me share an example of using the Why Tree.
* Let's use a real life problem I experienced recently. We put in a new lawn at our house and it wasn't very long before I noticed the grass was dying is some areas. I was upset and wanted to know why and the solution to the problem.
* It did not take long to put two and two together. The dog peeing on the lawn was causing it to die. The reason I want to share this example with you is to show you there are almost always several solutions to any given problem.
* While you may have multiple solutions for any given problem, and even though all of the solutions may solve the problem, there are costs or consequences to consider. Your job in good problem solving is to come up with:
A: The simplest
B: Most effective solution
C: At the lowest cost
D: That is the easiest to implement
E: With no negative consequences.
* The description of my problem is very simple "my grass is dying in small sections". So the 1st question why is the grass dying? Because the dog is peeing on the grass, why is the dog peeing on the grass? Because he is not trained to go elsewhere.
* I must confess, when I first saw that the dog peeing on the grass was causing it to die, I jumped to my first solution and that was a well planned hunting accident where the dog had more to worry about than the bird.
* But that solution would end up in divorce court. Although this solution would be simple, 100% effective, relatively low cost, and easy to implement, the consequences of this solution would make it a very poor choice.
* Then I thought how can I train the dog to stay off the nice new lawn?
* Someone suggested setting up an electric fence and I thought that would be a perfect solution. So off to the pet store I went only to discover these fences aren't cheap. Although this solution would be very effective and there were no negative consequences I could foresee, the cost was high and not simple to install or implement. Still the best solution I have found up to this point.
* I realized I needed to dig deeper to find more causes and therefore more solutions so I asked myself again, "why is the grass dying?"
* Because of the dog pee. I don't have any control over the natural functions of the dog so there is no solution there.
* Why is the dog pee causing the grass to die?
* I had to do some research on the internet, but quickly found my answer. Because dog pee has high levels of Nitrogen.
* Why are there high levels of Nitrogen in the dog pee?
* I also found the answers on the internet that it could be related to their diet
* Or they are not drinking enough water.
* I investigated changing the diet for my dog and found that over the lifetime of the dog, you will probably spend more than the electric fence. I also found out there are health risks for the dog with this diet. I found this solution to be simple, but the effectiveness in my mind was questionable. The cost was again high and the negative consequences of the health of the dog were not exciting. Bordering again on the divorce court thing.
* The dog not drinking enough water was another cause looking for a solution.
* I also thought I could probably teach my dog to read before I could get her to drink more water. So while this solution may be effective at a low cost with no negative consequences, I did not feel this would be simple or easy to implement at all.
* We might not be able to get the dog to drink more water which would dilute the Nitrogen, but maybe we can dilute the Nitrogen another way. What if we adjusted the sprinklers to come on more frequently in the area the dog goes potty? Here is an extremely simple and easy to implement solution that should be totally effective with no cost or negative consequences. Guess what solution I chose to solve my problem?
* There is a simple way to cross check the solution you have chosen. Just read your Why Tree in reverse order and substitute the question why with the word because. Let's try this.
* We are going to adjust the sprinklers to come on more frequently because we need to dilute the high levels of Nitrogen because of the dog pee, because the dog pee is killing the grass. Make sure when you do the cross check that your solution makes sense all the way down the line.
* Root cause analysis is definitely a team effort. After all, two heads are better than one. Choose your team members wisely and keep the team size to a manageable group however.
* Don't worry about the repeatability of this problem solving process. In my mind, problem solving is a very creative process.
* If you give the same problem to three different teams, depending on the creativity of each team, you will most likely end up with three different solutions to the problem. This is absolutely normal. Just be creative and focus on the best solution to the problem you face and implement it.
* If this process does not give you a solution that is clearly correct, you may need to use a different problem solving tool.
* In the future, I will be posting videos on all of the problem solving tools including, Pareto charts, flow charts, fishbone diagrams, brainstorming tools, mind maps, failure mode and effects analysis, and TRIZ. So stay tuned.
This is the end of the presentation, but the beginning of your journey towards realizing the benefits of good problem solving at your own company. We have many years experience in the tools of Six Sigma with problem solving skills at the forefront. Let us know how we can help you.
If you need help in training or implementing problem solving, visit us at www.xtremelean.us