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The first British canals were built in Roman times as irrigation or land drainage canals or short connecting spurs between navigable rivers, such as the Foss Dyke, Car Dyke or Bourne-Morton Canal; all in Lincolnshire
A spate of building projects, such as castles, monasteries and churches, led to the improvement of rivers for the transportation of building materials. Various Acts of Parliament were passed regulating transportation of goods, tolls and horse towpaths for various rivers. These included the rivers Severn, Witham, Trent and Yorkshire Ouse. The first Act for navigational improvement in England was in 1425, for improvement of the river Lea, a major tributary of the River Thames
In the post-medieval period some natural waterways were 'canalised' or improved for boat traffic, in the 16th century. The first Act of Parliament was obtained by the City of Canterbury, in 1515, to extend navigation on the River Stour in Kent, followed by the River Exe in 1539, which led to the construction in 1566 of a new channel, the Exeter Canal. Simple flash locks were provided to regulate the flow of water and allow loaded boats to pass through shallow waters by admitting a rush of water, but these were not purpose-built canals as we understand them today.
The transport system that existed before the canals were built consisted of either coastal shipping or horses and carts struggling along mostly un-surfaced mud roads (although there were some surfaced Turnpike roads). There was also a small amount of traffic carried along navigable rivers. In the 17th century, as early industry started to expand, this transport situation was highly unsatisfactory. The restrictions of coastal shipping and river transport were obvious and horses and carts could only carry one or two tons of cargo at a time. The poor state of most of the roads meant that they could often become unusable after heavy rain. Because of the small loads that could be carried, supply of essential commodities such as coal, and iron ore were limited, and this kept prices high and restricted economic growth. One horse-drawn canal barge could carry about thirty tonnes at a time, faster than road transport and at half the cost.
Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. The government of King James established the Oxford-Burcot Commission in 1605 which began to improve the system of locks and weirs on the River Thames, which were opened between Oxford and Abingdon by 1635. In 1635 Sir Richard Weston was appointed to develop the River Wey Navigation, making Guildford accessible by 1653. In 1670 the Stamford Canal opened, indistinguishable from 18th century examples with a dedicated cut and double-door locks. In 1699 legislation was passed to permit the Aire & Calder Navigation which was opened 1703, and the Trent Navigation which was built by George Hayne and opened in 1712. Subsequently, the Kennet built by John Hore opened in 1723, the Mersey and Irwell opened in 1725, and the Bristol Avon in 1727. John Smeaton was the engineer of the Calder & Hebble which opened in 1758, and a series of eight pound locks was built to replace flash locks on the River Thames between Maidenhead and Reading, beginning in 1772.
The net effect of these was to bring most of England, with the notable exceptions of Birmingham and Staffordshire, within 15 miles (24 km) of a waterway
The British canal system of water transport played a vital role in the United Kingdom's Industrial Revolution at a time when roads were only just emerging from the medieval mud and long trains of pack horses were the only means of "mass" transit by road of raw materials and finished products (it was no accident that amongst the first canal promoters were the pottery manufacturers of Staffordshire). The UK was the first country to acquire a nationwide canal network.
Canals came into being because the Industrial Revolution (which began in Britain during the mid-18th century) demanded an economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries starting with the Thames locks and the River Wey Navigation. The biggest growth was in the so-called "narrow" canals which extended water transport to the emerging industrial areas of the Staffordshire potteries and Birmingham as well as a network of canals joining Yorkshire and Lancashire and extending to London.
The 19th century saw some major new canals such as the Caledonian Canal and the Manchester Ship Canal. By the second half of the 19th century, many canals were increasingly becoming owned by railway companies or competing with them, and many were in decline, with decreases in mile-ton charges to try to remain competitive. After this the less successful canals (particularly narrow-locked canals, whose boats could only carry about thirty tons) failed quickly.
The 20th century brought competition from road-haulage, and only the strongest canals survived until the Second World War. After the war, decline of trade on all remaining canals was rapid, and by the mid 1960s only a token traffic was left, even on the widest and most industrial waterways.
In the 1960s the infant canal leisure industry was only just sufficient to prevent the closure of the still-open canals, but then the pressure to maintain canals for leisure purposes increased. From the 1970s onwards, increasing numbers of closed canals were restored by enthusiast volunteers. The success of these projects has led to the funding and use of contractors to complete large restoration projects and complex civil engineering projects such as the restoration of the Victorian Anderton Boat Lift and the new Falkirk Wheel rotating lift.
