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a close up (width of photo = roughly .0001m) of young neurons born recently in the adult mouse brain. the blue is NeuN, a protein found only in neurons (and is therefore good for identifying them) and the red/pink is doublecortin, a protein found only in young neurons. doublecortin is needed for neuronal processes to be able to grow and contact other neurons. when the neurons mature and have formed all their connections they no longer need doublecortin. you can see that all the neurons but those at the left-most edge are therefore mature.
“Every neural network we looked at, we would find a dedicated neuron for Donald Trump. That was the only person who had always had a dedicated neuron.” — Chris Olah, Anthropic’s head of mechanistic interpretability (trying to make sense of these neural nets after they have been trained), from the Lex Fridman podcast
This is a purely emergent phenomenon, not designed in, and it’s part of a broader resonant homology across neural networks, biological and artificial.
Chris: “This, actually, is indeed a really remarkable and exciting thing, where the same elements, the same features and circuits, form again and again. You can look at every vision model, and you’ll find curve detectors, and you’ll find high-low-frequency detectors. And in fact, there’s some reason to think that the same things form across biological neural networks and artificial neural networks. So, a famous example is vision models in the early layers. They have Gabor [edge-detecting] filters, and Gabor filters are something that neuroscientists are interested in and have thought a lot about. We find curve detectors in these models. Curve detectors are also found in monkeys. We discover these high-low-frequency detectors, and then some follow-up work went and discovered them in rats or mice. So, they were found first in artificial neural networks and then found in biological neural networks.” — from the Lex Fridman pod, and it’s quite interesting from this point onward
This field of study has fascinated me from my first exposure to neural networks in 1989 (when I started a PhD in EE to study them). How fascinating that artificial neural nets recapitulate some of the developmental processes and resulting structures seen in our sensory cortex!
But the biological analogy also carries over to the problem of interpretability. The complex artifacts created by an iterative algorithm — whether brain or LLM — are inherently inscrutable. I first wrote about this in the MIT Tech Review in 2006, concluding: “If we artificially evolve a smart AI, it will be an alien intelligence defined by its sensory interfaces, and understanding its inner workings may require as much effort as we are now expending to explain the human brain.”
So, I respect the difficulty of Mechinterp, and the appeal, unweaving the beauty of transcendence.
Chris concludes: “Biology has these simple rules, and it gives rise to all the life and ecosystems that we see around us. All the beauty of nature, that all just comes from evolution and from something very simple in evolution. And similarly, I think that neural networks build, create enormous complexity and beauty inside and structure inside themselves that people generally don’t look at and don’t try to understand because it’s hard to understand. But I think that there is an incredibly rich structure to be discovered inside neural networks, a lot of very deep beauty if we’re just willing to take the time to go and see it and understand it.”
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This group exhibition, including work by Catherine Richards, Michael Snow, Scott Rogers, Thomson & Craighead and Simon Pope, draws on ideas of scientific experimentation, media processing, and time delay. Each work acts to slow down our senses of perception, causing within us an awareness of both time passing and our experience of it. The title refers to that fact that we often watch other people interact with responsive art, and mirror their behaviour, consciously or not.
Catherine Richards’ I was scared to death / I could have died of joy features glass replicas of the brain, which react to your presence with pulses of electromagnetic light. Scott Rogers’ Between Nonesuch Place juxtaposes an actual non-functioning glass object, a ‘self-flowing flask’ with its virtual working counterpart. Thomson & Craighead’s Flipped Clock is a modified digital clock display, where each individual digit is rotated by 180-degrees. Simon Pope’s Recall From Memory the Space of Another Gallery is an invitation for the visitor to recall experiences of being in other gallery spaces from memory. The seminal filmmaker Michael Snow’s WVLNT: Wavelength for those who don't have the time. Originally 45 minutes, Now 15! remixes his own seminal work Wavelength.
Credit
Curated by Sarah Cook. Supported by CRUMB and The University of Sunderland.
What's the role of an astrocyte in the human brain? New research at the University of California in San Diego suggests that the mysterious cells -- which link neurons in the human brain -- may be more important in understanding diseases such as Alzheimer's than once believed. In one study using a rat cortex, researchers observed how astrocytes were triggered and saw how calcium signals would rise and fall. The research could help scientists develop new drug treatments.
