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El casco antiguo de Graz fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1999.
A orillas del río Mur se encuentra una colina llamada Schlossberg, que tiene una altura de 475 metros.
Hace más de 1.000 años se construyó un castillo que dio el nombre a la ciudad (que se deriva de la palabra eslovena gradec, que significa "pequeño castillo"). Desde el año 1125 la colina albergó una impresionante fortaleza. En 1809 Napoleón ordenó destruirla. En dicha colina se edificó en 1560 la Torre del reloj, uno de los símbolos de la ciudad. Entre las diferentes calles que forman parte del distrito Innere Stadt destaca la calle Sporgasse. La calle es más antigua que la ciudad ya que fueron los romanos, los primeros que trazaron una vía que iba desde el valle del río Mur hasta la ciudad romana de Savaria (actual Szombately, en Hungría). Los artesanos que trabajaban en esta calle son los que dieron el nombre a la calle. En la actualidad, la Sporgasse es una calle dedicada al comercio.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casco_histórico_de_Graz
Innere Stadt (German pronunciation: [ˈɪnəʀə ʃtat]) is the 1st district of the Austrian city of Graz, capital of the federal state of Styria. It is the part of the Old Town (in German: Altstadt) containing the Schloßberg and the city park (Stadtpark). The district borders are formed by the Mur river between Radetzkybrücke and Keplerbrücke, the Wickenburggasse, the Glacis, Jakominiplatz and the Radetzkystraße. The district covers an area of 1.16 km² and -as of 2011- has a population of 3,545.
In 1999, the Old Town was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innere_Stadt_(Graz)
Graz [ˈɡʁaːt͡s] es una ciudad austríaca, capital del estado federado de Estiria (en alemán, Steiermark). Con una población de 269.997 habitantes (1-1-2014) es la segunda ciudad más grande del país. Ciudad universitaria por excelencia, fue nombrada Capital Europea de la Cultura en el año 2003.
Graz está situada a orillas del río Mura al sureste de Austria. Se encuentra a 189 kilómetros de Viena, la capital de país.
La primera mención de la ciudad apareció en un documento escrito por el margrave de Estiria Leopoldo I. En la actualidad no se dispone del original aunque existe una copia del siglo XV.
El último representante de la dinastía Otakar fue Otakar IV de Estiria, margrave de Estiria y duque desde 1180. Otakar no tenía descendencia y había contraído la lepra. En el año 1186 Otakar se reunió con el duque Leopoldo V, de la Casa de Babenberg, en la localidad de Enns donde firmaron el Pacto de Georgenberger mediante el cual Otokar designaba a los Babenberg como sucesores.
En 1379 Graz se convierte en la residencia de los Habsburgo al ser nombrada capital de la Austria interna (en alemán Innerösterreich), territorio que comprendía Estiria, Carintia, Carniola y algunas posesiones en Italia. La estancia de la familia imperial se prolongó hasta 1619.
El 10 de abril de 1797, las tropas francesas hicieron su entrada en Graz por primera vez. Dos días más tarde, Napoleón llegó a Graz, donde permaneció unos días hasta su marcha a Göss, cerca de Leoben. El 14 de noviembre de 1805, el ejército francés, al mando del general Marmont, invadió la ciudad por segunda vez. La ocupación finalizó el 11 de enero de 1806 con la retirada de las tropas galas. El 30 de mayo de 1809 se produjo la tercera incursión de la legión francesa, esta vez bajo las órdenes de MacDonald. El 4 de enero de 1810 los franceses abandonaron Graz definitivamente.
Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial el 16 % de los edificios fueron destruidos y 1788 personas perdieron la vida como consecuencia de la ofensiva. El casco histórico no se vio afectado por los ataques, a excepción de la Tummelplatz. La estación central y las plantas industriales del sur y el oeste de la ciudad fueron los objetivos de los bombardeos.
En los años posteriores a la proclamación de la independencia del país en 1955, se produjeron muchos de los cambios que conformaron la imagen actual de la ciudad. En el plano cultural destaca la creación de varios festivales. En 1968 se celebró la primera edición del steirische herbst, el festival de arte contemporáneo más antiguo de Europa. En 1985 se inauguró el Styriarte, festival dedicado a la música clásica. Ambos festivales se celebran cada año y son de gran importancia para la capital de Estiria. La fisionomía de Graz va a experimentar sucesivas modificaciones y ampliaciones. Así pues, se construyeron nuevos puentes y en 1972 se abrió la primera zona peatonal. A finales de los años 80 tiene lugar un importante crecimiento de la zona sureste. En 1988, Puntigam fue considerado como distrito independiente de Straßgang, quedando establecidos los diecisiete distritos en los que se divide Graz hoy en día.