Restoration projects by volunteer-led groups continue. There is now a substantial network of interconnecting, fully navigable canals across the country. In places, serious plans are in progress by the Environment Agency and British Waterways Board for building new canals to expand the network, link isolated sections, and create new leisure opportunities for navigating 'canal rings', for example: the Fens Waterways Link and the Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway.
Shropshire Union Canal at Wervin Cheshire Spring 2015
Brigitte Helm plays multiple roles in the film: the kind, loving Maria; Rotwang’s Machine Man (or robot); the Seven Deadly Sins; Death; the Creative Man; and the false Maria. The false Maria – Rotwang’s Machine Man with Maria’s likeness transferred to it – unleashes chaos throughout Metropolis.
.....or "Spring jewels"
After the overnight rain, and no wind, all the trees were laden with rain drops. Here, on the buds of May blossom. However, the slightest touch on any branch, brought a whole shower down on both me and the camera...and this close in it was hard not to.
OM Zuiko 90/2 macro
DSC00437_Lr6-2
This large Cape Buffalo Bull had just despatched a lion. The red on his horns is lion body tissue. Two young male lions had tried to take another buffalo, but apparently in their inexperience they hadn't taken into account the bull. One of the lions survived.
Erigeron is a large genus of plants in the daisy family. It is sometimes confused with other closely related genera, Aster and the true daisy Bellis
...Or stun......tho' actually it was set to max,Not entirely straight out of the camera this one,mucking around in the woods today with justin and some fireworks ,most of the shots turned out very abstract ,some on reflection just didn't work but hey thats the fun of lightpainting right? all the light painting was sooc apart from watermark and a slide to the far right on the clarity slider in lightroom ,this isn't for the record because i've become a conservative MP but because it looks Pseudo HDR man, and i Like it ok !!!?!?
Grenoble - Février 2011
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The Chelsea Flower Show
Friday 22nd June 2015
Today I went to the Flower Show, it was marvellous. Flowers; Gardens and Sculpture right up my street. I have always concentrated mostly on flowers, so you will excuse that there are very few garden images in my stream. I think I like Irises most, followed closely by Dahlias; Peonies and Tulips. I will endeavour to post these (+ others) over the next two or three months (in between Rome; Churches and Stained Glass). Hope you like them.
A UP manifest works way south on the Black Butte Sub near Worden, OR. In a few moments it will be crossing over the state line into California. The original right of way can be seen in the foreground with red cinder ballast, most likely from the pit at Kegg.
#HAPPYBIRTHDAYMADONNA! ♥ Inspired by Madonna's ICONIC 1991 Truth or Dare publicity photos, shot by the legendary Steven Meisel ♥
Closer to the lights out than its neighbour, still on White Sand Beach, Boracai Island, Philippines, I bet that skimboarder is finally hungry.
Or thirsty.
Luckily that place can accomodate for both.
When open and accessible, meaning not right now.
Google Boracai for more.
©Sekitar --- All rights reserved. Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission.
found on street alive 😊 barely ...
Sony FE mount Voigtlander Heliar 15mm lll used with a Viltrox EZ adapter on a Nikon Zf
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I just pointed my cam towards this group of people not knowing what would happen or what the outcome would become.
I don't know, i just kinda like it how it turned out.
Arachtober 31st: Same kind of spidey as yesterday, 'cept this one was in the middle of having a snack. I think this is Larinioides cornutus(?), an Orb Weaver Spider.
With track re-laying in progress on 20 November 1976, a push-pull set arrives at Edinburgh Waverley from Glasgow Queen St powered ‘top and tail’ by a pair of BRCW Class 27s. I well recall the feeling of being ‘shoved’ when travelling in the rear coach of these trains, as well as the distinctive sound of the ancillary Deutz air-cooled diesel engines retro-fitted to the Class 27/2s to provide electric train heating supply. As a visitor from ‘down south’, Scotland at the time seemed a very different place!
Albertans are a hardy breed and know how to adapt & conquer any challenge including this brutal winter weather. Since i can't send the -47C with the windchill factor... I'll mentally challenge you to a game of Truth or Dare? ( I'm sure it will be far more entertaining then seeing the frozen tears of horror on your face if you really had to deal with these temps)
It's a balmy -25C right now, warming up significantly. It's OK if you don't wanna play, I'll just presume you are too busy playing with yourself.