Source: UCSD
Via. FoxNews.com Eyepoppers
This group exhibition, including work by Catherine Richards, Michael Snow, Scott Rogers, Thomson & Craighead and Simon Pope, draws on ideas of scientific experimentation, media processing, and time delay. Each work acts to slow down our senses of perception, causing within us an awareness of both time passing and our experience of it. The title refers to that fact that we often watch other people interact with responsive art, and mirror their behaviour, consciously or not.
Catherine Richards’ I was scared to death / I could have died of joy features glass replicas of the brain, which react to your presence with pulses of electromagnetic light. Scott Rogers’ Between Nonesuch Place juxtaposes an actual non-functioning glass object, a ‘self-flowing flask’ with its virtual working counterpart. Thomson & Craighead’s Flipped Clock is a modified digital clock display, where each individual digit is rotated by 180-degrees. Simon Pope’s Recall From Memory the Space of Another Gallery is an invitation for the visitor to recall experiences of being in other gallery spaces from memory. The seminal filmmaker Michael Snow’s WVLNT: Wavelength for those who don't have the time. Originally 45 minutes, Now 15! remixes his own seminal work Wavelength.
Credit
Curated by Sarah Cook. Supported by CRUMB and The University of Sunderland.
…neuroni alla ricerca di una strada mai percorsa, / labirinti cerebrali specchiati, / tutto è come amplificato, bizzarro, / sono un proiettile impazzito nella fantasia cosmica….
...neurons in search for a never covered route, / cerebral labyrinths mirrored, / everything is somehow amplified, bizarre, / I am a bullet gone wild in the cosmic fantasy...
Encéphale. Les péricaryons des neurones moteurs de l’encéphale contenant les corps de Nissl
(flèches bleues) donnent à ces cellules un aspect moucheté. Les corps de Nissl sont des amas de réticulum endoplasmique granuleux. Les cercles entourent diverses cellules gliales (astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microgliocytes)
non reconnaissables avec la méthode de coloration utilisée. Le noyau (X) des neurones est imposant, ovoide et plus ou moins en position centrale.
- Pour plus de détails ou précisions, voir « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, ou « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) ou s'adresser à Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
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Encephalon. Motor neurons containing NISSL bodies
(blue arrows) give the neuronal cytoplasm a granular
appearance. NISSL bodies are large granules which
consist of rough endoplasmic reticulum (i.e. with ribosomes).
The circles show various glial cells (astrocytes,
oligodendrocytes or microglial cells) not distinguishable
with the trichrome stain. The nucleus (X) of the neuron is large, ovoid and centrally located in the cytoplasm.
- For more information or details, see « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, or « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) or contact Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
The neuron is the large cell surrounded by very small glial cells. Cellular processes, dendrites and an axon, extend from the cell body of the neuron (where most of the cytoplasm and nucleus is located).
EXPLORE, EXPERIENCE AND WONDER
Activities to stimulate, inspire and amuse your little grey cells....
Art and Science on the Brain
Wonder Street Fair 7-9 April 2013
Barbican Centre, London
Festival of Neuroscience - BNA 2013
A unique experience with outstanding speakers presenting the latest developments in research into the brain and CNS organised by British Neuroscience Association and supported by Wellcome Trust
Chez les mammifères, la fonction de reproduction est sous le contrôle d’une petite population de neurones située dans une région spécifique du cerveau : l’hypothalamus. Ces neurones, dits "à GnRH" déversent dans la circulation une hormone appelée gonadolibérine ou GnRH (hormone de libération des gonadotrophines hypophysaires) qui régule la sécrétion d'hormones reproductives. Au cours de leur migration du nez vers le cerveau pendant la vie fœtale, certains neurones à GnRH (visualisés ici vert) expriment l'enzyme NOS1 (visualisée rouge). Cette dernière est capable de synthétiser un neurotransmetteur, le monoxyde d'azote, régulant l'activité des neurones à GnRH. Les cellules présentant à la fois la GnRH et la NOS1 apparaissent en jaune.