En 1993 la ciudad recibió un premio de la organización ecologista Greenpeace. Ese mismo año organizó el Mes de la cultura europeo por encargo de la Unión Europea.
El casco antiguo de Graz fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1999.
Graz cuenta con 4 universidades que reúnen a cerca de 40 000 estudiantes. Es la segunda ciudad universitaria más importante de Austria después de Viena. Uno de cada 7 habitantes de Graz estudia.
Graz (/ɡrɑːts/ GRAHTS, German: [ɡʁaːts]) is the capital of the Austrian province Styria and the second-largest city in Austria after Vienna. On 1 January 2019, it had a population of 328,276 (292,269 of whom had principal residence status). In 2015, the population of the Graz larger urban zone who had principal residence status stood at 633,168. Graz has a long tradition as seat of universities: its six universities have almost 60,000 students. Its historic centre is one of the best-preserved city centres in Central Europe.[5]
For centuries, Graz was more important to Slovenes and Croats, both politically and culturally, than the capitals of Ljubljana, Slovenia and Zagreb, Croatia; it remains influential to this day.[6] In 1999, Graz's historic centre was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites and in 2010, the site was extended with Eggenberg Palace (German: Schloss Eggenberg). Graz was the Cultural Capital of Europe in 2003 and became a City of Culinary Delights in 2008.
The name of the city, Graz, formerly spelled Gratz, most likely stems from the Slavic gradec, "small castle". Some archaeological finds point to the erection of a small castle by Alpine Slavic people, which over time became a heavily defended fortification. In literary Slovene and Croatian, gradec still means "small castle". The German name 'Graz' first appears in records in 1128.
Graz is situated on the Mur river in southeast Austria. It is about 200 km (120 mi) southwest of Vienna. The nearest larger urban centre is Maribor in Slovenia which is about 50 km (31 mi) away. Graz is the capital and largest city in Styria, a green and heavily forested area.
The oldest settlement on the ground of the modern city of Graz dates back to the Copper Age. However, no historical continuity exists of a settlement before the Middle Ages. During the 12th century, dukes under Babenberg rule made the town into an important commercial center. Later, Graz came under the rule of the Habsburgs and, in 1281, gained special privileges from King Rudolph I.
In the 14th century, Graz became the city of residence of the Inner Austrian line of the Habsburgs. The royalty lived in the Schlossberg castle and from there ruled Styria, Carinthia, most of today's Slovenia, and parts of Italy (Carniola, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste).
In the 16th century, the city's design and planning were primarily controlled by Italian Renaissance architects and artists. One of the most famous buildings built in this style is the Landhaus, designed by Domenico dell'Allio, and used by the local rulers as a governmental headquarters.
Karl-Franzens-Universität, also called the University of Graz, is the city's oldest university, founded in 1585 by Archduke Karl II. For most of its existence, it was controlled by the Catholic church, and was closed in 1782 by Joseph II in an attempt to gain state control over educational institutions. Joseph II transformed it into a lyceum where civil servants and medical personnel were trained. In 1827 it was re-instituted as a university by Emperor Franz I, thus gaining the name 'Karl-Franzens Universität,' meaning 'Charles-Francis University.' Over 30,000 students currently study at this university.
The astronomer Johannes Kepler lived in Graz for a short period. There, he worked as a math teacher and was a professor of mathematics at the University of Graz, but still found time to study astronomy. He left Graz to go to Prague when Lutherans were banned from the city.
Ludwig Boltzmann was Professor for Mathematical Physics from 1869 to 1890. During that time, Nikola Tesla studied electrical engineering at the Polytechnic in 1875. Nobel Laureate Otto Loewi taught at the University of Graz from 1909 until 1938. Ivo Andric, the 1961 Nobel Prize for Literature Laureate obtained his doctorate at the University of Graz. Erwin Schrödinger was briefly chancellor of the University of Graz in 1936.
Graz lies in Styria, or Steiermark in German. Mark is an old German word indicating a large area of land used as a defensive border, in which the peasantry is taught how to organize and fight in the case of an invasion. With a strategic location at the head of the open and fertile Mur valley, Graz was often assaulted (unsuccessfully), e.g. by the Hungarians under Matthias Corvinus in 1481, and by the Ottoman Turks in 1529 and 1532. Apart from the Riegersburg Castle, the Schlossberg was the only fortification in the region that never fell to the Ottoman Turks. Graz is home to the region's provincial armory, which is the world's largest historical collection of late medieval and Renaissance weaponry. It has been preserved since 1551, and displays over 30,000 items.