Over Norton gets a light show.
this is how the HDR came out. it looks super saturated, but if anything the sky is duller than reality...for a few brief moments
Taken today while out walking with me wife. The last time we walked along this beach was more than 11 years ago. Studland beach just sits outside of Poole harbour and has views across to Sandbanks and the rest of the best beaches the south coast has to offer.
PLEASE, NO invitations or self promotions, THEY WILL BE DELETED. My photos are FREE to use, just give me credit and it would be nice if you let me know, thanks.
Sign of the times of Covid-19, it did take away from the atmosphere.
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De Gannes Property - Michel de Gannes de Falaise (1702-1752) held a commission in the colonial troops. Born to a military family at Port Royal in Acadia, he trained in Quebec but saw much of his service here alongside military in-laws and cousins. Twice during 1744, de Gannes was off making war in British-held Acadia, leaving this house to his wife Elisabeth de Catalogne and six children. They had a seventh child later, 5 daughters and 2 sons in total.
He also had a daughter with Marie-Anne Carrerot, his mistress before he got married.
A insulating layer of Boston boards conceals the simple log walls of Michel de Gannes’ house as well as other homes of people with noble names. Rich and poor people lived close together in the eighteenth century, the elite never doubted their superiority and felt no need to be isolated from lesser folk. Workmen and clerks laboured and sometimes lived in the nearby storehouses. Tailors and wig makers made their rounds to the houses and nearly every household included at least one servant.
The lives of servants hide from scrutiny. One slave won freedom, married and acquired land; labourer's and fishermen's daughters might serve until they saved a dowry and could marry and raise a family, but many servants lived plain and silent lives, dependent on the families they served. In a little house like this one, a domestic would have been lucky to get a bed in the attic — some servants simply curled up in a corner of the kitchen. Despite their obscurity the presence of servants and working people throughout the community was important in that time.
The Socorro Dove (Zenaida graysoni or Zenaida macroura graysoni) is a dove that is extinct in the wild.
It was endemic to Socorro Island, 550 km off the west coast of Mexico. The last confirmed sighting of a wild Socorro dove was in 1972 and it is was officially declared extinct in 1978, following human settlement on the island some 20 years earlier, predation by cats (it is a ground-dwelling bird), and overgrazing of its habitat by sheep. There are not more than some 200 and probably fewer than 100 purebred birds in captivity.
The Socorro Dove (Zenaida macroura graysoni) is was formerly a subspecies of the Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura) in North America. The dove is now officially considered a separate species (Zenaida graysoni).
The Socorro Dove is still larger and darker as the Mourning Dove and more heavily built.
It is a medium-sized dove, 26.5–34 cm long and weighs 190 g on average.
The Socorro Dove hybridizes readily with the Mourning Dove and a great many of the Socorros in the US, when DNA tested, have been shown to by hybrids. This is not the case with the European-bred birds and it is this stock that will be used for the reintroduction programme.
This picture was taken in Burgers Desert, a part of Burgers Zoo in Arnhem, the Netherlands.
De Socorroduif (Zenaida graysoni), ook wel Socorrotreurduif en Graysonduif genoemd, is een duif die in het wild is uitgestorven. Sinds 1972 komt deze vogel niet meer voor op het eiland Socorro in de oostelijke Grote Oceaan, 550 km voor de Mexicaans kust, waar hij endemisch was.
Omdat er geen roofzoogdieren op het oorspronkelijk onbewoonde eiland Socorro voorkomen, liet de duif zich gemakkelijk pakken door katten die rond 1950 naar het eiland waren gebracht. Ook voor mensen is de duif niet echt bang. Er zijn nog ongeveer 200 exemplaren in gevangenschap, waarvan minder dan 100 nog echt zuiver is. Een programma is opgezet voor herintroductie van de soort op het eiland.
Deze roodbruine duif kan ruim 30 cm lang worden en weegt gemiddeld 190 gram. De roodkleurige snavel is kort en slank met een donkere punt. Het mannetje is wat meer uitgesproken van kleur dan het vrouwtje.
Op het eiland kwam de Socorrotreurduif vooral voor in bosachtig gebied boven de 500 meter.
Hij eet zaden, fruit en kleine insecten.
Deze foto is genomen in Burgers Desert, de grote overdekt woestijnhal van Burgers Zoo.
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All rights reserved. Copyright © Martien Uiterweerd. All my images are protected under international authors copyright laws and may not be downloaded, reproduced, copied, transmitted or manipulated without my written explicit permission.
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