© Vincent Prévot/Inserm.licence CC-BY-NC 4.0 international
Image accompagnant le communiqué de presse publié le 5 octobre 2022 : Nouvelles pistes pour réduire les complications à long terme chez les enfants nés prématurés presse.inserm.fr/nouvelles-pistes-pour-reduire-les-compli...
En savoir plus :
Les enfants nés prématurément ont un risque plus élevé de souffrir de troubles cognitifs et sensoriels mais aussi d’infertilité à l’âge adulte. Dans une étude parue en 2022, une équipe de chercheurs et chercheuses de l’Inserm, du CHU de Lille et de l’Université de Lille, au sein du laboratoire Lille neuroscience et cognition, soulève des pistes intéressantes pour améliorer leur pronostic. En menant des travaux sur une maladie rare appelée hypogonadisme hypogonadotrope congénital, les scientifiques ont en effet découvert le rôle clé d’une enzyme et le potentiel thérapeutique du neurotransmetteur qu’elle synthétise – le monoxyde d’azote – pour réduire le risque de complications à long terme en cas de prématurité. Les résultats sont décrits dans Science Translational Medicine. L’équipe de recherche a par ailleurs lancé un essai clinique au CHU de Lille en partenariat avec un hôpital d’Athènes (Grèce) pour aller plus loin et mesurer l’effet du monoxyde d’azote chez des enfants prématurés.
Clustering of endogenous ankyrinG or Na+ channel (red) at the axonal initial segment is not altered by a mutant ankyrinG (green) that disrupts βIV spectrin localization. (JCB 176(4) TOC2)
This image is available to the public to copy, distribute, or display under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Reference: Yang et al. (2007) J. Cell Biol. 176:509-519.
Published on: February 5, 2007.
Doi: 10.1083/jcb.200610128.
Read the full article at:
The image displays a number of spiral ganglion neurons surrounded by Schwann cells from the inner ear of a mouse. An image stack was acquired using the FIB/SEM technique and the image was post processed in Amira ResolveRT creating this 3D reconstruction.
Courtesy of Michael Larsen
Image Details
Instrument used: Quanta DualBeam Family
Magnification: 6500x
Horizontal Field Width: 52.5
Vacuum: High
Voltage: 5.00kV
Spot: 1.0
Working Distance: 10
Detector: BCD
Agrandissement de l'image P11a_024 montrant les corps cellulaires des neurones géants de Mauthner. Le canal de l'épendyme, au centre, contient le liquide cérébrospinal (en turquoise). La substance grise est bien présente en haut du cliché. L’appareil de Mauthner est une spécialisation neuromusculaire agissant comme centre de coordination motrice qui reçoit des impressions sensorielles multiples et variées. Les cellules transmettent, via leur long axone, les informations motrices aux muscles blancs (rapides) du tronc et de la queue.
- Pour plus de détails ou précisions, voir « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, ou « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) ou s'adresser à Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
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Higher magnification of the P11a_024 micrograph. The paired Mauthner neuronal bodies are obvious because of their huge triangular size. The central canal containing cerebrospinal fluid (turquoise) is lined by ependymal cells. Grey matter is well present at the top.
The Mauthnerian system is a neurolocomotory system
well developed in teleost fish. Two nerves possess giant axons which extend the length of the body, synapsing with motor neurons. Stimulations of the acoustic nerve VIII initiate rapid locomotion forward and away from the direction of stimuli.
- For more information or details, see « Atlas of Fish Histology » CRC Press, or « Histologie illustrée du poisson » (QUAE) or contact Franck Genten (fgenten@gmail.com)
My biology viewers might recognise what this SL model is supposed to be.
This is a preliminary prototype for a neuron membrane showing stylised transport proteins (purple). The round guys with the lids are gated sodium proteins the lidless tubes are gated potassium channel proteins. The "lids on the sodium gates will be scripted to pop open to let Na+ ions through while the bottoms of the K+ channels will flip open and closed.
The oval shaped guy on the right is part of a Na+/K+ pump.
All these proteins are embedded in a stylised plasma membrane (red fatty acid residues connected to white polar heads with phosphorus for the phospholipids).