From the earlier part of the 15th century, Graz was the residence of the younger branch of the Habsburgs, which succeeded to the imperial throne in 1619 in the person of Emperor Ferdinand II, who moved the capital to Vienna. New fortifications were built on the Schlossberg at the end of the 16th century. Napoleon's army occupied Graz in 1797. In 1809, the city withstood another assault by the French army. During this attack, the commanding officer in the fortress was ordered to defend it with about 900 men against Napoleon's army of about 3,000. He successfully defended the Schlossberg against eight attacks, but they were forced to give up after the Grande Armée occupied Vienna and the Emperor ordered to surrender. Following the defeat of Austria by Napoleonic forces at the Battle of Wagram in 1809, the fortifications were demolished using explosives, as stipulated in the Peace of Schönbrunn of the same year. The belltower and the civic clock tower, often used as the symbol of Graz, were spared after the people of Graz paid a ransom for their preservation.
Archduke Karl II of Inner Austria had 20,000 Protestant books burned in the square of what is now a mental hospital, and succeeded in returning Styria to the authority of the Holy See. Archduke Franz Ferdinand was born in Graz, in what is now the Stadtmuseum (city museum).
The more recent population figures do not give the whole picture as only people with principal residence status are counted and people with secondary residence status are not. Most of the people with secondary residence status in Graz are students. At the end of 2016 there were 33,473 people with secondary residence status in Graz.
Oceanic climate is the type found in the city, but due to the 0 °C isotherm, the same occurs in a humid continental climate with based in Köppen system (Cfb/Dfb borderline). Wladimir Köppen himself was in town and conducted studies to see how the climate of the past influenced the Continental Drift theory. Due to its position southeast of the Alps, Graz is shielded from the prevailing westerly winds that bring weather fronts in from the North Atlantic to northwestern and central Europe. The weather in Graz is thus influenced by the Mediterranean, and it has more hours of sunshine per year than Vienna or Salzburg and also less wind or rain. Graz lies in a basin that is only open to the south, causing the climate to be warmer than would be expected at that latitude. Plants are found in Graz that normally grow much further south.
Politically, culturally, scientifically and religiously, Graz was an important centre for all Slovenes, especially from the establishment of the University of Graz in 1586 until the establishment of University of Ljubljana in 1919. In 1574, the first Slovene Catholic book [sl] was published in Graz, and in 1592, Hieronymus Megiser published in Graz the book Dictionarium quatuor linguarum, the first multilingual dictionary of Slovene.
The Styrian Slovenes did not consider Graz a German city, but their own, a place to study while living at their relatives' homes and to fulfill one's career ambitions. The student associations in Graz were a crucible of the Slovene identity, and the Slovene students in Graz were more nationally aware than some others. This led to fierce anti-Slovene efforts of German nationalists in Graz before and during World War II.
Many Slovenian Styrians study there. Slovenes are among the professors at the Institute for Jazz in Graz. Numerous Slovenes have found employment there, while being formerly unemployed in Slovenia. For the Slovene culture, Graz remains permanently important due to its university and the Universalmuseum Joanneum archives containing numerous documents from the Slovenian Styria.
A symposium on the relation of Graz and the Slovenes was held in Graz in 2010, at the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the establishment of the first and oldest chair of Slovene. It was established at the Lyzeum of Graz in July 1811 on the initiative of Janez Nepomuk Primic [sl]. A collection of lectures on the topic was published. The Slovenian Post commemorated the anniversary with a stamp.
For the year that Graz was Cultural Capital of Europe, new structures were erected. The Graz Museum of Contemporary Art (German: Kunsthaus) was designed by Peter Cook and Colin Fournier and is situated next to the Mur river. The Island in the Mur is a floating platform made of steel. It was designed by American architect Vito Acconci and contains a café, an open-air theatre and a playground.
The historic centre was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1999 due to the harmonious co-existence of typical buildings from different epochs and in different architectural styles. Situated in a cultural borderland between Central Europe, Italy and the Balkan States, Graz absorbed various influences from the neighbouring regions and thus received its exceptional townscape. Today the old town consists of over 1000 buildings, their age ranging from Gothic to contemporary.
The most important sights in the historic centre are:
Town Hall (Rathaus). The Schlossberg hill, a hill dominating the historic centre (475 m (1,558.40 ft) high), site of a demolished fortress, with views over Graz. The Clock Tower (Uhrturm) is a symbol of Graz, at the top of the Schlossberg hill. The New Gallery (Neue Galerie), a museum of art. The Schlossberg hill funicular (Schlossbergbahn), a funicular railway up the Schlossberg hill. The seat of Styria's provincial parliament (Landhaus), a palace in Lombardic style. It is one of the most important examples of Renaissance architecture in Austria and was built by Italian architect Domenico dell'Allio between 1557 and 1565.
The Armoury (Landeszeughaus) is the largest of its kind in the world.
The Graz Opera House (Opernhaus), the principal venue for opera, ballet, and operetta performances. It is the 2nd largest opera house in Austria.
The Graz Theatre (Schauspielhaus), Graz's principal theatre for productions of plays.
The Cathedral (Dom), a rare monument of Gothic architecture. Once, there were many frescos on the outer walls; today, only a few remain, like the Landplagenbild ("picture of plagues") painted in 1485, presumably by Thomas von Villach. The three plagues it depicts are locusts, pestilence and the invasion of the Turks, all of them striking the town in 1480. It features the oldest painted view of Graz.
The mausoleum of Emperor Ferdinand II next to the cathedral, the most important building of Mannerism in Graz. It includes both the grave where Ferdinand II and his wife are buried, and a church dedicated to St Catherine of Alexandria.
The Castle (Burg), with Gothic double staircase, built between 1438 and 1453 by Emperor Frederick III, because the old castle on the Schlossberg hill was too small and uncomfortable. The castle remained the residence of the Inner Austrian Court until 1619. Today, it serves as residence for the Styrian government.
The Painted House (Gemaltes Haus) in Herrengasse 3. It is completely covered with frescos (painted in 1742 by Johann Mayer).
The Museum of Contemporary Art Graz (Kunsthaus)
The Island in the Mur (Murinsel), an artificial island in the Mur river.
Buildings, inner courtyards (e. g. Early Renaissance courtyard of the Former House of Teutonic Knights in Sporgasse 22) and roofscape of the old town.
The Old Town and the adjacent districts are characterized by the historic residential buildings and churches found there. In the outer districts buildings are predominantly of the architectural styles from the second half of the 20th century.
In 1965 the Grazer Schule (School of Graz) was founded. Several buildings around the universities are of this style, for example the green houses by Volker Giencke and the RESOWI center by Günther Domenig.
Before Graz became the European Capital of Culture in 2003, several new projects were realized, such as the Stadthalle, the Kindermuseum (museum for children), the Helmut-List-Halle, the Kunsthaus and the Murinsel.
Murinsel es una plataforma construida sobre el río Mura y que conecta sus dos orillas con sendas pasarelas peatonales, a modo de puente, en la ciudad austriaca de Graz.
La Murinsel que en alemán significa literalmente isla en el Mura es una isla artificial flotante construida en medio del río Mura y que comunica las dos orillas del río. Este símbolo de la ciudad de Graz fue diseñado por el artista norteamericano Vito Acconci con motivo de la designación de Graz como Capital Europea de la Cultura en 2003.
La plataforma tiene 47 metros de largo y está construida en acero y cristal y con una forma que podría recordar a una concha abierta. Con el empleo de materiales transparentes crean la sensación de una burbuja de aire en el río. No se trata únicamente de un lugar de tránsito, pues en su interior se abre un pequeño auditorio con capacidad para 350 personas y una cafetería. Durante la noche es iluminada con unas llamativas luces azules que sirven también para que sea divisada por las embarcaciones.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murinsel
The Murinsel (German, literally Mur island) in Graz, Austria, is an artificial floating "island" in the middle of the Mur river and links the two banks on both sides. At night the blue navigation lights that surround the structure light up. This landmark of Graz was designed by New York City artist Vito Acconci on the occasion of Graz becoming the 2003 European Capital of Culture.
Described by the artist as "A bowl that morphs into a dome that morphs into a bowl…" Mur Island is in the form of a giant sea shell and measures 47 m (154 ft) in length. Two footbridges connect it with both banks of the Mur. The center of the platform forms an amphitheatre. Below a twisted round dome there is a café and a playground.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murinsel
El río Mura (en alemán, Mur; en prekmuro: Müra, a veces Möra) es un largo río de Europa Central, el principal afluente del río Drava, a su vez afluente del río Danubio. Tiene una longitud total de 465 km, de los que 295 km están en Austria, 98 km en Eslovenia y el resto forma la frontera natural entre Croacia y Hungría. La ciudad más grande a sus orillas es la ciudad austriaca de Graz.
El río Mura nace en Austria, en los Alpes Orientales, en el estado de Salzburgo. La fuente del río está a 1898 m, en el parque nacional de Hohe Tauern. El río discurre en su primer tramo en dirección este por el fondo de un estrecho valle de montaña, pasando por las pequeñas localidades de Muhr y Höf, a partir de donde el río estará siempre acompañado en su tramo montañoso por pequeñas carreteras locales. Llega después a las pequeñas localidades de Sankt Michael im Lungau, Unternberg, Tamsweg (5774 hab. 2008), Ramingstein y Kendlbruck.
Se adentra a continuación el Mura en el estado de Estiria manteniendo el mismo rumbo oriental, pasando por Predlitz, Einach, Stadl an der Mur, Murau, Sankt Egldlas, Triebendorf, Saurau, Frojach, Teufenbach, Scheifling, Unzmarkt, Wöll, Tralheim, Furth y Judenburg (9435 hab. en 2008). Aquí el valle se ensancha un poco y la carretera es más amplia. Sigue por Zeltweg y Kobenz y de nuevo se cierra el valle. Pasa por las pequeñas localidades de St. Stefan ob Leoben y St. Michael in der Obersteiermark y alcanza la ciudad de Leoben (25.227 hab. en 2006), la segunda más poblada de Estiria, y el centro económico e industrial del norte del estado.
Continua el río por Proleb, Oberaich y Bruck an der Mur (13 439 hab. en 2001), donde recibe a uno de sus primeros afluentes de importancia, el río Mürz, que llega del este (tiene una longitud de 98 km y le aporta 20 m³/s). El río vira hacia el sur, un tramo en el que vuelve a encajonarse y llega a las pequeñas localidades de Zlatten, Mautstatt, Röthelstein, Frohnleiten, Peggau y Gratwein, donde el río sale ya de la zona montañosa.
Sigue en dirección sur llegando al poco a Graz (252 867 hab. en 2008), la capital de Estiria y segunda ciudad de Austria y la ciudad más importante a lo largo de todo el curso del río. Graz fue nombrada en el año 2003 Capital Europea de la Cultura y una de las actividades para festejarlo fue la construcción, en medio del río Mura, de un pabellón flotante, Murinsel (en alemán, «isla sobre el Mura»).
Sigue luego el río por Gössendorf, Kalsdorf bei Graz y Wildon, donde recibe por la izquierda, llegando del noroeste al río Kainach (64 km). Continua por Lebring-Sankt Margarethen, Gabersdorf y Wagna, donde vuelve a recibir a otro afluente por la izquierda, al río Sulm (83 km) y la pequeña localidad de Spielfeld. A partir de aquí, el río forma durante un corto tramo la frontera natural entre Austria, al norte, y Eslovenia, al sur. El río toma dirección este, pasando cerca de las localidades austriacas de Murfeld, Mureck, Gosdorf y Bad Radkersburg (1940 hab.), frente a la ciudad eslovena de Gornja Radgona (8689 hab. en 2008).
El río entra en Eslovenia, discurriendo cada vez más hacia el sureste. Pasa por Radenci (5265 hab. en 2002), Izakovci y Razkrizje. Sigue otro tramo fronterizo, esta vez entre Eslovenia, al noreste, y Croacia, al suroeste.
El río da su nombre a la región eslovena de Prekmurje («tierra sobre el Mura») y a la región croata de Međimurje («tierra entre el Mura»). En este tramo aún es posible encontrar algún transbordador de cable como forma de cruzarlo.
En el área del Međimurje Superior (upper Međimurje), en la parte occidental de la región, se producen a menudo inundaciones y cambios de curso, desplazándose lentamente hacia el norte de su ribera izquierda. Aquí está el mayor bosque a lo largo del río, el Murščak, situado entre Domašinec (1871 hab. en 2001) y Donji Hrašćan («hrast »es roble en croata).
Sigue el río cerca de las localidades de Sveti Martin na Muri (2509 hab. en 2001), Mursko Središće (6548 hab.) y Podturen (4392 hab.). Después, y aún en el tramo fronterizo, recibe, llegando del norte, al río Lendva. A partir de aquí el río seguirá siendo frontera hasta su desembocadura, pero esta vez entre Hungría, al noroeste y Croacia, al suroeste. En este último tramo pasa cerca de la localidad eslovena de Kotoriba (3333 hab. y el río termina cerca de Legrad (2764 hab.), en el condado de Koprivnica-Križevci, donde desemboca en el río Drava.
Desde el siglo IV a. de C. hay noticias de molinos flotantes alimentados por las corrientes del río. La antigua tecnología fue adoptada más tarde por los llegados eslavos y luego por los húngaros. Hasta las décadas de los años 1920 y 1930 muchas de esas fábricas se seguían operando a lo largo del río. Al menos uno de los antiguos molinos —Babičev mlin, cerca Veržej, en Eslovenia— sigue funcionando hasta el día de hoy.
El Mura era conocido por llevar pequeñas cantidades de oro, no lo suficiente como para ser adecuadas para la explotación, pero hoy fue el centro de actividad para muchas personas desde tiempos antiguos. La búsqueda organizada y explotación de oro y otros recursos locales fue alentada por primera vez en 1772.
es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Río_Mura
The Mur (German pronunciation: [ˈmuːɐ̯]) or Mura (Slovene pronunciation: [ˈmúːɾa] or [ˈmùːɾa]; Croatian: [mǔːra]; Hungarian: [ˈmurɒ]; Prekmurje Slovene: Müra or Möra) is a river in Central Europe rising in the Hohe Tauern national park of the Central Eastern Alps in Austria with its source being 1,898 m (6,227 ft) above sea level. It is a tributary of the Drava and subsequently the Danube.
The Mur's total length is around 464 kilometres (288 mi). About 326 km are within the interior of Austria; 95 km flow in and around Slovenia (67 km along the borders with Austria and Croatia, 28 km inside Slovenia), and the rest forms the border between Croatia and Hungary. The largest city on the river is Graz, Austria. Its basin covers an area of 13,800 km2 (5,300 sq mi).
Tributaries of the Mur include the Mürz, the Sulm, the Ščavnica, the Ledava and the Trnava.
Its name probably comes from Proto-Indo-European word *morgj, meaning "mud".
The river rises in a remote valley within the Lungau region of Austrian state of Salzburg. The river flows eastwards through Tamsweg before crossing the border into the state of Styria.
Between Tamsweg and Unzmarkt-Frauenburg the river flows through a rural mountain valley and is closely paralleled by the 65 km (40 mi) long narrow gauge Murtalbahn railway. From Unzmarkt the river continues in an easterly direction through the industrial towns of Leoben and Bruck an der Mur. At Bruck an der Mur the Mürz joins the Mur, which turns sharply south to flow through the city of Graz.
The river flows through the centre of Graz, passing underneath the Schloßberg and by the historic Inner City. As a result of being the European Capital of Culture for 2003, an artificial island known as the Murinsel was constructed in the middle of the river. Once heavily polluted by several paper mills on the shore and by the ironworks around Leoben, the water quality has improved since the 1980s and the river is now seen as an asset to the city.
From Graz the river continues to flow south, past the town of Leibnitz to its nearby confluence with the Sulm, where it adopts a more easterly course. Near Spielfeld, the river forms the border between Austria and Slovenia, a role it retains until just after the twin towns of Bad Radkersburg and Gornja Radgona, where it passes fully into Slovenia.
In Slovenia it passes the towns of Radenci, and Veržej. The river gives its name to the Slovenian region of Prekmurje (literally 'across the Mur') and the Croatian region of Međimurje (literally 'between the Mur'). Cable ferries and ship mills are still found in this area.
In the upper Međimurje area, in the western part of the region, the Mur floods and changes its course rather often, moving slowly toward the north on its left. Here, the biggest forest along the river, the Murščak, is located between Domašinec and Donji Hrašćan (derived from Croatian hrast 'oak'). After receiving its last significant tributary Trnava, the river ends near Legrad in Koprivnica-Križevci county, Croatia, where it flows into the Drava River.
Since the 4th century BC, there have been reports of floating mills powered by the streams of the river. The ancient technology was adopted later by arriving Slavs and then by Magyars. Several decades ago, in the 1920s and 1930s, many of these mills were still operating along the river. At least one of the old mills, the Babič Mill (Slovene: Babičev mlin) near Veržej, Slovenia, continues to operate to this day.
The Mur is known to carry small quantities of gold, not enough to be suitable for exploitation today, but this was a focus of activity for many people since ancient times. Organized research and exploitation of gold and other local resources was encouraged for the first time in 1772.
In Austria, several hydroelectric dams have been constructed for the production of renewable energy. The word "renewable" may be misleading in the case of smaller hydroelectric plants whose output is small by comparison to the environmental cost of construction. Currently in 2017, a hydroelectric dam is under construction in Puntigam, a few km south of the Graz city centre. The plan includes a massive sewage pipe between the city centre and the new dam, necessitating the felling of thousands of trees. The project is controversial and environmental groups are resisting it. Both environmental impact and economic studies have found the project to be neither ecologically nor economically viable. Additional hydroelectric plants are planned for Slovenia.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mur_(river)
A once typical view in South Wales of another set of empty HAA hoppers arriving at Deep Navigation Colliery for loading. Railfreight Power Station Coal Class 37/7 37896 (37231) eases through the loading pad area to run round its train. The MGR was the 6C91 SX Y 14:44 from Aberthaw Power Station.
Ocean/Deep Navigation was one of British Coal's last South Wales dry steam coal collieries and had ceased lifting coal on 22nd March and closed completely on 29th March 1991. Surface coal stocks took several months to clear thereafter.
All images on this site are exclusive property and may not be copied, downloaded, reproduced, transmitted, manipulated or used in any way without expressed written permission of the photographer. All rights reserved – Copyright Don Gatehouse
Navigation Road, with tram for Manchester (Etihad Campus) on the left, and the 13.44 Chester on the right.
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Captured with a manual Nikkor 135 mm ƒ1:2.8 on my Nikon Df, post processed in Lightroom using VSCO Film Pack.
Last time I seen this beauty was back in early February when she was in dry dock , hence I visited the harbour today to specifically capture her entering the navigation channel on the way to her berth .
Ocean Observer
IMO number 8511275
MMS I232217000
Name of the ship OCEAN OBSERVER
Former names OCEAN OBSERVER & 3 (2018, United Kingdom (UK))
OCEAN OBSERVER & M (2018, United Kingdom (UK))
OCEAN EK2 (2018, United Kingdom (UK))
OCEAN /BSABVDR (2017, United Kingdom (UK))
MERMAID (2007)
Vessel type Research vessel
Operating status Active
Flag United Kingdom (UK)
Gross tonnage 2820 tons
Deadweight 1598 tons
Length 80 m
Breadth 14 m
Engine type Ruston
Engine power 3440 KW
Year of build 1987
Builder HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO. LTD. - ULSAN, SOUTH KOREA
Classification society GERMANISCHER LLOYD
Home port LOWESTOFT
Owner GARDLINE MARINE SCIENCES - GREAT YARMOUTH, United Kingdom (UK)
Manager GARDLINE MARINE SCIENCES - GREAT YARMOUTH, United Kingdom (UK)
Description
OCEAN OBSERVER is a Research vessel built in 1987 by HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES CO. LTD. - ULSAN, SOUTH KOREA. Currently sailing under the flag of United Kingdom (UK). Formerly also known as OCEAN OBSERVER & 3, OCEAN OBSERVER & M, OCEAN EK2, OCEAN /BSABVDR, MERMAID. It's gross tonnage is 2820 tons.
An image from Washington Crossing state park at a celebration for George Washington's 285th birthday.
The illuminated track diagram in Navigation Road signal box. Saturday 28th January 1989
Navigation Crossing signal box was located by the Down Main line alongside Navigation Road level crossing in Altrincham and opened in 1882 replacing an earlier signal box located on the opposite side of Navigation Road level crossing. It was a Saxby & Farmer type 9 design fitted with a 20 lever Saxby & Farmer frame built by signalling the contractors Saxby & Farmer for the Manchester South Junction and Altrincham Railway. It was renamed Navigation Road in the early 1930s, possibly in conjunction with the opening of Navigation Road railway station 20th July 1931. A replacement 20 lever Railway Executive Committee frame was installed in June 1947 by the London Midland & Scottish Railway Company. The signal box closed on 6th July 1991, control of Navigation Road level crossing passing to Deansgate Junction signal box by means of closed circuit television although the equipment was not commissioned until 22nd July 1991
The diagram has a red coloured track circuit on the approach to down main home and up main home signals. A red coloured track circuit indicated the track circuit controlled the block instrument needle indication, a practice that has now ceased
Ref no 09493
Vessel HIGHLAND PRESTIGE (IMO: 9364021, MMSI: 235050073) is an offshore tug/supply ship built in 2007 and currently sailing under the flag of United Kingdom. HIGHLAND PRESTIGE has 87m length overall and beam of 19m. Her gross tonnage is 3702 tons.
#REGISTRATION
Owner GulfMark UK Ltd
Built Soviknes, Norway, March 2007
Classification DNV +1A1, SF, E0, DynPos AutR, Dk,
+ HL (2.8), L.F.L., Clean Comfort V3
Flag UK
DIMENSIONS
LOA 86.6 m
Breadth (Moulded) 19 m
Depth (Mould to sh.dk) 8 m
Draft (Max) c 6.6 m
GT 3,702 T
NT 1,561 T
Dead-weight 4,993 T
SPEED / CONSUMPTION
11 knots @ 11 m3 / day
12.5 knots @ 13 m3 / day
15 knots @ 23 m3 / day
MACHINERY
Diesel Electric
Generating Power 10,700 BHP
Propulsive BHP 5,867 BHP
Main Generators 4 x 1900 KW
Aux Generator 1 x 425 KW
Emergency Gen 1 x 99 KW
Thrusters Bow 2 x 1200 BHP (Tunnel)
Thrusters Stern N/A – D.E. (Azi pulls)
Rudders N/A – D.E. (Azi pulls)
Propellers 2 x CPP Azi pull
Capstans 2 x 10 T
Deck Crane 1 x 10T @ 10m
Deck Crane 1 x 1T @ 10m
Tugger Winch 2 x 12.5T
MANOEUVRING EQUIPMENT
2 x Rotating variable speed Azi pull propulsion units (Diesel electric) at stern.
1 x Konsberg C Joystick
Rolls Royce Helicon x 3
DYNAMIC POSITIONING SYSTEM
Kongsberg K-Pos DP21
References: Fan beam laser
Kongsberg Seatex DPS 116
Kongsberg Seatex DPS 232
Radascan
ACCOMMODATION
26 persons
10 x 1 Man
8 x 2 Man
NAVIGATION AND COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
1 x Furuno 10cm ARPA RADAR
1 x Furuno 3cm RADAR
1 x Furuno DGPS/GP-90 inbuilt Navigator
2 x Jotron 9GHz Radar transponder
1 x Anschutz gyro compass
1 x Anschutz digital autopilot - Pilotstar D
1 x Furuno echo sounder FE-700
1 x Furuno Doppler speed log DS80
1 x Furuno FA150 AIS system
1 x Telchart T 2026 Electronic Chart system & AIS interface
1 x Kockum Sonics Signal Unit
1 x Jotron EPIRB
3 x TRON TR20 GMDSS VHFs
4 x Motorola GP 340 portable UHF
1 x Furuno MF/HF SSB Radio station with DSC
1 x Furuno DSC 60
2 x Furuno VHF with built in DSC
1 x Furuno FM 2721 simplex VHF
1 x Furuno Navtex receiver NX-700B
1 x Furuno Weather Fax
1 x Furuno Ships Security Alert System
1 x GSM/GPRS Cellular phone
2 x Inmarsat C Felcom 15
1 x Fleet Broadband
CARGO CAPACITY
Deck area c. 1,000 sq. m (62.5 m x 16 m)
Deck Load c. 2,700 T
Fuel oil c. 1,552.1 m3 @ 100%
Potable Water c. 1,397.6 m3 @ 100%
Drill Water c. 2,720 m3 @ 100%
Oil Based Mud c. 6,561.5 bbls @ 100%
Base Oil c. 2,006 bbls @ 100%
Brine c. 13,194 bbls @ 100%
Methanol c. 165 cm @ 100%
Dry Bulk c. 12,880 cuFt
DISCHARGE RATES
Fuel Oil 250 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Pot Water 250 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Oil Based Mud 2 x 75 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Base Oil 107 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Brine 2 x 80 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Cement 80 T/hr @ 90 m hd
Barytes 60 T/hr @ 90 m hd
Bentonite 100 T/hr @ 90 m hd
Methanol 2 x 75 m3/hr @ 90 m hd
Drill Water 250 m3/hr @ 90 m
M/V Golden Kimisis, 1974. The second officer charts a course in the navigation room, behind the bridge. Before GPS, navigation was still done by sextant and chronometer, and plotted by hand. The chart on the desk shows the coastlines of Yucatan and Cuba.
Nikon S3, 50mm, High Speed Ektachrome, Hell s3900 scanner
In 1907 the Hennepin Canal that connected the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers opened for navigation. Numerous bridges of several types were constructed of wrought iron. a few bridges are in service yet today, but many have been closed to traffic for some time, such as this one near Tiskilwa, Illinois.